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Miller S, Wilner D, Boldbaatar J, Bonduriansky R. Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70145. [PMID: 39145042 PMCID: PMC11322659 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Closely related sexual and parthenogenetic species often show distinct distribution patterns, known as geographical parthenogenesis. Similar patterns, characterized by the existence of separate sexual and parthenogenetic populations across their natural range, can also be found in facultative parthenogens - species in which every female is capable of both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. The underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon in nature remain unclear. Features of the habitat, such as differences in host-plant phenotypes or niche breadth, could favour sexual or asexual reproductive modes and thus help to explain geographical parthenogenesis in natural insect populations. Megacrania batesii is a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect that displays geographical parthenogenesis in the wild. We aimed to explore whether sexual and parthenogenetic populations of M. batesii displayed niche differentiation or variations in niche breadth that could explain the separation of the two population types. To do this, we sampled host plants from across the range of M. batesii and quantified phenotypic traits that might affect palatability or accessibility for M. batesii, including leaf thickness, toughness, spike size and density, plant height, and chemical composition. We also quantified host-plant density, which could affect M. batesii dispersal. We found little evidence of phenotypic differences between host plants supporting sexual versus asexual M. batesii populations, and no difference in host-plant density or niche breadth between the two population types. Our results suggest that habitat parameters do not play a substantial role in shaping patterns of geographical parthenogenesis in wild populations of M. batesii. Instead, population sex ratio variation could result from interactions between the sexes or dispersal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleille Miller
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Daniela Wilner
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jigmidmaa Boldbaatar
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Nowell RW, Rodriguez F, Hecox-Lea BJ, Mark Welch DB, Arkhipova IR, Barraclough TG, Wilson CG. Bdelloid rotifers deploy horizontally acquired biosynthetic genes against a fungal pathogen. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5787. [PMID: 39025839 PMCID: PMC11258130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Coevolutionary antagonism generates relentless selection that can favour genetic exchange, including transfer of antibiotic synthesis and resistance genes among bacteria, and sexual recombination of disease resistance alleles in eukaryotes. We report an unusual link between biological conflict and DNA transfer in bdelloid rotifers, microscopic animals whose genomes show elevated levels of horizontal gene transfer from non-metazoan taxa. When rotifers were challenged with a fungal pathogen, horizontally acquired genes were over twice as likely to be upregulated as other genes - a stronger enrichment than observed for abiotic stressors. Among hundreds of upregulated genes, the most markedly overrepresented were clusters resembling bacterial polyketide and nonribosomal peptide synthetases that produce antibiotics. Upregulation of these clusters in a pathogen-resistant rotifer species was nearly ten times stronger than in a susceptible species. By acquiring, domesticating, and expressing non-metazoan biosynthetic pathways, bdelloids may have evolved to resist natural enemies using antimicrobial mechanisms absent from other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben W Nowell
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh; Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Bette J Hecox-Lea
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - David B Mark Welch
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Irina R Arkhipova
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Timothy G Barraclough
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
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Fuad MMH, Tichopád T, Ondračková M, Civáňová Křížová K, Seifertová M, Voříšková K, Demko M, Vetešník L, Šimková A. Trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum inducing differential immune gene expression in sexual and gynogenetic gibel carp ( Carassius gibelio): parasites facilitating the coexistence of two reproductive forms of the invasive species. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1392569. [PMID: 38983863 PMCID: PMC11231671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1392569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parasite-mediated selection is considered one of the potential mechanisms contributing to the coexistence of asexual-sexual complexes. Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio), an invasive fish species in Europe, often forms populations composed of gynogenetic and sexual specimens. Methods The experimental infection was induced in gynogenetic and sexual gibel carp using eye-fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum (Trematoda), and the transcriptome profile of the spleen as a major immune organ in fish was analyzed to reveal the differentially expressed immunity-associated genes related to D. pseudospathaceum infection differing between gynogenetic and sexual gibel carp. Results High parasite infection was found in gynogenetic fish when compared to genetically diverse sexuals. Although metacercariae of D. pseudospathaceum are situated in an immune-privileged organ, our results show that eye trematodes may induce a host immune response. We found differential gene expression induced by eye-fluke infection, with various impacts on gynogenetic and sexual hosts, documenting for the majority of DEGs upregulation in sexuals, and downregulation in asexuals. Differences in gene regulation between gynogenetic and sexual gibel carp were evidenced in many immunity-associated genes. GO analyses revealed the importance of genes assigned to the GO terms: immune function, the Notch signaling pathway, MAP kinase tyrosine/threonine/phosphatase activity, and chemokine receptor activity. KEGG analyses revealed the importance of the genes involved in 12 immunity-associated pathways - specifically, FoxO signaling, adipocytokine signaling, TGF-beta signaling, apoptosis, Notch signaling, C-type lectin receptor signaling, efferocytosis, intestinal immune network for IgA production, insulin signaling, virion - human immunodeficiency virus, Toll-like receptor signaling, and phosphatidylinositol signaling system. Discussion Our study indicates the limited potential of asexual fish to cope with higher parasite infection (likely a loss of capacity to induce an effective immune response) and highlights the important role of molecular mechanisms associated with immunity for the coexistence of gynogenetic and sexual gibel carp, potentially contributing to its invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Hasan Fuad
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Tichopád
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Science, Liběchov, Czechia
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Markéta Ondračková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Mária Seifertová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kristýna Voříšková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Demko
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Vetešník
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Sugiura K, Yoshida Y, Hayashi K, Arakawa K, Kunieda T, Matsumoto M. Sexual dimorphism in the tardigrade Paramacrobiotus metropolitanus transcriptome. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2024; 10:11. [PMID: 38902818 PMCID: PMC11191345 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-024-00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In gonochoristic animals, the sex determination pathway induces different morphological and behavioral features that can be observed between sexes, a condition known as sexual dimorphism. While many components of this sex differentiation cascade show high levels of diversity, factors such as the Doublesex-Mab-3-Related Transcription factor (DMRT) are widely conserved across animal taxa. Species of the phylum Tardigrada exhibit remarkable diversity in morphology and behavior between sexes, suggesting a pathway regulating this dimorphism. Despite the wealth of genomic and zoological knowledge accumulated in recent studies, the sexual differences in tardigrades genomes have not been identified. In the present study, we focused on the gonochoristic species Paramacrobiotus metropolitanus and employed omics analyses to unravel the molecular basis of sexual dimorphism. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis between sex-identified specimens revealed numerous differentially expressed genes, of which approximately 2,000 male-biased genes were focused on 29 non-male-specific genomic loci. From these regions, we identified two Macrobiotidae family specific DMRT paralogs, which were significantly upregulated in males and lacked sex specific splicing variants. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis indicated all tardigrade genomes lack the doublesex ortholog, suggesting doublesex emerged after the divergence of Tardigrada. In contrast to sex-specific expression, no evidence of genomic differences between the sexes was found. We also identified several anhydrobiosis genes that exhibit sex-biased expression, suggesting a possible mechanism for protection of sex-specific tissues against extreme stress. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive analysis for analyzing the genetic differences between sexes in tardigrades. The existence of male-biased, but not male-specific, genomic loci and identification of the family specific male-biased DMRT subfamily provides the foundation for understanding the sex determination cascade. In addition, sex-biased expression of several tardigrade-specific genes which are involved their stress tolerance suggests a potential role in protecting sex-specific tissue and gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Sugiura
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Kohei Hayashi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Arakawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nihonkoku, Daihoji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0017, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center On Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takekazu Kunieda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Midori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
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Jones JDG, Staskawicz BJ, Dangl JL. The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment. Cell 2024; 187:2095-2116. [PMID: 38670067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. Plant breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance to specific pathogen isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for disease resistance underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence and focus on model plants for genetics and genomics research, has provided rich resources for molecular biological exploration over the last 50 years. These studies led to the identification of extracellular and intracellular receptors that convert recognition of extracellular microbe-encoded molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. These receptor systems, and downstream responses, define plant immune systems that have evolved since the migration of plants to land ∼500 million years ago. Our current understanding of plant immune systems provides the platform for development of rational resistance enhancement to control the many diseases that continue to plague crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D G Jones
