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Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin, the Primary Regulator of Platelet Production: From Mythos to Logos, a Thirty-Year Journey. Biomolecules 2024; 14:489. [PMID: 38672505 PMCID: PMC11047867 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Thrombopoietin, the primary regulator of blood platelet production, was postulated to exist in 1958, but was only proven to exist when the cDNA for the hormone was cloned in 1994. Since its initial cloning and characterization, the hormone has revealed many surprises. For example, instead of acting as the postulated differentiation factor for platelet precursors, megakaryocytes, it is the most potent stimulator of megakaryocyte progenitor expansion known. Moreover, it also stimulates the survival, and in combination with stem cell factor leads to the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. All of these growth-promoting activities have resulted in its clinical use in patients with thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia, although the clinical development of the native molecule illustrated that "it's not wise to mess with mother nature", as a highly engineered version of the native hormone led to autoantibody formation and severe thrombocytopenia. Finally, another unexpected finding was the role of the thrombopoietin receptor in stem cell biology, including the development of myeloproliferative neoplasms, an important disorder of hematopoietic stem cells. Overall, the past 30 years of clinical and basic research has yielded many important insights, which are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kaushansky
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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2
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Fu C, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang D, Han S, Ma Z. Advances in IL-7 Research on Tumour Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:415. [PMID: 38675377 PMCID: PMC11054630 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a versatile cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating the immune system's homeostasis. It is involved in the development, proliferation, and differentiation of B and T cells, as well as being essential for the differentiation and survival of naïve T cells and the production and maintenance of memory T cells. Given its potent biological functions, IL-7 is considered to have the potential to be widely used in the field of anti-tumour immunotherapy. Notably, IL-7 can improve the tumour microenvironment by promoting the development of Th17 cells, which can in turn promote the recruitment of effector T cells and NK cells. In addition, IL-7 can also down-regulate the expression of tumour growth factor-β and inhibit immunosuppression to promote anti-tumour efficacy, suggesting potential clinical applications for anti-tumour immunotherapy. This review aims to discuss the origin of IL-7 and its receptor IL-7R, its anti-tumour mechanism, and the recent advances in the application of IL-7 in tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhenghai Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (C.F.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (D.W.); (S.H.)
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3
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Luo M, Gong W, Zhang Y, Li H, Ma D, Wu K, Gao Q, Fang Y. New insights into the stemness of adoptively transferred T cells by γc family cytokines. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:347. [PMID: 38049832 PMCID: PMC10694921 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell-based adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has exhibited excellent antitumoral efficacy exemplified by the clinical breakthrough of chimeric antigen receptor therapy (CAR-T) in hematologic malignancies. It relies on the pool of functional T cells to retain the developmental potential to serially kill targeted cells. However, failure in the continuous supply and persistence of functional T cells has been recognized as a critical barrier to sustainable responses. Conferring stemness on infused T cells, yielding stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM) characterized by constant self-renewal and multilineage differentiation similar to pluripotent stem cells, is indeed necessary and promising for enhancing T cell function and sustaining antitumor immunity. Therefore, it is crucial to identify TSCM cell induction regulators and acquire more TSCM cells as resource cells during production and after infusion to improve antitumoral efficacy. Recently, four common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc) family cytokines, encompassing interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21, have been widely used in the development of long-lived adoptively transferred TSCM in vitro. However, challenges, including their non-specific toxicities and off-target effects, have led to substantial efforts for the development of engineered versions to unleash their full potential in the induction and maintenance of T cell stemness in ACT. In this review, we summarize the roles of the four γc family cytokines in the orchestration of adoptively transferred T cell stemness, introduce their engineered versions that modulate TSCM cell formation and demonstrate the potential of their various combinations. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Luo
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjian Gong
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuewen Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huayi Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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4
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Kara N, Xue Y, Zhao Z, Murphy MM, Comazzetto S, Lesser A, Du L, Morrison SJ. Endothelial and Leptin Receptor + cells promote the maintenance of stem cells and hematopoiesis in early postnatal murine bone marrow. Dev Cell 2023; 58:348-360.e6. [PMID: 36868235 PMCID: PMC10035381 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) colonize the bone marrow during late fetal development, and this becomes the major site of hematopoiesis after birth. However, little is known about the early postnatal bone marrow niche. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of mouse bone marrow stromal cells at 4 days, 14 days, and 8 weeks after birth. Leptin-receptor-expressing (LepR+) stromal cells and endothelial cells increased in frequency during this period and changed their properties. At all postnatal stages, LepR+ cells and endothelial cells expressed the highest stem cell factor (Scf) levels in the bone marrow. LepR+ cells expressed the highest Cxcl12 levels. In early postnatal bone marrow, SCF from LepR+/Prx1+ stromal cells promoted myeloid and erythroid progenitor maintenance, while SCF from endothelial cells promoted HSC maintenance. Membrane-bound SCF in endothelial cells contributed to HSC maintenance. LepR+ cells and endothelial cells are thus important niche components in early postnatal bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergis Kara
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Malea M Murphy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M School of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Stefano Comazzetto
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ashley Lesser
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Liming Du
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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IL-7: Comprehensive review. Cytokine 2022; 160:156049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sheikh A, Jackson J, Shim HB, Yau C, Seo JH, Abraham N. Selective dependence on IL-7 for antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses during airway influenza infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:135. [PMID: 34997007 PMCID: PMC8741933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine known for its importance in T cell development and survival. How IL-7 shapes CD8 T cell responses during an acute viral infection is less understood. We had previously shown that IL-7 signaling deficient mice have reduced accumulation of influenza-specific CD8 T cells following influenza infection. We sought to determine whether IL-7 affects early CD8 T cell expansion in the mediastinal lymph node and effector function in the lungs. Using IL-7Rα signaling deficient mice, we show that IL-7 is required for a normal sized mediastinal lymph node and the early clonal expansion of influenza-specific CD8 T cells therein. We show that IL-7 plays a cell-intrinsic role in the accumulation of NP366-374 and PA224-233-specific CD8 T cells in the lymph node. We also found that IL-7 shapes terminal differentiation, degranulation and cytokine production to a greater extent in PA224-233-specific than NP366-374-specific CD8 T cells. We further demonstrate that IL-7 is induced in the lung tissue by viral infection and we characterize multiple cellular sources that contribute to IL-7 production. Our findings on IL-7 and its effects on lower respiratory diseases will be important for expanding the utility of therapeutics that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Sheikh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennie Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hanjoo Brian Shim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Clement Yau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jung Hee Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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7
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Immune-Proteome Profiling in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Tumor Diagnostic Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010009. [PMID: 35008176 PMCID: PMC8750205 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL), immunoediting via protein signaling is key to evading tumor surveillance. We aimed to identify immune-related proteins that distinguish diagnostic cHL tissues (=diagnostic tumor lysates, n = 27) from control tissues (reactive lymph node lysates, n = 30). Further, we correlated our findings with the proteome plasma profile between cHL patients (n = 26) and healthy controls (n = 27). We used the proximity extension assay (PEA) with the OlinkTM multiplex Immuno-Oncology panel, consisting of 92 proteins. Univariate, multivariate-adjusted analysis and Benjamini–Hochberg’s false discovery testing (=Padj) were performed to detect significant discrepancies. Proteins distinguishing cHL cases from controls were more numerous in plasma (30 proteins) than tissue (17 proteins), all Padj < 0.05. Eight of the identified proteins in cHL tissue (PD-L1, IL-6, CCL17, CCL3, IL-13, MMP12, TNFRS4, and LAG3) were elevated in both cHL tissues and cHL plasma compared with control samples. Six proteins distinguishing cHL tissues from controls tissues were significantly correlated to PD-L1 expression in cHL tissue (IL-6, MCP-2, CCL3, CCL4, GZMB, and IFN-gamma, all p ≤0.05). In conclusion, this study introduces a distinguishing proteomic profile in cHL tissue and potential immune-related markers of pathophysiological relevance.
