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Basu S, Dudreuilh C, Shah S, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Lombardi G, Dorling A. Activation and Regulation of Indirect Alloresponses in Transplanted Patients With Donor Specific Antibodies and Chronic Rejection. Transpl Int 2024; 37:13196. [PMID: 39228658 PMCID: PMC11368725 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2024.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Following transplantation, human CD4+T cells can respond to alloantigen using three distinct pathways. Direct and semi-direct responses are considered potent, but brief, so contribute mostly to acute rejection. Indirect responses are persistent and prolonged, involve B cells as critical antigen presenting cells, and are an absolute requirement for development of donor specific antibody, so more often mediate chronic rejection. Novel in vitro techniques have furthered our understanding by mimicking in vivo germinal centre processes, including B cell antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells and effector cytokine responses following challenge with donor specific peptides. In this review we outline recent data detailing the contribution of CD4+ T follicular helper cells and antigen presenting B cells to donor specific antibody formation and antibody mediated rejection. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometry analyses have revealed specific endogenous regulatory T and B subsets each capable of suppressing distinct aspects of the indirect response, including CD4+ T cell cytokine production, B cell maturation into plasmablasts and antibody production, and germinal centre maturation. These data underpin novel opportunities to control these aberrant processes either by targeting molecules critical to indirect alloresponses or potentiating suppression via exogenous regulatory cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumoyee Basu
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Dudreuilh
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Transplantation, Renal and Urology Directorate, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sapna Shah
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Renal Unit, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Fueyo
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Liver Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Pizzato HA, Alonso-Guallart P, Woods J, Connelly JP, Fehniger TA, Atkinson JP, Pruett-Miller SM, Monsma FJ, Bhattacharya D. Engineering human pluripotent stem cell lines to evade xenogeneic transplantation barriers. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:299-313. [PMID: 38215755 PMCID: PMC10874864 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful allogeneic human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived therapies must overcome immunological rejection by the recipient. To build reagents to define these barriers, we genetically ablated β2M, TAP1, CIITA, CD74, MICA, and MICB to limit expression of HLA-I, HLA-II, and natural killer (NK) cell activating ligands in hPSCs. Transplantation of these cells that also expressed covalent single chain trimers of Qa1 and H2-Kb to inhibit NK cells and CD55, Crry, and CD59 to inhibit complement deposition led to persistent teratomas in wild-type mice. Transplantation of HLA-deficient hPSCs into mice genetically deficient in complement and depleted of NK cells also led to persistent teratomas. Thus, T cell, NK cell, and complement evasion are necessary to prevent immunological rejection of hPSCs and their progeny. These cells and versions expressing human orthologs of immune evasion factors can be used to define cell type-specific immune barriers and conduct preclinical testing in immunocompetent mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Pizzato
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - James Woods
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Jon P Connelly
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John P Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Frederick J Monsma
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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3
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Pizzato HA, Alonso-Guallart P, Woods J, Johannesson B, Connelly JP, Fehniger TA, Atkinson JP, Pruett-Miller SM, Monsma FJ, Bhattacharya D. Engineering Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines to Evade Xenogeneic Transplantation Barriers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.546594. [PMID: 37425790 PMCID: PMC10326974 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cells and tissues for therapeutic transplantation must necessarily overcome immunological rejection by the recipient. To define these barriers and to create cells capable of evading rejection for preclinical testing in immunocompetent mouse models, we genetically ablated β2m, Tap1, Ciita, Cd74, Mica, and Micb to limit expression of HLA-I, HLA-II, and natural killer cell activating ligands in hPSCs. Though these and even unedited hPSCs readily formed teratomas in cord blood-humanized immunodeficient mice, grafts were rapidly rejected by immunocompetent wild-type mice. Transplantation of these cells that also expressed covalent single chain trimers of Qa1 and H2-Kb to inhibit natural killer cells and CD55, Crry, and CD59 to inhibit complement deposition led to persistent teratomas in wild-type mice. Expression of additional inhibitory factors such as CD24, CD47, and/or PD-L1 had no discernible impact on teratoma growth or persistence. Transplantation of HLA-deficient hPSCs into mice genetically deficient in complement and depleted of natural killer cells also led to persistent teratomas. Thus, T cell, NK cell, and complement evasion are necessary to prevent immunological rejection of hPSCs and their progeny. These cells and versions expressing human orthologs of immune evasion factors can be used to refine tissue- and cell type-specific immune barriers, and to conduct preclinical testing in immunocompetent mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A. Pizzato
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - James Woods
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jon P. Connelly
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Todd A. Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - John P. Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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4
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This S, Rogers D, Mallet Gauthier È, Mandl JN, Melichar HJ. What's self got to do with it: Sources of heterogeneity among naive T cells. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101702. [PMID: 36463711 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
There is a long-standing assumption that naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are largely homogeneous populations despite the extraordinary diversity of their T cell receptors (TCR). The self-immunopeptidome plays a key role in the selection of the naive T cell repertoire in the thymus, and self-peptides are also an important driver of differences between individual naive T cells with regard to their subsequent functional contributions to an immune response. Accumulating evidence suggests that as early as the β-selection stage of T cell development, when only one of the recombined chains of the mature TCR is expressed, signaling thresholds may be established for positive selection of immature thymocytes. Stochastic encounters subsequently made with self-ligands during positive selection in the thymus imprint functional biases that a T cell will carry with it throughout its lifetime, although ongoing interactions with self in the periphery ensure a level of plasticity in the gene expression wiring of naive T cells. Identifying the sources of heterogeneity in the naive T cell population and which functional attributes of T cells can be modulated through post-thymic interventions versus those that are fixed during T cell development, could enable us to better select or generate T cells with particular traits to improve the efficacy of T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien This
