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Ren P, Li S, Wang S, Zhang X, Bai F. Computer-Aided Prediction of the Interactions of Viral Proteases with Antiviral Drugs: Antiviral Potential of Broad-Spectrum Drugs. Molecules 2023; 29:225. [PMID: 38202808 PMCID: PMC10780089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human society is facing the threat of various viruses. Proteases are promising targets for the treatment of viral infections. In this study, we collected and profiled 170 protease sequences from 125 viruses that infect humans. Approximately 73 of them are viral 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases (3CLpro), and 11 are pepsin-like aspartic proteases (PAPs). Their sequences, structures, and substrate characteristics were carefully analyzed to identify their conserved nature for proposing a pan-3CLpro or pan-PAPs inhibitor design strategy. To achieve this, we used computational prediction and modeling methods to predict the binding complex structures for those 73 3CLpro with 4 protease inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 and 11 protease inhibitors of HCV. Similarly, the complex structures for the 11 viral PAPs with 9 protease inhibitors of HIV were also obtained. The binding affinities between these compounds and proteins were also evaluated to assess their pan-protease inhibition via MM-GBSA. Based on the drugs targeting viral 3CLpro and PAPs, repositioning of the active compounds identified several potential uses for these drug molecules. As a result, Compounds 1-2, modified based on the structures of Ray1216 and Asunaprevir, indicate potential inhibition of DENV protease according to our computational simulation results. These studies offer ideas and insights for future research in the design of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxuan Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (P.R.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Shiwei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (P.R.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Shihang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (P.R.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Xianglei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (P.R.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Fang Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; (P.R.); (S.L.); (S.W.)
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
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2
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Characterization of a multipurpose NS3 surface patch coordinating HCV replicase assembly and virion morphogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010895. [PMID: 36215335 PMCID: PMC9616216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle is highly regulated and characterized by a step-wise succession of interactions between viral and host cell proteins resulting in the assembly of macromolecular complexes, which catalyse genome replication and/or virus production. Non-structural (NS) protein 3, comprising a protease and a helicase domain, is involved in orchestrating these processes by undergoing protein interactions in a temporal fashion. Recently, we identified a multifunctional NS3 protease surface patch promoting pivotal protein-protein interactions required for early steps of the HCV life cycle, including NS3-mediated NS2 protease activation and interactions required for replicase assembly. In this work, we extend this knowledge by identifying further NS3 surface determinants important for NS5A hyperphosphorylation, replicase assembly or virion morphogenesis, which map to protease and helicase domain and form a contiguous NS3 surface area. Functional interrogation led to the identification of phylogenetically conserved amino acid positions exerting a critical function in virion production without affecting RNA replication. These findings illustrate that NS3 uses a multipurpose protein surface to orchestrate the step-wise assembly of functionally distinct multiprotein complexes. Taken together, our data provide a basis to dissect the temporal formation of viral multiprotein complexes required for the individual steps of the HCV life cycle.
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3
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Abstract
Viral proteases are diverse in structure, oligomeric state, catalytic mechanism, and substrate specificity. This chapter focuses on proteases from viruses that are relevant to human health: human immunodeficiency virus subtype 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C (HCV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), flaviviruses, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses. The proteases of HIV-1 and HCV have been successfully targeted for therapeutics, with picomolar FDA-approved drugs currently used in the clinic. The proteases of HTLV-1 and the other virus families remain emerging therapeutic targets at different stages of the drug development process. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on viral protease structure, mechanism, substrate recognition, and inhibition. Particular focus is placed on recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of diverse substrate recognition and resistance, which is essential toward designing novel protease inhibitors as antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueto Zephyr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.
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4
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Tarannum H, Chauhan B, Samadder A, Roy H, Nandi S. To Explore the Potential Targets and Current Structure-based Design Strategies Utilizing Co-crystallized Ligand to Combat HCV. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:590-604. [PMID: 32720601 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999200727215020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) belongs to the Hepacivirus family. HCV has been designated as a very dreadful virus as it can attack the liver, causing inflammation and even may lead to cancer in chronic conditions. It was estimated that 71 million people around the world have chronic HCV infection. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that about 399000 people died because of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer globally. In spite of the abundance of availability of drugs for the treatment of HCV, however, the issue of drug resistance surpasses all the possibilities of therapeutic management of HCV. Therefore, to address this issue of 'drug-resistance', various HCV targets were explored to quest the evaluation of the mechanism of the disease progression. METHODS An attempt has been made in the present study to explore the various targets of HCV involved in the mechanism(s) of the disease initiation and progression and to focus on the mode of binding of ligands, which are co-crystallized at the active cavity of different HCV targets. CONCLUSION The present study could predict some crucial features of these ligands, which possibly interacted with various amino acid residues responsible for their biological activity and molecular signaling pathway(s). Such binding mode may be considered as a template for the high throughput screening and designing of active congeneric ligands to combat HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Tarannum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur-244713, India
| | - Bhumika Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur-244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Harekrishna Roy
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Mangalagiri, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522503, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur-244713, India
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5
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Shimotohno K. HCV Assembly and Egress via Modifications in Host Lipid Metabolic Systems. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a036814. [PMID: 32122916 PMCID: PMC7778218 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) proliferates by hijacking the host lipid machinery. In vitro replication systems revealed many aspects of the virus life cycle; in particular, viral utilization of host lipid metabolism during HCV proliferation. HCV interacts with lipid droplets (LDs) before starting the process of virus capsid formation at the lipid-rich endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane compartment. HCV buds into the ER via lipoprotein assembly and secretion. Exchangeable apolipoproteins, represented by apolipoprotein E (apoE), play pivotal roles in enhancing HCV-specific infectivity. HCV virions are likely to interact with other lipoproteins circulating in blood vessels and incorporate apolipoproteins as well as lipids. This review focuses on virus assembly and egress by briefly describing the recent advances in this area.