- Sainsbury Lab, University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Maciel-de-Freitas R, Sauer FG, Kliemke K, Garcia GA, Pavan MG, David MR, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Hoffmann A, Lühken R. Wolbachia strains wMel and wAlbB differentially affect Aedes aegypti traits related to fecundity. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0012824. [PMID: 38483475 PMCID: PMC10986601 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00128-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Two Wolbachia strains, wMel and wAlbB, have been transinfected into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes for population replacement with the aim of reducing dengue transmission. Epidemiological data from various endemic sites suggest a pronounced decrease in dengue transmission after implementing this strategy. In this study, we investigated the impact of the Wolbachia strains wMel and wAlbB on Ae. aegypti fitness in a common genetic background. We found that Ae. aegypti females infected with the wMel strain exhibited several significant differences compared with those infected with the wAlbB strain. Specifically, wMel-infected females laid significantly fewer eggs, ingested a lower amount of blood, had a reduced egg production rate, and exhibited a decreased Wolbachia density at a later age compared with mosquitoes infected with the wAlbB strain. Conversely, the wAlbB strain showed only mild negative effects when compared with Wolbachia-uninfected specimens. These differential effects on Ae. aegypti fitness following infection with either wMel or wAlbB may have important implications for the success of population replacement strategies in invading native Ae. aegypti populations in endemic settings. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for these differences in fitness effects and their potential impact on the long-term efficacy of Wolbachia-based dengue control programs.IMPORTANCEThe transmission of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya is on the rise globally. Among the most promising strategies to reduce arbovirus burden is the release of one out of two strains of Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti: wMel and wAlbB. One critical aspect of whether this approach will succeed involves the fitness cost of either Wolbachia strains on mosquito life history traits. For instance, we found that wMel-infected Ae. aegypti females laid significantly fewer eggs, ingested a lower amount of blood, had a reduced egg production rate, and exhibited a decreased Wolbachia density at a later age compared with mosquitoes infected with the wAlbB strain. Conversely, the wAlbB strain showed only mild negative effects when compared with Wolbachia-uninfected specimens. These differential effects on mosquito fitness following infection with either wMel or wAlbB may have important implications for the success of population replacement strategies in invading native Ae. aegypti populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felix G. Sauer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Gabriela A. Garcia
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio G. Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana R. David
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ary Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Renke Lühken
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Buckingham LJ, Ashby B. Separation of evolutionary timescales in coevolving species. J Theor Biol 2024; 579:111688. [PMID: 38096978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Many coevolutionary processes, including host-parasite and host-symbiont interactions, involve one species or trait which evolves much faster than the other. Whether or not a coevolutionary trajectory converges depends on the relative rates of evolutionary change in the two species, and so current adaptive dynamics approaches generally either determine convergence stability by considering arbitrary (often comparable) rates of evolutionary change or else rely on necessary or sufficient conditions for convergence stability. We propose a method for determining convergence stability in the case where one species is expected to evolve much faster than the other. This requires a second separation of timescales, which assumes that the faster evolving species will reach its evolutionary equilibrium (if one exists) before a new mutation arises in the more slowly evolving species. This method, which is likely to be a reasonable approximation for many coevolving species, both provides straightforward conditions for convergence stability and is less computationally expensive than traditional analysis of coevolution models, as it reduces the trait space from a two-dimensional plane to a one-dimensional manifold. In this paper, we present the theory underlying this new separation of timescales and provide examples of how it could be used to determine coevolutionary outcomes from models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Buckingham
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| | - Ben Ashby
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; The Pacific Institute on Pathogens, Pandemics and Society (PIPPS), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Kitano J, Ansai S, Takehana Y, Yamamoto Y. Diversity and Convergence of Sex-Determination Mechanisms in Teleost Fish. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:233-259. [PMID: 37863090 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is prevalent across diverse taxa. However, sex-determination mechanisms are so diverse that even closely related species often differ in sex-determination systems. Teleost fish is a taxonomic group with frequent turnovers of sex-determining mechanisms and thus provides us with great opportunities to investigate the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the turnover of sex-determining systems. Here, we compile recent studies on the diversity of sex-determination mechanisms in fish. We demonstrate that genes in the TGF-β signaling pathway are frequently used for master sex-determining (MSD) genes. MSD genes arise via two main mechanisms, duplication-and-transposition and allelic mutations, with a few exceptions. We also demonstrate that temperature influences sex determination in many fish species, even those with sex chromosomes, with higher temperatures inducing differentiation into males in most cases. Finally, we review theoretical models for the turnover of sex-determining mechanisms and discuss what questions remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Ansai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Yusuke Takehana
- Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan;
| | - Yoji Yamamoto
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan;
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9
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Miller SM, Stuart KC, Burke NW, Rollins LA, Bonduriansky R. Genetic and Phenotypic Consequences of Local Transitions between Sexual and Parthenogenetic Reproduction in the Wild. Am Nat 2024; 203:73-91. [PMID: 38207137 DOI: 10.1086/727511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AbstractTransitions from sexual to asexual reproduction have occurred in numerous lineages, but it remains unclear why asexual populations rarely persist. In facultatively parthenogenetic animals, all-female populations can arise when males are absent or become extinct, and such populations could help to understand the genetic and phenotypic changes that occur in the initial stages of transitions to asexuality. We investigated a naturally occurring spatial mosaic of mixed-sex and all-female populations of the facultatively parthenogenetic Australian phasmid Megacrania batesii. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms indicated multiple independent transitions between reproductive modes. All-female populations had much lower heterozygosity and allelic diversity than mixed-sex populations, but we found few consistent differences in fitness-related traits between population types. All-female populations exhibited more frequent and severe deformities in their (flight-incapable) wings but did not show higher rates of appendage loss. All-female populations also harbored more ectoparasites in swamp (but not beach) habitats. Reproductive mode explained little variation in female body size, fecundity, or egg hatch rate. Our results suggest that transitions to parthenogenetic reproduction can lead to dramatic genetic changes with little immediate effect on performance. All-female M. batesii populations appear to consist of high-fitness genotypes that might be able to thrive for many generations in relatively constant and benign environments but could be vulnerable to environmental challenges, such as increased parasite abundance.
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10
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Palacios-Marquez JJ, Guevara-Fiore P. Parasitism in viviparous vertebrates: an overview. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:53. [PMID: 38100003 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive mode of viviparity has independently evolved in various animal taxa. It refers to the condition in which the embryos or young develop inside the female's body during gestation, providing advantages such as protection, nutrition, and improved survival chances. However, parasites and diseases can be an evolutionary force that limit the host's resources, leading to physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes that impose additional costs on both the pregnant female and her offspring. This review integrates the primary literature published between 1980 and 2021 on the parasitism of viviparous hosts. We describe aspects such as reproductive investment in females, offspring sex ratios, lactation investment in mammals, alterations in birth intervals, current reproductive investment, variations between environments, immune system activity in response to immunological challenges, and other factors that can influence the interaction between viviparous females and parasites. Maintaining pregnancy incurs costs in managing the mother's resources and regulating the immune system's responses to the offspring, while simultaneously maintaining an adequate defense against parasites and pathogens. Parasites can significantly influence this reproductive mode: parasitized females adjust their investment in survival and reproduction based on their life history, environmental factors, and the diversity of encountered parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Palacios-Marquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edificio Bio-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, 72580, Puebla, CP, Mexico
| | - Palestina Guevara-Fiore
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edificio Bio-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, 72580, Puebla, CP, Mexico.