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dakota Rogers
- Department of Physiology and McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ève Mallet Gauthier
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Judith N Mandl
- Department of Physiology and McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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5
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Duke-Cohan JS, Akitsu A, Mallis RJ, Messier CM, Lizotte PH, Aster JC, Hwang W, Lang MJ, Reinherz EL. Pre-T cell receptor self-MHC sampling restricts thymocyte dedifferentiation. Nature 2023; 613:565-574. [PMID: 36410718 PMCID: PMC9851994 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Programming T cells to distinguish self from non-self is a vital, multi-step process that occurs in the thymus1-4. Signalling through the pre-T cell receptor (preTCR), a CD3-associated heterodimer comprising an invariant pTα chain and a clone-specific β chain, is a critical early checkpoint in thymocyte development within the αβ T cell lineage5,6. PreTCRs arrayed on CD4-CD8- double-negative thymocytes ligate peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHC) on thymic stroma, similar to αβ T cell receptors that appear on CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes, but via a different molecular docking strategy7-10. Here we show the consequences of these distinct interactions for thymocyte progression using synchronized fetal thymic progenitor cultures that differ in the presence or absence of pMHC on support stroma, and single-cell transcriptomes at key thymocyte developmental transitions. Although major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-negative stroma fosters αβ T cell differentiation, the absence of preTCR-pMHC interactions leads to deviant thymocyte transcriptional programming associated with dedifferentiation. Highly proliferative double-negative and double-positive thymocyte subsets emerge, with antecedent characteristics of T cell lymphoblastic and myeloid malignancies. Compensatory upregulation of diverse MHC class Ib proteins in B2m/H2-Ab1 MHC-knockout mice partially safeguards in vivo thymocyte progression, although disseminated double-positive thymic tumours may develop with ageing. Thus, as well as promoting β chain repertoire broadening for subsequent αβ T cell receptor utilization, preTCR-pMHC interactions limit cellular plasticity to facilitate normal thymocyte differentiation and proliferation that, if absent, introduce developmental vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Duke-Cohan
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Aoi Akitsu
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Mallis
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cameron M Messier
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick H Lizotte
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jon C Aster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Matthew J Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Charlesworth CT, Hsu I, Wilkinson AC, Nakauchi H. Immunological barriers to haematopoietic stem cell gene therapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:719-733. [PMID: 35301483 PMCID: PMC8929255 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell and gene therapies using haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) epitomize the transformative potential of regenerative medicine. Recent clinical successes for gene therapies involving autologous HSC transplantation (HSCT) demonstrate the potential of genetic engineering in this stem cell type for curing disease. With recent advances in CRISPR gene-editing technologies, methodologies for the ex vivo expansion of HSCs and non-genotoxic conditioning protocols, the range of clinical indications for HSC-based gene therapies is expected to significantly expand. However, substantial immunological challenges need to be overcome. These include pre-existing immunity to gene-therapy reagents, immune responses to neoantigens introduced into HSCs by genetic engineering, and unique challenges associated with next-generation and off-the-shelf HSC products. By synthesizing these factors in this Review, we hope to encourage more research to address the immunological issues associated with current and next-generation HSC-based gene therapies to help realize the full potential of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten T Charlesworth
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ian Hsu
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam C Wilkinson
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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7
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Lin J, Wang H, Liu C, Cheng A, Deng Q, Zhu H, Chen J. Dendritic Cells: Versatile Players in Renal Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654540. [PMID: 34093544 PMCID: PMC8170486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) induce and regulate adaptive immunity through migrating and maturing in the kidney. In this procedure, they can adopt different phenotypes—rejection-associated DCs promote acute or chronic injury renal grafts while tolerogenic DCs suppress the overwhelmed inflammation preventing damage to renal functionality. All the subsets interact with effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) stimulated by the ischemia–reperfusion procedure, although the classification corresponding to different effects remains controversial. Thus, in this review, we discuss the origin, maturation, and pathological effects of DCs in the kidney. Then we summarize the roles of divergent DCs in renal transplantation: taking both positive and negative stages in ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), switching phenotypes to induce acute or chronic rejection, and orchestrating surface markers for allograft tolerance via alterations in metabolism. In conclusion, we prospect that multidimensional transcriptomic analysis will revolute researches on renal transplantation by addressing the elusive mononuclear phagocyte classification and providing a holistic view of DC ontogeny and subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Lin
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Disease, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Third Grade Laboratory under the National State, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ao Cheng
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingwei Deng