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6
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Kumar A, Rajput MK, Paliwal D, Yadav A, Chhabra R, Singh S. Genotyping & diagnostic methods for hepatitis C virus: A need of low-resource countries. Indian J Med Res 2018; 147:445-455. [PMID: 30082568 PMCID: PMC6094507 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1850_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a blood borne and transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI). It has emerged as one of the major health challenges worldwide. In India, around 12-18 million peoples are infected with HCV, but in terms of prevalence percentage, its looks moderate due to large population. The burden of the HCV infection increases due to lack of foolproof screening of blood and blood products before transfusion. The qualified screening and quantification of HCV play an important role in diagnosis and treatment of HCV-related diseases. If identified early, HCV infection can be managed and treated by recently available antiviral therapies with fewer side effects. However, its identification at chronic phase makes its treatment very challenging and sometimes ineffective. The drugs therapy for HCV infection treatment is also dependent on its genotype. Different genotypes of HCV differ from each other at genomic level. The RNA viruses (such as HCV) are evolving perpetually due to interaction and integration among people from different regions and countries which lead to varying therapeutic response in HCV-infected patients in different geographical regions. Therefore, proper diagnosis for infecting virus and then exact determination of genotype become important for targeted treatment. This review summarizes the general information on HCV, and methods used for its diagnosis and genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
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7
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Sugiyama R, Murayama A, Nitta S, Yamada N, Tasaka-Fujita M, Masaki T, Aly HH, Shiina M, Ryo A, Ishii K, Wakita T, Kato T. Interferon sensitivity-determining region of hepatitis C virus influences virus production and interferon signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5627-5640. [PMID: 29464023 PMCID: PMC5814163 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of amino acid substitutions in the interferon (IFN) sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A is a strong predictor for the outcome of IFN-based treatment. To assess the involvement of ISDR in the HCV life cycle and to clarify the molecular mechanisms influencing IFN susceptibility, we used recombinant JFH-1 viruses with NS5A of the genotype 1b Con1 strain (JFH1/5ACon1) and with NS5A ISDR containing 7 amino acid substitutions (JFH1/5ACon1/i-7mut), and compared the virus propagation and the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). By transfecting RNAs of these strains into HuH-7-derived cells, we found that the efficiency of infectious virus production of JFH1/5ACon1/i-7mut was attenuated compared with JFH1/5ACon1. After transfecting full-length HCV RNA into HepaRG cells, the mRNA expression of ISGs was sufficiently induced by IFN treatment in JFH1/5ACon1/i-7mut-transfected but not in JFH1/5ACon1-transfected cells. These data suggested that the NS5A-mediated inhibition of ISG induction was deteriorated by amino acid substitutions in the ISDR. In conclusion, using recombinant JFH-1 viruses, we demonstrated that HCV NS5A is associated with infectious virus production and the inhibition of IFN signaling, and amino acid substitutions in the NS5A ISDR deteriorate these functions. These observations explain the strain-specific evasion of IFN signaling by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sugiyama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Murayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Yamada
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Tasaka-Fujita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Present address: Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hussein Hassan Aly
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shiina
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Guo J, Chen D, Gao X, Hu X, Zhou Y, Wu C, Wang Y, Chen J, Pei R, Chen X. Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT2 Restricts HCV Replication by Modulating Viral Proteins Degradation. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100285. [PMID: 28973998 PMCID: PMC5691636 DOI: 10.3390/v9100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in cells is controlled by many host factors. In this report, we found that protein inhibitor of activated STAT2 (PIAS2), which is a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase, restricted HCV replication. During infection, HCV core, NS3 and NS5A protein expression, as well as the viral assembly and budding efficiency were enhanced when endogenous PIAS2 was knocked down, whereas exogenous PIAS2 expression decreased HCV core, NS3, and NS5A protein expression and the viral assembly and budding efficiency. PIAS2 did not influence the viral entry, RNA replication, and protein translation steps of the viral life cycle. When expressed together with SUMO1, PIAS2 reduced the HCV core, NS3 and NS5A protein levels expressed from individual plasmids through the proteasome pathway in a ubiquitin-independent manner; the stability of these proteins in the HCV infectious system was enhanced when PIAS2 was knocked down. Furthermore, we found that the core was SUMOylated at amino acid K78, and PIAS2 enhanced the SUMOylation level of the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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9
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Tomei L, Altamura S, Paonessa G, De Francesco R, Migliaccio G. Review HCV Antiviral Resistance: The Impact of in vitro Studies on the Development of Antiviral Agents Targeting the Viral NS5B Polymerase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 16:225-45. [PMID: 16130521 DOI: 10.1177/095632020501600403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of the disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the limited efficacy of interferon-based therapies have stimulated the search for safer and more effective drugs. The development of inhibitors of the HCV NS5B RNA polymerase represents a promising strategy for identifying novel anti-HCV therapeutics. However, the high genetic diversity, mutation rate and turnover of HCV are expected to favour the emergence of drug resistance, limiting the clinical usefulness of polymerase inhibitors. Thus, the characterization of the drug-resistance profile of these antiviral agents is considered crucial for identifying the inhibitors with a higher probability of clinical success. In the absence of an efficient in vitro infection system, HCV sub-genomic replicons have been used to study viral resistance to both nucleoside and non-nucleoside NS5B inhibitors. While these studies suggest that drug-resistant viruses are likely to evolve in vivo, they provide a wealth of information that should help in the identification of inhibitors with improved and distinct resistance profiles that might be used for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Tomei
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P Angeletti, Pomezia-Roma, Italy
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10
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Hamada Y, Kiso Y. New directions for protease inhibitors directed drug discovery. Biopolymers 2016; 106:563-79. [PMID: 26584340 PMCID: PMC7161749 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play crucial roles in various biological processes, and their activities are essential for all living organisms-from viruses to humans. Since their functions are closely associated with many pathogenic mechanisms, their inhibitors or activators are important molecular targets for developing treatments for various diseases. Here, we describe drugs/drug candidates that target proteases, such as malarial plasmepsins, β-secretase, virus proteases, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Previously, we reported inhibitors of aspartic proteases, such as renin, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease, human T-lymphotropic virus type I protease, plasmepsins, and β-secretase, as drug candidates for hypertension, adult T-cell leukaemia, human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy, malaria, and Alzheimer's disease. Our inhibitors are also described in this review article as examples of drugs that target proteases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 563-579, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryKobe Pharmaceutical University, MotoyamakitaHigashinada‐kuKobe658‐8558Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio‐Science and TechnologyTamura‐choNagahama526‐0829Japan
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11
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Hanson JM, Gettel DL, Tabaei SR, Jackman J, Kim MC, Sasaki DY, Groves JT, Liedberg B, Cho NJ, Parikh AN. Cholesterol-Enriched Domain Formation Induced by Viral-Encoded, Membrane-Active Amphipathic Peptide. Biophys J 2016; 110:176-87. [PMID: 26745420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-helical (AH) domain of the hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein NS5A, anchored at the cytoplasmic leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum, plays a role in viral replication. However, the peptides derived from this domain also exhibit remarkably broad-spectrum virocidal activity, raising questions about their modes of membrane association. Here, using giant lipid vesicles, we show that the AH peptide discriminates between membrane compositions. In cholesterol-containing membranes, peptide binding induces microdomain formation. By contrast, cholesterol-depleted membranes undergo global softening at elevated peptide concentrations. Furthermore, in mixed populations, the presence of ∼100 nm vesicles of viral dimensions suppresses these peptide-induced perturbations in giant unilamellar vesicles, suggesting size-dependent membrane association. These synergistic composition- and size-dependent interactions explain, in part, how the AH domain might on the one hand segregate molecules needed for viral assembly and on the other hand furnish peptides that exhibit broad-spectrum virocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Hanson
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Douglas L Gettel
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Seyed R Tabaei
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Joshua Jackman
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Min Chul Kim
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Darryl Y Sasaki
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California
| | - Jay T Groves
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, California; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Atul N Parikh
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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12
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Zhang X, Wang T, Dai X, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Zhang Q, Liu F, Wu K, Liu Y, Zhou H, Wu J. Golgi protein 73 facilitates the interaction of hepatitis C virus NS5A with apolipoprotein E to promote viral particle secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:683-689. [PMID: 27697522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the leading causes of chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Golgi protein 73 (GP73), a resident Golgi membrane protein, is a novel serum biomarker for the diagnosis of liver diseases and HCC. Although previous studies have demonstrated that HCV upregulates GP73 expression and GP73 promotes HCV secretion through its interaction with apolipoprotein E (ApoE), the exact mechanism underlying GP73 regulates HCV secretion remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that GP73 mediates the interaction of ApoE with HCV NS5A protein to promote HCV secretion. We revealed that GP73 is colocalized with HCV replication complex in infected-Huh7.5.1 cells. Further studies demonstrated that GP73 interacted with both NS5A and ApoE proteins. Furthermore, knockdown of GP73 significantly reduced the binding of NS5A with ApoE, and the production of virus particles in culture supernatant. Taken together, our studies revealed that GP73 promotes HCV secretion by directly mediating the interaction of ApoE with HCV replication complex through binding with HCV NS5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tianci Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuechen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yecheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Medical Treatment Center, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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13
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Human Choline Kinase-α Promotes Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication through Modulation of Membranous Viral Replication Complex Formation. J Virol 2016; 90:9075-95. [PMID: 27489281 PMCID: PMC5044849 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00960-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection reorganizes cellular membranes to create an active viral replication site named the membranous web (MW). The role that human choline kinase-α (hCKα) plays in HCV replication remains elusive. Here, we first showed that hCKα activity, not the CDP-choline pathway, promoted viral RNA replication. Confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation of HCV-infected cells revealed that a small fraction of hCKα colocalized with the viral replication complex (RC) on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and that HCV infection increased hCKα localization to the ER. In the pTM-NS3-NS5B model, NS3-NS5B expression increased the localization of the wild-type, not the inactive D288A mutant, hCKα on the ER, and hCKα activity was required for effective trafficking of hCKα and NS5A to the ER. Coimmunoprecipitation showed that hCKα was recruited onto the viral RC presumably through its binding to NS5A domain 1 (D1). hCKα silencing or treatment with CK37, an hCKα activity inhibitor, abolished HCV-induced MW formation. In addition, hCKα depletion hindered NS5A localization on the ER, interfered with NS5A and NS5B colocalization, and mitigated NS5A-NS5B interactions but had no apparent effect on NS5A-NS4B and NS4B-NS5B interactions. Nevertheless, hCKα activity was not essential for the binding of NS5A to hCKα or NS5B. These findings demonstrate that hCKα forms a complex with NS5A and that hCKα activity enhances the targeting of the complex to the ER, where hCKα protein, not activity, mediates NS5A binding to NS5B, thereby promoting functional membranous viral RC assembly and viral RNA replication. IMPORTANCE HCV infection reorganizes the cellular membrane to create an active viral replication site named the membranous web (MW). Here, we report that human choline kinase-α (hCKα) acts as an essential host factor for HCV RNA replication. A fraction of hCKα colocalizes with the viral replication complex (RC) on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in HCV-infected cells. NS3-NS5B expression increases ER localization of wild-type, but not D288A mutant, hCKα, and hCKα activity facilitates the transport of itself and NS5A to the ER. Silencing or inactivation of hCKα abrogates MW formation. Moreover, hCKα is recruited by NS5A independent of hCKα activity, presumably through binding to NS5A D1. hCKα activity then mediates the ER targeting of the hCKα-NS5A complex. On the ER membrane, hCKα protein, per se, induces NS5A binding to NS5B, thereby promoting membranous RC formation and viral RNA replication. Our study may benefit the development of hCKα-targeted anti-HCV therapeutics.
