1
|
Bronchioloalveolar lung tumors induced in “mice only” by non-genotoxic chemicals are not useful for quantitative assessment of pulmonary adenocarcinoma risk in humans. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318816617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemicals classified as known human carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) show a low level of concordance between rodents and humans for induction of pulmonary carcinoma. Rats and mice exposed via inhalation for 2 years show a low level of concordance in both tumor development and organ site location. In 2-year inhalation studies using rats and mice, when pulmonary tumors are seen in only male or female mice or both, but not in either sex of rat, there is a high probability that the murine pulmonary tumor has been produced via Clara cell or club cell (CC) metabolism of the inhaled chemical to a cytotoxic metabolite. Cytotoxicity-induced mitogenesis increases mutagenesis via amplification of the background mutation rate. If the chemical being tested is also negative in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay, and only mouse pulmonary tumors are induced, the probability that this pulmonary tumor is not relevant to human lung cancer risk goes even higher. Mice have a larger percentage of CCs in their distal airways than rats, and a much larger percentage than in humans. The CCs of mice have a much higher concentration of metabolic enzymes capable of metabolizing xenobiotics than CCs in either rats or humans. A principal threat to validity of extrapolating from the murine model lies in the unique capacity of murine CCs to metabolize a significant spectrum of xenobiotics which in turn produces toxicants not seen in rat or human pulmonary pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Barua CC, Sriram CS, Gogoi R. Benzo(a)pyrene induced lung cancer: Role of dietary phytochemicals in chemoprevention. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:996-1009. [PMID: 26398396 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the major cause of overall cancer deaths, and chemoprevention is a promising strategy to control this disease. Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is one among the principal constituents of tobacco smoke that plays a key role in lung carcinogenesis. The B(a)P induced lung cancer in mice offers a relevant model to study the effect of natural products and has been widely used by many researchers and found considerable success in ameliorating the pathophysiological changes of lung cancer. Currently available synthetic drugs that constitute the pharmacological armamentarium are themselves effective in managing the condition but not without setbacks. These hunches have accelerated the requisite for natural products, which may be used as dietary supplement to prevent the progress of lung cancer. Besides, these agents also supplement the conventional treatment and offer better management of the condition with less side effects. In the context of soaring interest toward dietary phytochemicals as newer pharmacological interventions for lung cancer, in the present review, we are attempting to give a silhouette of mechanisms of B(a)P induced lung carcinogenesis and the role of dietary phytochemicals in chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eshvendar Reddy Kasala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Lakshmi Narendra Bodduluru
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Chandana C Barua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Chandra Shekhar Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ranadeep Gogoi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeidler-Erdely PC, Meighan TG, Erdely A, Battelli LA, Kashon ML, Keane M, Antonini JM. Lung tumor promotion by chromium-containing welding particulate matter in a mouse model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:45. [PMID: 24107379 PMCID: PMC3774220 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiology suggests that occupational exposure to welding particulate matter (PM) may increase lung cancer risk. However, animal studies are lacking to conclusively link welding with an increased risk. PM derived from stainless steel (SS) welding contains carcinogenic metals such as hexavalent chromium and nickel. We hypothesized that welding PM may act as a tumor promoter and increase lung tumor multiplicity in vivo. Therefore, the capacity of chromium-containing gas metal arc (GMA)-SS welding PM to promote lung tumors was evaluated using a two-stage (initiation-promotion) model in lung tumor susceptible A/J mice. METHODS Male mice (n = 28-30/group) were treated either with the initiator 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA;10 μg/g; IP) or vehicle (corn oil) followed by 5 weekly pharyngeal aspirations of GMA-SS (340 or 680 μg/exposure) or PBS. Lung tumors were enumerated at 30 weeks post-initiation. RESULTS MCA initiation followed by GMA-SS welding PM exposure promoted tumor multiplicity in both the low (12.1 ± 1.5 tumors/mouse) and high (14.0 ± 1.8 tumors/mouse) exposure groups significantly above MCA/sham (4.77 ± 0.7 tumors/mouse; p = 0.0001). Multiplicity was also highly significant (p < 0.004) across all individual lung regions of GMA-SS-exposed mice. No exposure effects were found in the corn oil groups at 30 weeks. Histopathology confirmed the gross findings and revealed increased inflammation and a greater number of malignant lesions in the MCA/welding PM-exposed groups. CONCLUSIONS GMA-SS welding PM acts as a lung tumor promoter in vivo. Thus, this study provides animal evidence to support the epidemiological data that show welders have an increased lung cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road MS L2015, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Mutational activation of KRAS is a common oncogenic event in lung cancer and other epithelial cancer types. Efforts to develop therapies that counteract the oncogenic effects of mutant KRAS have been largely unsuccessful, and cancers driven by mutant KRAS remain among the most refractory to available treatments. Studies undertaken over the past decades have produced a wealth of information regarding the clinical relevance of KRAS mutations in lung cancer. Mutant Kras-driven mouse models of cancer, together with cellular and molecular studies, have provided a deeper appreciation for the complex functions of KRAS in tumorigenesis. However, a much more thorough understanding of these complexities is needed before clinically effective therapies targeting mutant KRAS-driven cancers can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M K Westcott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Program, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Rouggly L, You M, Lubet R. Animal models of lung cancer characterization and use for chemoprevention research. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:211-26. [PMID: 22137433 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Of the potential sites of cancer development, cancer of the lung accounts for the highest number of cancer deaths each year in the United States (Jemal et al., 2010(1)). Based on its histopathological features, lung cancer is grouped into small cell lung cancer (SCLC; ∼20%) and non-SCLC (NSCLC; ∼80%), which is further divided into three subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma (∼30%), adenocarcinoma (∼50%), and large cell lung carcinoma. Every subtype of lung cancer has a relatively low 5-year survival rate that is attributed, in part, to the fact that they are routinely diagnosed at later histologic stages. Due to this alarming statistic, it is necessary to develop not only new and effective means of treatment but also of prevention. One of the promising approaches is chemoprevention which is the use of synthetic or natural agents to inhibit the initial development of or further progression of early lung lesions (Hong and Sporn, 1997). Many compounds have been identified as potentially effective chemopreventive agents using animal models. Most chemopreventive studies have been performed using mouse models which were developed to study lung adenomas or adenocarcinomas. More recently, models of squamous cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer have also been developed. This review seeks to highlight mouse models which we helped to develop and presents the results of recent chemopreventive studies that we have performed in models of lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yian Wang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Parsons BL, Myers MB, Meng F, Wang Y, McKinzie PB. Oncomutations as biomarkers of cancer risk. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:836-850. [PMID: 20740637 DOI: 10.1002/em.20600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer risk assessment impacts a range of societal needs, from the regulation of chemicals to achieving the best possible human health outcomes. Because oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations are necessary for the development of cancer, such mutations are ideal biomarkers to use in cancer risk assessment. Consequently, DNA-based methods to quantify particular tumor-associated hotspot point mutations (i.e., oncomutations) have been developed, including allele-specific competitive blocker-PCR (ACB-PCR). Several studies using ACB-PCR and model mutagens have demonstrated that significant induction of tumor-associated oncomutations are measureable at earlier time points than are used to score tumors in a bioassay. In the particular case of benzo[a]pyrene induction of K-Ras codon 12 TGT mutation in the A/J mouse lung, measurement of tumor-associated oncomutation was shown to be an earlier and more sensitive endpoint than tumor response. The measurement of oncomutation by ACB-PCR led to two unexpected findings. First, oncomutations are present in various tissues of control rodents and "normal" human colonic mucosa samples at relatively high frequencies. Approximately 60% of such samples (88/146) have mutant fractions (MFs) >10(-5), and some have MFs as high as 10(-3) or 10(-4). Second, preliminary data indicate that oncomutations are present frequently as subpopulations in tumors. These findings are integrated into a hypothesis that the predominant preexisting mutations in particular tissues may be useful as generic reporters of carcinogenesis. Future research opportunities using oncomutation as an endpoint are described, including rodent to human extrapolation, dose-response assessment, and personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Parsons
- Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meng F, Knapp GW, Green T, Ross JA, Parsons BL. K-Ras mutant fraction in A/J mouse lung increases as a function of benzo[a]pyrene dose. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:146-155. [PMID: 19658153 DOI: 10.1002/em.20513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
K-Ras mutant fraction (MF) was measured to examine the default assumption of low-dose linearity in the benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) mutational response. Groups of 10 male A/J mice (7- to 9-weeks old) received a single i.p. injection of 0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, or 50 mg/kg B[a]P and were sacrificed 28 days after treatment. K-Ras codon 12 TGT and GAT MFs in lung DNAs were measured using Allele-specific Competitive Blocker-PCR (ACB-PCR). The K-Ras codon 12 TGT geometric mean MF was 3.88 x 10(-4) in controls, indicating an average of 1 mutation in every approximately 1,288 lung cells. The K-Ras codon 12 TGT geometric mean MFs were as follows: 3.56 x 10(-4); 6.19 x 10(-4); 2.02 x 10(-3), and 3.50 x 10(-3) for the 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg B[a]P treatment groups, respectively. The 5 and 50 mg/kg dose groups had TGT MFs significantly higher than did controls. Although 10(-5) is considered as the limit of accurate ACB-PCR quantitation, K-Ras codon 12 GAT geometric mean MFs were as follows: 8.38 x 10(-7), 1.47 x 10(-6), 2.19 x 10(-6), 5.71 x 10(-6), and 8.99 x 10(-6) for the 0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg B[a]P treatment groups, respectively. The K-Ras TGT and GAT MFs increased in a B[a]P-dose-dependent manner, with response approximately linear over the 0.05 to 5 mg/kg dose range. K-Ras MF increased with B[a]P adduct burden measured for identical doses in a separate study. Thus, ACB-PCR may be useful in characterizing the shape of a dose-response curve at low doses and establishing relationships between DNA adducts and tumor-associated mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanxue Meng
- Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Okudaira N, Uehara Y, Fujikawa K, Kagawa N, Ootsuyama A, Norimura T, Saeki KI, Nohmi T, Masumura KI, Matsumoto T, Oghiso Y, Tanaka K, Ichinohe K, Nakamura S, Tanaka S, Ono T. Radiation Dose-Rate Effect on Mutation Induction in Spleen and Liver of gpt delta Mice. Radiat Res 2010; 173:138-47. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1932.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Okudaira
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Uehara
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujikawa
- Deparment of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Nao Kagawa
- Deparment of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Ootsuyama
- Department of Radiation Biology and Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Norimura
- Department of Radiation Biology and Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Saeki
- Yokohama College of Pharmacy, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuneya Matsumoto
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Yoichi Oghiso
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Kimio Tanaka
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ichinohe
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ono
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pereira MA, Tao LH, Wang W, Gunning WT, Lubet R. CHEMOPREVENTION: MOUSE COLON AND LUNG TUMOR BIOASSAY AND MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER. Exp Lung Res 2009; 31:145-63. [PMID: 15824018 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490495534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung and colon tumors were induced in A/J, C3H, and A/J X C3H (AC3) mice by administering 16 mg/kg vinyl carbamate followed by 6 weekly doses of 12 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM). Beginning 1 week after carcinogen treatment, the mice received chemopreventive agents, dexamethasone or piroxicam, at 0.1 and 75 mg/kg in the diet, respectively. Both AOM and vinyl carbamate induces lung tumors, but only AOM induced colon tumors. The strain sensitivity for both colon and lung tumors was A/J > AC3 > C3H mice. Dexamethasone and piroxicam reduced the multiplicity of colon and lung tumors in A/J and AC3 mice, demonstrating the advantage of a combined colon and lung bioassay. The ability of budesonide, a drug that prevents mouse lung tumors, to modulate DNA methylation in vinyl carbamate-induced lung tumors was also determined. Budesonide administered for only 7 days prior to sacrifice caused a dose-dependent (0.6 to 2.4 mg/kg diet) reversal in tumors of DNA hypomethylation and hypomethylation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II gene in the differentially methylated region (DMR) 2 region of exons 4 to 5. Longer treatment with budesonide reversed hypomethylation when administered up to the time of sacrifice. These results indicate that reversal of the hypomethylation of DNA and of specific genes in lung tumors may be applicable as a surrogate end-point biomarker for chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pereira
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee GH. The Kras2 oncogene and mouse lung carcinogenesis. Med Mol Morphol 2008; 41:199-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-008-0419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
The Pas1 locus is the major tumor modifier of lung tumorigenesis in mouse inbred strains. Of six genes contained in a conserved haplotype, three (Casc1, Kras and Ifltd1) have been proposed as Pas1 candidates, but mechanistic evidence is sparse. Herein, we examined urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis in a new mouse model developed by replacing the Kras gene with an Hras gene in the susceptible A/J-type Pas1 locus and crossing these mice with either C57BL/6J or A/J mice. Heterozygous mice carrying the Hras-replacement gene were more susceptible than wild-type mice to lung carcinogenesis, indicating that Hras replacement not only compensates for Kras functions, but is more active. Indeed, most lung tumors carried a Gln61Leu mutation in the Hras-replacement gene, whereas no mutations were observed in the endogenous Hras gene. Thus, the context of the Kras locus determined mutability of ras genes. In mice carrying the Hras-replacement gene, the mutation frequency affecting the wild-type Kras gene was much higher when this gene was located in the A/J type than in the C57BL/6J-type Pas1 locus (12 versus 0%, -log P=5.0). These findings identify cis-acting elements in the Pas1 locus as the functional components controlling genetic susceptibility to lung tumorigenesis by modulating mutability of the Kras gene.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yanagi S, Kishimoto H, Kawahara K, Sasaki T, Sasaki M, Nishio M, Yajima N, Hamada K, Horie Y, Kubo H, Whitsett JA, Mak TW, Nakano T, Nakazato M, Suzuki A. Pten controls lung morphogenesis, bronchioalveolar stem cells, and onset of lung adenocarcinomas in mice. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2929-40. [PMID: 17909629 PMCID: PMC1994617 DOI: 10.1172/jci31854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene mutated in many human cancers. We generated a bronchioalveolar epithelium-specific null mutation of Pten in mice [SP-C-rtTA/(tetO)(7)-Cre/Pten(flox/flox) (SOPten(flox/flox)) mice] that was under the control of doxycycline. Ninety percent of SOPten(flox/flox) mice that received doxycycline in utero [SOPten(flox/flox)(E10-16) mice] died of hypoxia soon after birth. Surviving SOPten(flox/flox)(E10-16) mice and mice that received doxycycline postnatally [SOPten(flox/flox)(P21-27) mice] developed spontaneous lung adenocarcinomas. Urethane treatment accelerated number and size of lung tumors developing in SOPten(flox/flox) mice of both ages. Histological and biochemical examinations of the lungs of SOPten(flox/flox)(E10-16) mice revealed hyperplasia of bronchioalveolar epithelial cells and myofibroblast precursors, enlarged alveolar epithelial cells, and impaired production of surfactant proteins. Numbers of bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs), putative initiators of lung adenocarcinomas, were increased. Lungs of SOPten(flox/flox)(E10-16) mice showed increased expression of Spry2, which inhibits the maturation of alveolar epithelial cells. Levels of Akt, c-Myc, Bcl-2, and Shh were also elevated in SOPten(flox/flox)(E10-16) and SOPten(flox/flox)(P21-27) lungs. Furthermore, K-ras was frequently mutated in adenocarcinomas observed in SOPten(flox/flox)(P21-27) lungs. These results indicate that Pten is essential for both normal lung morphogenesis and the prevention of lung carcinogenesis, possibly because this tumor suppressor is required for BASC homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Yanagi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Nishio
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yajima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Hamada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Horie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tak Wah Mak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Nakano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zheng S, El-Naggar AK, Kim ES, Kurie JM, Lozano G. A genetic mouse model for metastatic lung cancer with gender differences in survival. Oncogene 2007; 26:6896-904. [PMID: 17486075 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a devastating disease with poor prognosis. The design of better therapies for lung cancer patients would be greatly aided by good mouse models that closely resemble the human disease. Unfortunately, current models for lung adenocarcinoma are inadequate due to the absence of metastases. In this study, we incorporated both K-ras and p53 missense mutations into the mouse genome and established a more faithful genetic model for human lung adenocarcinoma, the most common type of lung cancer. Mice with both mutations developed advanced lung adenocarcinomas that were highly aggressive and metastasized to multiple intrathoracic and extrathoracic sites in a pattern similar to that of human lung cancer. These mice also showed a gender difference in cancer-related death. Additionally, the presence of both mutations induced pleural mesotheliomas in 23% of these mice. This mouse model recapitulates the metastatic nature of human lung cancer and will be invaluable to further probe the molecular basis of metastatic lung cancer and for translational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Zheng