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Disease, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Third Grade Laboratory under the National State, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Burnham RE, Tope D, Branella G, Williams E, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Human serum albumin and chromatin condensation rescue ex vivo expanded γδ T cells from the effects of cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2021; 99:78-87. [PMID: 33485898 PMCID: PMC7941345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Clinical applications of gamma delta (γδ) T cells have advanced from initial interest in expanding γδ T cells in vivo to the development of a manufacturing process for the ex vivo expansion. To develop an "off-the-shelf" allogeneic γδ T cell product, the cell manufacturing process must be optimized to include cryopreservation. It is known that cryopreservation can dramatically reduce viability of primary cells and other cell types after thawing, although the exact effects of cryopreservation on γδ T cell health and functionality have not yet been characterized. Our aim was to characterize the effects of a freeze/thaw cycle on γδ T cells and to develop an optimized protocol for cryopreservation. γδ T cells were expanded under serum-free conditions, using a good manufacturing practice (GMP) compliant protocol developed by our lab. We observed that cryopreservation reduced cell survival and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells, two measures that could not be improved through the use of 5 GMP compliant freezing media. The choice of thawing medium, specifically human albumin (HSA), improved γδ T cell viability and in addition, chromatin condensation prior to freezing increased cell viability after thawing, which could not be further improved with the use of a general caspase inhibitor. Finally, we found that cryopreserved cells had depolarized mitochondrial membranes and reduced cytotoxicity when tested against a range of leukemia cell lines. These studies provide a detailed analysis of the effects of cryopreservation on γδ T cells and provide methods for improving viability in the post-thaw period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Burnham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donald Tope
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gianna Branella
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erich Williams
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Schlottmann F, Bucan V, Vogt PM, Krezdorn N. A Short History of Skin Grafting in Burns: From the Gold Standard of Autologous Skin Grafting to the Possibilities of Allogeneic Skin Grafting with Immunomodulatory Approaches. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:225. [PMID: 33801228 PMCID: PMC7998351 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to groundbreaking and pioneering developments in the last century, significant improvements in the care of burn patients have been achieved. In addition to the still valid therapeutic standard of autologous split-thickness skin grafting, various commercially available skin substitutes are currently available. Significant progress in the field of tissue engineering has led to the development of promising therapeutic approaches. However, scientific advances in the field of allografting and transplant immunology are of great importance. The achievement of various milestones over the past decades has provided thought-provoking impulses in the field of skin allotransplantation. Thus, biologically viable skin allotransplantation is still not a part of the clinical routine. The purpose of this article is to review the achievements in burn surgery with regards to skin allotransplantation in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Schlottmann
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (V.B.); (P.M.V.); (N.K.)
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10
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Li X, Mizsei R, Tan K, Mallis RJ, Duke-Cohan JS, Akitsu A, Tetteh PW, Dubey A, Hwang W, Wagner G, Lang MJ, Arthanari H, Wang JH, Reinherz EL. Pre-T cell receptors topologically sample self-ligands during thymocyte β-selection. Science 2021; 371:181-185. [PMID: 33335016 PMCID: PMC8011828 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Self-discrimination, a critical but ill-defined molecular process programmed during thymocyte development, requires myriad pre-T cell receptors (preTCRs) and αβTCRs. Using x-ray crystallography, we show how a preTCR applies the concave β-sheet surface of its single variable domain (Vβ) to "horizontally" grab the protruding MHC α2-helix. By contrast, αβTCRs purpose all six complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops of their paired VαVβ module to recognize peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCs) in "vertical" head-to-head binding. The preTCR topological fit ensures that CDR3β reaches the peptide's featured C-terminal segment for pMHC sampling, establishing the subsequent αβTCR canonical docking mode. "Horizontal" docking precludes germline CDR1β- and CDR2β-MHC binding to broaden β-chain repertoire diversification before αβTCR-mediated selection refinement. Thus, one subunit successively attunes the recognition logic of related multicomponent receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Réka Mizsei
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kemin Tan
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Robert J Mallis
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Duke-Cohan
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aoi Akitsu
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul W Tetteh
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abhinav Dubey
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jia-Huai Wang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Hughes AD, Zhao D, Dai H, Abou-Daya KI, Tieu R, Rammal R, Williams AL, Landsittel DP, Shlomchik WD, Morelli AE, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Lakkis FG. Cross-dressed dendritic cells sustain effector T cell responses in islet and kidney allografts. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:287-294. [PMID: 31763998 DOI: 10.1172/jci125773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of host T cells that mediate allograft rejection is a 2-step process. The first occurs in secondary lymphoid organs where T cells encounter alloantigens presented by host DCs and differentiate to effectors. Antigen presentation at these sites occurs principally via transfer of intact, donor MHC-peptide complexes from graft cells to host DCs (cross-dressing) or by uptake and processing of donor antigens into allopeptides bound to self-MHC molecules (indirect presentation). The second step takes place in the graft, where effector T cells reengage with host DCs before causing rejection. How host DCs present alloantigens to T cells in the graft is not known. Using mouse islet and kidney transplantation models, imaging cytometry, and 2-photon intravital microscopy, we demonstrate extensive cross-dressing of intragraft host DCs with donor MHC-peptide complexes that occurred early after transplantation, whereas host DCs presenting donor antigen via the indirect pathway were rare. Cross-dressed DCs stably engaged TCR-transgenic effector CD8+ T cells that recognized donor antigen and were sufficient for sustaining acute rejection. In the chronic kidney rejection model, cross-dressing declined over time but was still conspicuous 8 weeks after transplantation. We conclude that cross-dressing of host DCs with donor MHC molecules is a major antigen presentation pathway driving effector T cell responses within allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hughes
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Physician Scientist Training Program, and
| | - Daqiang Zhao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hehua Dai
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Khodor I Abou-Daya
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roger Tieu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rayan Rammal
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amanda L Williams
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas P Landsittel
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Biomedical Informatics
| | - Warren D Shlomchik