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14
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Tong L, Yu W, Coburn CA, Chen L, Selyutin O, Zeng Q, Dwyer MP, Nair AG, Shankar BB, Kim SH, Yang DY, Rosenblum SB, Ruck RT, Davies IW, Hu B, Zhong B, Hao J, Ji T, Zan S, Liu R, Agrawal S, Carr D, Curry S, McMonagle P, Bystol K, Lahser F, Ingravallo P, Chen S, Asante-Appiah E, Kozlowski JA. Structure-activity relationships of proline modifications around the tetracyclic-indole class of NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5354-5360. [PMID: 27680588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe the impact of proline modifications, in our tetracyclic-indole based series of nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitors, to their replicon profiles. This work identified NS5A inhibitors with an improved and flattened resistance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Qingbei Zeng
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | | | - Seong Heon Kim
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - De-Yi Yang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Rebecca T Ruck
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ian W Davies
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinglai Hao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shuai Zan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Donna Carr
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Stephanie Curry
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Karin Bystol
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Paul Ingravallo
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Shiying Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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15
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Chung WJ. [Direct Acting Antivirals for Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2016; 67:58-60. [PMID: 27213201 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2016.67.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Tong L, Yu W, Coburn CA, Meinke PT, Nair AG, Dwyer MP, Chen L, Selyutin O, Rosenblum SB, Jiang Y, Fells J, Hu B, Zhong B, Soll RM, Liu R, Agrawal S, Xia E, Zhai Y, Kong R, Ingravallo P, Nomeir A, Asante-Appiah E, Kozlowski JA. Alternative core development around the tetracyclic indole class of HCV NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5132-5137. [PMID: 27634194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe our research efforts to develop unique cores in molecules which function as HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitors. In particular, various fused tetracyclic cores were identified which showed genotype and mutant activities comparable to the indole-based tetracyclic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Anilkumar G Nair
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Yueheng Jiang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - James Fells
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Richard M Soll
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ellen Xia
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ying Zhai
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Rong Kong
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Amin Nomeir
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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17
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Abstract
The recent approval by the regulatory authorities in the United States of several HIV proteinase inhibitors as therapeutics for the treatment of AIDS confirms that virus proteinases are valid molecular targets in the search for new antiviral drugs. This review summarizes the available approaches that can be taken to discover virus proteinase inhibitors and reviews the current status of our knowledge with respect to virus proteinases in viruses of clinical significance other than HIV. The major focus is on proteinases identified in the viruses that cause the common cold, hepatitis C virus and the herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Mills
- Molecular Virology Department, Roche Research Centre, 40 Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL7 3AY, UK
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18
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of transfusion-associated hepatitis and accounts for a significant proportion of hepatitis cases worldwide. Most, if not all, infections become persistent and about 60% of cases develop chronic liver disease with various outcomes ranging from an asymptomatic carrier state to chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, which is strongly associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Since the initial cloning of the viral genome in 1989, our knowledge of the molecular biology of HCV has increased rapidly and led to the identification of several potential targets for antiviral intervention. In contrast, the low replication of the virus in cell culture, the lack of convenient animal models and the high genome variability present major challenges for drug development. This review will describe candidate drug targets and summarize ‘classical’ and ‘novel’ approaches currently being pursued to develop efficient HCV-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bartenschlager
- Institute for Virology, Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Ferreira AR, Magalhães AC, Camões F, Gouveia A, Vieira M, Kagan JC, Ribeiro D. Hepatitis C virus NS3-4A inhibits the peroxisomal MAVS-dependent antiviral signalling response. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:750-7. [PMID: 26865163 PMCID: PMC5125814 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the cause of one of the most prevalent viral infections worldwide. Upon infection, the HCV genome activates the RIG‐I‐MAVS signalling pathway leading to the production of direct antiviral effectors which prevent important steps in viral propagation. MAVS localizes at peroxisomes and mitochondria and coordinate the activation of an effective antiviral response: peroxisomal MAVS is responsible for a rapid but short‐termed antiviral response, while the mitochondrial MAVS is associated with the activation of a stable response with delayed kinetics. The HCV NS3‐4A protease was shown to specifically cleave the mitochondrial MAVS, inhibiting the downstream response. In this study, we have analysed whether HCV NS3‐4A is also able to cleave the peroxisomal MAVS and whether this would have any effect on the cellular antiviral response. We show that NS3‐4A is indeed able to specifically cleave this protein and release it into the cytosol, a mechanism that seems to occur at a similar kinetic rate as the cleavage of the mitochondrial MAVS. Under these conditions, RIG‐I‐like receptor (RLR) signalling from peroxisomes is blocked and antiviral gene expression is inhibited. Our results also show that NS3‐4A is able to localize at peroxisomes in the absence of MAVS. However, mutation studies have shown that this localization pattern is preferred in the presence of a fully cleavable MAVS. These findings present evidence of a viral evasion strategy that disrupts RLR signalling on peroxisomes and provide an excellent example of how a single viral evasion strategy can block innate immune signalling from different organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Ferreira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana C Magalhães
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima Camões
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gouveia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Vieira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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20
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Kumthip K, Maneekarn N. The role of HCV proteins on treatment outcomes. Virol J 2015; 12:217. [PMID: 26666318 PMCID: PMC4678629 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, the standard of treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was a combination of pegylated interferon alpha (Peg-IFN-α) and ribavirin for 24–48 weeks. This treatment regimen results in a sustained virologic response (SVR) rate in about 50 % of cases. The failure of IFN-α-based therapy to eliminate HCV is a result of multiple factors including a suboptimal treatment regimen, severity of HCV-related diseases, host factors and viral factors. In recent years, advances in HCV cell culture have contributed to a better understanding of the viral life cycle, which has led to the development of a number of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that target specific key components of viral replication, such as HCV NS3/4A, HCV NS5A, and HCV NS5B proteins. To date, several new drugs have been approved for the treatment of HCV infection. Application of DAAs with IFN-based or IFN-free regimens has increased the SVR rate up to >90 % and has allowed treatment duration to be shortened to 12–24 weeks. The impact of HCV proteins in response to IFN-based and IFN-free therapies has been described in many reports. This review summarizes and updates knowledge on molecular mechanisms of HCV proteins involved in anti-IFN activity as well as examining amino acid variations and mutations in several regions of HCV proteins associated with the response to IFN-based therapy and pattern of resistance associated amino acid variants (RAV) to antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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21