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11
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Seoane LF, Solé R. How Turing parasites expand the computational landscape of digital life. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:044407. [PMID: 37978635 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.044407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Why are living systems complex? Why does the biosphere contain living beings with complexity features beyond those of the simplest replicators? What kind of evolutionary pressures result in more complex life forms? These are key questions that pervade the problem of how complexity arises in evolution. One particular way of tackling this is grounded in an algorithmic description of life: living organisms can be seen as systems that extract and process information from their surroundings to reduce uncertainty. Here we take this computational approach using a simple bit string model of coevolving agents and their parasites. While agents try to predict their worlds, parasites do the same with their hosts. The result of this process is that, to escape their parasites, the host agents expand their computational complexity despite the cost of maintaining it. This, in turn, is followed by increasingly complex parasitic counterparts. Such arms races display several qualitative phases, from monotonous to punctuated evolution or even ecological collapse. Our minimal model illustrates the relevance of parasites in providing an active mechanism for expanding living complexity beyond simple replicators, suggesting that parasitic agents are likely to be a major evolutionary driver for biological complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F Seoane
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), C/Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricard Solé
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (GRIB), Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-UPF, Pg Maritim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA
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12
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Scott TW, Grafen A, West SA. Host-parasite coevolution and the stability of genetic kin recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220761120. [PMID: 37463213 PMCID: PMC10372634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220761120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Crozier's paradox suggests that genetic kin recognition will not be evolutionarily stable. The problem is that more common tags (markers) are more likely to be recognized and helped. This causes common tags to increase in frequency, eliminating the genetic variability that is required for genetic kin recognition. Two potential solutions to this problem have been suggested: host-parasite coevolution and multiple social encounters. We show that the host-parasite coevolution hypothesis does not work as commonly assumed. Host-parasite coevolution only stabilizes kin recognition at a parasite resistance locus if parasites adapt rapidly to hosts and cause intermediate or high levels of damage (virulence). Additionally, when kin recognition is stabilized at a parasite resistance locus, this can have an additional cost of making hosts more susceptible to parasites. However, we show that if the genetic architecture is allowed to evolve, meaning natural selection can choose the recognition locus, genetic kin recognition is more likely to be stable. The reason for this is that host-parasite coevolution can maintain tag diversity at another (neutral) locus by genetic hitchhiking, allowing that other locus to be used for genetic kin recognition. These results suggest a way that host-parasite coevolution can resolve Crozier's paradox, without making hosts more susceptible to parasites. However, the opportunity for multiple social encounters may provide a more robust resolution of Crozier's paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Grafen
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A. West
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
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13
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Melkikh AV. Mutations, sex, and genetic diversity: New arguments for partially directed evolution. Biosystems 2023; 229:104928. [PMID: 37172758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A review of the theories of the existence of sexes, genetic diversity, and the distribution of mutations among organisms shows that all these concepts are not a product of random evolution and cannot be explained within the framework of Darwinism. Most mutations are the result of the genome acting on itself. This is an organized process that is implemented very differently in different species, in different places in the genome. Because of the fact that it is not random, this process must be directed and regulated, albeit with complex and not fully understood laws. This means that an additional reason must be included in order to model such mutations during evolution. The assumption of directionality must not only be explicitly included in evolutionary theory but must also occupy a central place in it. In this study an updated model of partially directed evolution is constructed, which is capable of qualitatively explaining the indicated features of evolution. Experiments are described that can confirm or disprove the proposed model.
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14
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Eleftheriadou N, Lubanga UK, Lefoe GK, Seehausen ML, Kenis M, Kavallieratos NG, Avtzis DN. Uncovering the Male Presence in Parthenogenetic Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae): Insights into Its mtDNA Divergence and Reproduction Strategy. INSECTS 2023; 14:256. [PMID: 36975941 PMCID: PMC10059969 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), an endemic species in Greece and Turkey, is a major contributor to the annual honey production in its native range. However, in the areas that it invades, lacking natural enemies, it has detrimental effects on pine trees and potentially contributes to tree mortality. Although it was originally reported as thelytokous, males were later reported in Turkey and on several of the islands of Greece. To further disambiguate the exact parthenogenetic reproduction strategy of M. hellenica, we studied the emergence pattern of male individuals in Greece for two consecutive years (2021 and 2022). Furthermore, we examined the genetic variation among 15 geographically distant populations of M. hellenica in Greece using a mitochondrial DNA marker and compared the results with data from Turkey. The findings of this study document the existence of an additional M. hellenica population in its native range that repeatedly produces males, apart from the areas of Greece and Turkey in which they were initially reported, suggesting that males play a major, so far unknown role in the reproduction of this species. The populations in Greece and Turkey exhibited a strong genetic affinity, while human-aided dispersal seems to have obscured the genetic pattern acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Umar K. Lubanga
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Greg K. Lefoe
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - M. Lukas Seehausen
- Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Marc Kenis
- Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N. Avtzis
- Forest Research Institute—Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (HAO Demeter), Vassilika, 57006 Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Eco-evolutionary implications of helminth microbiomes. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e22. [PMID: 36790127 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of helminth parasites has long been seen as an interplay between host resistance to infection and the parasite's capacity to bypass such resistance. However, there has recently been an increasing appreciation of the role of symbiotic microbes in the interaction of helminth parasites and their hosts. It is now clear that helminths have a different microbiome from the organisms they parasitize, and sometimes amid large variability, components of the microbiome are shared among different life stages or among populations of the parasite. Helminths have been shown to acquire microbes from their parent generations (vertical transmission) and from their surroundings (horizontal transmission). In this latter case, natural selection has been strongly linked to the fact that helminth-associated microbiota is not simply a random assemblage of the pool of microbes available from their organismal hosts or environments. Indeed, some helminth parasites and specific microbial taxa have evolved complex ecological relationships, ranging from obligate mutualism to reproductive manipulation of the helminth by associated microbes. However, our understanding is still very elementary regarding the net effect of all microbiome components in the eco-evolution of helminths and their interaction with hosts. In this non-exhaustible review, we focus on the bacterial microbiome associated with helminths (as opposed to the microbiome of their hosts) and highlight relevant concepts and key findings in bacterial transmission, ecological associations, and taxonomic and functional diversity of the bacteriome. We integrate the microbiome dimension in a discussion of the evolution of helminth parasites and identify fundamental knowledge gaps, finally suggesting research avenues for understanding the eco-evolutionary impacts of the microbiome in host-parasite interactions in light of new technological developments.
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Abstract
Freshwater mussels in the order Unionida are highly adapted to parasitize fish for the primary purpose of dispersal. The parasitic larval stage affixes itself to the gills or fins of the host where it becomes encysted in the tissue, eventually excysting to develop into a free-living adult. Research on the parasitic interactions between unionids and their host fishes has garnered attention recently due to the increase in worldwide preservation efforts surrounding this highly endangered and ecologically significant order. With the exception of heavy infestation events, these mussels cause minor effects to their hosts, typically only observable effect in combination with other stressors. Moreover, the range of effect intensities on the host varies greatly with the species involved in the interaction, an effect that may arise from different evolutionary strategies between long- and short-infesting mussels; a distinction not typically made in conservation practices. Lower growth and reduced osmotic potential in infested hosts are commonly observed and correlated with infestation load. These effects are typically also associated with increases in metabolic rate and behaviour indicative of stress. Host fish seem to compensate for this through a combination of rapid wound healing in the parasitized areas and higher ventilation rates. The findings are heavily biased towards Margaritifera margaritifera, a unique mussel not well suited for cross-species generalizations. Furthermore, the small body of molecular and genetic studies should be expanded as many conclusions are drawn from studies on the ultimate effects of glochidiosis rather than proximate studies on the underlying mechanisms.
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17
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Ameline C, Voegtli F, Andras J, Dexter E, Engelstädter J, Ebert D. Genetic slippage after sex maintains diversity for parasite resistance in a natural host population. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0051. [PMID: 36399570 PMCID: PMC9674289 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although parasite-mediated selection is a major driver of host evolution, its influence on genetic variation for parasite resistance is not yet well understood. We monitored resistance in a large population of the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna over 8 years, as it underwent yearly epidemics of the bacterial pathogen Pasteuria ramosa. We observed cyclic dynamics of resistance: Resistance increased throughout the epidemics, but susceptibility was restored each spring when hosts hatched from sexual resting stages. Host resting stages collected across the year showed that largely resistant host populations can produce susceptible sexual offspring. A genetic model of resistance developed for this host-parasite system, based on multiple loci and strong epistasis, is in partial agreement with our findings. Our results reveal that, despite strong selection for resistance in a natural host population, genetic slippage after sexual reproduction can be a strong factor for the maintenance of genetic diversity of host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ameline
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Voegtli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason Andras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Dexter
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)—Fascioloides magna Interaction from the Perspective of the MHC Genes. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111359. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascioloidosis is a parasitic disease caused by a trematode Fascioloides magna. Since major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes play an important role in the immune response, the aim of this study was to compare the potential differences in MHC class II SLA-DRB1 exon 2 genes between wild boar populations from infected (cases) and non-infected areas (controls). During the winter of 2021, a total of 136 wild boar tissue samples were collected, 39 cases and 97 controls. DNA was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina platform. Differences in distributions of allele combinations were calculated using the Chi-Square test for homogeneity and between proportions using the large-sample test and Fisher–Irwin test. Analysis revealed 19 previously described swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) alleles. The number of polymorphic sites was 79 (29.6%), with 99 mutations in total. Nucleotide diversity π was estimated at 0.11. Proportions of the alleles SLA-DRB1*12:05 (p = 0.0008379) and SLA-DRB1*0101 (p = 0.0002825) were statistically significantly higher in controls, and proportions of the SLA-DRB1*0602 (p = 0.006059) and SLA-DRB1*0901 (p = 0.0006601) in cases. Alleles SLA-DRB1*04:09, SLA-DRB1*0501, SLA-DRB1*11:09, and SLA-DRB1*1301 were detected only in cases, while SLA-DRB1*0404, SLA-DRB1*0701, SLA-DRB1*02:10, and SLA-DRB1*04:08 were present only in controls. We did not confirm the existence of specific alleles that could be linked to F. magna infection. Detected high variability of the MHC class II SLA-DRB1 exon 2 genes indicate high resistance potential against various pathogens.