- Department of Cancer Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wakamatsu N, Devereux TR, Hong HHL, Sills RC. Overview of the molecular carcinogenesis of mouse lung tumor models of human lung cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:75-80. [PMID: 17325975 PMCID: PMC2094362 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601059993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and the need to develop better diagnostic techniques and therapies is urgent. Mouse models have been utilized for studying carcinogenesis of human lung cancers, and many of the major genetic alterations detected in human lung cancers have also been identified in mouse lung tumors. The importance of mouse models for understanding human lung carcinogenic processes and in developing early diagnostic techniques, preventive measures and therapies cannot be overstated. In this report, the major known molecular alterations in lung tumorigenesis of mice are reviewed and compared to those in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Wakamatsu
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jennings-Gee JE, Moore JE, Xu M, Dance ST, Kock ND, McCoy TP, Carr JJ, Miller MS. Strain-specific induction of murine lung tumors following in utero exposure to 3-methylcholanthrene. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:676-84. [PMID: 16652375 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fetal mice are more sensitive to chemical carcinogens than are adults. We previously demonstrated that resistant offspring of a DBA/2 x (C57BL/6 x DBA2) backcross exhibited a high incidence of lung tumors 12-13 mo after transplacental exposure to 3-methylcholanthrene (MC). We compared the effects of in utero treatment with MC on lung tumor incidence in the offspring of intermediately susceptible BALB/c (C), resistant C57BL/6 (B6), and reciprocal crosses between these strains. Pregnant mice were treated with 45 mg/kg of MC on day 17 of gestation and tumor incidence, multiplicity, and the Ki-ras mutational spectrum determined in the offspring 12-18 mo after birth. Tumor incidences in C mice and reciprocal crosses were 86% and 100%, respectively, while B6 mice demonstrated resistance to tumorigenesis, with a tumor incidence of 11%. Tumor multiplicities in C, B6C, CB6, and B6 mice were 3.3 +/- 3.2, 5.8 +/- 3.2, 5.0 +/- 2.7, and <0.1, respectively. Ki-ras mutations, which occurred chiefly in the K(s) allele (96%), were found in 79-81% of reciprocally crossed F1 mice, 64% of C mice, and 50% of B6 mice, with the Val(12), Asp(12), and Arg(13) mutations associated with more aggressive tumors. A subset of these mice was used to demonstrate the utility of computer tomography (CT) for the visualization and measurement of lung tumors in the submillimeter range in vivo. Based on known genetic differences in murine strains for lung cancer, our results suggest the presence of a previously unidentified genetic factor(s) which appears to specifically influence lung tumorigenesis following exposure to carcinogens during fetal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Jennings-Gee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
To MD, Perez-Losada J, Mao JH, Hsu J, Jacks T, Balmain A. A functional switch from lung cancer resistance to susceptibility at the Pas1 locus in Kras2LA2 mice. Nat Genet 2006; 38:926-30. [PMID: 16823377 PMCID: PMC4461000 DOI: 10.1038/ng1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 (Pas1) is the major mouse lung cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 6 (ref. 1). Kras2 is a common target of somatic mutation in chemically induced mouse lung tumors and is a candidate Pas1 gene. M. spretus mice (SPRET/Ei) carry a Pas1 resistance haplotype for chemically induced lung tumors. We demonstrate that the SPRET/Ei Pas1 allele is switched from resistance to susceptibility by fixation of the parental origin of the mutant Kras2 allele. This switch correlates with low expression of endogenous Kras2 in SPRET/Ei. We propose that the Pas1 modifier effect is due to Kras2, and that a sensitive balance between the expression levels of wild-type and mutant alleles determines lung tumor susceptibility. These data demonstrate that cancer predisposition should also be considered in the context of somatic events and could have major implications for the design of human association studies to identify cancer susceptibility genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh D To
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jackson MA, Lea I, Rashid A, Peddada SD, Dunnick JK. Genetic alterations in cancer knowledge system: analysis of gene mutations in mouse and human liver and lung tumors. Toxicol Sci 2006; 90:400-18. [PMID: 16410370 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational incidence and spectra for genes examined in both human and mouse lung and liver tumors were analyzed using the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Genetic Alterations in Cancer (GAC) knowledge system. GAC is a publicly available, web-based system for evaluating data obtained from peer-reviewed studies of genetic changes in tumors associated with exposure to chemical, physical, or biological agents, as well as spontaneous tumors. In mice, mutations in Kras2 and Hras-1 were the most common events reported for lung and liver tumors, respectively, whether chemically induced or spontaneous. There was a significant difference in Kras2 mutation incidence for spontaneous versus induced mouse lung tumors and in Hras-1 mutation incidence and spectrum for spontaneous versus induced mouse liver tumors. The major gene changes reported for human lung and liver tumors were in KRAS2 (lung only) and TP53. The KRAS2 mutation incidence was similar for spontaneous and asbestos-induced human lung tumors, while the TP53 mutation incidence differed significantly. Aflatoxin B1, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and vinyl chloride all caused TP53 mutations in human liver tumors, but the mutation spectrum for each agent differed. The incidence of KRAS2 mutations in human compared to mouse lung tumors differed significantly, as did the incidence of Hras and p53 gene mutations in human compared to mouse liver tumors. Differences observed in the mutation spectra for agent-induced compared to spontaneous tumors and similarities in spectra for structurally similar agents support the concept that mutation spectra can serve as a "fingerprint" of exposure based on chemical structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Jackson
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bauer AK, Dixon D, DeGraff LM, Cho HY, Walker CR, Malkinson AM, Kleeberger SR. Toll-like receptor 4 in butylated hydroxytoluene-induced mouse pulmonary inflammation and tumorigenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:1778-81. [PMID: 16333033 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Because chronic pulmonary diseases predispose to lung neoplasia, the identification of the molecular mechanisms involved could provide novel preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) transduce exogenous and endogenous signals into the production of inflammatory cytokines to coordinate adaptive immune responses. To determine the role of Tlr4 in chronic lung inflammation, we compared lung permeability, leukocyte infiltration, and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) DNA binding in butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-treated (four weekly injections of 125-200 mg/kg each) inbred mouse strains with functional Tlr4 (OuJ and BALB) and mutated Tlr4 (HeJ and BALB(Lps-d)). We also measured primary tumor formation in these mice after single-carcinogen injection (3-methylcholanthrene; 10 microg/kg), followed by BHT treatment (six weekly injections of 125-200 mg/kg each). Mice with functional Tlr4 had reduced lung permeability, leukocyte inflammation, and primary tumor formation (BALB(Lps-d), mean = 22.3 tumors/mouse, versus BALB, mean = 13.9 tumors/mouse, difference = 8.4 tumors/mouse, 95% confidence interval = 4.6 to 12.1 tumors/mouse; P = .025) compared with mice with mutated Tlr4. NFkappaB DNA binding activity was higher in OuJ than in HeJ mice; however, AP-1 activity was elevated in HeJ mice. To our knowledge, this is the first model to demonstrate a modulatory role for Tlr4 in chronic lung inflammation and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
O'Donnell EP, Zerbe LK, Dwyer-Nield LD, Kisley LR, Malkinson AM. Quantitative analysis of early chemically-induced pulmonary lesions in mice of varying susceptibilities to lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2005; 241:197-202. [PMID: 16337739 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inbred mice vary in their susceptibility to develop macroscopic, chemically-induced, pulmonary neoplasias. It is not known, however, whether microscopic lesions appear in resistant strains but do not grow or if no early lesions arise at all. We show herein that resistant C57BL/6J (B6) and intermediately resistant BALB/cByJ (BALB) mice form very few urethane-induced early microadenomas (i.e. adenomas larger than hyperplasic foci, but detectable only by light microscopy). Additionally, while all urethane-induced microadenomas in sensitive A/J mice gave rise to adenomas, most microscopic tumors induced in BALB mice by 2-stage, 3-methylcholanthrene/butylated hydroxytoluene carcinogenesis spontaneously regressed. The formation of microscopic lesions is thus genetically dependent, but whether they continue to grow or regress depends on how they were induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Paul O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Box C238, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen B, Wang Y, You M. Characterization of two protein-binding sites in the second intron of the mouse K-ras gene. Exp Lung Res 2005; 31:179-92. [PMID: 15824020 DOI: 10.1080/0190214049049552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A tandem repeat region in the second intron of the K-ras gene has been reported to be a possible