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Tasaka-Fujita M, Sugiyama N, Kang W, Masaki T, Masaski T, Murayama A, Yamada N, Sugiyama R, Tsukuda S, Watashi K, Asahina Y, Sakamoto N, Wakita T, Shin EC, Kato T. Amino Acid Polymorphisms in Hepatitis C Virus Core Affect Infectious Virus Production and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecule Expression. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13994. [PMID: 26365522 PMCID: PMC4568458 DOI: 10.1038/srep13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid (aa) polymorphisms in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b core protein have been reported to be a potent predictor for poor response to interferon (IFN)-based therapy and a risk factor for hepatocarcinogenesis. We investigated the effects of these polymorphisms with genotype 1b/2a chimeric viruses that contained polymorphisms of Arg/Gln at aa 70 and Leu/Met at aa 91. We found that infectious virus production was reduced in cells transfected with chimeric virus RNA that had Gln at aa 70 (aa70Q) compared with RNA with Arg at aa 70 (aa70R). Using flow cytometry analysis, we confirmed that HCV core protein accumulated in aa70Q clone transfected cells, and it caused a reduction in cell-surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules induced by IFN treatment through enhanced protein kinase R phosphorylation. We could not detect any effects due to the polymorphism at aa 91. In conclusion, the polymorphism at aa 70 was associated with efficiency of infectious virus production, and this deteriorated virus production in strains with aa70Q resulted in the intracellular accumulation of HCV proteins and attenuation of MHC class I molecule expression. These observations may explain the strain-associated resistance to IFN-based therapy and hepatocarcinogenesis of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Tasaka-Fujita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.,Center for Interprofessional Education, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Nao Sugiyama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Wonseok Kang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Takahiro Masaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Asako Murayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Norie Yamada
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sugiyama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asahina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.,Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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22
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Yoshimi S, Imamura M, Murakami E, Hiraga N, Tsuge M, Kawakami Y, Aikata H, Abe H, Hayes CN, Sasaki T, Ochi H, Chayama K. Long term persistence of NS5A inhibitor-resistant hepatitis C virus in patients who failed daclatasvir and asunaprevir therapy. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1913-20. [PMID: 25954851 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although interferon-free antiviral treatment is expected to improve treatment of hepatitis C, it is unclear to what extent pre-existing drug-resistant amino acid substitutions influence response to therapy. The impact of pre-existing drug-resistant substitutions on virological response to daclatasvir and asunaprevir combination therapy was studied in genotype 1b hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. Thirty-one patients were treated with daclatasvir and asunaprevir for 24 weeks. Twenty-six patients achieved sustained virological response (SVR), three patients experienced viral breakthrough, and two patients relapsed. Direct sequencing analysis of HCV showed the existence of daclatasvir-resistant NS5A-L31M or -Y93H/F variants in nine out of 30 patients (30%) prior to treatment, while asunaprevir-resistant NS3-D168 mutations were not detected in any patient. All 21 patients with wild-type NS5A-L31 and -Y93 achieved SVR, whereas only four out of nine patients (44%) with L31M or Y93F/H substitutions achieved SVR (P = 0.001). Ultra-deep sequencing analysis showed that treatment failure was associated with the emergence of both NS5A-L31/Y93 and NS3-D168 variants. NS5A-L31/Y93 variants remained at high frequency through post-treatment weeks 103 through 170, while NS3-D168 variants were replaced by wild-type in all patients. In conclusion, pre-existence of NS5A inhibitor-resistant substitutions compromised the response to daclatasvir and asunaprevir combination therapy, and treatment failure was associated with the emergence of both NS5A-L31/Y93 and NS3-D168 variants. While asunaprevir-resistant variants that emerged during therapy returned to wild-type, daclatasvir-resistant variants tended to persist in the absence of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yoshimi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hiraga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiiku Kawakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tamito Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ochi
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
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23
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Isken O, Langerwisch U, Jirasko V, Rehders D, Redecke L, Ramanathan H, Lindenbach BD, Bartenschlager R, Tautz N. A conserved NS3 surface patch orchestrates NS2 protease stimulation, NS5A hyperphosphorylation and HCV genome replication. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004736. [PMID: 25774920 PMCID: PMC4361677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. The HCV RNA genome is translated into a single polyprotein. Most of the cleavage sites in the non-structural (NS) polyprotein region are processed by the NS3/NS4A serine protease. The vital NS2-NS3 cleavage is catalyzed by the NS2 autoprotease. For efficient processing at the NS2/NS3 site, the NS2 cysteine protease depends on the NS3 serine protease domain. Despite its importance for the viral life cycle, the molecular details of the NS2 autoprotease activation by NS3 are poorly understood. Here, we report the identification of a conserved hydrophobic NS3 surface patch that is essential for NS2 protease activation. One residue within this surface region is also critical for RNA replication and NS5A hyperphosphorylation, two processes known to depend on functional replicase assembly. This dual function of the NS3 surface patch prompted us to reinvestigate the impact of the NS2-NS3 cleavage on NS5A hyperphosphorylation. Interestingly, NS2-NS3 cleavage turned out to be a prerequisite for NS5A hyperphosphorylation, indicating that this cleavage has to occur prior to replicase assembly. Based on our data, we propose a sequential cascade of molecular events: in uncleaved NS2-NS3, the hydrophobic NS3 surface patch promotes NS2 protease stimulation; upon NS2-NS3 cleavage, this surface region becomes available for functional replicase assembly. This model explains why efficient NS2-3 cleavage is pivotal for HCV RNA replication. According to our model, the hydrophobic surface patch on NS3 represents a module critically involved in the temporal coordination of HCV replicase assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Isken
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Vlastimil Jirasko
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Rehders
- Joint Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation of the University of Hamburg and the University of Lübeck, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Redecke
- Joint Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation of the University of Hamburg and the University of Lübeck, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harish Ramanathan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brett D. Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Tautz
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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24
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Phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 involved in hepatitis C virus assembly through NS2 complex formation. J Virol 2014; 89:2367-77. [PMID: 25505071 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02982-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several members of the phospholipase family have been reported to be involved in hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Here, we identified another phospholipase, phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PLA1A), as a host factor involved in HCV assembly. PLA1A was upregulated by HCV infection, and PLA1A knockdown significantly reduced J399EM (genotype 2a) HCV propagation at the assembly step but not the entry, RNA replication, and protein translation steps of the life cycle. Protein localization and interaction analysis further revealed a role of PLA1A in the interaction of NS2-E2 and NS2-NS5A, as the formation of the NS2-E2 and NS2-NS5A complexes was weakened in the absence of PLA1A. In addition, PLA1A stabilized the NS2/NS5A dotted structure during infection. These data suggest that PLA1A plays an important role in bridging the membrane-associated NS2-E2 complex and the NS5A-associated replication complex via its interaction with E2, NS2, and NS5A, which leads to a coordinating interaction between the structural and nonstructural proteins and facilitates viral assembly. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic replication is driven by the replication complex and occurs at the membranous web, while the lipid droplet is the organelle in which virion assembly is initiated. In this study, we identified phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PLA1A), a member of phospholipase A 1 family, as a novel host factor involved in the assembly process of HCV. PLA1A, which is induced by HCV infection at a late infection stage, interacts with HCV E2, NS2, and NS5A proteins and enhances and stabilizes the NS2-E2 and NS2-NS5A complex formation, which is essential for viral assembly. Thus, PLA1A is an important host factor which is involved in the initiation of the viral assembly in close proximity to Core-decorated lipid droplets through bringing together the HCV replication complex and envelope complex.