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Vandooren J, Pereira RVS, Ugarte-Berzal E, Rybakin V, Noppen S, Stas MR, Bernaerts E, Ganseman E, Metzemaekers M, Schols D, Proost P, Opdenakker G. Internal Disulfide Bonding and Glycosylation of Interleukin-7 Protect Against Proteolytic Inactivation by Neutrophil Metalloproteinases and Serine Proteases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701739. [PMID: 34276694 PMCID: PMC8278288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a cell growth factor with a central role in normal T cell development, survival and differentiation. The lack of IL-7–IL-7 receptor(R)-mediated signaling compromises lymphoid development, whereas increased signaling activity contributes to the development of chronic inflammation, cancer and autoimmunity. Gain-of-function alterations of the IL-7R and the signaling through Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are enriched in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and autocrine production of IL-7 by T-ALL cells is involved in the phenotypes of leukemic initiation and oncogenic spreading. Several IL-7-associated pathologies are also characterized by increased presence of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), due to neutrophil degranulation and its regulated production by other cell types. Since proteases secreted by neutrophils are known to modulate the activity of many cytokines, we investigated the interactions between IL-7, MMP-9 and several other neutrophil-derived proteases. We demonstrated that MMP-9 efficiently cleaved human IL-7 in the exposed loop between the α-helices C and D and that this process is delayed by IL-7 N-linked glycosylation. Functionally, the proteolytic cleavage of IL-7 did not influence IL-7Rα binding and internalization nor the direct pro-proliferative effects of IL-7 on a T-ALL cell line (HPB-ALL) or in primary CD8+ human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A comparable effect was observed for the neutrophil serine proteases neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 and combinations of neutrophil proteases. Hence, glycosylation and disulfide bonding as two posttranslational modifications influence IL-7 bioavailability in the human species: glycosylation protects against proteolysis, whereas internal cysteine bridging under physiological redox state keeps the IL-7 conformations as active proteoforms. Finally, we showed that mouse IL-7 does not contain the protease-sensitive loop and, consequently, was not cleaved by MMP-9. With the latter finding we discovered differences in IL-7 biology between the human and mouse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vandooren
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rafaela Vaz Sousa Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Estefania Ugarte-Berzal
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa R Stas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eline Bernaerts
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Ganseman
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research/KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
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Lagisetty KH, McEwen DP, Nancarrow DJ, Schiebel JG, Ferrer-Torres D, Ray D, Frankel TL, Lin J, Chang AC, Kresty LA, Beer DG. Immune determinants of Barrett's progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143888. [PMID: 33290281 PMCID: PMC7821593 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) develops from Barrett’s esophagus (BE), a chronic inflammatory state that can progress through a series of transformative dysplastic states before tumor development. While molecular and genetic changes of EAC tumors have been studied, immune microenvironment changes during Barrett’s progression to EAC remain poorly understood. In this study, we identify potential immunologic changes that can occur during BE-to-EAC progression. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis on tissue samples from EAC patients undergoing surgical resection demonstrated that a subset of chemokines and cytokines, most notably IL6 and CXCL8, increased during BE progression to EAC. xCell deconvolution analysis investigating immune cell population changes demonstrated that the largest changes in expression during BE progression occurred in M2 macrophages, pro–B cells, and eosinophils. Multiplex immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays showed increased immune cell populations during Barrett’s progression to high-grade dysplasia. In contrast, EAC tumor sections were relatively immune poor, with a rise in PD-L1 expression and loss of CD8+ T cells. These data demonstrate that the EAC microenvironment is characterized by poor cytotoxic effector cell infiltration and increased immune inhibitory signaling. These findings suggest an immunosuppressive microenvironment, highlighting the need for further studies to explore immune modulatory therapy in EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran H Lagisetty
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dyke P McEwen
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Derek J Nancarrow
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johnathon G Schiebel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Dipankar Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy L Frankel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jules Lin
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew C Chang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura A Kresty
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David G Beer
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Panebra A, Kim WH, Hong YH, Lillehoj HS. Research Note: Characterization of monoclonal antibodies and development of sandwich ELISA for detecting chicken IL7. Poult Sci 2021; 100:100940. [PMID: 33652529 PMCID: PMC7936204 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL7 is a hematopoietic growth factor required for development and maintenance of lymphocytes including T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Recently, chicken IL7 (chIL7) has been cloned and studied in viral and parasite infection models. However, no monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that specifically detect chIL7 have been developed so far. In this study, recombinant chIL7 that expressed for immunization and mAb against chIL7 were developed and characterized to assess their immunologic properties. Five mAb exhibiting specific binding to chIL7 were generated and investigated for their applicability by Western blot, ELISA, and neutralization assays. A sandwich ELISA mAb pair that enables the measurement of chIL7 protein levels in biological samples from Eimeria-infected chickens was identified and several mAb neutralized chicken primary thymocyte proliferation mediated by chIL7. The mAb developed in this study will be valuable reagents for fundamental and applied immunological studies in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Panebra
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Woo H Kim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yeong H Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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11
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Ahn N, Kim K. Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Myokines in High Fat Diet-Induced Middle-Aged Obese Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082685. [PMID: 32295130 PMCID: PMC7215661 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on myokines expression in the skeletal muscle of middle-aged rats with high fat diet-induced obesity, to investigate the feasibility of using exercise training to reduce inflammation. Male 50-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal diet, normal diet + exercise, high fat diet, and high fat diet + exercise groups. After six weeks on a high fat diet to induce obesity, a 12-week exercise program was implemented, which combined aerobic exercise (treadmill running) and resistance exercise (ladder climbing) three times a week for 75 min per session. We analyzed the protein levels of interleukins (IL) 6, 7, and 8, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor in skeletal muscles by western blotting. Body weight decreased significantly during the 12-week exercise program in the exercise groups compared to the non-exercise groups (p < 0.05). The levels of all myokines analyzed were significantly lower in the skeletal muscle of the high fat diet group compared to the normal diet group (p < 0.05). After completing the 12-week exercise program, IL-7, IL-8, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor expressions were significantly higher in the high fat diet + exercise group compared to the high fat diet group (p < 0.05). However, while IL-6 expression was significantly lower in the high fat diet and high fat diet + exercise groups compared to the normal diet group (p < 0.05), it was not significantly affected by exercise. In conclusion, high fat diet-induced obesity resulted in decreased myokines in the skeletal muscles, but combined exercise training of aerobic and resistance exercise increased myokines secretion in the skeletal muscle of obese rats, and is thought to help reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kijin Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-5256
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12
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Leonard WJ, Lin JX, O'Shea JJ. The γ c Family of Cytokines: Basic Biology to Therapeutic Ramifications. Immunity 2019; 50:832-850. [PMID: 30995502 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The common cytokine receptor γ chain, γc, is a component of the receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Mutation of the gene encoding γc results in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency in humans, and γc family cytokines collectively regulate development, proliferation, survival, and differentiation of immune cells. Here, we review the basic biology of these cytokines, highlighting mechanisms of signaling and gene regulation that have provided insights for immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, allergic diseases, and cancer. Moreover, we discuss how studies of this family stimulated the development of JAK3 inhibitors and present an overview of current strategies targeting these pathways in the clinic, including novel antibodies, antagonists, and partial agonists. The diverse roles of these cytokines on a range of immune cells have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA.
| | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA.