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19
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Ngou BPM, Heal R, Wyler M, Schmid MW, Jones JDG. Concerted expansion and contraction of immune receptor gene repertoires in plant genomes. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1146-1152. [PMID: 36241733 PMCID: PMC9579050 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors function synergistically to activate robust defence against pathogens, but whether they co-evolve is unclear. Here we determined the numbers of cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors in 350 species. Surprisingly, the number of receptor genes that are predicted to encode cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors is strongly correlated. We suggest this is consistent with mutual potentiation of immunity initiated by cell-surface and intracellular receptors being reflected in the concerted co-evolution of the size of their repertoires across plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Robert Heal
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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20
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Tollefsen KE, Alonzo F, Beresford NA, Brede DA, Dufourcq-Sekatcheff E, Gilbin R, Horemans N, Hurem S, Laloi P, Maremonti E, Oughton D, Simon O, Song Y, Wood MD, Xie L, Frelon S. Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for radiation-induced reproductive effects in environmental species: state of science and identification of a consensus AOP network. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1816-1831. [PMID: 35976054 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive effects of ionizing radiation in organisms have been observed under laboratory and field conditions. Such assessments often rely on associations between exposure and effects, and thus lacking a detailed mechanistic understanding of causality between effects occurring at different levels of biological organization. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP), a conceptual knowledge framework to capture, organize, evaluate and visualize the scientific knowledge of relevant toxicological effects, has the potential to evaluate the causal relationships between molecular, cellular, individual, and population effects. This paper presents the first development of a set of consensus AOPs for reproductive effects of ionizing radiation in wildlife. This work was performed by a group of experts formed during a workshop organized jointly by the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) and the European Radioecology Alliance (ALLIANCE) associations to present the AOP approach and tools. The work presents a series of taxon-specific case studies that were used to identify relevant empirical evidence, identify common AOP components and propose a set of consensus AOPs that could be organized into an AOP network with broader taxonomic applicability. CONCLUSION Expert consultation led to the identification of key biological events and description of causal linkages between ionizing radiation, reproductive impairment and reduction in population fitness. The study characterized the knowledge domain of taxon-specific AOPs, identified knowledge gaps pertinent to reproductive-relevant AOP development and reflected on how AOPs could assist applications in radiation (radioecological) research, environmental health assessment, and radiological protection. Future advancement and consolidation of the AOPs is planned to include structured weight of evidence considerations, formalized review and critical assessment of the empirical evidence prior to formal submission and review by the OECD sponsored AOP development program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Frédéric Alonzo
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Nicholas A Beresford
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, UK.,School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Dag Anders Brede
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Dufourcq-Sekatcheff
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Rodolphe Gilbin
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | | | - Selma Hurem
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Patrick Laloi
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Erica Maremonti
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Olivier Simon
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Michael D Wood
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Li Xie
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Sandrine Frelon
- Health and Environment Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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21
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Yasui Y, Hasegawa E. The origination events of gametic sexual reproduction and anisogamy. J ETHOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-022-00760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe evolution of gametic sex (meiosis and fertilization) and subsequent transition from isogamy (fusion between two equal-sized gametes) to anisogamy (dimorphism into eggs and sperm, namely, females and males) is one of the largest enigmas of evolutionary biology. Meiosis entails genome-dilution cost and anisogamy entails male-production cost. Despite much progress has been made for the maintenance mechanisms of sex, its origination events under such “twofold cost of sex” are still unsolved. Here, we posit two hypothetical scenarios as follows: the “Seesaw Effect” hypothesizes that automictic selfing between isogametes effectively purged deleterious mutations from an organism’s lineage and simultaneously fixed the sex-controlling allele and all other loci (no genome-dilution cost raised). The high relatedness among homoeologous cell colonies led to multicellularization. The “inflated isogamy” hypothesizes that multicellularity increased the reproductive investment of both mates, resulting in excessively large isogametes. This redundancy induced cheating of one sex (evolving to male) to reduce gamete size. However, the other sex (evolving to female) allowed this cheat because her cost did not change. Therefore, anisogamy originated as a kind of commensalism but turned into beneficial for females because it solved the gamete limitation problem inherent to isogamy. Thus, smooth transition to anisogamy had been attained.
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22
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Fonseca CR, Gossner MM, Kollmann J, Brändle M, Paterno GB. Insect herbivores drive sex allocation in angiosperm flowers. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2177-2188. [PMID: 35953880 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Why sex has evolved and is maintained is an open question in evolutionary biology. The Red Queen hypothesis predicts that host lineages subjected to more intense parasite pressure should invest more in sexual reproduction to continuously create novel defences against their rapidly evolving natural enemies. In this comparative study across the angiosperms, we show that hermaphrodite plant species associated with higher species richness of insect herbivores evolved flowers with higher biomass allocation towards the male sex, an indication of their greater outcrossing effort. This pattern remained robust after controlling for key vegetative, reproductive and biogeographical traits, suggesting that long-term herbivory pressure is a key factor driving the selfing-outcrossing gradient of higher plants. Although flower evolution is frequently associated with mutualistic pollinators, our findings support the Red Queen hypothesis and suggest that insect herbivores drive the sexual strategies of flowering plants and their genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zurich, Switzerland.,Chair of Terrestrial Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Kollmann
- Chair of Restoration Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Brändle
- Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Brant Paterno
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Chair of Restoration Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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23
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Pierre JS, Stoeckel S, Wajnberg E. The advantage of sex: Reinserting fluctuating selection in the pluralist approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272134. [PMID: 35917359 PMCID: PMC9345338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantage of sex, and its fixation in some clades and species all over the eukaryote tree of life, is considered an evolutionary enigma, especially regarding its assumed two-fold cost. Several likely hypotheses have been proposed such as (1) a better response to the negative frequency-dependent selection imposed by the “Red Queen” hypothesis; (2) the competition between siblings induced by the Tangled Bank hypothesis; (3) the existence of genetic and of (4) ecological factors that can diminish the cost of sex to less than the standard assumed two-fold; and (5) a better maintenance of genetic diversity and its resulting phenotypic variation, providing a selective advantage in randomly fluctuating environments. While these hypotheses have mostly been studied separately, they can also act simultaneously. This was advocated by several studies which presented a pluralist point of view. Only three among the five causes cited above were considered yet in such a framework: the Red Queen hypothesis, the Tangled Bank and the genetic factors lowering the cost of sex. We thus simulated the evolution of a finite mutating population undergoing negative frequency-dependent selection on phenotypes and a two-fold (or less) cost of sexuality, experiencing randomly fluctuating selection along generations. The individuals inherited their reproductive modes, either clonal or sexual. We found that exclusive sexuality begins to fix in populations exposed to environmental variation that exceeds the width of one ecological niche (twice the standard deviation of a Gaussian response to environment). This threshold was lowered by increasing negative frequency-dependent selection and when reducing the two-fold cost of sex. It contributes advocating that the different processes involved in a short-term advantage of sex and recombination can act in combination to favor the fixation of sexual reproduction in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Pierre
- UMR 6553 Ecologie Biodiversité Evolution, CNRS INEE, Université de Rennes 1, OSUR, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Solenn Stoeckel
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes, Le Rheu, France
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRAE, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
- Projet Hephaistos, INRIA, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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24
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Sarkar K, Khajanchi S. An eco-epidemiological model with the impact of fear. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2022; 32:083126. [PMID: 36049928 DOI: 10.1063/5.0099584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose and analyze an eco-epidemiological model with disease in prey and incorporated the effect of fear on prey species due to predator population. We assume that the prey population grows logistically in the absence of predator species, and the disease is limited to the prey population only. We divide the total prey population into two distinct classes: susceptible prey and infected prey. Predator populations are not infected by the diseases, though feed both the susceptible and infected prey. Due to the fear of predators, the prey population becomes more vigilant and moves away from suspected predators. Such a foraging activity of prey reduces the chance of infection among susceptible prey by lowering the contact with infected prey. We assume that the fear of predators has no effect on infected prey as they are more vigilant. Positivity, boundedness, and uniform persistence of the proposed model are investigated. The biologically feasible equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. We establish the conditions for the Hopf bifurcation of the proposed model around the endemic steady state. As the level of fear increases, the system moves toward the steady state from a limit cycle oscillation. The increasing level of fear cannot wipe out the diseases from the system, but the amplitude of the infected prey decreases as the level of fear is increased. The system changes its stability as the rate of infection increases, and the predator becomes extinct when the rate of infection in prey is high enough though predators are not infected by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankan Sarkar
- Department of Mathematics, Malda College, Malda, West Bengal 732101, India
| | - Subhas Khajanchi
- Department of Mathematics, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
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25
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Polymicrobial infections can select against Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutators because of quorum-sensing trade-offs. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:979-988. [PMID: 35618819 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria with increased mutation rates (mutators) are common in chronic infections and are associated with poorer clinical outcomes, especially in the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infecting cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. There is, however, considerable between-patient variation in both P. aeruginosa mutator frequency and the composition of co-infecting pathogen communities. We investigated whether community context might affect selection of mutators. Using an in vitro CF model community, we show that P. aeruginosa mutators were favoured in the absence of other species but not in their presence. This was because there were trade-offs between adaptation to the biotic and abiotic environments (for example, loss of quorum sensing and associated toxin production was beneficial in the latter but not the former in our in vitro model community) limiting the evolvability advantage of an elevated mutation rate. Consistent with a role of co-infecting pathogens selecting against P. aeruginosa mutators in vivo, we show that the mutation frequency of P. aeruginosa population was negatively correlated with the frequency and diversity of co-infecting bacteria in CF infections. Our results suggest that co-infecting taxa can select against P. aeruginosa mutators, which may have potentially beneficial clinical consequences.