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Ariumi Y. Multiple functions of DDX3 RNA helicase in gene regulation, tumorigenesis, and viral infection. Front Genet 2014; 5:423. [PMID: 25538732 PMCID: PMC4257086 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 is a multifunctional protein involved in all aspects of RNA metabolism, including transcription, splicing, mRNA nuclear export, translation, RNA decay and ribosome biogenesis. In addition, DDX3 is also implicated in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, Wnt-β-catenin signaling, tumorigenesis, and viral infection. Notably, recent studies suggest that DDX3 is a component of anti-viral innate immune signaling pathways. Indeed, DDX3 contributes to enhance the induction of anti-viral mediators, interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 and type I IFN. However, DDX3 seems to be an important target for several viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and poxvirus. DDX3 interacts with HIV-1 Rev or HCV Core protein and modulates its function. At least, DDX3 is required for both HIV-1 and HCV replication. Therefore, DDX3 could be a novel therapeutic target for the development of drug against HIV-1 and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Ariumi
- Ariumi Project Laboratory, Center for AIDS Research - International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan
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Targeting cellular squalene synthase, an enzyme essential for cholesterol biosynthesis, is a potential antiviral strategy against hepatitis C virus. J Virol 2014; 89:2220-32. [PMID: 25473062 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03385-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) exploits host membrane cholesterol and its metabolism for progeny virus production. Here, we examined the impact of targeting cellular squalene synthase (SQS), the first committed enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis, on HCV production. By using the HCV JFH-1 strain and human hepatoma Huh-7.5.1-derived cells, we found that the SQS inhibitors YM-53601 and zaragozic acid A decreased viral RNA, protein, and progeny production in HCV-infected cells without affecting cell viability. Similarly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of SQS led to significantly reduced HCV production, confirming the enzyme as an antiviral target. A metabolic labeling study demonstrated that YM-53601 suppressed the biosynthesis of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters at antiviral concentrations. Unlike YM-53601, the cholesterol esterification inhibitor Sandoz 58-035 did not exhibit an antiviral effect, suggesting that biosynthesis of cholesterol is more important than that of cholesteryl esters for HCV production. YM-53601 inhibited transient replication of a JFH-1 subgenomic replicon and entry of JFH-1 pseudoparticles, suggesting that at least suppression of viral RNA replication and entry contributes to the antiviral effect of the drug. Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in HCV production and implicate SQS as a potential target for antiviral strategies against HCV. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to be closely associated with host cholesterol and its metabolism throughout the viral life cycle. However, the impact of targeting cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes on HCV production is not fully understood. We found that squalene synthase, the first committed enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis, is important for HCV production, and we propose this enzyme as a potential anti-HCV target. We provide evidence that synthesis of free cholesterol is more important than that of esterified cholesterol for HCV production, highlighting a marked free cholesterol dependency of HCV production. Our findings also offer a new insight into a role of the intracellular cholesterol pool that is coupled to its biosynthesis in the HCV life cycle.
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Chan SW. Unfolded protein response in hepatitis C virus infection. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:233. [PMID: 24904547 PMCID: PMC4033015 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of clinical importance. The virus establishes a chronic infection and can progress from chronic hepatitis, steatosis to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mechanisms of viral persistence and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Recently the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular homeostatic response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, has emerged to be a major contributing factor in many human diseases. It is also evident that viruses interact with the host UPR in many different ways and the outcome could be pro-viral, anti-viral or pathogenic, depending on the particular type of infection. Here we present evidence for the elicitation of chronic ER stress in HCV infection. We analyze the UPR signaling pathways involved in HCV infection, the various levels of UPR regulation by different viral proteins and finally, we propose several mechanisms by which the virus provokes the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Wan Chan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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Involvement of DNA damage response pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:153867. [PMID: 24877058 PMCID: PMC4022277 DOI: 10.1155/2014/153867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been known as one of the most lethal human malignancies, due to the difficulty of early detection, chemoresistance, and radioresistance, and is characterized by active angiogenesis and metastasis, which account for rapid recurrence and poor survival. Its development has been closely associated with multiple risk factors, including hepatitis B and C virus infection, alcohol consumption, obesity, and diet contamination. Genetic alterations and genomic instability, probably resulted from unrepaired DNA lesions, are increasingly recognized as a common feature of human HCC. Dysregulation of DNA damage repair and signaling to cell cycle checkpoints, known as the DNA damage response (DDR), is associated with a predisposition to cancer and affects responses to DNA-damaging anticancer therapy. It has been demonstrated that various HCC-associated risk factors are able to promote DNA damages, formation of DNA adducts, and chromosomal aberrations. Hence, alterations in the DDR pathways may accumulate these lesions to trigger hepatocarcinogenesis and also to facilitate advanced HCC progression. This review collects some of the most known information about the link between HCC-associated risk factors and DDR pathways in HCC. Hopefully, the review will remind the researchers and clinicians of further characterizing and validating the roles of these DDR pathways in HCC.
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Sugiyama K, Ebinuma H, Nakamoto N, Sakasegawa N, Murakami Y, Chu PS, Usui S, Ishibashi Y, Wakayama Y, Taniki N, Murata H, Saito Y, Fukasawa M, Saito K, Yamagishi Y, Wakita T, Takaku H, Hibi T, Saito H, Kanai T. Prominent steatosis with hypermetabolism of the cell line permissive for years of infection with hepatitis C virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94460. [PMID: 24718268 PMCID: PMC3981821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of experiments for HCV infection have been done using lytic infection systems, in which HCV-infected cells inevitably die. Here, to elucidate metabolic alteration in HCV-infected cells in a more stable condition, we established an HCV-persistently-infected cell line, designated as HPI cells. This cell line has displayed prominent steatosis and supported HCV infection for more than 2 years, which is the longest ever reported. It enabled us to analyze metabolism in the HCV-infected cells integrally combining metabolomics and expression arrays. It revealed that rate-limiting enzymes for biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids were up-regulated with actual increase in cholesterol, desmosterol (cholesterol precursor) and pool of fatty acids. Notably, the pentose phosphate pathway was facilitated with marked up-regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a rete-limiting enzyme, with actual increase in NADPH. In its downstream, enzymes for purine synthesis were also up-regulated resulting in increase of purine. Contrary to common cancers, the TCA cycle was preferentially facilitated comparing to glycolysis pathway with a marked increase of most of amino acids. Interestingly, some genes controlled by nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of antioxidation and metabolism, were constitutively up-regulated in HPI cells. Knockdown of Nrf2 markedly reduced steatosis and HCV infection, indicating that Nrf2 and its target genes play important roles in metabolic alteration and HCV infection. In conclusion, HPI cell is a bona fide HCV-persistently-infected cell line supporting HCV infection for years. This cell line sustained prominent steatosis in a hypermetabolic status producing various metabolites. Therefore, HPI cell is a potent research tool not only for persistent HCV infection but also for liver metabolism, overcoming drawbacks of the lytic infection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Sugiyama
- Center for the Study of Chronic Liver Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirotoshi Ebinuma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Murakami
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Po-sung Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Usui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Ishibashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Wakayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Taniki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Murata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Saito
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takaku
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Saito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Construction of a chimeric hepatitis C virus replicon based on a strain isolated from a chronic hepatitis C patient. Virol Sin 2014; 29:61-70. [PMID: 24452538 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Subgenomic replicons of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been widely used for studying HCV replication. Here, we report a new subgenomic replicon based on a strain isolated from a chronically infected patient. The coding sequence of HCV was recovered from a Chinese chronic hepatitis C patient displaying high serum HCV copy numbers. A consensus sequence designated as CCH strain was constructed based on the sequences of five clones and this was classified by sequence alignment as belonging to genotype 2a. The subgenomic replicon of CCH was replication-deficient in cell culture, due to dysfunctions in NS3 and NS5B. Various JFH1/CCH chimeric replicons were constructed, and specific mutations were introduced. The introduction of mutations could partially restore the replication of chimeric replicons. A replication-competent chimeric construct was finally obtained by the introduction of NS3 from JFH1 into the backbone of the CCH strain.