regulatory site for transcription. In this study, a second protein-binding site was identified and characterized. It lies downstream (nucleotides 463 to 509) of the tandem repeat region. A T--> C base variation at nucleotide 494 was found in all K(S) strains (which have K-ras alleles identical to those of susceptible A/J strain) and all K(i) strains (which have K-ras alleles identical to those of the intermediate CBA/J strain). DNase I footprint analysis indicated a protein binding site within the downstream repeated region in the second intron of the K-ras gene. Gel mobility-shift studies showed differential protein-binding patterns between the K(r) strains (which have K-ras alleles identical to those of the resistant C3H/HeJ strain) and the K(s) or K(i) strains. Southwestern blot analysis of DNA-protein complexes indicated that the 2 repeated regions might bind the same regulatory complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang M, Wang Y, You M. Identification of genetic polymorphisms through comparative DNA sequence analysis on the K-ras gene: implications for lung tumor susceptibility. Exp Lung Res 2005; 31:165-77. [PMID: 15824019 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490495543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the authors performed a comparative sequence analysis of the K-ras gene. By comparing sequences from different mouse inbred strains, the authors have identified new nucleotide polymorphisms in the noncoding regions of mouse K-ras gene. They have also identified noncoding DNA segments evolutionarily conserved among the human, mouse, and rat. Computational analysis for transcription factor binding sites suggests that these polymorphic and conserved DNA sequences harbor potential cis-regulatory elements, which may contribute to the transcriptional regulation of the K-ras gene. Further studies on these potential regulatory sites may help to elucidate the fundamental mechanism underlying allele-specific activation and expression of K-ras gene in hybrid mouse lung tumors, which determines lung tumor susceptibility in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang Y, Zhang Z, Lubet R, You M. Tobacco smoke-induced lung tumorigenesis in mutant A/J mice with alterations in K-ras, p53, or Ink4a/Arf. Oncogene 2005; 24:3042-9. [PMID: 15846305 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A/J mice with genetic alterations in K-ras, p53, or Ink4a/Arf were employed to investigate whether mice carrying these germline mutations would be susceptible to tobacco smoke-induced lung tumorigenesis. Transgenic mice of both genders and their wild-type littermates were exposed to environmental cigarette smoke for 6 months, followed by recovery in air for 5 months. A significant increase of lung tumor multiplicity was observed in K-ras, p53, or Ink4a/Arf mutant mice when compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, an additive effect was observed between the mice with a mutant p53 transgene and an Ink4A/Arf deletion during tobacco smoke-induced lung tumorigenesis. Sequence analysis of the K-ras gene indicated that the mutations had occurred at either codon 12/13 or 61 in both spontaneously occurring (air control) and tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors. K-ras mutations were found in 62% of the tumors from air-control animals and 83% in those exposed to tobacco smoke. The mutation spectrum found in tumors from mice exposed to tobacco smoke is somewhat similar to that in tumors from air-control mice. In addition, we identified three novel mutations at codon 12: GGT (Gly) --> TTT (Phe), ATT (Ile), and CTT (Leu). These findings provide evidence that K-ras, p53, and Ink4a/Arf mutations play a role in tobacco smoke-related lung carcinogenesis. The similarity of the mutation spectra in the K-ras oncogene observed in tobacco smoke-induced tumors, as compared to spontaneous tumors, suggests that tobacco smoke enhances lung tumorigenesis primarily through promoting spontaneously occurring K-ras mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yian Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, The Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In recent years several new mouse models for lung cancer have been described. These include models for both non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Tumorigenesis in these conditional mouse tumor models can be initiated in adult mice through Cre-recombinase-induced activation of oncogenic mutations in a subset of the cells. They present a marked improvement over mouse models that depend on carcinogen induction of tumors. These models permit us to study the consecutive steps involved in initiation and progression and allow us to address questions like the cell of origin, and the role of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of these tumors. They now need to be validated as suitable preclinical models for intervention studies in which questions with respect to therapy response and resistance can be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Meuwissen
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Center of Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bauer AK, Malkinson AM, Kleeberger SR. Susceptibility to neoplastic and non-neoplastic pulmonary diseases in mice: genetic similarities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L685-703. [PMID: 15355860 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00223.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation predisposes toward many types of cancer. Chronic bronchitis and asthma, for example, heighten the risk of lung cancer. Exactly which inflammatory mediators (e.g., oxidant species and growth factors) and lung wound repair processes (e.g., proangiogenic factors) enhance pulmonary neoplastic development is not clear. One approach to uncover the most relevant biochemical and physiological pathways is to identify genes underlying susceptibilities to inflammation and to cancer development at the same anatomic site. Mice develop lung adenocarcinomas similar in histology, molecular characteristics, and histogenesis to this most common human lung cancer subtype. Over two dozen loci, called Pas or pulmonary adenoma susceptibility, Par or pulmonary adenoma resistance, and Sluc or susceptibility to lung cancer genes, regulate differential lung tumor susceptibility among inbred mouse strains as assigned by QTL (quantitative trait locus) mapping. Chromosomal sites that determine responsiveness to proinflammatory pneumotoxicants such as ozone (O3), particulates, and hyperoxia have also been mapped in mice. For example, susceptibility QTLs have been identified on chromosomes 17 and 11 for O3-induced inflammation (Inf1, Inf2), O3-induced acute lung injury (Aliq3, Aliq1), and sulfate-associated particulates. Sites within the human and mouse genomes for asthma and COPD phenotypes have also been delineated. It is of great interest that several susceptibility loci for mouse lung neoplasia also contain susceptibility genes for toxicant-induced lung injury and inflammation and are homologous to several human asthma loci. These QTLs are described herein, candidate genes are suggested within these sites, and experimental evidence that inflammation enhances lung tumor development is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fijneman RJA, Vos M, Berkhof J, Demant P, Kraal G. Genetic analysis of macrophage characteristics as a tool to identify tumor susceptibility genes: mapping of three macrophage-associated risk inflammatory factors, marif1, marif2, and marif3. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3458-64. [PMID: 15150098 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic predisposition to cancer is influenced by allelic variation in tumor susceptibility genes (TSGs) as present in the germline. We previously demonstrated in the mouse that TSGs frequently participate in genetic interactions, indicating that they represent molecular networks. Inflammation may constitute one of the molecular networks underlying susceptibility to cancer by influencing the tumor microenvironment. Because macrophages play a key role in inflammation and are often associated with tumors, we argue that a subset of TSGs can be identified by examining the genetics of macrophage characteristics. A panel of inflammation-related assays was established to phenotype mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, which included stimulation with lipopolysaccharides followed by measurement of secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha and the p40 chain of interleukin-12 and of expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. This panel of assays was used for linkage analysis and applied to bone marrow-derived macrophages derived from individual mice of segregating crosses between inbred strain O20 and the highly related strains NTX-10 and NTX-20, which differed from O20 in only 10% of their genome, to reduce genetic complexity. Three macrophage-associated risk inflammatory factors were mapped-Marif1, Marif2, and Marif3-that each affected several inflammation-related assays, confirming that they function within molecular networks. Moreover, Marif1 and Marif2 were localized in regions with established linkage for both quantitative and qualitative aspects of lung cancer susceptibility. These studies provide a novel approach to investigate the genetics of microenvironmental influence on predisposition to tumorigenesis, thereby contributing to development of new strategies that aim to prevent or treat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xie Y, Yang H, Cunanan C, Okamoto K, Shibata D, Pan J, Barnes DE, Lindahl T, McIlhatton M, Fishel R, Miller JH. Deficiencies in mouse Myh and Ogg1 result in tumor predisposition and G to T mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene in lung tumors. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3096-102. [PMID: 15126346 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage is unavoidably and continuously generated by oxidant byproducts of normal cellular metabolism. The DNA damage repair genes, mutY and mutM, prevent G to T mutations caused by reactive oxygen species in Escherichia coli, but it has remained debatable whether deficiencies in their mammalian counterparts, Myh and Ogg1, are directly involved in tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that deficiencies in Myh and Ogg1 predispose 65.7% of mice to tumors, predominantly lung and ovarian tumors, and lymphomas. Remarkably, subsequent analyses identified G to T mutations in 75% of the lung tumors at an activating hot spot, codon 12, of the K-ras oncogene, but none in their adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, malignant lung tumors were increased with combined heterozygosity of Msh2, a mismatch repair gene involved in oxidative DNA damage repair as well. Thus, oxidative DNA damage appears to play a causal role in tumorigenesis, and codon 12 of K-ras is likely to be an important downstream target in lung tumorigenesis. The multiple oxidative repair genes are required to prevent mutagenesis and tumor formation. The mice described here provide a valuable model for studying the mechanisms of oxidative DNA damage in tumorigenesis and investigating preventive or therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li J, Zhang Z, Dai Z, Popkie AP, Plass C, Morrison C, Wang Y, You M. RASSF1A promoter methylation and Kras2 mutations in non small cell lung cancer. Neoplasia 2004; 5:362-6. [PMID: 14511407 PMCID: PMC1550336 DOI: 10.1016/s1476-5586(03)80029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present studies, we investigated the correlation between RASSF1A promoter methylation status and Kras2 mutations in 65 primary non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) including 33 adenocarcinomas, 12 large cell carcinomas, and 20 squamous cell carcinomas. Mutational analysis of Kras2 showed: 30% (10 of 33) of adenocarcinomas, 25% (3 of 12) of large cell carcinomas, and only 5% (1 of 20) of squamous cell carcinomas contained activated Kras2 mutation at codon 12 or 13. RASSF1A promoter region CpG island methylation was detected in adenocarcinomas (55%), large cell carcinomas (25%), and squamous cell carcinomas (25%). Interestingly, combined RASSF1A methylation and Kras2 mutation data show that only - 7% adenocarcinomas/large cell carcinomas exhibited both KRASSF1A promoter methylation and Kras2 mutation, whereas 24% adenocarcinomas, 50% large cell carcinomas, and 70% squamous cell carcinomas showed neither Kras2 mutation nor RASSF1A promoter methylation. These results showed that the majority of the primary NSCLCs with Kras2 mutations lack RASSF1A inactivation, and both RASSF1A inactivation and Kras2 mutation events occur frequently in adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas. Our results indicate a trend of inverse relationship between Kras2 activation and RASSF1A promoter methylation in the majority of human lung adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Surgery and the Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- OncoImmune Ltd., Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhongqiu Zhang
- Department of Surgery and the Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zunyan Dai
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anthony P Popkie
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christoph Plass
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carl Morrison
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yian Wang
- Department of Surgery and the Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ming You
- Department of Surgery and the Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- OncoImmune Ltd., Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bonner AE, Lemon WJ, Devereux TR, Lubet RA, You M. Molecular profiling of mouse lung tumors: association with tumor progression, lung development, and human lung adenocarcinomas. Oncogene 2004; 23:1166-76. [PMID: 14647414 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have performed oligonucleotide array analysis on various murine lung tissues [normal lungs, lung adenomas, and lung adenocarcinomas (ACs)] using Affymetrix U74Av2 GeneChips to examine the complex genetic changes occurring during lung carcinogenesis. Analysis yielded 20 novel genes differentially expressed in both lung adenomas and ACs versus normal lungs, including the tumor suppressor APC2 and the oncogene Ros 1. In addition, 50 genes were found to be differentially expressed in lung adenomas versus lung ACs, including the differentiation factor Hox C6, the oncogene Ets 2, and the Ras nuclear transport factor, nuclear transport factor 2. To understand the potential relationship between genes expressed in murine lung tumors and its relationship to altered gene expression observed during embryogenesis and postnatal development, tissues from embryonic lungs and from lungs of mice up to 4 weeks following birth were examined using Affymetrix U74Av2 GeneChips. From this analysis, approximately 1300 genes were determined to exhibit differential expression in fetal lung versus postnatal lung. When we compared lung adenomas, lung ACs, and normal lung parenchyma, 24 developmentally regulated genes were found aberrantly expressed in lung tumors; these included the cell cycle control factor CDC5, the cellular differentiation factor TEA domain 4, and the proapoptotic factor BNIP 2. Finally, we compared the murine lung tumor gene expression data to the expression of genes in human lung cancer, in order to assess the relevance of murine lung cancer models in the study of human AC formation. When the 17 human lung ACs and six human lung large cell carcinomas were examined, it was found that 13 of the 17 human lung ACs clustered tightly together in a pattern that was different from the remaining four human lung ACs and six large cell carcinomas, which exhibited a different pattern. Interestingly, the mouse lung adenomas appeared similar to 13 clustered ACs, while mouse lung ACs appeared more similar in pattern to the group consisting of four ACs and six large-cell carcinomas (LCCs). Nevertheless, when compared with the combined human ACs, 39 genes with similar expression changes in murine lung tumors and human ACs/LCCs were identified, such as the oncogene-related BCL7B, the cell cycle regulator CDK4, and the proapoptotic Endophilin B1. Overall, we have determined, for the first time, the expression profiles during murine lung tumor progression and have established, at the molecular level, an association between murine lung tumorigenesis and lung development. We have also attempted to compare the expression profiles found in mouse lung cancers and those in human lung ACs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Bonner
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bernert H, Sekikawa K, Radcliffe RA, Iraqi F, You M, Malkinson AM. Tnfa and Il-10 deficiencies have contrasting effects on lung tumor susceptibility: gender-dependent modulation of IL-10 haploinsufficiency. Mol Carcinog 2003; 38:117-23. [PMID: 14587096 DOI: 10.1002/mc.10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence suggests that pulmonary diseases with a prominent chronic inflammatory component elevate lung cancer risk. Genetic manipulations of mouse models of lung inflammation and tumorigenesis can be used to investigate this association. The genes encoding pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and antiinflammatory IL-10 cytokines map within quantitative trait loci that regulate susceptibility to lung tumor development in mice; sensitive A/J and resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice have different Tnfa and Il-10 alleles. Genetic ablation studies were performed to examine whether these genes would qualify as candidate tumor modifiers. Tnfa null (-/-) mice on a B6 background and B6.129 Il-10(-/-) mice were intercrossed with A/J mice and subjected to urethane carcinogenesis; lung tumor multiplicity was determined 20 weeks later. In the absence of one copy of Tnfa, tumor number. Male Il-10(+/+) mice developed more tumors than did female mice (P < 0.001), absence of one copy of Il-10 raised tumor number in female mice to that observed in +/+ males, but no change in multiplicity occurred in Il-10 hemizygous males. Thus, a deficit of pro-inflammatory TNFalpha decreased the number of tumors, whereas diminished gene copy number of anti-inflammatory IL-10 increased tumorigenesis; manifestation of an effect of Il-10 haploinsufficiency is gender dependent. These studies support a role for inflammation in lung cancer susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Bernert
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Miller YE, Dwyer-Nield LD, Keith RL, Le M, Franklin WA, Malkinson AM. Induction of a high incidence of lung tumors in C57BL/6 mice with multiple ethyl carbamate injections. Cancer Lett 2003; 198:139-44. [PMID: 12957351 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Murine pulmonary adenomas progress to malignancy with many similarities to human pulmonary adenocarcinoma, the most common form of lung cancer. Inbred mice vary in their susceptibility to lung tumor development, and induced genetic modifications are a powerful tool for understanding this susceptibility. Many transgenic and null mutations relevant to lung cancer pathogenesis were derived on the highly resistant C57BL/B6 (B6) background. Since the inability to reliably induce lung tumors in B6 mice limits these studies, we systematically examined several carcinogenesis protocols in B6 mice. Ten weekly ethyl carbamate (EC) doses caused a nearly 100% lung tumor incidence with a tumor multiplicity >2; multiple EC dosing is thus an alternative to the time-consuming transfer of transgenes and null mutations to susceptible backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- York E Miller