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Laterality in modern medicine: a historical overview of animal laterality, human laterality, and current influences in clinical practice. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-022-01963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Friend virus severity is associated with male mouse social status and environmental temperature. Anim Behav 2022; 187:221-231. [PMID: 35602411 PMCID: PMC9119425 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen virulence is highly variable within populations, and although many factors contributing to virulence differences are known, there is still much variation left unexplained. Identifying and characterizing environmental conditions associated with different virulence levels is therefore an important undertaking in infectious disease research. One factor considered to be a major determinant of overall health and susceptibility to disease in social animals is social status. Health differences associated with social status are thought to be caused by different levels of chronic stress in higher- versus lower-status individuals. There is considerable evidence that these effects extend to the standing immune profile and that social status directly influences susceptibility to pathogens. Here we examined the association between dominance status in male wild-derived house mice, Mus musculus, and susceptibility to Friend virus complex in the context of seminatural populations with intense male-male competition and no predation. Due to an interruption in our facility's heating system, we were unexpectedly presented with the opportunity to assess how reduced ambient temperature influences the association of host social status and pathogen virulence. Environmental temperature has been implicated as a contributor to pathogen virulence, giving us a unique chance to examine its role in a previously unexamined pathogen system, while the added context of social status can expand our understanding of how the interaction of different environmental conditions affects virulence. We found that pathogen virulence and replication were lower in socially dominant hosts compared to nondominant hosts. When temperature was reduced, cool enclosure-housed dominant males were more susceptible to infection than their warm enclosure-housed counterparts. The mechanistic underpinnings that link infectious disease and social status remain difficult to disentangle from their associated factors, but this study opens the door for future experiments using a novel approach in the most well-studied mammalian model available.
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Smith D, O'Brien D, Hall J, Sergeant C, Brookes LM, Harrison XA, Garner TWJ, Jehle R. Challenging a host-pathogen paradigm: Susceptibility to chytridiomycosis is decoupled from genetic erosion. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:589-598. [PMID: 35167143 PMCID: PMC9306973 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The putatively positive association between host genetic diversity and the ability to defend against pathogens has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has emerged in recent decades as a cause of dramatic declines and extinctions across the amphibian clade. Bd susceptibility can vary widely across populations of the same species, but the relationship between standing genetic diversity and susceptibility has remained notably underexplored so far. Here, we focus on a putatively Bd-naive system of two mainland and two island populations of the common toad (Bufo bufo) at the edge of the species' range and use controlled infection experiments and dd-RAD sequencing of >10 000 SNPs across 95 individuals to characterize the role of host population identity, genetic variation and individual body mass in mediating host response to the pathogen. We found strong genetic differentiation between populations and marked variation in their susceptibility to Bd. This variation was not, however, governed by isolation-mediated genetic erosion, and individual heterozygosity was even found to be negatively correlated with survival. Individual survival during infection experiments was strongly positively related to body mass, which itself was unrelated to population of origin or heterozygosity. Our findings underscore the general importance of context-dependency when assessing the role of host genetic variation for the ability of defence against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal Smith
- School of Science, Engineering and EnvironmentUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Chris Sergeant
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| | - Lola M. Brookes
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
- Highland Amphibian and Reptile ProjectDingwallUK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease AnalysisImperial College School of Public HealthLondonUK
- Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - Xavier A. Harrison
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | | | - Robert Jehle
- School of Science, Engineering and EnvironmentUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
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Maier AG, Doerig C. “The sexy side of parasites” – how parasites influence host sex and how the sex of the host impacts parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 248:111462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Blaxter M, Archibald JM, Childers AK, Coddington JA, Crandall KA, Di Palma F, Durbin R, Edwards SV, Graves JAM, Hackett KJ, Hall N, Jarvis ED, Johnson RN, Karlsson EK, Kress WJ, Kuraku S, Lawniczak MKN, Lindblad-Toh K, Lopez JV, Moran NA, Robinson GE, Ryder OA, Shapiro B, Soltis PS, Warnow T, Zhang G, Lewin HA. Why sequence all eukaryotes? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115636118. [PMID: 35042801 PMCID: PMC8795522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115636118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Life on Earth has evolved from initial simplicity to the astounding complexity we experience today. Bacteria and archaea have largely excelled in metabolic diversification, but eukaryotes additionally display abundant morphological innovation. How have these innovations come about and what constraints are there on the origins of novelty and the continuing maintenance of biodiversity on Earth? The history of life and the code for the working parts of cells and systems are written in the genome. The Earth BioGenome Project has proposed that the genomes of all extant, named eukaryotes-about 2 million species-should be sequenced to high quality to produce a digital library of life on Earth, beginning with strategic phylogenetic, ecological, and high-impact priorities. Here we discuss why we should sequence all eukaryotic species, not just a representative few scattered across the many branches of the tree of life. We suggest that many questions of evolutionary and ecological significance will only be addressable when whole-genome data representing divergences at all of the branchings in the tree of life or all species in natural ecosystems are available. We envisage that a genomic tree of life will foster understanding of the ongoing processes of speciation, adaptation, and organismal dependencies within entire ecosystems. These explorations will resolve long-standing problems in phylogenetics, evolution, ecology, conservation, agriculture, bioindustry, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Blaxter
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Anna K Childers
- Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Jonathan A Coddington
- Global Genome Initiative, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013
| | - Federica Di Palma
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Durbin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Jennifer A M Graves
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 751 23, Australia
- University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Kevin J Hackett
- Crop Production and Protection, Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, United Kingdom
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Laboratory of the Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Rebecca N Johnson
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - W John Kress
- Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Jose V Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL 33004
- Guy Harvey Oceanographic Center, Dania Beach, FL 33004
| | - Nancy A Moran
- Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Gene E Robinson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Oliver A Ryder
- Conservation Genetics, Division of Biology, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA 92027
- Department of Evolution, Behavior and Ecology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Tandy Warnow
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61301
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- China National Genebank, Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Harris A Lewin
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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31
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Baker EP, Sayegh R, Kohler KM, Borman W, Goodfellow CK, Brush ER, Barber MF. Evolution of host-microbe cell adherence by receptor domain shuffling. eLife 2022; 11:73330. [PMID: 35076392 PMCID: PMC8860441 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable adherence to epithelial surfaces is required for colonization by diverse host-associated microbes. Successful attachment of pathogenic microbes to host cells via adhesin molecules is also the first step in many devastating infections. Despite the primacy of epithelial adherence in establishing host-microbe associations, the evolutionary processes that shape this crucial interface remain enigmatic. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) encompass a multifunctional family of vertebrate cell surface proteins which are recurrent targets of bacterial adhesins at epithelial barriers. Here, we show that multiple members of the primate CEACAM family exhibit evidence of repeated natural selection at protein surfaces targeted by bacteria, consistent with pathogen-driven evolution. Divergence of CEACAM proteins between even closely related great apes is sufficient to control molecular interactions with a range of bacterial adhesins. Phylogenetic analyses further reveal that repeated gene conversion of CEACAM extracellular domains during primate divergence plays a key role in limiting bacterial adhesin host tropism. Moreover, we demonstrate that gene conversion has continued to shape CEACAM diversity within human populations, with abundant human CEACAM1 variants mediating evasion of adhesins from pathogenic Neisseria. Together this work reveals a mechanism by which gene conversion shapes first contact between microbes and animal hosts. Trillions of bacteria live in and on the human body. Most of them are harmless but some can cause serious infections. To grow in or on the body, bacteria often attach to proteins on the surface of cells that make up the lining of tissues like the gut or the throat. In some cases, bacteria use these proteins to invade the cells causing an infection. Genetic mutations in the genes encoding these proteins that protect against infection are more likely to be passed on to future generations. This may lead to rapid spread of these beneficial genes in a population. A family of proteins called CEACAMs are frequent targets of infection-causing bacteria. These proteins have been shown to play a role in cancer progression. But they also play many helpful roles in the body, including helping transmit messages between cells, aiding cell growth, and helping the immune system recognize pathogens. Scientists are not sure if these multi-tasking CEACAM proteins can evolve to evade bacteria without affecting their other roles. Baker et al. show that CEACAM proteins targeted by bacteria have undergone rapid evolution in primates. In the experiments, human genes encoding CEACAMs were compared with equivalent genes from 19 different primates. Baker et al. found the changes in human and primate CEACAMs often occur through a process called gene conversion. Gene conversion occurs when DNA sections are copied and pasted from one gene to another. Using laboratory experiments, they showed that some of these changes enabled CEACAM proteins to prevent certain harmful bacteria from binding. The experiments suggest that some versions of CEACAM genes may protect humans or other primates against bacterial infections. Studies in natural populations are needed to test if this is the case. Learning more about how CEACAM proteins evolve and what they do may help scientists better understand the role they play in cancer and help improve cancer care. Studying CEACAM evolution may also help scientists understand how bacteria and other pathogens drive protein evolution in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- EmilyClare P Baker
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Ryan Sayegh
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Kristin M Kohler
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Wyatt Borman
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Claire K Goodfellow
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Eden R Brush