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolic, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA.
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Grigorieva SM, Starosyla DB, Rybalko SL, Motronenko VV, Lutsenko TM, Galkin OY. Effect of recombinant human interleukin-7 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj91.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Dayakar A, Chandrasekaran S, Kuchipudi SV, Kalangi SK. Cytokines: Key Determinants of Resistance or Disease Progression in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Opportunities for Novel Diagnostics and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:670. [PMID: 31024534 PMCID: PMC6459942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms namely cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The VL affects several internal organs and is the deadliest form of the disease. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of VL are variable based on the vector, parasite (e.g., species, strains, and antigen diversity), host (e.g., genetic background, nutrition, diversity in antigen presentation and immunity) and the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, and hygiene). Chemotherapy of VL is limited to a few drugs which is expensive and associated with profound toxicity, and could become ineffective due to the parasites developing resistance. Till date, there are no licensed vaccines for humans against leishmaniasis. Recently, immunotherapy has become an attractive strategy as it is cost-effective, causes limited side-effects and do not suffer from the downside of pathogens developing resistance. Among various immunotherapeutic approaches, cytokines (produced by helper T-lymphocytes) based immunotherapy has received great attention especially for drug refractive cases of human VL. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge on the molecular interactions of immune cells or components and on cytokines interplay in the host defense or pathogenesis is important to determine appropriate immunotherapies for leishmaniasis. Here, we summarized the current understanding of a wide-spectrum of cytokines and their interaction with immune cells that determine the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis. We have also highlighted opportunities for the development of novel diagnostics and intervention therapies for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Suresh K Kalangi
- Department of Biosciences, School of Sciences, Indrashil University, Mehsana, India
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Ammer-Herrmenau C, Kulkarni U, Andreas N, Ungelenk M, Ravens S, Hübner C, Kather A, Kurth I, Bauer M, Kamradt T. Sepsis induces long-lasting impairments in CD4+ T-cell responses despite rapid numerical recovery of T-lymphocyte populations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211716. [PMID: 30730978 PMCID: PMC6366777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive apoptosis of lymphocytes is a hallmark of sepsis. The resulting immunosuppression is associated with secondary infections, which are often lethal. Moreover, sepsis-survivors are burdened with increased morbidity and mortality for several years after the sepsis episode. The duration and clinical consequences of sepsis induced-immunosuppression are currently unknown. We have used the mouse model of peritoneal contamination and infection (PCI) to investigate the quantitative and qualitative recovery of T lymphocytes for 3.5 months after sepsis with or without IL-7 treatment. Thymic output and the numbers of naive and effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes quickly recovered after sepsis. IL-7 treatment resulted in an accelerated recovery of CD8+ lymphocytes. Next generation sequencing revealed no significant narrowing of the T cell receptor repertoire 3.5 months after sepsis. In contrast, detailed functional analyses of T helper (Th)-cell responses towards a fungal antigen revealed a significant loss of Th cells. Whereas cytokine production was not impaired at the single cell level, the absolute number of Th cells specific for the fungal antigen was reduced. Our data indicate a clinically relevant loss of pathogen-specific T cell clones after sepsis. Given the small number of naive T lymphocytes specific for a given antigen, this decrement of T cell clones remains undetected even by sensitive methods such as deep sequencing. Taken together, our data are compatible with long lasting impairments in CD4+ T-cell responses after sepsis despite rapid recovery of T lymphocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Upasana Kulkarni
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, United States of America
| | - Nico Andreas
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, United States of America
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Angela Kather
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, United States of America
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control & Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The Common Cytokine Receptor γ Chain Family of Cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028449. [PMID: 29038115 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on their sharing the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which was originally discovered as the third receptor component of the IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rγ. The IL2RG gene is located on the X chromosome and is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). The breadth of the defects in XSCID could not be explained solely by defects in IL-2 signaling, and it is now clear that γc is a shared receptor component of the six cytokines noted above, making XSCID a disease of defective cytokine signaling. Janus kinase (JAK)3 associates with γc, and JAK3-deficient SCID phenocopies XSCID, findings that served to stimulate the development of JAK3 inhibitors as immunosuppressants. γc family cytokines collectively control broad aspects of lymphocyte development, growth, differentiation, and survival, and these cytokines are clinically important, related to allergic and autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as immunodeficiency. In this review, we discuss the actions of these cytokines, their critical biological roles and signaling pathways, focusing mainly on JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling, and how this information is now being used in clinical therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
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Zhao D, Liu L, Chen Q, Wang F, Li Q, Zeng Q, Huang J, Luo M, Li W, Zheng Y, Liu T. Hypoxia with Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cell coculture maintains stemness of umbilical cord blood-derived CD34 + cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:158. [PMID: 29895317 PMCID: PMC5998541 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The physiological approach suggests that an environment associating mesenchymal stromal cells with low O2 concentration would be most favorable for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). To test this hypothesis, we performed a coculture of cord blood CD34+ cells with Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) under different O2 concentration to simulate the growth of HSPCs in vivo, and assessed the impacts on stemness maintenance and proliferation of cord blood HSPCs in vitro. Methods CD34+ cells derived from cord blood were isolated and cocultured under 1%, 3%, or 20% O2 concentrations with irradiated WJ-MSCs without adding exogenous cytokines for 7 days. The cultured cells were harvested and analyzed for phenotype and functionality, including total nuclear cells (TNC), CD34+Lin− cells, colony forming unit (CFU) for committed progenitors, and long-term culture initiating cells (LTC-ICs) for HSPCs. The cytokine levels in the medium were detected with Luminex liquid chips, and the mRNA expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) genes and stem cell signal pathway (Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt/β-catenin) downstream genes in cord blood HSPCs were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results Our results showed that the number of TNC cells, CD34+Lin− cells, and CFU were higher or similar with 20% O2 (normoxia) in coculture and compared with 1% O2 (hypoxia). Interestingly, a 1% O2 concentration ensured better percentages of CD34+Lin− cells and LTC-IC cells. The hypoxia tension (1% O2) significantly increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and decreased interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, stem cell factor (SCF), and thrombopoietin (TPO) secretion of WJ-MSCs, and selectively activated the Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hedgehog signaling pathway of cord blood HSPCs by HIF-related factors, which may play an important role in stemness preservation and for sustaining HSPC quiescence. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that cord blood HSPCs maintain stemness better under hypoxia than normoxia with WJ-MSC coculture, partially due to the increased secretion of VEGF, decreased secretion of IL-6 by WJ-MSCs, and selective activation of stem cell signal pathways in HSPCs. This suggests that the oxygenation may not only be a physiological regulatory factor but also a cell engineering tool in HSPC research, and this may have important translational and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewan Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjia Liu
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Sichuan Cord Blood Stem Cell Bank, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyang Li
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingcao Huang
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Maowen Luo
- Sichuan Cord Blood Stem Cell Bank, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxian Li
- Sichuan Cord Blood Stem Cell Bank, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhuan Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Kulkarni U, Herrmenau C, Win SJ, Bauer M, Kamradt T. IL-7 treatment augments and prolongs sepsis-induced expansion of IL-10-producing B lymphocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192304. [PMID: 29466409 PMCID: PMC5821326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological dysregulation in sepsis is associated with often lethal secondary infections. Loss of effector cells and an expansion of immunoregulatory cell populations both contribute to sepsis-induced immunosuppression. The extent and duration of this immunosuppression are unknown. Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is important for the maintenance of lymphocytes and can accelerate the reconstitution of effector lymphocytes in sepsis. How IL-7 influences immunosuppressive cell populations is unknown. We have used the mouse model of peritoneal contamination and infection (PCI) to investigate the expansion of immunoregulatory cells as long-term sequelae of sepsis with or without IL-7 treatment. We analysed the frequencies and numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs), double negative T cells, IL-10 producing B cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) for 3.5 months after sepsis induction. Sepsis induced an increase in IL-10+ B cells, which was enhanced and prolonged by IL-7 treatment. An increased frequency of MDSCs in the spleen was still detectable 3.5 months after sepsis induction and this was more pronounced in IL-7-treated mice. MDSCs from septic mice were more potent at suppressing T cell proliferation than MDSCs from control mice. Our data reveal that sepsis induces a long lasting increase in IL-10+ B cells and MDSCs. Late-onset IL-7 treatment augments this increase, which should be relevant for clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Kulkarni