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin H Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Lu J, Van Laethem F, Saba I, Chu J, Tikhonova AN, Bhattacharya A, Singer A, Sun PD. Structure of MHC-Independent TCRs and Their Recognition of Native Antigen CD155. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:3351-3359. [PMID: 32321756 PMCID: PMC7390066 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During normal T cell development in the thymus, αβ TCRs signal immature thymocytes to differentiate into mature T cells by binding to peptide-MHC ligands together with CD4/CD8 coreceptors. Conversely, in MHC and CD4/CD8 coreceptor-deficient mice, the thymus generates mature T cells expressing MHC-independent TCRs that recognize native conformational epitopes rather than linear antigenic-peptides presented by MHC. To date, no structural information of MHC-independent TCRs is available, and their structural recognition of non-MHC ligand remains unknown. To our knowledge in this study, we determined the first structures of two murine MHC-independent TCRs (A11 and B12A) that bind with high nanomolar affinities to mouse adhesion receptor CD155. Solution binding demonstrated the Vαβ-domain is responsible for MHC-independent B12A recognition of its ligand. Analysis of A11 and B12A sequences against various MHC-restricted and -independent TCR sequence repertoires showed that individual V-genes of A11 and B12A did not exhibit preference against MHC-restriction. Likewise, CDR3 alone did not discriminate against MHC binding, suggesting VDJ recombination together with Vα/Vβ pairing determine their MHC-independent specificity for CD155. The structures of A11 and B12A TCR are nearly identical to those of MHC-restricted TCR, including the conformations of CDR1 and 2. Mutational analysis, together with negative-staining electron microscopy images, showed that the CDR regions of A11 and B12A recognized epitopes on D1 domain of CD155, a region also involved in CD155 binding to poliovirus and Tactile in human. Taken together, MHC-independent TCRs adopt canonical TCR structures to recognize native Ags, highlighting the importance of thymic selection in determining TCR ligand specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Lu
- Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - François Van Laethem
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ingrid Saba
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jonathan Chu
- Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | | | - Abhisek Bhattacharya
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Peter D. Sun
- Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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13
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Engineering universal cells that evade immune detection. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:723-733. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Platt JL, Cascalho M. Non-canonical B cell functions in transplantation. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:363-377. [PMID: 30980861 PMCID: PMC6544480 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
B cells are differentiated to recognize antigen and respond by producing antibodies. These activities, governed by recognition of ancillary signals, defend the individual against microorganisms and the products of microorganisms and constitute the canonical function of B cells. Despite the unique differentiation (e.g. recombination and mutation of immunoglobulin gene segments) toward this canonical function, B cells can provide other, "non-canonical" functions, such as facilitating of lymphoid organogenesis and remodeling and fashioning T cell repertoires and modifying T cell responses. Some non-canonical functions are exerted by antibodies, but most are mediated by other products and/or direct actions of B cells. The diverse set of non-canonical functions makes the B cell as much as any cell a central organizer of innate and adaptive immunity. However, the diverse products and actions also confound efforts to weigh the importance of individual non-canonical B cell functions. Here we shall describe the non-canonical functions of B cells and offer our perspective on how those functions converge in the development and governance of immunity, particularly immunity to transplants, and hurdles to advancing understanding of B cell functions in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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15
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Schlottmann F, Strauss S, Hake K, Vogt PM, Bucan V. Down-Regulation of MHC Class I Expression in Human Keratinocytes Using Viral Vectors Containing US11 Gene of Human Cytomegalovirus and Cultivation on Bovine Collagen-Elastin Matrix (Matriderm ®): Potential Approach for an Immune-Privileged Skin Substitute. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2056. [PMID: 31027326 PMCID: PMC6540026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin transplantation, especially in burn patients, is still challenging because surgeons are faced with limited disposability of autologous donor side material. The in vitro culture of keratinocytes has become an important reconstructive option. However, only non-immunogenic allogenic keratinocytes offer the opportunity to develop a skin graft that can overcome rejection. The purpose of the study was to develop targeted gene modification of keratinocytes in order to reduce immunogenicity for the use as allogenic transplantable skin graft by decreasing the expression of MHC class I. To reduce MHC class I expression, viral vectors containing the US11 gene of human cytomegalovirus were generated and tested on their functionality using Western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry. Transfected keratinocytes were seeded on commercially available bovine collagen-elastin matrices and further cultured for histological and cell survival assays. Results showed transient down-regulation of MHC class I after 24 h post-transfection, with recovery of MHC class I expression after 48 h. Histological assessments showed long-term cell survival as well as histological patterns comparable to epidermal layers of healthy human skin. The data postulates the potential application of US11 transfected keratinocytes as an approach towards an immune-privileged skin substitute. Nevertheless, further studies and data are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Schlottmann
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sarah Strauss
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kevin Hake
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Peter M Vogt
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Vesna Bucan
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Molecular constraints on CDR3 for thymic selection of MHC-restricted TCRs from a random pre-selection repertoire. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1019. [PMID: 30833553 PMCID: PMC6399321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The αβ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire on mature T cells is selected in the thymus, but the basis for thymic selection of MHC-restricted TCRs from a randomly generated pre-selection repertoire is not known. Here we perform comparative repertoire sequence analyses of pre-selection and post-selection TCR from multiple MHC-sufficient and MHC-deficient mouse strains, and find that MHC-restricted and MHC-independent TCRs are primarily distinguished by features in their non-germline CDR3 regions, with many pre-selection CDR3 sequences not compatible with MHC-binding. Thymic selection of MHC-independent TCR is largely unconstrained, but the selection of MHC-specific TCR is restricted by both CDR3 length and specific amino acid usage. MHC-restriction disfavors TCR with CDR3 longer than 13 amino acids, limits positively charged and hydrophobic amino acids in CDR3β, and clonally deletes TCRs with cysteines in their CDR3 peptide-binding regions. Together, these MHC-imposed structural constraints form the basis to shape VDJ recombination sequences into MHC-restricted repertoires. For T cells, functional antigen receptors are selected in the thymus from a pre-selection repertoire by interaction with self MHCs. Here the authors show that specific, non-germline coded features located in the complementarity determining region 3 of the pre-selection antigen receptors are essential for the selection of MHC-restricted repertoire.