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Matthew F Barber
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
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32
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Klabacka RL, Parry HA, Yap KN, Cook RA, Herron VA, Horne LM, Wolak ME, Maldonado JA, Kavazis AN, Fujita MK, Oaks JR, Schwartz TS. Reduced mitochondrial respiration in hybrid asexual lizards. Am Nat 2022; 199:719-728. [DOI: 10.1086/719014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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33
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Vázquez AA, Alba A, Alda P, Vittecoq M, Hurtrez-Boussès S. On the arrival of fasciolosis in the Americas. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:195-204. [PMID: 34952798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a worldwide emerging and re-emerging parasite heavily affecting several regions in South America. Some lymnaeid snail species of American origin are among the major hosts of F. hepatica worldwide. Recent paleoparasitological findings detected its DNA in a 2300-year-old sample in Patagonia, countering the common hypothesis of the recent arrival of F. hepatica in the Americas during European colonization. Thus, the theory of an initial introduction in the 1500s can no longer be sustained. This article discusses how it was possible for F. hepatica to reach and spread in the Americas in relation to the availability and compatibility of hosts through natural and incidental introductions. Our study will serve to better understand the ongoing Neotropical scenario of fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio A Vázquez
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Laboratorio de Malacología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical 'Pedro Kourí', La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Annia Alba
- Laboratorio de Malacología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical 'Pedro Kourí', La Habana, Cuba
| | - Pilar Alda
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS-CCT-CONICET Bahía Blanca), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marion Vittecoq
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Tour du Valat, Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, Arles, France; CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; CREES, Montpellier, France; Département de Biologie-Écologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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34
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Archetti M. Evidence from automixis with inverted meiosis for the maintenance of sex by loss of complementation. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:40-50. [PMID: 34927297 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive value of sexual reproduction is still debated. A short-term disadvantage of asexual reproduction is loss of heterozygosity, which leads to the unmasking of recessive deleterious mutations. The cost of this loss of complementation is predicted to be higher than the twofold cost of meiosis for most types of asexual reproduction. Automixis with terminal fusion of sister nuclei is especially vulnerable to the effect of loss of complementation. It is found, however, in some taxa including oribatid mites, the most prominent group of ancient asexuals. Here, I show that automixis with terminal fusion is stable if it is associated with inverted meiosis and that this appears to be the case in nature, notably in oribatid mites. The existence of automixis with terminal fusion, and its co-occurrence with inverted meiosis, therefore, is consistent with the hypothesis that loss of complementation is important in the evolution of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Archetti
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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35
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Abstract
Creativity generates novel solutions to tasks by processing information. Imagination and mental representations are part of the creative process; we can mull over ideas of our own making, and construct algorithms or scenarios from them. Social scenario-building can be viewed as a human cognitive "super-power" that involves abstraction, meta-representation, time-travel, and directed imaginative thought. We humans have a "theater in our minds" to play out a near-infinite array of social strategies and contingencies. Here we propose an integrative model for why and how humans evolved extraordinary creative abilities. We posit that a key aspect of hominin evolution involved relatively open and fluid social relationships among communities, enabled by a unique extended family structure similar to that of contemporary hunter-gatherer band societies. Intercommunity relationships facilitated the rapid flow of information-"Culture"-that underpinned arms-races in information processing, language, imagination, and creativity that distinguishes humans from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V. Flinn
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
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36
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Fuad MMH, Vetešník L, Šimková A. Is gynogenetic reproduction in gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) a major trait responsible for invasiveness? JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Hasan Fuad
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: ,
| | - Lukáš Vetešník
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: ,
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: ,
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37
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Mishina T, Takeshima H, Takada M, Iguchi K, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Kawahara-Miki R, Hashiguchi Y, Tabata R, Sasaki T, Nishida M, Watanabe K. Interploidy gene flow involving the sexual-asexual cycle facilitates the diversification of gynogenetic triploid Carassius fish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22485. [PMID: 34795357 PMCID: PMC8602411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Asexual vertebrates are rare and at risk of extinction due to their restricted adaptability through the loss of genetic recombination. We explore the mechanisms behind the generation and maintenance of genetic diversity in triploid asexual (gynogenetic) Carassius auratus fish, which is widespread in East Asian fresh waters and exhibits one of the most extensive distribution among asexual vertebrates despite its dependence on host sperm. Our analyses of genetic composition using dozens of genetic markers and genome-wide transcriptome sequencing uncover admixed genetic composition of Japanese asexual triploid Carassius consisting of both the diverged Japanese and Eurasian alleles, suggesting the involvement of Eurasian lineages in its origin. However, coexisting sexual diploid relatives and asexual triploids in Japan show regional genetic similarity in both mitochondrial and nuclear markers. These results are attributed to a unique unidirectional gene flow from diploids to sympatric triploids, with the involvement of occasional sexual reproduction. Additionally, the asexual triploid shows a weaker population structure than the sexual diploid, and multiple triploid lineages coexist in most Japanese rivers. The generated diversity via repeated interploidy gene flow as well as an increased establishment of immigrants is assumed to offset the cost of asexual reproduction and might contribute to the successful broad distribution of this asexual vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tappei Mishina
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Hirohiko Takeshima
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
- Department of Marine Biology, Tokai University, Shimizu, Shizuoka, 424-8610, Japan
| | - Mikumi Takada
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Kei'ichiro Iguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yahui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ryouka Kawahara-Miki
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hashiguchi
- Department of Biology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-0801, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Tabata
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Lake Biwa Museum, 1091 Oroshimo, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-0001, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Graduate School of Human and Animal-Plant Relationships, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Nishida
- University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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38
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Gimmi E, Vorburger C. Strong genotype-by-genotype interactions between aphid-defensive symbionts and parasitoids persist across different biotic environments. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1944-1953. [PMID: 34695269 PMCID: PMC9298302 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of coevolution between hosts and parasites are influenced by their genetic interactions. Highly specific interactions, where the outcome of an infection depends on the precise combination of host and parasite genotypes (G × G interactions), have the potential to maintain genetic variation by inducing negative frequency‐dependent selection. The importance of this effect also rests on whether such interactions are consistent across different environments or modified by environmental variation (G × G × E interaction). In the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, resistance to its parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum is largely determined by the possession of a heritable bacterial endosymbiont, Hamiltonella defensa, with strong G × G interactions between H. defensa and L. fabarum. A key environmental factor in this system is the host plant on which the aphid feeds. Here, we exposed genetically identical aphids harbouring three different strains of H. defensa to three asexual genotypes of L. fabarum and measured parasitism success on three common host plants of A. fabae, namely Vicia faba, Chenopodium album and Beta vulgaris. As expected, we observed the pervasive G × G interaction between H. defensa and L. fabarum, but despite strong main effects of the host plants on average rates of parasitism, this interaction was not altered significantly by the host plant environment (no G × G × E interaction). The symbiont‐conferred specificity of resistance is thus likely to mediate the coevolution of A. fabae and L. fabarum, even when played out across diverse host plants of the aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gimmi
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, D-USYS, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, D-USYS, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
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39
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Waiker P, de Abreu FCP, Luna-Lucena D, Freitas FCP, Simões ZLP, Rueppell O. Recombination mapping of the Brazilian stingless bee Frieseomelitta varia confirms high recombination rates in social hymenoptera. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:673. [PMID: 34536998 PMCID: PMC8449902 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meiotic recombination is a fundamental genetic process that shuffles allele combinations and promotes accurate segregation of chromosomes. Analyses of the ubiquitous variation of recombination rates within and across species suggest that recombination is evolving adaptively. All studied insects with advanced eusociality have shown exceptionally high recombination rates, which may represent a prominent case of adaptive evolution of recombination. However, our understanding of the relationship between social evolution and recombination rates is incomplete, partly due to lacking empirical data. Here, we present a linkage map of the monandrous, advanced eusocial Brazilian stingless bee, Frieseomelitta varia, providing the first recombination analysis in the diverse Meliponini (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Results Our linkage map includes 1417 markers in 19 linkage groups. This map spans approximately 2580 centimorgans, and comparisons to the physical genome assembly indicate that it covers more than 75 % of the 275 Megabasepairs (Mbp) F. varia genome. Thus, our study results in a genome-wide recombination rate estimate of 9.3–12.5 centimorgan per Mbp. This value is higher than estimates from nonsocial insects and comparable to other highly social species, although it does not support our prediction that monandry and strong queen-worker caste divergence of F. varia lead to even higher recombination rates than other advanced eusocial species. Conclusions Our study expands the association between elevated recombination and sociality in the order Hymenoptera and strengthens the support for the hypothesis that advanced social evolution in hymenopteran insects invariably selects for high genomic recombination rates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07987-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Waiker
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 321 McIver St, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA.