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Pulmonary Section 111A, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1055 Clermont St, Denver, CO 80220-3808, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lee GH, Nishimori H, Sasaki Y, Matsushita H, Kitagawa T, Tokino T. Analysis of lung tumorigenesis in chimeric mice indicates the Pulmonary adenoma resistance 2 (Par2) locus to operate in the tumor-initiation stage in a cell-autonomous manner: detection of polymorphisms in the Poli gene as a candidate for Par2. Oncogene 2003; 22:2374-82. [PMID: 12700672 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Pulmonary adenoma resistance 2 (Par2) locus of the BALB/cByJ mouse, located within 0.5 cM of chromosome 18, is responsible for reducing the mean multiplicity of urethane-induced lung tumors relative to those in C57BL/6J, A/J and C3H/HeJ mice. Thus, BALB/B6-Par2 congenic strain genetically identical to BALB/cByJ except carrying C57BL/6J Par2 alleles develops seven times more tumors than BALB/cByJ. To gain clues for identification of Par2 candidate genes, we analysed lung tumorigenesis in BALB/cByJ<-->BALB.B6-Par2 chimeric animals. Of 100 tumors induced by urethane in 16 chimeras, 82 originated from BALB.B6-Par2 cells, indicating the Par2 phenotype to be cell-autonomous. In addition, the BALB.B6-Par2- and BALB/cByJ-derived tumors were similar in mean size, implying that the phenotype is primarily expressed during initiation rather than in the promotion stage of carcinogenesis. Given these results, we surveyed a comprehensive mouse genome database and physically mapped Par2 within a 2.3 Mbp segment containing three known genes, Poli, Mbd2 and Dcc. Among those, the Poli seemed to be the most reasonable Par2 candidate, since it encodes an extremely error-prone DNA polymerase preferentially incorporating G or T opposite template T in vitro, reminiscent of the Kras2 activation because of an A to G or T point mutation within codon 61 with which most urethane-induced lung tumors are initiated. Indeed, our sequencing of Poli cDNAs from BALB/cByJ, C57BL/6J, A/J and C3H/HeJ lungs revealed 21 BALB/cByJ-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding region accompanied by seven amino-acid substitutions and an elevated frequency of alternative splicing, while no polymorphisms associated with tumor susceptibility were found for either Mbd2 or Dcc. Notably, we obtained evidence that BALB/cByJ Par2 alleles may selectively decrease the frequency of Kras2-mutated tumors compared with C57BL/6J alleles. Consequently, the Poli is an intriguing Par2 candidate clearly deserving further evaluation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenoma/chemically induced
- Adenoma/genetics
- Alleles
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Animals, Congenic
- Chimera
- Codon/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/chemistry
- DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/genetics
- DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/physiology
- Female
- Genes, ras
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome
- Immunity, Innate
- Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/genetics
- Phenotype
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Point Mutation
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Urethane
- DNA Polymerase iota
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Hong Lee
- Department of Pathology, Toramomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minatoku, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The past decade has seen great strides in our understanding of the genetic basis of human disease. Arguably, the most profound impact has been in the area of cancer genetics, where the explosion of genomic sequence and molecular profiling data has illustrated the complexity of human malignancies. In a tumor cell, dozens of different genes may be aberrant in structure or copy number, and hundreds or thousands of genes may be differentially expressed. A number of familial cancer genes with high-penetrance mutations have been identified, but the contribution of low-penetrance genetic variants or polymorphisms to the risk of sporadic cancer development remains unclear. Studies of the complex somatic genetic events that take place in the emerging cancer cell may aid the search for the more elusive germline variants that confer increased susceptibility. Insights into the molecular pathogenesis of cancer have provided new strategies for treatment, but a deeper understanding of this disease will require new statistical and computational approaches for analysis of the genetic and signaling networks that orchestrate individual cancer susceptibility and tumor behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Balmain
- UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li J, Zhang Z, Dai Z, Plass C, Morrison C, Wang Y, Wiest JS, Anderson MW, You M. LOH of chromosome 12p correlates with Kras2 mutation in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2003; 22:1243-6. [PMID: 12606951 PMCID: PMC3438910 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous observation has shown that the wild-type Kras2 allele is a suppressor of lung cancer in mice. Here we report that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 12p was detected in approximately 50% of human lung adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas, and Kras2 mutations were detected at codon 12 in approximately 40% of adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas. Interestingly, all of the lung adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas containing a Kras2 mutation exhibited allelic loss of the wild-type Kras2 allele when a correlation between LOH of the region on chromosome 12p and Kras2 mutation was made. These results from human lung cancer tissues provide a strong evidence in support of our previous observation in mouse models that the wild-type Kras2 is a tumor suppressor of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- OncoImmune LTD, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Zhongqiu Zhang
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zunyan Dai
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Carl Morrison
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yian Wang
- School of Public Health, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan S Wiest
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Marshall W Anderson
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Ming You
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- OncoImmune LTD, Columbus, OH 43210
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Malkinson AM, Radcliffe RA, Bauer AK. Quantitative trait locus mapping of susceptibilities to butylated hydroxytoluene-induced lung tumor promotion and pulmonary inflammation in CXB mice. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:411-7. [PMID: 11895855 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/23.3.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported previously [Bauer,A.K. et al. (2001) Exp. Lung Res., 27, 197-216] that the 13 CXB recombinant inbred mouse strains derived from BALB/cByJ and C57BL/6J progenitors vary in their responsiveness to both lung tumor promotion and pulmonary inflammation induced by chronic administration of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Herein we have applied these data, along with markers known to be polymorphic among these strains, to conduct linkage analysis of these susceptibilities. This enabled us to assign provisional quantitative trait loci (QTL) that govern these strain variations in susceptibility as a genetic approach to assessing the influence of inflammation on tumorigenesis. A Chr 15 (39.1-55.6 cM) QTL regulated susceptibility to two-stage carcinogenesis, a protocol in which chronic BHT exposure followed a single urethane injection; a similar QTL on Chr 15 (46.7-61.7 cM) influenced BHT induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. A Chr 18 (37-41 cM) QTL modulated both the number of lung tumors induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) injection with subsequent treatment with BHT as well as BHT-induced ingress of macrophages into airways. Other chromosomal sites that affected either the degree of BHT-elicited macrophage infiltration, Chr 9 (48-61 cM), or COX-2 induction, Chr 10 (59-65 cM), were reported to influence susceptibility to lung tumorigenesis in other strains. The fact that common chromosomal locations regulate both inflammation and carcinogenesis suggests a pathogenic role of inflammatory mediators in tumor development that may be exploited for chemoprevention of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin M Malkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lorico A, Nesland J, Emilsen E, Fodstad O, Rappa G. Role of the multidrug resistance protein 1 gene in the carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1: investigations using mrp1-null mice. Toxicology 2002; 171:201-5. [PMID: 11836025 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) protects cells from xenobiotics by extruding from the intracellular compartment glutathione (GSH)-S-conjugates, glucuronyl conjugates and sulfate conjugates and by the co-export of xenobiotic(s) and GSH. An ATP-dependent transport of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and its GSH conjugates by MRP1 has been previously demonstrated in vitro. In the present study, we have sought to investigate the in vivo role of MRP1 in AFB1 carcinogenicity, by comparing the incidence of tumors occurring in mrp1 (+/+) and mrp1 (-/-) mice 12 months after an 8 weeks exposure to AFB1. The carcinogen induced a similar number of lung and liver tumors in both strains. Most lung tumors were of the solid type and showed a moderate degree of differentiation in both mrp1 (+/+) and mrp1 (-/-) mice. These data provide direct evidence that in vivo MRP1 does not protect from AFB1 carcinogenicity. Due to the redundancy of transmembrane export pumps, other pump(s) may effectively vicariate for MRP1-mediated transport of AFB1 and its glutathione conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Lorico