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31
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Lohmann V, Bartenschlager R. On the History of Hepatitis C Virus Cell Culture Systems. J Med Chem 2013; 57:1627-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401401n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious
Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious
Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
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Abe KI, Nozaki A, Tamura K, Ikeda M, Naka K, Dansako H, Hoshino HO, Tanaka K, Kato N. Tandem Repeats of Lactoferrin-Derived Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Peptide Enhance Antiviral Activity in Cultured Human Hepatocytes. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:117-25. [PMID: 17237607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we found that bovine and human lactoferrin (LF) specifically inhibited hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in cultured non-neoplastic human hepatocyte-derived PH5CH8 cells, and we identified 33 amino acid residues (termed C-s3-33; amino acid 600-632) from human LF that were primarily responsible for the binding activity to the HCV E2 envelope protein and for the inhibiting activity against HCV infection. Since the anti-HCV activity of C-s3-33 was weaker than that of human LF, we speculated that an increase of E2 protein-binding activity might contribute to the enhancement of anti-HCV activity. To test this possibility, we made two repeats [(C-s3-33)(2)] and three repeats [(C-s3-33)(3)] of C-s3-33 and characterized them. Far-Western blot analysis revealed that the E2 protein-binding activities of (C-s3-33)(2) and (C-s3-33)(3) became stronger than that of the C-s3-33, and that the binding activity of (C-s3-33)(3) was stronger than that of (C-s3-33)(2). Using an HCV infection system in PH5CH8 cells, we demonstrated that the anti-HCV activities of (C-s3-33)(2) and (C-s3-33)(3) became stronger than that of the C-s3-33. Furthermore, using a recently developed infection system with a VSV pseudotype harboring the green fluorescent protein gene and the native E1 and E2 genes, we demonstrated that the antiviral activities of (C-s3-33)(2) and (C-s3-33)(3) were stronger than that of C-s3-33. These results suggest that tandem repeats of LF-derived anti-HCV peptide are useful as anti-HCV reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Abe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Chung WJ. [New paradigm for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = TAEHAN SOHWAGI HAKHOE CHI 2013; 62:78-81. [PMID: 24133760 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2013.62.1.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
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Lisowski L, Elazar M, Chu K, Glenn JS, Kay MA. The anti-genomic (negative) strand of Hepatitis C Virus is not targetable by shRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:3688-98. [PMID: 23396439 PMCID: PMC3616702 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and other plus-strand RNA viruses typically require the generation of a small number of negative genomes (20–100× lower than the positive genomes) for replication, making the less-abundant antigenome an attractive target for RNA interference(RNAi)-based therapy. Because of the complementarity of duplex short hairpin RNA/small interfering RNA (shRNA/siRNAs) with both genomic and anti-genomic viral RNA strands, and the potential of both shRNA strands to become part of the targeting complexes, preclinical RNAi studies cannot distinguish which viral strand is actually targeted in infected cells. Here, we addressed the question whether the negative HCV genome was bioaccessible to RNAi. We first screened for the most active shRNA molecules against the most conserved regions in the HCV genome, which were then used to generate asymmetric anti-HCV shRNAs that produce biologically active RNAi specifically directed against the genomic or antigenomic HCV sequences. Using this simple but powerful and effective method to screen for shRNA strand selectivity, we demonstrate that the antigenomic strand of HCV is not a viable RNAi target during HCV replication. These findings provide new insights into HCV biology and have important implications for the design of more effective and safer antiviral RNAi strategies seeking to target HCV and other viruses with similar replicative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Lisowski
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 269 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Hernandez D, Falk P, Yu F, Zhai G, Quan Y, Faria T, Cao K, Scola P, McPhee F. Establishment of a robust hepatitis C virus replicon cell line over-expressing P-glycoprotein that facilitates analysis of P-gp drug transporter effects on inhibitor antiviral activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:21-8. [PMID: 23063413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an active efflux pump affecting the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of drugs that are P-gp substrates. The Caco-2 bi-directional assay is widely used to identify drug-P-gp interactions in vitro. For molecules exhibiting non-classical drug properties however, ambiguous results limit its use in lead optimization. The goal of this study was to develop a robust cell-based assay system to directly measure the role of P-gp-driven efflux in reducing the potency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication inhibitors. Vinblastine (Vin) was employed to select for a Vin-resistant HCV replicon (313-11) from the parental cell line (377-2). The 313-11 cell line was >50-fold resistant to Vin and over-expressed P-gp, as determined by Western immunoblots. Increased expression of P-gp was mediated by up-regulation of the MDR1 transcript. The reduced potency of different classes of HCV replication inhibitors in the 313-11 P-gp cell line was restored in the presence of known P-gp inhibitors. Addition of the P-gp inhibitor, tariquidar, increased the uptake of a radiolabeled HCV replication inhibitor by 14-fold in the 313-11 replicon cell line. Finally, a positive correlation was demonstrated between potency in the 313-11 replicon and the bi-directional Caco-2 efflux ratio for a panel of HCV protease inhibitors. In conclusion, a robust P-gp HCV replicon cell-based assay has been developed to measure the effect of the P-gp efflux pump on the potency of different classes of HCV replication inhibitors. This system establishes a direct correlation between antiviral activity and the effect of P-gp efflux in a single cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hernandez
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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36
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Alaee M, Rajabi P, Sharifi Z, Farajollahi MM. Immunoreactivity assessment of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease and NS5A proteins expressed in TOPO cloning system. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2012; 47:282-91. [PMID: 23040046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of acute and chronic liver disease. Numerous screening assays based on the detection of immunoresponses to HCV structural and nonstructural proteins have been designed. Various studies have demonstrated genotype-specific differences in anti-HCV antibody responses to different HCV proteins. METHODS Full-length NS3 protease and N-terminally truncated NS5A were expressed using pET TOPO 102/D system. Antigenicity of the purified recombinant proteins was assessed by immunoblotting and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, anti-HCV antibody responses to the recombinant proteins were evaluated in three prevalent genotypes in Iran. RESULTS We were able to express and purify NS5A and NS3 protease using TOPO cloning system. The HCV NS3 protease and NS5A produced in BL21 Star (DE3) was immunoreactive. Our results demonstrate that NS3 protease and NS5A have good immunoreactivity, but they are not sufficient for detecting all HCV-positive sera. No significant genotype-specific differences were detected in immunoresponses to the recombinant proteins. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we successfully isolated, expressed, and purified substantial amount of HCV NS3 protease and N-terminally truncated NS5A, and used them as capturing antigens in a screening ELISA assay with high sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity. Accordingly, it is well confirmed that TOPO cloning system can be used as a dynamic system in order to express higher amount of immunoreactive viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Alaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Rajabi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sharifi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Morad Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Goyal S, Gupta G, Qin H, Upadya MH, Tan YJ, Chow VTK, Song J. VAPC, an human endogenous inhibitor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, is intrinsically unstructured but forms a "fuzzy complex" with HCV NS5B. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40341. [PMID: 22815741 PMCID: PMC3398895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 200 million people are infected by hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide. For replicating the HCV genome, the membrane-associated machinery needs to be formed by both HCV non-structural proteins (including NS5B) and human host factors such as VAPB. Recently, the 99-residue VAPC, a splicing variant of VAPB, was demonstrated to inhibit HCV replication via binding to NS5B, thus acting as an endogenous inhibitor of HCV infection. So far, the structure of VAPC remains unknown, and its interaction with NS5B has not been biophysically characterized. In this study, we conducted extensive CD and NMR investigations on VAPC which led to several striking findings: 1) although the N-terminal 70 residues are identical in VAPC and VAPB, they constitute the characteristic β-barrel MSP fold in VAPB, while VAPC is entirely unstructured in solution, only with helical-like conformations weakly populated. 2) VAPC is indeed capable of binding to NS5B, with an average dissociation constant (Kd) of ∼20 µM. Intriguingly, VAPC remains dynamic even in the complex, suggesting that the VAPC-NS5B is a “fuzzy complex”. 3) NMR mapping revealed that the major binding region for NS5B is located over the C-terminal half of VAPC, which is composed of three discrete clusters, of which only the first contains the region identical in VAPC and VAPB. The second region containing ∼12 residues appears to play a key role in binding since mutation of 4 residues within this region leads to almost complete loss of the binding activity. 