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie J. Win
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control & Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wrangle JM, Patterson A, Johnson CB, Neitzke DJ, Mehrotra S, Denlinger CE, Paulos CM, Li Z, Cole DJ, Rubinstein MP. IL-2 and Beyond in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:45-68. [PMID: 29443657 PMCID: PMC5815463 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the T- and natural killer (NK) cell growth factor IL-2 has been a sentinel force ushering in the era of immunotherapy in cancer. With the advent of clinical grade recombinant IL-2 in the mid-1980s, oncologists could for the first time directly manipulate lymphocyte populations with systemic therapy. By itself, recombinant IL-2 can induce clinical responses in up to 15% of patients with metastatic cancer or renal cell carcinoma. When administered with adoptively transferred tumor-reactive lymphocytes, IL-2 promotes T cell engraftment and response rates of up to 50% in metastatic melanoma patients. Importantly, these IL-2-driven responses can yield complete and durable responses in a subset of patients. However, the use of IL-2 is limited by toxicity and concern of the expansion of T regulatory cells. To overcome these limitations and improve response rates, other T cell growth factors, including IL-15 and modified forms of IL-2, are in clinical development. Administering T cell growth factors in combination with other agents, such as immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors, may also improve efficacy. In this study, we review the development of T- and NK cell growth factors and highlight current combinatorial approaches based on these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Wrangle
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alicia Patterson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - C. Bryce Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel J. Neitzke
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chadrick E. Denlinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - David J. Cole
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark P. Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Ortiz Franyuti D, Mitsi M, Vogel V. Mechanical Stretching of Fibronectin Fibers Upregulates Binding of Interleukin-7. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:15-25. [PMID: 28845674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since evidence is rising that extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers might serve as reservoirs for growth factors and cytokines, we investigated the interaction between fibronectin (FN) and interleukin-7 (IL-7), a cytokine of immunological significance and a target of several immunotherapies. By employing a FN fiber stretch assay and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) confocal microscopy, we found that stretching of FN fibers increased IL-7 binding. We localized the FN binding site on the CD loop of IL-7, since a synthetic CD loop peptide also bound stronger to stretched than to relaxed FN fibers. On the basis of a structural model, we propose that the CD loop can bind to FN, while IL-7 is bound to its cognate cell surface receptors. Sequence alignment with bacterial adhesins, which also bind the FN N-terminus, suggests that a conserved motif on the CD loop (110TKSLEEN116 and the truncated 112SLEE115 in human and mouse IL-7, respectively) might bind to the second FN type I module (FnI2) and that additional epitopes enhance the stretch-upregulated binding. FN fiber stretching might thus serve as a mechano-regulated mechanism to locally concentrate IL-7 in an ECM-bound state, thereby upregulating the potency of IL-7 signaling. A feedback model mechanism is proposed that could explain the well-known, but poorly understood, function of IL-7 in ECM homeostasis. Understanding how local IL-7 availability and signaling might be modulated by the tensional state of the ECM niche, which is adjusted by residing stroma cells, is highly relevant for basic science but also for advancing IL-7 based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ortiz Franyuti
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department for Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, HCI F443 CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Mitsi
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department for Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, HCI F443 CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department for Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, HCI F443 CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Han F, Hu R, Su M, Yu Y, Yang H, Lai L. A human recombinant IL-7/HGFβ hybrid cytokine enhances antitumor immunity in mice. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1714-1723. [PMID: 28861327 PMCID: PMC5574943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We purified a hybrid cytokine that contains interleukin-7 (IL-7) and the beta-chain of hepatocyte growth factor (HGFβ) from a unique long-term murine bone marrow culture system. We have cloned and expressed the human form of IL-7/HGFβ in which the IL-7 and HGFβ genes are connected by a flexible linker to produce a single-chain recombinant human IL-7/HGFβ protein (hrIL-7/HGFβ). To determine whether hrIL-7/HGFβ has antitumor activity, we injected this hybrid cytokine into melanoma and colon cancer animal models, and then assessed the local tumor growth and tumor metastasis. We show here that in vivo administration of hrIL-7/HGFβ significantly inhibited the growth and metastasis of malignant melanoma and colon cancer in mice. The antitumor activity was involved in a marked increase in the number of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and activated dendritic cells. The immunological mechanism by which hrIL-7/HGFβ inhibits tumor growth was confirmed by its inability to inhibit tumor growth in vitro and in immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, immune cells from hrIL-7/HGFβ-treated cancer-bearing mice can be adoptively transferred into naïve mice to resist same tumor cell challenge. Therefore, hrIL-7/HGFβ has potential applications in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Han
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, USA
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, USA
| | - Min Su
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, USA
| | - Yanni Yu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, USA
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, USA
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, USA
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Germain N, Viltart O, Loyens A, Bruchet C, Nadin K, Wolowczuk I, Estour B, Galusca B. Interleukin-7 Plasma Levels in Human Differentiate Anorexia Nervosa, Constitutional Thinness and Healthy Obesity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161890. [PMID: 27611669 PMCID: PMC5017702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine involved in energy homeostasis as demonstrated in rodents. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by restrained eating behavior despite adaptive orexigenic regulation profile including high ghrelin plasma levels. Constitutional thinness is a physiological condition of resistance to weight gain with physiological anorexigenic profile including high Peptide YY plasma level. Healthy obesity can be considered as a physiological state of resistance to weight loss with opposite appetite regulating profile to constitutional thinness including low Peptide YY plasma level. No studies in IL-7 are yet available in those populations. Therefore we evaluated circadian plasma levels of IL-7 in anorexia nervosa compared to constitutional thinness, healthy obese and control females. Materials and Methods 10 restrictive-type anorexia nervosa women, 5 bingeing/purging anorexia nervosa woman, 5 recovered restrictive anorexia nervosa women, 4 bulimic females, 10 constitutional thinness women, 7 healthy obese females, and 10 normal weight women controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, performed in endocrinology unit and academic laboratory. Twelve-point circadian profiles of plasma IL-7 levels were measured in each subject. Results 24h mean IL-7 plasma levels (pg/ml, mean±SEM) were decreased in restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (123.4±14.4, p<0.0037), bingeing/purging anorexia nervosa (24.2±5.6, p<0.001), recovered restrictive anorexia nervosa (64.2±16.1, p = 0.01) and healthy obese patients (51±3.2, p<0.001) compared to controls (187.7±28.6). Bulimic patients (197.4±42.7) and constitutional thinness patients (264.3±35.8) were similar to controls. Conclusions Low IL-7 is part of the adaptive profile in restrictive-type anorexia nervosa, confirming its difference with constitutional thinness. Healthy obesity, with low IL-7, is once again in mirror image of constitutional thinness with normal high IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Germain
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight) Research Group EA 7423, Saint-Etienne, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Odile Viltart
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Jean-Pierre AUBERT Research Center, Neurosciences and Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne Loyens
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Jean-Pierre AUBERT Research Center, Neurosciences and Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Céline Bruchet
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight) Research Group EA 7423, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Katia Nadin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight) Research Group EA 7423, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Isabelle Wolowczuk
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Estour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight) Research Group EA 7423, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight) Research Group EA 7423, Saint-Etienne, France