| | - Fabiano Carlos Pinto de Abreu
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Danielle Luna-Lucena
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Cristina Paula Freitas
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Zilá Luz Paulino Simões
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Olav Rueppell
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 321 McIver St, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, AB, T6G 2E9, Edmonton, Canada
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40
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Spontaneous changes in somatic compatibility in Fusarium circinatum. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:725-732. [PMID: 34420699 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi grow by the elaboration of hyphae, which may fuse to form a network as a colony develops. Fusion of hyphae can occur between genetically different individuals, provided they share a common allele at loci affecting somatic compatibility. Diversity in somatic compatibility phenotypes reduces the frequency of hyphal fusion in a population, thereby slowing the spread of deleterious genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, which require direct cytoplasmic contact for transmission. Diverse somatic compatibility phenotypes can be generated by recombining alleles through sexual reproduction, but this mechanism may not fully account for the diversity found in nature. For example, multiple compatibility phenotypes of Fusarium circinatum were shown to be associated with the same clonal lineage, which implies they were derived by a mutation rather than recombination through sexual reproduction. Experimental tests of this hypothesis confirmed that spontaneous changes in somatic compatibility can occur at a frequency between 5 and 8 per million spores. Genomic analysis of F. circinatum strains with altered somatic compatibility revealed no consistent evidence of recombination and supported the hypothesis that a spontaneous mutation generated the observed phenotypic change. Genes known to be involved in somatic compatibility had no mutations, suggesting that mutation occurred in a gene with an as yet unexplored function in somatic compatibility.
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41
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Abstract
Sex, as well as meiotic recombination between homologous chromosomes, is nearly ubiquitous among eukaryotes. In those species that use it, recombination is important for chromosome segregation during gamete production, and thus for fertility. Strikingly, although in most species only one crossover event per chromosome is required to ensure proper segregation, recombination rates vary considerably above this minimum and show variation within and among species. However, whether this variation in recombination is adaptive or neutral and what might shape it remain unclear. Empirical studies and theory support the idea that recombination is generally beneficial but can also have costs. Here, we review variation in genome-wide recombination rates, explore what might cause this, and discuss what is known about its mechanistic basis. We end by discussing the environmental sensitivity of meiosis and recombination rates, how these features may relate to adaptation, and their implications for a broader understanding of recombination rate evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Henderson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
| | - Kirsten Bomblies
- Plant Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
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42
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Bourgeois Y, Fields P, Bento G, Ebert D. Balancing selection for pathogen resistance reveals an intercontinental signature of Red Queen coevolution. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4918-4933. [PMID: 34289047 PMCID: PMC8557431 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between long-term host–parasite coevolution and genetic diversity is key to understanding genetic epidemiology and the evolution of resistance. The model of Red Queen host–parasite coevolution posits that high genetic diversity is maintained when rare host resistance variants have a selective advantage, which is believed to be the mechanistic basis for the extraordinarily high levels of diversity at disease-related genes such as the major histocompatibility complex in jawed vertebrates and R-genes in plants. The parasites that drive long-term coevolution are, however, often elusive. Here we present evidence for long-term balancing selection at the phenotypic (variation in resistance) and genomic (resistance locus) level in a particular host–parasite system: the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna and the bacterium Pasteuria ramosa. The host shows widespread polymorphisms for pathogen resistance regardless of geographic distance, even though there is a clear genome-wide pattern of isolation by distance at other sites. In the genomic region of a previously identified resistance supergene, we observed consistent molecular signals of balancing selection, including higher genetic diversity, older coalescence times, and lower differentiation between populations, which set this region apart from the rest of the genome. We propose that specific long-term coevolution by negative-frequency-dependent selection drives this elevated diversity at the host's resistance loci on an intercontinental scale and provide an example of a direct link between the host’s resistance to a virulent pathogen and the large-scale diversity of its underlying genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Bourgeois
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fields
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Bento
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Ebert
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Selection for Plastic, Pathogen-Inducible Recombination in a Red Queen Model with Diploid Antagonists. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070898. [PMID: 34358051 PMCID: PMC8308896 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic interactions and co-evolution between a host and its parasite are known to cause oscillations in the population genetic structure of both species (Red Queen dynamics). Potentially, such oscillations may select for increased sex and recombination in the host, although theoretical models suggest that this happens under rather restricted values of selection intensity, epistasis, and other parameters. Here, we explore a model in which the diploid parasite succeeds to infect the diploid host only if their phenotypes at the interaction-mediating loci match. Whenever regular oscillations emerge in this system, we test whether plastic, pathogen-inducible recombination in the host can be favored over the optimal constant recombination. Two forms of the host recombination dependence on the parasite pressure were considered: either proportionally to the risk of infection (prevention strategy) or upon the fact of infection (remediation strategy). We show that both forms of plastic recombination can be favored, although relatively infrequently (up to 11% of all regimes with regular oscillations, and up to 20% of regimes with obligate parasitism). This happens under either strong overall selection and high recombination rate in the host, or weak overall selection and low recombination rate in the host. In the latter case, the system’s dynamics are considerably more complex. The prevention strategy is favored more often than the remediation one. It is noteworthy that plastic recombination can be favored even when any constant recombination is rejected, making plasticity an evolutionary mechanism for the rescue of host recombination.