4) A 14-residue mimetic, VAPC-14 containing the second region, only has a ∼3-fold reduction of the affinity. Our study not only provides critical insights into how a human factor mediates the formation of the HCV replication machinery, but also leads to design of VAPC-14 which may be further used to explore the function of VAPC and to develop anti-HCV molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaveta Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Sejima H, Mori K, Ariumi Y, Ikeda M, Kato N. Identification of host genes showing differential expression profiles with cell-based long-term replication of hepatitis C virus RNA. Virus Res 2012; 167:74-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Gupta G, Qin H, Song J. Intrinsically unstructured domain 3 of hepatitis C Virus NS5A forms a "fuzzy complex" with VAPB-MSP domain which carries ALS-causing mutations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39261. [PMID: 22720086 PMCID: PMC3374797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects nearly 200 million people worldwide and is a leading factor for serious chronic liver diseases. For replicating HCV genome, the membrane-associated replication machinery needs to be formed by both HCV non-structural proteins including NS5A and human host factors. Recently NS5A has been identified to bind ER-anchored human VAP proteins and consequently this interaction may serve as a novel target for design of anti-HCV drugs. So far no biophysical characterization of this interaction has been reported. Here, we dissected the 243-residue VAPB into 4 and 447-residue NS5A into 10 fragments, followed by CD and NMR characterization of their structural properties. Subsequently, binding interactions between these fragments have been extensively assessed by NMR HSQC titration which is very powerful in detecting even very weak binding. The studies lead to three important findings: 1). a "fuzzy complex" is formed between the intrinsically-unstructured third domain (D3) of NS5A and the well-structured MSP domain of VAPB, with an average dissociation constant (Kd) of ~5 µM. 2). The binding-important residues on both NS5A-D3 and VAPB-MSP have been successfully mapped out, which provided experimental constraints for constructing the complex structure. In the complex, unstructured D3 binds to three surface pockets on one side of the MSP structure. Interestingly, two ALS-causing mutations T46I and P56S are also located on the D3-MSP interface. Moreover, NS5A-D3, FFAT-containing proteins and EphA4 appear to have overlapped binding interfaces on the MSP domain. 3). NS5A-D3 has been experimentally confirmed to competes with EphA4 in binding to the MSP domain, and T46I mutation of MSP dramatically abolishes its binding ability to D3. Our study not only provides essential foundation for further deciphering structure and function of the HCV replication machinery, but may also shed light on rationalizing a recent observation that a chronic HCV patient surprisingly developed ALS-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvita Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Haina Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianxing Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Preclinical characterization of JTK-853, a novel nonnucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4250-6. [PMID: 22615294 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00312-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
JTK-853 is a novel piperazine derivative nonnucleoside inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. JTK-853 showed potent inhibitory activity against genotype 1 HCV polymerase, with a 50% inhibitory concentration in the nanomolar range, and showed potent antiviral activity against the genotype 1b replicon, with a 50% effective concentration of 0.035 μM. The presence of human serum at up to 40% had little effect on the antiviral activity of JTK-853. Structure analysis of HCV polymerase with JTK-853 revealed that JTK-853 associates with the palm site and β-hairpin region of HCV polymerase, and JTK-853 showed decreased antiviral activity against HCV replicons bearing the resistance mutations C316Y, M414T, Y452H, and L466V in the palm site region of HCV polymerase. JTK-853 showed an additive combination effect with other DAAs (direct antiviral agents), such as nucleoside polymerase inhibitor, thumb pocket-binding nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitor, NS5A inhibitor, and protease inhibitor. Collectively, these data demonstrate that JTK-853 is a potent and novel nonnucleoside palm site-binding HCV polymerase inhibitor, suggesting JTK-853 as a potentially useful agent in combination with other DAAs for treatment of HCV infections.
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Detergent-induced activation of the hepatitis C virus genotype 1b RNA polymerase. Gene 2012; 496:79-87. [PMID: 22306265 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we found that sphingomyelin bound and activated hepatitis C virus (HCV) 1b RNA polymerase (RdRp), thereby recruiting the HCV replication complex into lipid raft structures. Detergents are commonly used for resolving lipids and purifying proteins, including HCV RdRp. Here, we tested the effect of detergents on HCV RdRp activity in vitro and found that non-ionic (Triton X-100, NP-40, Tween 20, Tween 80, and Brij 35) and twitterionic (CHAPS) detergents activated HCV 1b RdRps by 8-16.6 folds, but did not affect 1a or 2a RdRps. The maximum effect of these detergents was observed at around their critical micelle concentrations. On the other hand, ionic detergents (SDS and DOC) completely inactivated polymerase activity at 0.01%. In the presence of Triton X-100, HCV 1b RdRp did not form oligomers, but recruited more template RNA and increased the speed of polymerization. Comparison of polymerase and RNA-binding activity between JFH1 RdRp and Triton X-100-activated 1b RdRp indicated that monomer RdRp showed high activity because JFH1 RdRp was a monomer in physiological conditions of transcription. Besides, 502H plays a key role on oligomerization of 1b RdRp, while 2a RdRps which have the amino acid S at position 502 are monomers. This oligomer formed by 502H was disrupted both by high salt and Triton X-100. On the contrary, HCV 1b RdRp completely lost fidelity in the presence of 0.02% Triton X-100, which suggests that caution should be exercised while using Triton X-100 in anti-HCV RdRp drug screening tests.
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Lee C. Discovery of hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors as a new class of anti-HCV therapy. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1403-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hiraga N, Imamura M, Abe H, Hayes CN, Kono T, Onishi M, Tsuge M, Takahashi S, Ochi H, Iwao E, Kamiya N, Yamada I, Tateno C, Yoshizato K, Matsui H, Kanai A, Inaba T, Tanaka S, Chayama K. Rapid emergence of telaprevir resistant hepatitis C virus strain from wildtype clone in vivo. Hepatology 2011; 54:781-8. [PMID: 21626527 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Telaprevir is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3-4A protease. However, the emergence of drug-resistant strains during therapy is a serious problem, and the susceptibility of resistant strains to interferon (IFN), as well as the details of the emergence of mutant strains in vivo, is not known. We previously established an infectious model of HCV using human hepatocyte chimeric mice. Using this system we investigated the biological properties and mode of emergence of mutants by ultra-deep sequencing technology. Chimeric mice were injected with serum samples obtained from a patient who had developed viral breakthrough during telaprevir monotherapy with strong selection for resistance mutations (A156F [92.6%]). Mice infected with the resistant strain (A156F [99.9%]) developed only low-level viremia and the virus was successfully eliminated with interferon therapy. As observed in patients, telaprevir monotherapy in viremic mice resulted in breakthrough, with selection for mutations that confer resistance to telaprevir (e.g., a high frequency of V36A [52.2%]). Mice were injected intrahepatically with HCV genotype 1b clone KT-9 with or without an introduced resistance mutation, A156S, in the NS3 region, and treated with telaprevir. Mice infected with the A156S strain developed lower-level viremia compared to the wildtype strain but showed strong resistance to telaprevir treatment. Although mice injected with wildtype HCV showed a rapid decline in viremia at the beginning of therapy, a high frequency (11%) of telaprevir-resistant NS3 V36A variants emerged 2 weeks after the start of treatment. CONCLUSION Using deep sequencing technology and a genetically engineered HCV infection system, we showed that the rapid emergence of telaprevir-resistant HCV was induced by mutation from the wildtype strain of HCV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Hiraga
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Cordek DG, Bechtel JT, Maynard AT, Kazmierski WM, Cameron CE. TARGETING THE NS5A PROTEIN OF HCV: AN EMERGING OPTION. DRUG FUTURE 2011; 36:691-711. [PMID: 23378700 PMCID: PMC3558953 DOI: 10.1358/dof.2011.036.09.1641618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects more than 3% of the world's population, leading to an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current standard of care, a combination of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin, is poorly tolerated and often ineffective against the most prevalent genotype of the virus, genotype 1. The very recent approval of boceprevir and telaprevir, two HCV protease inhibitors, promises to significantly improve treatment options and outcomes. In addition to the viral protease NS3 and the viral polymerase NS5B, direct-acting antivirals are now in development against NS5A. A multifunctional phosphoprotein, NS5A is essential to HCV genome replication, but has no known enzymatic function. Here we report how the design of small-molecule inhibitors against NS5A has evolved from promising monomers to highly potent dimeric compounds effective against many HCV genotypes. We also highlight recent clinical data and how the inhibitors may bind to NS5A, itself capable of forming dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Cordek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rice CM. New insights into HCV replication: potential antiviral targets. TOPICS IN ANTIVIRAL MEDICINE 2011; 19:117-120. [PMID: 21946389 PMCID: PMC6148863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment is the eradication of the virus. Ongoing research continues to add to knowledge of the HCV life cycle, revealing new potential viral and host targets for the development of therapy. Understanding of HCV was initially hampered by the inability to achieve viral replication in cell culture. Advances such as the HCV replicon and complete cell culture systems, however, have permitted rapid growth in knowledge and accelerated testing of candidate antiviral agents. Among potential targets are viral entry factors, including scavenger receptor type B1 (SR-B1) and CD81, as well as neutralizing antibodies against the viral glycoproteins. Popular targets related to translation and replication are the NS3/4A protease (inhibited by telaprevir and boceprevir) and the NS5B polymerase, as well as the NS2/3 autoprotease, the NS3 helicase, and nonenzymatic targets such as NS4B and NS5A proteins. Host targets are also available, including microRNAs and cyclophilins. This article summarizes a presentation by Charles M. Rice, PhD, at the IAS-USA live continuing medical education course, Management of Hepatitis C Virus in the New Era: Small Molecules Bring Big Changes, held in New York City in April 2011.