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Song Y, Liu Y, Hu R, Su M, Rood D, Lai L. In Vivo Antitumor Activity of a Recombinant IL7/IL15 Hybrid Cytokine in Mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2413-2421. [PMID: 27474151 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both IL7 and IL15 have become important candidate immunomodulators for cancer treatment. However, IL7 or IL15 used alone suffers from shortcomings, such as short serum half-life and limited antitumor effect. We have cloned and expressed a recombinant (r) IL7/IL15 fusion protein in which IL7 and IL15 are linked by a flexible linker. We then compared the antitumor effect of rIL7/IL15 with the individual factors rIL7 and/or rIL15. We show here that rIL7/IL15 has a higher antitumor activity than the combination of the individual factors in both murine B16F10 melanoma and CT-26 colon cancer models. This was associated with a significant increase in tumor infiltration of T cells, DCs, and NK cells and a decrease in regulatory T cells (Tregs). In addition, rIL7/IL15-treated DCs had higher expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. The higher antitumor activity of rIL7/IL15 is likely due to its longer in vivo half-life and different effects on immune cells. Our results suggest that rIL7/IL15 may offer a new tool to enhance antitumor immunity and treat cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2413-21. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhong Song
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Medical College, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Min Su
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Debra Rood
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
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Huo S, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zuo Y, Xu J, Cui D, Li X, Zhong F. Molecular cloning of chicken IL-7 and characterization of its antiviral activity against IBDV in vivo. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2647-2654. [PMID: 27466431 PMCID: PMC5049102 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian interleukin-7 (IL-7) is able to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and maturation, and reverse immunosuppression. However, whether poultry IL-7 has similar functions remains unclear. Chicken infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes serious immunosuppression in chicken due to virus-induced immune disorder. Whether chicken IL-7 (chIL-7) has the ability to restore the immunity during IBDV-induced immunosuppression is not clear. To test this, we amplified chIL-7 gene by RT-PCR, prepared recombinant chIL-7 using HEK293T cells and treated the chicken with the chIL-7 prior to IBDV infection. Our results indicate that chIL-7 promoted mouse B cell proliferation in vitro, and significantly reduced virus titer in bursal tissue and chicken morbidity of IBDV-infected chicken. Mechanically, chIL-7 induced chicken lymphocyte proliferation and interferon-γ production, but down-regulated TGF-β expression, suggesting that chIL-7 has the ability to reverse IBDV-induced immunosuppression and might be a potential therapeutic agent for prevention and treatment of infectious bursal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Huo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding 071001, China State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Liyue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding 071001, China State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding 071001, China State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jianlou Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yuzhu Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Dan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiujin Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Fei Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding 071001, China State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
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High IL-7 levels in the bone marrow microenvironment mediate imatinib resistance and predict disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:358-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bartlett A, Sanders AJ, Ruge F, Harding KG, Jiang WG. Potential implications of interleukin-7 in chronic wound healing. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:33-40. [PMID: 27347014 PMCID: PMC4906893 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods of identifying chronic wounds that will heal in a timely, coordinated fashion and those that will not, together with novel therapeutic strategies, are vital for progression in the field of wound healing. Interleukin (IL)-7 has been associated with various biological and pathological processes. The present study explored the potential role of IL-7 in wound healing. IL-7 expression levels were examined in a clinical cohort of chronic wounds using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining analysis. The impact of recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) on the growth and migrational rates of HaCaT keratinocyte cells was subsequently examined using in vitro growth and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing functional assays. The mRNA expression levels of IL-7 were increased in the healed chronic wound tissue samples, compared with non-healed chronic wound tissue samples, although the difference was not statistically significant. Similarly, immunohistochemical analysis revealed a greater staining intensity of IL-7 in the healed chronic wound tissue sections compared with the non-healed tissue sections. Treatment with rhIL-7 did not affect HaCaT cell growth rates, but was shown to enhance cell migration, an effect that could be further enhanced through the addition of inhibitors of neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and protein kinase B. The data of the present study suggest that the expression levels of IL-7 may be increased in healing chronic wounds, and thus IL-7 may have a role in this process, potentially through its effects on the cellular migration of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bartlett
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Department of Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Fiona Ruge
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Department of Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Keith G Harding
- Department of Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Comparison of the purification of biologically active IL-7 cytokine expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 110:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Vazquez MI, Catalan-Dibene J, Zlotnik A. B cells responses and cytokine production are regulated by their immune microenvironment. Cytokine 2015; 74:318-26. [PMID: 25742773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system consists of two types of lymphocytes: T and B cells. These two lymphocytes originate from a common precursor, yet are fundamentally different with B cells mediating humoral immunity while T cells mediate cell mediated immunity. In cytokine production, naïve T cells produce multiple cytokines upon activation while naïve activated B cells do not. B cells are capable of producing cytokines, but their cytokine production depends on their differentiation state and activation conditions. Hence, unlike T cells that can produce a large amount of cytokines upon activation, B cells require specific differentiation and activation conditions to produce cytokines. Many cytokines act on B cells as well. Here, we discuss several cytokines and their effects on B cells including: Interleukins, IL-7, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and Interferons, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ. These cytokines play important roles in the development, survival, differentiation and/or proliferation of B cells. Certain chemokines also play important roles in B cell function, namely antibody production. As an example, we discuss CCL28, a chemokine that directs the migration of plasma cells to mucosal sites. We conclude with a brief overview of B cells as cytokine producers and their likely functional consequences on the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica I Vazquez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jovani Catalan-Dibene
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Albert Zlotnik
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Radiolabeled semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay for the analysis of alternative splicing of interleukin genes. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1172:343-62. [PMID: 24908320 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0928-5_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing evolved as a very efficient way to generate proteome diversity from a limited number of genes, while at the same time modulating posttranscriptional events of gene expression-such as stability, turnover, subcellular localization, binding properties, and general activity of both mRNAs and proteins. Since the vast majority of human genes undergo alternative splicing, it comes to no surprise that interleukin genes also show extensive alternative splicing. In fact, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that alternative splicing plays a central role in modulating the pleiotropic functions of cytokines, and aberrant expression of alternatively spliced interleukin mRNAs has been linked to disease. However, while several interleukin splice variants have been described, their function is still poorly understood. This is particularly relevant, since alternatively spliced cytokine isoforms can act both as disease biomarkers and as candidate entry points for therapeutic intervention. In this chapter we describe a protocol that uses radiolabeled semi-quantitative RT-PCR to efficiently detect, analyze, and quantify alternative splicing patterns of cytokine genes.
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Diverse interleukin-7 mRNA transcripts in Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis). PLoS One 2014; 9:e99859. [PMID: 24945249 PMCID: PMC4063794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL7) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is actively involved in the immune system. The Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) has been proposed as an alternative experimental animal to primates in biomedical research. However, there is a lack of biological knowledge about the immune system of the tree shrew. In this study, we cloned the IL7 gene (tIL7) in the Chinese tree shrew and quantified the expression of mRNA transcripts in eight tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestine, skeletal muscle and brain) from 20 individuals. Eleven tIL7 mRNA transcripts were identified in different tissues. The canonical form (tIL7c) had a length of 1817 bp and encoded a predicted gene product with 177 amino acids. Phylogenetic analyses based on the amino acid sequences revealed a considerably large genetic difference between tree shrew and human. Quantification of mRNA expression of transcripts tIL7c, tIL7-sv1, tIL7-sv2 and tIL7-sv3 showed that these transcripts were expressed in all tissues, albeit the expression levels varied in different tissues. Transcripts tIL7c, tIL7-sv1, and tIL7-sv2 had the lowest expression in brain, and tIL7-sv3 had a dramatically high mRNA expression in skeletal muscle and heart. The mRNA expression levels of tIL7c and tIL7-sv1 were significantly increased upon ploy(I:C) stimulation in tree shrew primary renal cells. As with human full-length IL7, tIL7c, tIL7-sv1, tIL7-sv2 and tIL7-sv3 showed similar a subcellular localization pattern. Our results identified diverse tIL7 transcripts in the Chinese tree shrew, which may play a potential role in modulating IL7-regulated biological effects.