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17
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Willcox BE, Willcox CR. γδ TCR ligands: the quest to solve a 500-million-year-old mystery. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:121-128. [PMID: 30664765 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells have been retained as a lineage over the majority of vertebrate evolution, are able to respond to immune challenges in unique ways, and are of increasing therapeutic interest. However, one central mystery has endured: the identity of the ligands recognized by the γδ T cell antigen receptor. Here we discuss the inherent challenges in answering this question, the new opportunities provided by recent studies, and the criteria by which the field might judge success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Cancer Research UK Birmingham Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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18
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Veng LM, Bjugstad KB, Freed CR, Marrack P, Clarkson ED, Bell KP, Hutt C, Zawada WM. Xenografts of MHC-Deficient Mouse Embryonic Mesencephalon Improve Behavioral Recovery in Hemiparkinsonian Rats. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/096020198389735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited availability of human embryonic tissue for dopamine cell transplants in Parkinson's patients has led to an increased interest in using xenogeneic donor tissue. Unfortunately, without aggressive immunosup-pression, such brain xenografts are rejected by the host immune system. Chronic brain xenograft rejection is largely mediated by helper T cells, which require presentation of xenoantigens by major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II for their activation. We examined survival and function of xenografts of E13 mouse mesencephalon deficient in either MHC class I, class II, or both after transplantation into adult hemiparkinsonian rats without immunosuppression. Recipients received grafts from C57BL/6 mice that were either: 1) wild-type (wt), 2) MHC class I knockout (KO), 3) MHC class II KO, 4) MHC class I and II double KO, or 5) saline sham transplants. At 6 weeks after transplantation, recipients of MHC class I KO, class II KO, and double KO xenografts significantly reduced methamphetamine-induced circling rate while rats with wt xenografts and sham-operated rats showed no improvement. MHC class II KO grafts had the greatest number of surviving dopamine neurons. All transplants, including saline sham controls, contained infiltrating host MHC class II-positive cells. Saline sham grafts and MHC class II KO xenografts contained significantly fewer infiltrating host MHC class II-positive cells than did wt grafts. Our results show that MHC class II-deficient xenografts survive transplantation for at least 6 weeks in the absence of immunosup-pression, reduce rotational asymmetry, and provoke lesser immune reaction than wt grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lone M. Veng
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Kimberly B. Bjugstad
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Curt R. Freed
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Edward D. Clarkson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - K. Patricia Bell
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Cindy Hutt
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - W. Michael Zawada
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
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19
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Wang D, Quan Y, Yan Q, Morales JE, Wetsel RA. Targeted Disruption of the β2-Microglobulin Gene Minimizes the Immunogenicity of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1234-45. [PMID: 26285657 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a promising source of cells for tissue regeneration, yet histoincompatibility remains a major challenge to their clinical application. Because the human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules are the primary mediators of immune rejection, we hypothesized that cells derived from a hESC line lacking HLA-I expression could be transplanted without evoking a robust immune response from allogeneic recipients. In the present study, we used the replacement targeting strategy to delete exons 2 and 3 of β2-microglobulin on both gene alleles in hESCs. Because β2-microglobulin serves as the HLA-I light chain, disruption of the β2-microglobulin gene led to complete HLA-I deficiency on the cell surface of hESCs and their derivatives. Therefore, these cells were resistant to CD8+ T-cell-mediated destruction. Although interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treatment significantly induced β2-microglobulin expression, promoting CD8+ T cell-mediated killing of control hESCs and their derivatives, CD8+ T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity was barely observed with β2-microglobulin-null hESCs and their derivatives treated with IFN-γ. This genetic manipulation to disrupt HLA-I expression did not affect the self-renewal capacity, genomic stability, or pluripotency of hESCs. Despite being relatively sensitive to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing due to the lack of HLA-I expression, when transplanted into NK cell-depleted immunocompetent mice, β2-microglobulin-null hESCs developed into tumors resembling those derived from control hESCs in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. These results demonstrate that β2-microglobulin-null hESCs significantly reduce immunogenicity to CD8+ T cells and might provide a renewable source of cells for tissue regeneration without the need for HLA matching in the future. SIGNIFICANCE This study reports the generation of a novel β2-microglobulin (B2M)-/- human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line. Differentiated mature cells from this line do not express cell surface human leukocyte antigen molecules even after interferon-γ stimulation and are resistant to alloreactive CD8+ T cells. Moreover, this B2M-/- hESC line contains no off-target integration or cleavage events, is devoid of stable B2M mRNA, exhibits a normal karyotype, and retains its self-renewal capacity, genomic stability, and pluripotency. Although B2M-/- hESC-derived cells are more susceptible to natural killer (NK) cells, murine transplantation studies have indicated that they are, overall, much less immunogenic than normal hESCs. Thus, these data show for the first time that, in vivo, the advantages provided by B2M-/- hESC-derived cells in avoiding CD8+ T-cell killing appear significantly greater than any disadvantage caused by increased susceptibility to NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachun Wang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuan Quan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qing Yan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John E Morales
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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20
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Type II bare lymphocyte syndrome: role of peripheral blood flow cytometry and utility of stem cell transplant in treatment. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 37:e245-9. [PMID: 25354255 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disorder characterized by lack of expression of MHCII molecules, causing defective CD4 lymphocyte function and an impaired immune response. Clinical manifestations include susceptibility to severe bacterial, viral, and fungal infections which can lead to failure to thrive and childhood death. The only definitive treatment to date is allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Here, we share our experience of 2 patients who presented with MHCII deficiency. We will discuss the role of diagnostic modalities and stem cell transplantation.