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bauer AK, Dwyer-Nield LD, Hankin JA, Murphy RC, Malkinson AM. The lung tumor promoter, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), causes chronic inflammation in promotion-sensitive BALB/cByJ mice but not in promotion-resistant CXB4 mice. Toxicology 2001; 169:1-15. [PMID: 11696405 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An inflammatory response accompanies the reversible pneumotoxicity caused by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) administration to mice. Lung tumor formation is promoted by BHT administration following an initiating agent in BALB/cByJ mice, but not in CXB4 mice. To assess the contribution of inflammation to this differential susceptibility, we quantitatively characterized inflammation after one 150 mg/kg body weight, followed by three weekly 200 mg/kg ip injections of BHT into male mice of both strains. This examination included inflammatory cell infiltrate and protein contents in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 expression in lung extracts, and PGE(2) and PGI(2) production by isolated bronchiolar Clara cells. BAL macrophage and lymphocyte numbers increased in BALB mice (P<0.0007 and 0.02, respectively), as did BAL protein content (P<0.05), COX-1 and COX-2 expression (P<0.05 for each), and PGI(2) production (P<0.05); conversely, these indices were not perturbed by BHT in CXB4 mice. BALB mice fed aspirin (400 mg/kg of chow) for two weeks prior to BHT treatment had reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Our results support a hypothesis that resistance to BHT-induced inflammation in CXB4 mice accounts, at least in part, for the lack of effect of BHT on lung tumor multiplicity in this strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Malkinson AM. Primary lung tumors in mice as an aid for understanding, preventing, and treating human adenocarcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer 2001; 32:265-79. [PMID: 11390008 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(00)00232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary lung tumors in mice have morphologic, histogenic, and molecular features similar to human lung adenocarcinoma, and in particular, the bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma subtype. Because of this, and because of the genetic homology between man and mouse and the ease of genetic manipulations in mice, this model system is receiving intense research attention. This review is intended to be informative to clinical investigators, and describes features of this model, how it is being used for translational research, and points out additional avenues of study that could have practical benefits, such as application for identifying novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Malkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wardlaw SA, March TH, Belinsky SA. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is abundant in alveolar type II cells in lung cancer-sensitive mouse strains and in premalignant lesions. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.7.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
39
|
Urban T, Ricci S, Danel C, Antoine M, Kambouchner M, Godard V, Lacave R, Bernaudin JF. Detection of codon 12 K-ras mutations in non-neoplastic mucosa from bronchial carina in patients with lung adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:412-7. [PMID: 10646897 PMCID: PMC2363273 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.1999.0935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
K-ras activation by point mutation in codon 12 has been reported in lung adenocarcinomas in various models of experimental lung tumours induced by chemical carcinogens. The hypothesis of the presence of cells containing K-ras mutation in non neoplastic bronchial carina, the main site of impaction of airborne contaminants, was investigated by evaluating concurrent lung tumour and non-neoplastic proximal bronchial carinae from 19 patients with lung adenocarcinomas. The restriction fragment length polymorphism enriched PCR method used can detect one mutant allele among 10(3) normal alleles. A mutation was detected in 42% of lung adenocarcinoma samples. No mutation was detected in either tumour or bronchial carinae in nine patients (47%). K-ras mutation was detected in the lung tumour but not in bronchial carinae in four patients (21%), in both the lung tumour and bronchial carinae in four other patients (21%). In two patients (11%), K-ras mutation was detected in at least one bronchial carina, but not in the lung tumour. Mutations of codon 12, confirmed by sequencing analysis of ten samples, were G to T transversion, mostly TGT and GTT in bronchial carinae and lung tumours. Our data show that activated K-ras by point mutation can be present in non-neoplastic bronchial carina mucosa even when no mutation is detected in tumour samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Urban
- Department of Pneumology, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Lung cancer kills more Americans yearly than any other neoplastic process. Mortality rates have changed little over the past several decades, despite improvements in surgical techniques, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The identification of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in human lung tumor specimens, including K-ras, p53, p16INK4a and Rb, offers molecular explanations for tumor development and resistance to therapy. Mouse models of human lung cancer may advance our understanding of this disease. The examination of mice which develop lung cancer either spontaneously or due to carcinogen exposure, and the creation of mouse strains harboring the specific genetic mutations found in human lung cancer are among strategies being pursued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Tuveson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lee GH. Genetic dissection of murine susceptibilities to liver and lung tumors based on the two-stage concept of carcinogenesis. Pathol Int 1998; 48:925-33. [PMID: 9952336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1998.tb03863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inbred mouse strains exhibit strain-specific susceptibilities to spontaneous and induced tumors, indicating that the individual risks for neoplastic development are largely under genetic control. Recent advances in linkage analysis have made it routine to chromosomally map the mouse genes responsible for the strain variations in tumor susceptibility using segregating crosses. It is also possible to characterize their biological functions using the positional information. These types of studies are still severely hampered for human cases due to the remarkable genetic heterogeneity and impossibility of experimental crosses. In this article, previous work on genetic susceptibility to mouse liver and lung tumors is reviewed in view of the classical two-stage concept of carcinogenesis. According to this central concept, the tumor susceptibility genes should affect either the first stage, 'initiation', or the second stage, 'promotion', or both. At least some genes seem to be specifically involved in initiation or promotion, in line with the fact that initiation and promotion are due, to a certain extent, to independent mechanisms. This notion should be also applicable to human carcinogenesis and may provide important clues for prevention of initiation and promotion in populations with a genetic predisposition for cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G H Lee
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Festing MF, Lin L, Devereux TR, Gao F, Yang A, Anna CH, White CM, Malkinson AM, You M. At least four loci and gender are associated with susceptibility to the chemical induction of lung adenomas in A/J x BALB/c mice. Genomics 1998; 53:129-36. [PMID: 9790761 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence susceptibility to the induction of lung adenomas by urethane in an F2 cross between A/J and BALB/cOlaHsd have been mapped. Following microsatellite typing of mice with resistant and susceptible phenotypes at 97 microsatellite marker loci, a major locus was identified on chromosome 18 with a lod score of 15. This was responsible for an 8- to 10-fold increase in tumor multiplicity in males and females, respectively, having the AA and CC genotypes at the D18Mit188 marker locus. It mapped close to Dcc (deleted in colorectal cancer). A locus on chromosome 4 (lod score 6.5) had the resistant allele in strain A/J and the susceptible allele in BALB/c, with a 14-fold difference in tumor multiplicity between mice of the AA and CC genotypes. This mapped close to the Cdkn2a (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) locus, which is commonly deleted in mouse lung tumors. Two loci with smaller effects (lod scores 3.03 and 3.25) were identified on chromosomes 1 and 11. There was also significant sexual dimorphism in tumor multiplicity both among 151 F2 hybrids and among 52 mice resulting from a backcross to strain A/J, with males having higher tumor counts than females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Festing
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hall DL, Kafadar K, Malkinson AM. Statistical methodology for assessing homology of intronic regions of genes. CAN J STAT 1998. [DOI: 10.2307/3315769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
44
|
Sabourin CL, Wang QS, Ralston SL, Evans J, Coate J, Herzog CR, Jones SL, Weghorst CM, Kelloff GJ, Lubet RA, You M, Stoner GD. Expression of cell cycle proteins in 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced mouse lung tumors. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24:499-521. [PMID: 9659580 DOI: 10.3109/01902149809087383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 dysregulation and differential inactivation of p16INK4a and Rb have been observed in human lung cancer. In chemically induced mouse lung tumors, the p16INK4a gene is a target of inactivation, and Rb is reduced at the mRNA level (Northern blot) although similar at the protein level (Western blot) when compared to normal lung tissues. The expression of cyclin D1, cdk4, p16INK4a, and Rb protein was examined by immunohistochemistry in 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced mouse lung tumors. Immunohistochemical staining revealed exclusive nuclear staining of both cyclin D1 and cdk4 that was light to moderate in normal mouse lung tissues, but intense in lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Western blot analysis confirmed the increased expression of cyclin D1 and cdk4 in lung tumors compared to normal lung. Immunohistochemical analyses of lung tumors showed focal areas which lacked p16INK4a staining. Expression of p16INK4a, as determined by RT-PCR, was variable in lung tumors. Mutations in p16INK4a were not found by SSCP analysis. Immunohistochemical analyses of normal lung tissues showed intense staining for Rb protein in alveolar epithelial cells and in other lung cell types; however, in the lung tumors the staining intensity was reduced and the distribution was altered. Expression of Rb was detected in normal lung tissues but was barely detectable by Northern blot hybridization in lung tumors. Western blot analysis indicated the presence of both hypophosphorylated and hyperphosphorylated Rb protein in lung tumors and in normal lung tissues. These results suggest that alterations in the cell cycle proteins, cyclin D1, cdk4, p16INK4a, and Rb, may play a role in the acquisition of autonomous growth by adenomas. Furthermore, they demonstrate the importance of immunohistochemical studies to examine expression in tissues that contain multiple cell types, such as the lung, and in tumors that by nature are heterogeneous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Sabourin