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Crucial roles of interleukin-7 in the development of T follicular helper cells and in the induction of humoral immunity. J Virol 2014; 88:8998-9009. [PMID: 24899182 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00534-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are specialized providers of cognate B cell help, which is important in promoting the induction of high-affinity antibody production in germinal centers (GCs). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-21 have been known to play important roles in Tfh cell differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that IL-7 plays a pivotal role in Tfh generation and GC formation in vivo, as treatment with anti-IL-7 neutralizing antibody markedly impaired the development of Tfh cells and IgG responses. Moreover, codelivery of mouse Fc-fused IL-7 (IL-7-mFc) with a vaccine enhanced the generation of GC B cells as well as Tfh cells but not other lineages of T helper cells, including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. Interestingly, a 6-fold-lower dose of an influenza virus vaccine codelivered with Fc-fused IL-7 induced higher antigen-specific and cross-reactive IgG titers than the vaccine alone in both mice and monkeys and led to markedly enhanced protection against heterologous influenza virus challenge in mice. Enhanced generation of Tfh cells by IL-7-mFc treatment was not significantly affected by the neutralization of IL-6 and IL-21, indicating an independent role of IL-7 on Tfh differentiation. Thus, IL-7 holds promise as a critical cytokine for selectively inducing Tfh cell generation and enhancing protective IgG responses. IMPORTANCE Here, we demonstrate for the first time that codelivery of Fc-fused IL-7 significantly increased influenza virus vaccine-induced antibody responses, accompanied by robust expansion of Tfh cells and GC B cells as well as enhanced GC formation. Furthermore, IL-7-mFc induced earlier and cross-reactive IgG responses, leading to striking protection against heterologous influenza virus challenge. These results suggest that Fc-fused IL-7 could be used for inducing strong and cross-protective humoral immunity against highly mutable viruses, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, as well as influenza viruses.
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Pathak K. The expanding role of IL-7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin as therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:581-94. [PMID: 24641111 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.893295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discovery of IL-7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been a major step in the understanding of arthritis. IL-7 amplifies the inflammation induced by other cytokines, primarily TNF. In animal models of arthritis, inhibition of IL-7 limits inflammation and joint erosion. TSLP is an IL-7-like cytokine that triggers dendritic cell-mediated Th2-type inflammatory responses and is considered as a master switch for allergic inflammation. TSLP is a downstream molecule of TNF-α and as such may be involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory arthritis. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of IL-7 and TSLP derived from both animal models and studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The emergence of IL-7 blockade as a future therapy in RA is highlighted, along with the potential goals and limitations of this therapeutic approach. The write-up also highlights the functional capacities of TSLP in arthritis. EXPERT OPINION Evidences suggest important roles for IL-7 and TSLP in the pathogenesis of RA and can be viewed as potential therapeutic targets. Regulation of these at genetic level is a promising investigational area. Given the difficulty in reconstituting T cells in patients with RA, therapeutic approaches that minimize the elimination of T cells are likely to be more desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamla Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy , Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001 , India
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Tal N, Shochat C, Geron I, Bercovich D, Izraeli S. Interleukin 7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin: from immunity to leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:365-78. [PMID: 23625073 PMCID: PMC11113825 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is often caused by deregulation of normal developmental processes. Here, we review recent research on the aberrant activation of two hematopoietic cytokine receptors in acute lymphoid leukemias. Somatic events in the genes for thymic stromal lymphopoietin and Interleukin 7 receptors as well as in their downstream JAK kinases result in constitutive ligand-independent activation of survival and proliferation in B and T lymphoid precursors. Drugs targeting these receptors or the signaling pathways might provide effective therapies of these leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Tal
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Shochat
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai College, 12210 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Ifat Geron
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Medicine Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California USA
| | - Dani Bercovich
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai College, 12210 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Rao M, Vogelzang A, Kaiser P, Schuerer S, Kaufmann SHE, Gengenbacher M. The tuberculosis vaccine candidate Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ΔureC::hly coexpressing human interleukin-7 or -18 enhances antigen-specific T cell responses in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78966. [PMID: 24236077 PMCID: PMC3827306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the only approved tuberculosis vaccine, provides only limited protection. Previously, we generated a recombinant derivative (BCG ΔureC::hly), which secretes the pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) of Listeria monocytogenes. This vaccine shows superior protection against tuberculosis in preclinical models and is safe in humans. Here we describe two new vaccine strains which express human interleukin-7 (hIL)-7 or hIL-18 in the genetic background of BCG ΔureC::hly to modulate specific T cell immunity. Both strains exhibited an uncompromised in vitro growth pattern, while inducing a proinflammatory cytokine profile in human dendritic cells (DCs). Human DCs harbouring either strain efficiently promoted secretion of IL-2 by autologous T cells in a coculture system, suggesting superior immunogenicity. BALB/c mice vaccinated with BCG ΔureC::hly, BCG ΔureC::hly_hIL7 or BCG ΔureC::hly_hIL18 developed a more robust Th1 response than after vaccination with parental BCG. Both strains provided significantly better protection than BCG in a murine Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge model but efficacy remained comparable to that afforded by BCG ΔureC::hly. We conclude that expression of hIL-7 or hIL-18 enhanced specific T cell responses but failed to improve protection over BCG ΔureC::hly in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexis Vogelzang
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peggy Kaiser
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schuerer
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (SHEK); (MG)
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (SHEK); (MG)
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Andreeva ER, Buravkova LB. Paracrine activity of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and its modulation in hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119713030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tamarit B, Bugault F, Pillet AH, Lavergne V, Bochet P, Garin N, Schwarz U, Thèze J, Rose T. Membrane microdomains and cytoskeleton organization shape and regulate the IL-7 receptor signalosome in human CD4 T-cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8691-8701. [PMID: 23329834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.449918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is the main homeostatic regulator of CD4 T-lymphocytes (helper) at both central and peripheral levels. Upon activation by IL-7, several signaling pathways, mainly JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt and MAPK, induce the expression of genes involved in T-cell differentiation, activation, and proliferation. We have analyzed the early events of CD4 T-cell activation by IL-7. We have shown that IL-7 in the first few min induces the formation of cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains that compartmentalize its activated receptor and initiate its anchoring to the cytoskeleton, supporting the formation of the signaling complex, the signalosome, on the IL-7 receptor cytoplasmic domains. Here we describe by stimulated emission depletion microscopy the key roles played by membrane microdomains and cytoskeleton transient organization in the IL-7-regulated JAK/STAT signaling pathway. We image phospho-STAT5 and cytoskeleton components along IL-7 activation kinetics using appropriate inhibitors. We show that lipid raft inhibitors delay and reduce IL-7-induced JAK1 and JAK3 phosphorylation. Drug-induced disassembly of the cytoskeleton inhibits phospho-STAT5 formation, transport, and translocation into the nucleus that controls the transcription of genes involved in T-cell activation and proliferation. We fit together the results of these quantitative analyses and propose the following mechanism. Activated IL-7 receptors embedded in membrane microdomains induce actin-microfilament meshwork formation, anchoring microtubules that grow radially from rafted receptors to the nuclear membrane. STAT5 phosphorylated by signalosomes are loaded on kinesins and glide along the microtubules across the cytoplasm to reach the nucleus 2 min after IL-7 stimulation. Radial microtubules disappear 15 min later, while transversal microtubules, independent of phospho-STAT5 transport, begin to bud from the microtubule organization center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanche Tamarit