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44
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Ameline C, Bourgeois Y, Vögtli F, Savola E, Andras J, Engelstädter J, Ebert D. A Two-Locus System with Strong Epistasis Underlies Rapid Parasite-Mediated Evolution of Host Resistance. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1512-1528. [PMID: 33258959 PMCID: PMC8042741 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are a major evolutionary force, driving adaptive responses in host populations. Although the link between phenotypic response to parasite-mediated natural selection and the underlying genetic architecture often remains obscure, this link is crucial for understanding the evolution of resistance and predicting associated allele frequency changes in the population. To close this gap, we monitored the response to selection during epidemics of a virulent bacterial pathogen, Pasteuria ramosa, in a natural host population of Daphnia magna. Across two epidemics, we observed a strong increase in the proportion of resistant phenotypes as the epidemics progressed. Field and laboratory experiments confirmed that this increase in resistance was caused by selection from the local parasite. Using a genome-wide association study, we built a genetic model in which two genomic regions with dominance and epistasis control resistance polymorphism in the host. We verified this model by selfing host genotypes with different resistance phenotypes and scoring their F1 for segregation of resistance and associated genetic markers. Such epistatic effects with strong fitness consequences in host–parasite coevolution are believed to be crucial in the Red Queen model for the evolution of genetic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ameline
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yann Bourgeois
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Vögtli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eevi Savola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Andras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biological Sciences, Clapp Laboratory, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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45
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Clin P, Grognard F, Mailleret L, Val F, Andrivon D, Hamelin FM. Taking Advantage of Pathogen Diversity and Immune Priming to Minimize Disease Prevalence in Host Mixtures: A Model. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1219-1227. [PMID: 33297731 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0429-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Host mixtures are a promising method for agroecological plant disease control. Plant immunity is key to the success of host mixtures against polymorphic pathogen populations. This immunity results from priming-induced cross-protection, whereby plants able to resist infection by specific pathogen genotypes become more resistant to other pathogen genotypes. Strikingly, this phenomenon was absent from mathematical models aiming at designing host mixtures. We developed a model to specifically explore how priming affects the coexistence of two pathogen genotypes in host mixtures composed of two host genotypes and how it affects disease prevalence. The main effect of priming is to reduce the coexistence region in the parameter space (due to the cross-protection) and to generate a singular mixture of resistant and susceptible hosts corresponding to the maximal reduction disease prevalence (in absence of priming, a resistant pure stand is optimal). The epidemiological advantage of host mixtures over a resistant pure stand thus appears as a direct consequence of immune priming. We also showed that there is indirect cross-protection between host genotypes in a mixture. Moreover, the optimal mix prevents the emergence of a resistance-breaking pathogen genotype. Our results highlight the importance of considering immune priming to design optimal and sustainable host mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Clin
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, France
| | - Frédéric Grognard
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, INRAE, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biocore, France
| | - Ludovic Mailleret
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, INRAE, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biocore, France
| | - Florence Val
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Didier Andrivon
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
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46
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Conlon BH, Gostinčar C, Fricke J, Kreuzenbeck NB, Daniel JM, Schlosser MS, Peereboom N, Aanen DK, de Beer ZW, Beemelmanns C, Gunde-Cimerman N, Poulsen M. Genome reduction and relaxed selection is associated with the transition to symbiosis in the basidiomycete genus Podaxis. iScience 2021; 24:102680. [PMID: 34189441 PMCID: PMC8220239 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into the genomic consequences of symbiosis for basidiomycete fungi associated with social insects remain sparse. Capitalizing on viability of spores from centuries-old herbarium specimens of free-living, facultative, and specialist termite-associated Podaxis fungi, we obtained genomes of 10 specimens, including two type species described by Linnaeus >240 years ago. We document that the transition to termite association was accompanied by significant reductions in genome size and gene content, accelerated evolution in protein-coding genes, and reduced functional capacities for oxidative stress responses and lignin degradation. Functional testing confirmed that termite specialists perform worse under oxidative stress, while all lineages retained some capacity to cleave lignin. Mitochondrial genomes of termite associates were significantly larger; possibly driven by smaller population sizes or reduced competition, supported by apparent loss of certain biosynthetic gene clusters. Our findings point to relaxed selection that mirrors genome traits observed among obligate endosymbiotic bacteria of many insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Conlon
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janis Fricke
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoll-Institute, Chemical Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nina B. Kreuzenbeck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoll-Institute, Chemical Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan-Martin Daniel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoll-Institute, Chemical Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Malte S.L. Schlosser
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nils Peereboom
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Duur K. Aanen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Z. Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoll-Institute, Chemical Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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47
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Zadorin AS, Rivoire O. Sex as information processing: Optimality and evolution. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:062413. [PMID: 34271694 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.062413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The long-term growth rate of populations in varying environments quantifies the evolutionary value of processing the information that biological individuals inherit from their ancestors and acquire from their environment. Previous models were limited to asexual reproduction with inherited information coming from a single parent with no recombination. We present a general extension to sexual reproduction and an analytical solution for a particular but important case, the infinitesimal model of quantitative genetics which assumes traits to be normally distributed. We study with this model the conditions under which sexual reproduction is advantageous and can evolve in the context of autocorrelated or directionally varying environments, mutational biases, spatial heterogeneities, and phenotypic plasticity. Our results generalize and unify previous analyses. We also examine the proposal made by Geodakyan that the presence of two phenotypically distinct sexes permits an optimal adaptation to varying environments. We verify that conditions exists where sexual dimorphism is adaptive but find that its evolutionary value does not generally compensate for the twofold cost of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S Zadorin
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Rivoire
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
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48
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Pérez-González J, Carranza J, Martínez R, Benítez-Medina JM. Host Genetic Diversity and Infectious Diseases. Focus on Wild Boar, Red Deer and Tuberculosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1630. [PMID: 34072907 PMCID: PMC8229303 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic diversity tends to limit disease spread in nature and buffers populations against epidemics. Genetic diversity in wildlife is expected to receive increasing attention in contexts related to disease transmission and human health. Ungulates such as wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) are important zoonotic hosts that can be precursors to disease emergence and spread in humans. Tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease with relevant consequences and can present high prevalence in wild boar and red deer populations. Here, we review studies on the genetic diversity of ungulates and determine to what extent these studies consider its importance on the spread of disease. This assessment also focused on wild boar, red deer, and tuberculosis. We found a disconnection between studies treating genetic diversity and those dealing with infectious diseases. Contrarily, genetic diversity studies in ungulates are mainly concerned with conservation. Despite the existing disconnection between studies on genetic diversity and studies on disease emergence and spread, the knowledge gathered in each discipline can be applied to the other. The bidirectional applications are illustrated in wild boar and red deer populations from Spain, where TB is an important threat for wildlife, livestock, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pérez-González
- Biology and Ethology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan Carranza
- Wildlife Research Unit (UIRCP), University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Remigio Martínez
- Infectious Pathology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (R.M.); (J.M.B.-M.)
| | - José Manuel Benítez-Medina
- Infectious Pathology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (R.M.); (J.M.B.-M.)
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49
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Schampera C, Wolinska J, Bachelier JB, de Souza Machado AA, Rosal R, González-Pleiter M, Agha R. Exposure to nanoplastics affects the outcome of infectious disease in phytoplankton. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 277:116781. [PMID: 33652181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases of humans and wildlife are increasing globally but the contribution of novel artificial anthropogenic entities such as nano-sized plastics to disease dynamics remains unknown. Despite mounting evidence for the adverse effects of nanoplastics (NPs) on single organisms, it is unclear whether and how they affect the interaction between species and thereby lead to ecological harm. In order to incorporate the impact of NP pollution into host-parasite-environment interactions captured in the "disease triangle", we evaluated disease outcomes in the presence of polystyrene NP using an ecologically-relevant host-parasite system consisting of a common planktonic cyanobacterium and its fungal parasite. NP at high concentrations formed hetero-aggregates with phytoplankton and inhibited their growth. This coincided with a significant reduction in infection prevalence, highlighting the close interdependency of host and parasite fitness. Lower intensity of infection in the presence of NP indicates that reduced disease transmission results from the parasite's diminished ability to establish new infections as NP formed aggregates around phytoplankton cells. We propose that NP aggregation on the host's surface acts as a physical barrier to infection and, by reducing host light harvesting, may also hamper parasite chemotaxis. These results demonstrate that the consequences of NP pollution go well beyond toxic effects at the individual level and modulate the intensity of species interactions, thereby potentially eliciting diverse cascading effects on ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Schampera
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien B Bachelier
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Roberto Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Pleiter
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramsy Agha
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany.
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50
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Revathi Venkateswaran V, Roth O, Gokhale CS. Consequences of combining sex-specific traits. Evolution 2021; 75:1274-1287. [PMID: 33759452 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Males and females follow distinct life-history strategies that have co-evolved with several sex-specific traits. Higher investment into parental investment (PI) demands an increased lifespan. Thus, resource allocation toward an efficient immune system is mandatory. In contrast, resources allocated toward secondary sexual signals (ornamentation) may negatively correlate with investment into immunity and ultimately result in a shorter lifespan. Previous studies have addressed how resource allocation toward single sex-specific traits impacts lifetime reproductive success (LRS). However, the trade-offs between diverse sex-specific characteristics and their impact on LRS remain largely unassessed impeding our understanding of life-history evolution. We have designed a theoretical framework (informed by experimental data and evolutionary genetics) that explores the effects of multiple sex-specific traits and assessed how they influence LRS. From the individual sex-specific traits, we inferred the consequences at the population level by evaluating adult sex ratios (ASR). Our theory implies that sex-specific resource allocation toward the assessed traits resulted in a biased ASR. Our model focuses on the impact of PI, ornamentation, and immunity as causal to biased ASR. The framework developed herein can be employed to understand the combined impact of diverse sex-specific traits on the LRS and the eventual population dynamics of particular model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Revathi Venkateswaran
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemann Str. 2, Plön, 24306, Germany
| | - Olivia Roth
- GEOMAR - Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Düsternbrookerweg 20, Kiel, D-24105, Germany
| | - Chaitanya S Gokhale
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemann Str. 2, Plön, 24306, Germany
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