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Sarwar MT, Kausar H, Ijaz B, Ahmad W, Ansar M, Sumrin A, Ashfaq UA, Asad S, Gull S, Shahid I, Hassan S. NS4A protein as a marker of HCV history suggests that different HCV genotypes originally evolved from genotype 1b. Virol J 2011; 8:317. [PMID: 21696641 PMCID: PMC3145594 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 9.6 kb long RNA genome of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is under the control of RNA dependent RNA polymerase, an error-prone enzyme, for its transcription and replication. A high rate of mutation has been found to be associated with RNA viruses like HCV. Based on genetic variability, HCV has been classified into 6 different major genotypes and 11 different subtypes. However this classification system does not provide significant information about the origin of the virus, primarily due to high mutation rate at nucleotide level. HCV genome codes for a single polyprotein of about 3011 amino acids which is processed into structural and non-structural proteins inside host cell by viral and cellular proteases. RESULTS We have identified a conserved NS4A protein sequence for HCV genotype 3a reported from four different continents of the world i.e. Europe, America, Australia and Asia. We investigated 346 sequences and compared amino acid composition of NS4A protein of different HCV genotypes through Multiple Sequence Alignment and observed amino acid substitutions C22, V29, V30, V38, Q46 and Q47 in NS4A protein of genotype 1b. Furthermore, we observed C22 and V30 as more consistent members of NS4A protein of genotype 1a. Similarly Q46 and Q47 in genotype 5, V29, V30, Q46 and Q47 in genotype 4, C22, Q46 and Q47 in genotype 6, C22, V38, Q46 and Q47 in genotype 3 and C22 in genotype 2 as more consistent members of NS4A protein of these genotypes. So the different amino acids that were introduced as substitutions in NS4A protein of genotype 1 subtype 1b have been retained as consistent members of the NS4A protein of other known genotypes. CONCLUSION These observations indicate that NS4A protein of different HCV genotypes originally evolved from NS4A protein of genotype 1 subtype 1b, which in turn indicate that HCV genotype 1 subtype 1b established itself earlier in human population and all other known genotypes evolved later as a result of mutations in HCV genotype 1b. These results were further confirmed through phylogenetic analysis by constructing phylogenetic tree using NS4A protein as a phylogenetic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T Sarwar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Acquisition of Genetic Aberrations by Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) during Inflammation-Associated Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2750-66. [PMID: 24212831 PMCID: PMC3757441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities such as nucleotide alterations and chromosomal disorders that accumulate in various tumor-related genes have an important role in cancer development. The precise mechanism of the acquisition of genetic aberrations, however, remains unclear. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a nucleotide editing enzyme, is essential for the diversification of antibody production. AID is expressed only in activated B lymphocytes under physiologic conditions and induces somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in immunoglobulin genes. Inflammation leads to aberrant AID expression in various gastrointestinal organs and increased AID expression contributes to cancer development by inducing genetic alterations in epithelial cells. Studies of how AID induces genetic disorders are expected to elucidate the mechanism of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis.
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Hepatitis C virus hijacks P-body and stress granule components around lipid droplets. J Virol 2011; 85:6882-92. [PMID: 21543503 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02418-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microRNA miR-122 and DDX6/Rck/p54, a microRNA effector, have been implicated in hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that HCV-JFH1 infection disrupted processing (P)-body formation of the microRNA effectors DDX6, Lsm1, Xrn1, PATL1, and Ago2, but not the decapping enzyme DCP2, and dynamically redistributed these microRNA effectors to the HCV production factory around lipid droplets in HuH-7-derived RSc cells. Notably, HCV-JFH1 infection also redistributed the stress granule components GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding protein 1 (G3BP1), ataxin-2 (ATX2), and poly(A)-binding protein 1 (PABP1) to the HCV production factory. In this regard, we found that the P-body formation of DDX6 began to be disrupted at 36 h postinfection. Consistently, G3BP1 transiently formed stress granules at 36 h postinfection. We then observed the ringlike formation of DDX6 or G3BP1 and colocalization with HCV core after 48 h postinfection, suggesting that the disruption of P-body formation and the hijacking of P-body and stress granule components occur at a late step of HCV infection. Furthermore, HCV infection could suppress stress granule formation in response to heat shock or treatment with arsenite. Importantly, we demonstrate that the accumulation of HCV RNA was significantly suppressed in DDX6, Lsm1, ATX2, and PABP1 knockdown cells after the inoculation of HCV-JFH1, suggesting that the P-body and the stress granule components are required for the HCV life cycle. Altogether, HCV seems to hijack the P-body and the stress granule components for HCV replication.
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Lee C, Ma H, Hang JQ, Leveque V, Sklan EH, Elazar M, Klumpp K, Glenn JS. The hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor (BMS-790052) alters the subcellular localization of the NS5A non-structural viral protein. Virology 2011; 414:10-8. [PMID: 21513964 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural (NS) 5A protein plays an essential role in the replication of the viral RNA by the membrane-associated replication complex (RC). Recently, a putative NS5A inhibitor, BMS-790052, exhibited the highest potency of any known anti-HCV compound in inhibiting HCV replication in vitro and showed a promising clinical effect in HCV-infected patients. The precise mechanism of action for this new class of potential anti-HCV therapeutics, however, is still unclear. In order to gain further insight into its mode of action, we sought to test the hypothesis that the antiviral effect of BMS-790052 might be mediated by interfering with the functional assembly of the HCV RC. We observed that BMS-790052 indeed altered the subcellular localization and biochemical fractionation of NS5A. Taken together, our data suggest that NS5A inhibitors such as BMS-790052 can suppress viral genome replication by altering the proper localization of NS5A into functional RCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongho Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Carvajal-Yepes M, Himmelsbach K, Schaedler S, Ploen D, Krause J, Ludwig L, Weiss T, Klingel K, Hildt E. Hepatitis C virus impairs the induction of cytoprotective Nrf2 target genes by delocalization of small Maf proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8941-51. [PMID: 21216956 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.186684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of a variety of cytoprotective genes is regulated by short cis-acting elements in their promoters, called antioxidant response elements (AREs). A central regulator of ARE-mediated gene expression is the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2/ARE-regulated genes are crucial for the maintenance of cellular integrity. Hepatitis C virus inhibits the induction of ARE-regulated genes, but neither induction nor inhibition of ARE-regulated gene expression affects HCV replication directly. In HCV-replicating cells the core protein triggers the delocalization of sMaf proteins from the nucleus to the replicon complex. Here sMafs bind to NS3. The extranuclear sMaf proteins prevent Nrf2 from entry in the nucleus and thereby inhibit the induction of Nrf2/ARE-regulated genes. This results in the decreased expression of cytoprotective genes. Consistent with this finding, the elimination of ROI is impaired in HCV-replicating cells as demonstrated by elevated protein oxidation or 8-OH-dG formation, reflecting DNA damage. In conclusion, these data identified a novel mechanism of Nrf2 regulation and suggest that the HCV-dependent inhibition of Nrf2/ARE-regulated genes confers to the HCV-associated pathogenesis by elevation of intracellular ROI that affect integrity of the host genome and regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Carvajal-Yepes
- Institute of Infection Medicine, Molecular Medical Virology, University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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