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur-UPMC, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Florence Bugault
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Anne-Hélène Pillet
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur-UPMC, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Lavergne
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pascal Bochet
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR3525, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Garin
- Leica Microsystems AG, Max Schmidheiny Strasse 201, CH-9435 Heerbrugg, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Schwarz
- Leica Microsystems CMS GmbH, Am Friedrichplatz, D-68165 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jacques Thèze
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Thierry Rose
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Département d'Immunologie, Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Impact of cytokines on diffuse splenic 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake during positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Nucl Med Commun 2013; 34:64-70. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3283595cac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Enhancement of the interferon gamma assay to detect paratuberculosis using interleukin-7 and interleukin-12 potentiation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Aguila HL, Mun SH, Kalinowski J, Adams DJ, Lorenzo JA, Lee SK. Osteoblast-specific overexpression of human interleukin-7 rescues the bone mass phenotype of interleukin-7-deficient female mice. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1030-42. [PMID: 22258693 PMCID: PMC3361560 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 is a critical cytokine for lymphoid development and a direct inhibitor of in vitro osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow cultures. To explore the role of IL-7 in bone, we generated transgenic mouse lines bearing the 2.3-kb rat collagen 1α1 promoter driving the expression of human IL-7 specifically in osteoblasts. In addition, we crossed these mice with IL-7-deficient mice to determine if the alterations in lymphopoiesis, bone mass, and osteoclast formation observed in the IL-7 knockout (KO) mice could be rescued by osteoblast-specific overexpression of IL-7. Here, we show that mice overexpressing human IL-7 in the osteoblast lineage showed increased trabecular bone volume in vivo by µCT and decreased osteoclast formation in vitro. Furthermore, targeted overexpression of IL-7 in osteoblasts rescued the osteopenic bone phenotype and B-cell development of IL-7 KO mice but did not have an effect on T lymphopoiesis, which occurs in the periphery. The bone phenotypes in IL-7 KO mice and targeted IL-7-overexpressing mouse models were observed only in females. These results likely reflect both direct inhibitory effects of IL-7 on osteoclastogenesis in vivo and sex-specific differences in responses to IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector L. Aguila
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Se Hwan Mun
- UCONN Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Judith Kalinowski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Douglas J. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Joseph A. Lorenzo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Sun-Kyeong Lee
- UCONN Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
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40
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Biophysical characterization of glycosaminoglycan-IL-7 interactions using SPR. Biochimie 2011; 94:242-9. [PMID: 22085638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) interact with a number of cytokines and growth factors thereby playing an essential role in the regulation of many physiological processes. These interactions are important for both normal signal transduction and the regulation of the tissue distribution of cytokines/growth factors. In the present study, we employed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy to dissect the binding interactions between GAGs and murine and human forms of interleukin-7 (IL-7). SPR results revealed that heparin binds with higher affinity to human IL-7 than murine IL-7 through a different kinetic mechanism. The optimal oligosaccharide length of heparin for the interactions to human and murine IL-7 involves a sequence larger than a tetrasaccharide. These results further demonstrate that while IL-7 is principally a heparin/heparan sulfate binding protein, it also interacts with dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates C, D, and E, indicating that this cytokine preferentially interacts with GAGs having a higher degree of sulfation.
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41
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A Human Recombinant IL-7/HGFα Hybrid Cytokine Enhances T-Cell Reconstitution in Mice After Syngeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation. Transplantation 2011; 92:516-22. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318228d766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Ogunbiyi S, Chinien G, Field D, Humphries J, Burand K, Sawyer B, Jeffrey S, Mortimer P, Clasper S, Jackson D, Smith A. Molecular characterization of dermal lymphatic endothelial cells from primary lymphedema skin. Lymphat Res Biol 2011; 9:19-30. [PMID: 21417764 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2010.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic endothelial cells from primary lymphedema skin have never been cultured nor characterized. A subgroup of patients with primary lymphedema undergo surgery to bring about an improvement in their quality of life. The aim of this study was to culture and characterize LECs from the skin of these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Lymphatic endothelial cells were isolated and cultured from the skin of patients with primary lymphedema and from normal skin. The isolated cells were compared in their ability to form microvascular networks in a three-dimensional culture medium, and in their response to treatment with vascular endothelial growth factors A, C, and D. Whole tissue transcriptional profiling was carried out on two pools of isolated lymphatic endothelial cells--one from primary lymphedema skin and the other from normal skin. Lymphatic endothelial cells from primary lymphedema skin form tubule-like structures when cultured in three-dimensional media. They respond in a similar fashion to stimulation with the vascular endothelial growth factors A, C, and D. Comparative analysis between lymphedema tissue and normal tissue (fold change >2) showed differential expression of 2793 genes (5% of all transcripts), 2184 upregulated, and 609 downregulated. Genes involved in cellular apoptosis (vascular endothelial growth inhibitor, zinc finger protein), extracellular matrix turnover (matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor-16), and type IV collagen deposition were upregulated. Various pro-inflammatory genes (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-32, E-selectin) were downregulated. CONCLUSION Cellular adhesion, apoptosis, and increased extracellular matrix turnover play a more prominent role in primary lymphedema than previously thought. In addition, the acute inflammatory response is attenuated as evidenced by the downregulation of various pro-inflammatory genes.This sheds further light on the interplay of the various pathological processes taking place in primary lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ogunbiyi
- Academic Department of Surgery, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIMR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St. Thomas Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Increased (6 exon) interleukin-7 production after M. tuberculosis infection and soluble interleukin-7 receptor expression in lung tissue. Genes Immun 2011; 12:513-22. [PMID: 21677672 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) and the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) have been shown to be alternatively spliced in infectious diseases. We tested IL-7 and IL-7R splicing in a tuberculosis (TB)-vaccine/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-challenge model in non-human primates (NHPs). Differential IL-7 splicing was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 15/15 NHPs showing 6 different IL-7 spliced isoforms. This pattern did not change after infection with virulent Mtb. We demonstrated increased IL-7 (6 exon) and IL-17 protein production in lung tissue along with concomitant decreased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) from NHPs (vaccinated with a recombinant BCG (rBCG)) who showed increased survival after Mtb challenge. IL-7 increased IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) gene and protein expression in PBMCs. Mtb-infected NHPs showed differential IL-7R splicing associated with the anatomical location and tissue origin, that is, in lung tissue, hilus, axillary lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen. Differential splicing of the IL-7R was typical for healthy (non-Mtb infected) and for Mtb-infected lung tissue with a dominant expression of soluble IL-7R (sIL-7R) receptor lacking exon 6 (9:1 ratio of sIL-7R/cell-bound IL-7R). Differential ratios of cell-bound vs sIL-7R could be observed in hilus and axillary LNs from Mtb-infected NHPs with an inversed ratio of 1:9 (sIL-7R/cell-bound IL-7R) in spleen and PBMCs. Soluble IL-7R is exclusively present in lung tissue.