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lin L, Festing MF, Devereux TR, Crist KA, Christiansen SC, Wang Y, Yang A, Svenson K, Paigen B, Malkinson AM, You M. Additional evidence that the K-ras protooncogene is a candidate for the major mouse pulmonary adenoma susceptibility (Pas-1) gene. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24:481-97. [PMID: 9659579 DOI: 10.3109/01902149809087382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A locus for mouse pulmonary adenoma susceptibility, Pas-1, has been mapped on distal chromosome 6, where the K-ras gene is located. Allele-specific activation and expression of the K-ras allele from the susceptible parent has been observed in lung tumors from F1 hybrid mice. We report here genetic mapping of lung tumor susceptibility genes in urethane-treated A x B and B x A recombinant inbred (RI) mice using microsatellite markers to seek further evidence for the K-ras gene as candidate for Pas-1. The K-ras genotype differs between the A/J and C57BL/6J progenitors of the RI strains, and distal chromosome 6 contained a major lung tumor susceptibility determinant in the RI mice. Additional evidence that Pas-1 is K-ras involved linkage analysis of (A/JOLaHsd x BALB/ cOLaHsd) F2 intercross mice whose parents shared the same K-ras genotype. In contrast to the results with the A x B and B x A RI strains, no distal chromosome 6 site was significantly associated with tumor development in these F2 mice. In addition to this major locus, linkage analysis of the RI mice revealed additional quantitative trait loci for susceptibility on chromosomes 10, 17, and 19. These loci may serve as modifiers of Pas-1. The relationship between the K-ras genotype and the frequency of K-ras mutations in urethane-induced lung tumors from the RI mice was also explored. All 18 tumor DNAs from RI mice with high susceptibility contained an AT-->TA transversion at the second base of K-ras codon 61. This was also true for DNAs from 27 of 27 (100%) tumors in mice with high intermediate susceptibility. In RI strains with a low intermediate susceptibility, the DNA from 39 of 47 (83%) tumors contained an AT-->TA transversion at codon 61, and only 13 of 21 (62%) tumors had this mutation in the most resistant group. This reflects a positive correlation between the frequency of K-ras mutations in lung tumors of A x B or B x A RI strains and their susceptibility to lung carcinogenesis. Since K-ras appears to be Pas-1, these results suggest that some RI mice that have the resistant K-ras or Pas-1 allele undergo tumor development by a K-ras-independent route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Lin
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43614, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fijneman RJ, van der Valk MA, Demant P. Genetics of quantitative and qualitative aspects of lung tumorigenesis in the mouse: multiple interacting Susceptibility to lung cancer (Sluc) genes with large effects. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24:419-36. [PMID: 9659575 DOI: 10.3109/01902149809087378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inbred strains of mice exhibit large differences in their susceptibility to various complex quantitative genetic traits, among which is the susceptibility to lung cancer. These differences are caused by the combined effects of multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Due to their multiplicity, it is relatively difficult and laborious to study the effects of individual QTLs. To dissect complex genetic traits the authors make use of recombinant congenic strains (RCS), a system of mouse inbred strains in which the genetic complexity is reduced. The susceptibility to lung cancer is studied by using the series of O20-congenic-B10.O20 (OcB) RC strains. They are derived from the parental background strain O20 and the parental donor strain B10.O20, two mouse inbred strains that differ from each other in both quantitative and qualitative aspects of lung tumorigenesis. This study describes the segregation of lung tumor number, size, and histology among the OcB RC strains, and indicates that these traits are influenced by multiple interacting QTLs with considerable individual effects. The results suggest that some of the susceptibility loci to lung cancer affect the susceptibility to other types of cancer as well, possibly by functioning systematically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Fijneman
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics (H4), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Devereux TR, Kaplan NL. Use of quantitative trait loci to map murine lung tumor susceptibility genes. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24:407-17. [PMID: 9659574 DOI: 10.3109/01902149809087377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade new methods for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have helped geneticists uncover disease-associated genes. Genetic dissection of complex multigenic diseases such as cancer is being accomplished in part by mapping QTLs in experimental crosses of mice [1]. With the recent construction of dense genetic linkage maps for the mouse, mapping of quantitative trait loci has become practical [2]. Over 6000 polymorphic simple sequence length repeat markers (microsatellite markers) have been mapped in the mouse genome [3], and new analytical approaches to linkage analysis have made QTL mapping a powerful technique for identifying cancer genes [4-7]. In this overview we discuss the design of QTL mapping studies and some of the findings from studies on the mapping of murine lung tumor susceptibility loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Devereux
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
This article provides a brief overview of some of the characteristics of lung tumors in mice and their application for studies in both chemical and molecular carcinogenesis and in cancer chemoprevention. The reader is referred to the above-mentioned review articles, and the articles to follow in this issue, for more extensive discussions of mouse lung tumorigenesis. It has been very exciting and rewarding to observe the progress made by many dedicated scientists in the field of mouse lung tumorigenesis during the past several years, and I hope that the next few years will be even more exciting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G D Stoner
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yamamoto S, Urano K, Koizumi H, Wakana S, Hioki K, Mitsumori K, Kurokawa Y, Hayashi Y, Nomura T. Validation of transgenic mice carrying the human prototype c-Ha-ras gene as a bioassay model for rapid carcinogenicity testing. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1998; 106 Suppl 1:57-69. [PMID: 9539005 PMCID: PMC1533281 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.98106s157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenicity testing is indispensable for identifying environmental carcinogens and for evaluating the safety of drugs in the process of development. Conventional 2-year rodent bioassays are one of the most resource-consuming tests in terms of animals, time, and costs. Development of rapid carcinogenicity testing systems that can assess carcinogenicity within a short period has become a social demand and is essential to improve efficacy in the identification of environmental carcinogens as well as in the development of new drugs. In this review we introduce the rapid carcinogenicity testing system using transgenic (Tg) mice carrying the human prototype c-Ha-ras gene, namely rasH2 mouse (CB6F1-TgHras2 mouse is the same mouse). The studies have been conducted to validate the rasH2 mouse as a model for the rapid carcinogenicity testing system. Our current validation studies revealed that rasH2 mice are able to detect various types of mutagenic carcinogens within 6 months. The rasH2 mice may also be able to detect various nonmutagenic carcinogens. The validation studies also revealed that rasH2 mice are generally much more susceptible to both mutagenic and nonmutagenic carcinogens than control non-Tg mice. No significant tumor induction has been observed in rasH2 mice with either mutagenic or nonmutagenic noncarcinogens. More rapid onset and higher incidence of more malignant tumors can be expected with a high probability after treatment with various carcinogens in the rasH2 mice than in control non-Tg mice. The rasH2 mouse appears to be a promising candidate as an animal model for development of a rapid carcinogenicity testing system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yamamoto
- School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Matzinger SA, Chen B, Wang Y, Crist KA, Stoner GD, Kelloff GJ, Lubet RA, You M. Tissue-specific expression of the K-ras allele from the A/J parent in (A/J x TSG-p53) F1 mice. Gene 1997; 188:261-9. [PMID: 9133601 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific expression of parental K-ras allele(s) was investigated by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the 3' untranslated region of the K-ras gene in normal lung, spleen, liver and kidney from (A/J x TSG-p53) F1 mice. The expression of A/J K-ras allele was equal to that of C57BL/6J allele in normal spleen, liver and kidney. However, transcripts from A/J K-ras allele were found to be 2-12-times greater than those from C57BL/6J allele in lung tissues harvested over a 20-week period. Similar to our previous observation with dimethylnitrosamine- and benzo[a] pyrene-induced lung tumors, K-ras mRNA transcribed from A/J allele was 10-40-times more abundant than those from C57BL/6J allele in all of 40 (A/J x TSG-p53) F1 mouse lung tumors induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. In addition, K-ras mutations (G to A transitions at the second base of codon 12) were detected in 38 of 40 (95%) lung tumors and all of the mutations were found on the allele inherited from the A/J parent. These data demonstrate tissue-specific allele-specific transcription of the K-ras gene and provide further support to the thesis that K-ras allele itself is a primary mouse lung tumor susceptibility gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Matzinger
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|