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21
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Zhuang Q, Lakkis FG. Dendritic cells and innate immunity in kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2015; 87:712-8. [PMID: 25629552 PMCID: PMC4382394 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes emerging concepts related to the roles of dendritic cells and innate immunity in organ transplant rejection. First, it highlights the primary role that recipient, rather than donor, dendritic cells have in rejection and reviews their origin and function in the transplanted kidney. Second, it introduces the novel concept that recognition of allogeneic non-self by host monocytes (referred to here as innate allorecognition) is necessary for initiating rejection by inducing monocyte differentiation into mature, antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Both concepts provide opportunities for preventing rejection by targeting monocytes or dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhuang
- 1] Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and the Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Department of Transplantation, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and the Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Korn LL, Thomas HL, Hubbeling HG, Spencer SP, Sinha R, Simkins HMA, Salzman NH, Bushman FD, Laufer TM. Conventional CD4+ T cells regulate IL-22-producing intestinal innate lymphoid cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1045-57. [PMID: 24448096 PMCID: PMC4107180 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune systems in the intestine cooperate to maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier and to regulate the composition of the resident microbiota. However, little is known about the crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune systems that contribute to this homeostasis. We find that CD4+ T cells regulate the number and function of barrier-protective innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), as well as production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), Reg3γ and Reg3β. RAG1-/- mice lacking T and B cells had elevated ILC numbers, interleukin-22 (IL-22) production, and AMP expression, which were corrected by replacement of CD4+ T cells. Major histocompatibility class II-/- (MHCII-/-) mice lacking CD4+ T cells also had increased ILCs, IL-22, and AMPs, suggesting that negative regulation by CD4+ T cells occurs at steady state. We utilized transfers and genetically modified mice to show that reduction of IL-22 is mediated by conventional CD4+ T cells and is T-cell receptor dependent. The IL-22-AMP axis responds to commensal bacteria; however, neither the bacterial repertoire nor the gross localization of commensal bacteria differed between MHCII+/- and MHCII-/- littermates. These data define a novel ability of CD4+ T cells to regulate intestinal IL-22-producing ILCs and AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Korn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hannah L. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Harper G. Hubbeling
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sean P. Spencer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rohini Sinha
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Helen M. A. Simkins
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nita H. Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Terri M. Laufer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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23
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Sullivan SA, Zhu M, Bao S, Lewis CA, Ou-Yang CW, Zhang W. The role of LAT-PLCγ1 interaction in γδ T cell development and homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2865-74. [PMID: 24523509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LAT is a transmembrane adaptor protein that is vital for integrating TCR-mediated signals to modulate T cell development, activation, and proliferation. Upon T cell activation, LAT is phosphorylated and associates with Grb2, Gads, and PLCγ1 through its four distal tyrosine residues. Mutation of one of these tyrosines, Y136, abolishes LAT binding to PLCγ1. This results in impaired TCR-mediated calcium mobilization and Erk activation. CD4 αβ T cells in LATY136F knock-in mice undergo uncontrolled expansion, resulting in a severe autoimmune syndrome. In this study, we investigated the importance of the LAT-PLCγ1 interaction in γδ T cells by crossing LATY136F mice with TCRβ(-/-) mice. Our data showed that the LATY136F mutation had no major effect on homeostasis of epithelial γδ T cells, which could be found in the skin and small intestine. Interestingly, a population of CD4(+) γδ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes underwent continuous expansion and produced elevated amounts of IL-4, resulting in an autoimmune syndrome similar to that caused by αβ T cells in LATY136F mice. Development of these hyperproliferative γδ T cells was not dependent on MHC class II expression or CD4, and their proliferation could be suppressed, in part, by regulatory T cells. Our data indicated that a unique subset of CD4 γδ T cells can hyperproliferate in LATY136F mice and suggested that LAT-PLCγ1 signaling may function differently in various subsets of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sullivan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Ji J, Judkowski VA, Liu G, Wang H, Bunying A, Li Z, Xu M, Bender J, Pinilla C, Yu JS. Identification of novel human leukocyte antigen-A*0201-restricted, cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes on CD133 for cancer stem cell immunotherapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:356-64. [PMID: 24375541 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) with immunotherapy may be an effective means to prevent recurrences in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). It is well established that CD133 is expressed in the population of GBM tumor cells representing CSCs. This raises a possibility that CD133 could serve as a potential target for cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) to target glioblastoma cancer stem cells. Two potential human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201-restricted CD133 epitopes, ILSAFSVYV (CD133-405) and YLQWIEFSI (CD133-753), showed strong binding to HLA-A*0201 molecules. In vitro immunogenicity studies generated peptide-specific CD8(+) CTLs from normal donors. Autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with the CD133-405 or CD133-753 peptides generated CTLs that efficiently recognized the CD133 epitopes presented in T2 HLA-A*0201 cells and specifically lysed CD133+ HLA-A*0201(+) GBM CSCs. These studies demonstrated natural processing and subsequent presentation of these epitopes in GBM CSCs and the ability of CTLs to kill CSCs bearing the antigen. Immunization studies in mice using the mouse homolog CD133 epitopes demonstrated immunogenicity in the absence of autoimmune damage. The results presented in this study support the use of CD133-specific epitope vaccines to target CSCs in glioblastoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA; ImmunoCellular Therapeutics, Ltd., Calabasas, Calfornia, USA