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Duitman EH, Orinska Z, Bulfone-Paus S. Mechanisms of cytokine secretion: a portfolio of distinct pathways allows flexibility in cytokine activity. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:476-83. [PMID: 21439673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since cytokines are potent immunoregulators that can determine the fate of an immune response, their expression is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level. Recent research, however, has also revealed complex post-translational mechanisms through which cytokine secretion, and thereby cytokine activity, is regulated. Here, we review the progress in our understanding of the portfolio of pathways that regulate cytokine intracellular storage, transport, and release. Like other secreted proteins, cytokines utilize canonical and non-canonical secretory pathways for extracellular release. Illustrated by IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-15 secretion as selected examples, we discuss common and alternative cytokine secretion pathways and relate them to the consequences these distinct pathways have for cytokine function, mode of action and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Hans Duitman
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
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45
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Kim GY, Hong C, Park JH. Seeing is believing: illuminating the source of in vivo interleukin-7. Immune Netw 2011; 11:1-10. [PMID: 21494371 PMCID: PMC3072672 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is an essential cytokine for T cells. However, IL-7 is not produced by T cells themselves such that T cells are dependent on extrinsic IL-7. In fact, in the absence of IL-7, T cell development in the thymus as well as survival of naive T cells in the periphery is severely impaired. Furthermore, modulating IL-7 availability in vivo either by genetic means or other experimental approaches determines the size, composition and function of the T cell pool. Consequently, understanding IL-7 expression is critical for understanding T cell immunity. Until most recently, however, the spatiotemporal expression of in vivo IL-7 has remained obscured. Shortage of such information was partly due to scarce expression of IL-7 itself but mainly due to the lack of adequate reagents to monitor IL-7 expression in vivo. This situation dramatically changed with a recent rush of four independent studies that describe the generation and characterization of IL-7 reporter mice, all utilizing bacterial artificial chromosome transgene technology. The emerging consensus of these studies confirmed thymic stromal cells as the major producers of IL-7 but also identified IL-7 reporter activities in various peripheral tissues including skin, intestine and lymph nodes. Strikingly, developmental and environmental cues actively modulated IL-7 reporter activities in vivo suggesting that IL-7 regulation might be a new mechanism of shaping T cell development and homeostasis. Collectively, the availability of these new tools opens up new venues to assess unanswered questions in IL-7 biology in T cells and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Yoonhee Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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46
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Kim JT, Lee SH, Chun YS, Kim JC. Tear cytokines and chemokines in patients with Demodex blepharitis. Cytokine 2011; 53:94-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Walsh STR. A biosensor study indicating that entropy, electrostatics, and receptor glycosylation drive the binding interaction between interleukin-7 and its receptor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:8766-78. [PMID: 20815339 DOI: 10.1021/bi101050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between interleukin-7 (IL-7) and its α-receptor, IL-7Rα, plays fundamental roles in the development, survival, and homeostasis of B- and T-cells. N-Linked glycosylation of human IL-7Rα enhances its binding affinity for human IL-7 300-fold versus that of the nonglycosylated receptor through an allosteric mechanism. The N-glycans of IL-7Rα do not participate directly in the binding interface with IL-7. This biophysical study involves dissection of the properties of binding of IL-7 to both nonglycosylated and glycosylated forms of the IL-7Rα extracellular domain (ECD) as functions of salt, pH, and temperature using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. Interactions of IL-7 with both IL-7Rα variants display weaker binding affinities with increasing salt concentrations primarily reflected by changes in the first on rates of a two-step reaction pathway. The electrostatic parameter of the IL-7-IL-7Rα interaction is not driven by complementary charge interactions through residues at the binding interface or N-glycan composition of IL-7Rα, but presumably by favorable global charges of the two proteins. van't Hoff analysis indicates both IL-7-IL-7Rα interactions are driven by large favorable entropy changes and smaller unfavorable (nonglycosylated complex) and favorable (glycosylated complex) enthalpy changes. Eyring analysis of the IL-7-IL-7Rα interactions reveals different reaction pathways and barriers for the transition-state thermodynamics with the enthalpy and entropy changes of IL-7 binding to nonglycosylated and glycosylated IL-7Rα. There were no discernible heat capacity changes for the equilibrium or transition-state binding thermodynamics of the IL-7-IL-7Rα interactions. The results suggest that the unbound nonglycosylated IL-7Rα samples an extensive conformational landscape relative to the unbound glycosylated IL-7Rα, potentially explaining the switch from a "conformationally controlled" reaction (k(1) ∼ 10(2) M(-1) s(-1)) for the nonglycosylated interaction to a "diffusion-controlled" reaction (k(1) ∼ 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) for the glycosylated interaction. Thus, a large favorable entropy change, a global favorable electrostatic component, and glycosylation of the receptor, albeit not at the interface, contribute significantly to the interaction between IL-7 and the IL-7Rα ECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T R Walsh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Cytokine secretion is a widely studied process, although little is known regarding the specific mechanisms that regulate cytokine release. Recent findings have shed light on some of the precise molecular pathways that regulate the packaging of newly synthesized cytokines from immune cells. These findings begin to elucidate pathways and mechanisms that underpin cytokine release in all cells. In this article, we review the highlights of some of these novel discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Stanley
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Paige Lacy
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Siewe BT, Kalis SL, Esteves PJ, Zhou T, Knight KL. A novel functional rabbit IL-7 isoform. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:828-36. [PMID: 20304004 PMCID: PMC2871983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
IL-7 is required for B cell development in mouse and is a key regulator of T cell development and peripheral T cell homeostasis in mouse and human. Recently, we found that IL-7 is expressed in rabbit bone marrow and in vitro, is required for differentiation of lymphoid progenitors to B and T lineage cells. Herein, we report the identification of a novel rabbit IL-7 isoform, IL-7II. Recombinant IL-7II (rIL-7II) binds lymphocytes via the IL-7R and induces phosphorylation of STAT5. Further, rIL-7II supports proliferation and differentiation of BM progenitor cells into B and T lineage cells. IL7-II is generated by alternative splicing, with an 11 amino acid insertion encoded by a separate exon, exon 2b. Exon 2b is conserved in other lagomorphs, in Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora, but is absent in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile T. Siewe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Susan L. Kalis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Pedro J. Esteves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Divisions of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Katherine L. Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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50
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You CX, Liu Y, Shi M, Cao M, Luo RC, Hermonat PL. Comparison of AAV/IL-7 autocrine (T cell) versus paracrine (DC) gene delivery for enhancing CTL stimulation and function. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:779-87. [PMID: 20091029 PMCID: PMC11030548 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) into patients holds promise in treating cancer. Such anti-cancer CTL are stimulated by professional antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC). We hypothesize the gene delivery of various Th1-response cytokines, such as interleukin 7 (IL-7), should further enhance CTL stimulation and activity. However, the issue as to which cell type, DC (paracrine) or the T cell (autocrine), should express a particular Th1 cytokine gene for optimal CTL stimulation has never been addressed. We used adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV) to compare delivery of IL-7 and IL-2 genes into DC or T cells and to exogenous commercial cytokines for generating robust carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific CTL. AAV/IL-7 transduction of T cells (autocrine delivery) generated CTL with the highest killing capability. Consistent with this, AAV/IL-7 delivery generated T cell populations with the highest proliferation, highest interferon gamma expression, highest CD8(+):CD4(+) ratio, highest CD8(+), CD69(+) levels, and lowest CD4(+), CD25(+) (Treg) levels. These data are consistent with higher killing by the AAV/IL-7-altered CTL. These data strongly suggest that IL-7 autocrine gene delivery is optimal for CTL generation. These data also suggest Th1 cytokine autocrine versus paracrine delivery is an important issue for immuno-gene therapy and uncovers new questions into cytokine mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xuan You
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maohua Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Rong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul L. Hermonat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
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