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25
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Melichar HJ, Ross JO, Herzmark P, Hogquist KA, Robey EA. Distinct temporal patterns of T cell receptor signaling during positive versus negative selection in situ. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra92. [PMID: 24129702 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) of self-peptides presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and thymic epithelial cells, controls T cell fate in the thymus, with weak TCR signals inducing survival (positive selection) and stronger signals inducing death (negative selection). In vitro studies indicate that peptide ligands that induce positive selection stimulate a low, but sustained, pattern of TCR signaling; however, the temporal pattern of TCR signaling in MHC class I-restricted thymocytes (thymocytes that are presented with peptides by MHC class I) in the thymus, under conditions that support positive selection, is unknown. We addressed this question by examining intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics and migratory changes in thymocytes undergoing positive and negative selection in thymic slices. Brief, serial signaling events that were separated by migratory periods and low cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations correlated with the positive selection of MHC class I-restricted thymocytes, whereas sustained Ca(2+) signaling and the arrest of thymocytes were associated with negative selection. Low-avidity peptides and the presentation of peptides by cortical thymic epithelial cells, rather than dendritic cells, failed to induce strong migratory arrest of thymocytes, which led to transient TCR signaling. Thus, we provide a comparison of positive and negative selection signals in situ and suggest that the absence of strong stop signals distinguishes between positive and negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Melichar
- 1Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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26
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Enhancing stem cell survival in vivo for tissue repair. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:736-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Martin KR, Layton D, Seach N, Corlett A, Barallobre MJ, Arbonés ML, Boyd RL, Scott B, Pritchard MA. Upregulation of RCAN1 causes Down syndrome-like immune dysfunction. J Med Genet 2013; 50:444-54. [PMID: 23644448 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with Down syndrome (DS) are more susceptible to infections and autoimmune disease, but the molecular genetic basis for these immune defects remains undetermined. In this study, we tested whether increased expression of the chromosome 21 gene RCAN1 contributes to immune dysregulation. METHODS We investigated the immune phenotype of a mouse model that overexpresses RCAN1. RCAN1 transgenic (TG) mice exhibit T cell abnormalities that bear a striking similarity to the abnormalities described in individuals with DS. RESULTS RCAN1-TG mice display T cell developmental defects in the thymus and peripheral immune tissues. Thymic cellularity is reduced by substantial losses of mature CD4 and CD8 thymocytes and medullary epithelium. In peripheral immune organs T lymphocytes are reduced in number and exhibit reduced proliferative capacity and aberrant cytokine production. These T cell defects are stem cell intrinsic in that transfer of wild type bone marrow into RCAN1-TG recipients restored medullary thymic epithelium and T cell numbers in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. However, bone marrow transplantation failed to improve T cell function, suggesting an additional role for RCAN1 in the non-haemopoietic compartment. CONCLUSIONS RCAN1 therefore facilitates T cell development and function, and when overexpressed, may contribute to immune dysfunction in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Martin
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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28
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Halkias J, Melichar HJ, Taylor KT, Ross JO, Yen B, Cooper SB, Winoto A, Robey EA. Opposing chemokine gradients control human thymocyte migration in situ. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2131-42. [PMID: 23585474 DOI: 10.1172/jci67175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ordered migration of thymocytes from the cortex to the medulla is critical for the appropriate selection of the mature T cell repertoire. Most studies of thymocyte migration rely on mouse models, but we know relatively little about how human thymocytes find their appropriate anatomical niches within the thymus. Moreover, the signals that retain CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes in the cortex and prevent them from entering the medulla prior to positive selection have not been identified in mice or humans. Here, we examined the intrathymic migration of human thymocytes in both mouse and human thymic stroma and found that human thymocyte subsets localized appropriately to the cortex on mouse thymic stroma and that MHC-dependent interactions between human thymocytes and mouse stroma could maintain the activation and motility of DP cells. We also showed that CXCR4 was required to retain human DP thymocytes in the cortex, whereas CCR7 promoted migration of mature human thymocytes to the medulla. Thus, 2 opposing chemokine gradients control the migration of thymocytes from the cortex to the medulla. These findings point to significant interspecies conservation in thymocyte-stroma interactions and provide the first evidence that chemokines not only attract mature thymocytes to the medulla, but also play an active role in retaining DP thymocytes in the cortex prior to positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Halkias
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA
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29
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Dutta M, Kraus ZJ, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Hwang SH, Cannons JL, Cheng J, Lee SY, Wiest DL, Wakeland EK, Schwartzberg PL. A role for Ly108 in the induction of promyelocytic zinc finger transcription factor in developing thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:2121-8. [PMID: 23355739 PMCID: PMC3578000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The promyelocytic zinc finger transcription factor (PLZF) is required for the development of activated phenotypes in NKT and other innate T lymphocytes. Although strong TCR stimulation has been implicated in the induction of PLZF, the factors regulating PLZF expression are incompletely understood. We show in this study that costimulation of preselection double-positive thymocytes through the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family receptor Ly108 markedly enhanced PLZF expression compared with that induced by TCR stimulation alone. Costimulation with Ly108 increased expression of early growth response protein (Egr)-2 and binding of Egr-2 to the promoter of Zbtb16, which encodes PLZF, and resulted in PLZF levels similar to those seen in NKT cells. In contrast, costimulation with anti-CD28 failed to enhance Egr-2 binding and Zbtb16 expression. Moreover, mice lacking Ly108 showed decreased numbers of PLZF-expressing CD4(+) T cells. Together, these results support a potential role for Ly108 in the induction of PLZF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala Dutta
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
- George Washington University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Zachary J. Kraus
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Sun-hee Hwang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Jun Cheng
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - David L. Wiest
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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30
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Horikawa M, Weimer ET, DiLillo DJ, Venturi GM, Spolski R, Leonard WJ, Heise MT, Tedder TF. Regulatory B cell (B10 Cell) expansion during Listeria infection governs innate and cellular immune responses in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1158-68. [PMID: 23275601 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens use numerous methods to subvert host immune responses, including the modulation of host IL-10 production by diverse cell types. However, the B cell sources of IL-10 and their overall influence on innate and cellular immune responses have not been well characterized during infections. Using Listeria as a model pathogen, infection drove the acute expansion of a small subset of regulatory B cells (B10 cells) that potently suppress inflammation and autoimmunity through the production of IL-10. Unexpectedly, spleen bacteria loads were 92-97% lower in B10 cell-deficient CD19(-/-) mice, in mice depleted of mature B cells, and in mice treated with CD22 mAb to preferentially deplete B10 cells before infection. By contrast, the adoptive transfer of wild-type B10 cells reduced bacterial clearance by 38-fold in CD19(-/-) mice through IL-10-dependent pathways. B10 cell depletion using CD22 mAb significantly enhanced macrophage phagocytosis of Listeria and their production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and NO ex vivo. Accelerated bacteria clearance following B10 cell depletion significantly reduced Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferation and cytokine production, but did not alter CD8(+) T cell responses. B10 cell regulatory function during innate immune responses was nonetheless dependent on cognate interactions with CD4(+) T cells because B10 cells deficient in IL-10, MHC-II, or IL-21R expression did not influence Listeria clearance. Thus, Listeria manipulates immune responses through a strategy of immune evasion that involves the preferential expansion of endogenous B10 cells that regulate the magnitude and duration of both innate and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuka Horikawa
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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31
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Yoshizaki A, Miyagaki T, DiLillo DJ, Matsushita T, Horikawa M, Kountikov EI, Spolski R, Poe JC, Leonard WJ, Tedder TF. Regulatory B cells control T-cell autoimmunity through IL-21-dependent cognate interactions. Nature 2012; 491:264-8. [PMID: 23064231 PMCID: PMC3493692 DOI: 10.1038/nature11501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells regulate immune responses by producing antigen-specific antibodies. However, specific B-cell subsets can also negatively regulate T-cell immune responses, and have been termed regulatory B cells. Human and mouse regulatory B cells (B10 cells) with the ability to express the inhibitory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) have been identified. Although rare, B10 cells are potent negative regulators of antigen-specific inflammation and T-cell-dependent autoimmune diseases in mice. How B10-cell IL-10 production and regulation of antigen-specific immune responses are controlled in vivo without inducing systemic immunosuppression is unknown. Using a mouse model for multiple sclerosis, here we show that B10-cell maturation into functional IL-10-secreting effector cells that inhibit in vivo autoimmune disease requires IL-21 and CD40-dependent cognate interactions with T cells. Moreover, the ex vivo provision of CD40 and IL-21 receptor signals can drive B10-cell development and expansion by four-million-fold, and generate B10 effector cells producing IL-10 that markedly inhibit disease symptoms when transferred into mice with established autoimmune disease. The ex vivo expansion and reinfusion of autologous B10 cells may provide a novel and effective in vivo treatment for severe autoimmune diseases that are resistant to current therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Division
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-21/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-21/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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32
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Dutta M, Schwartzberg PL. Characterization of Ly108 in the thymus: evidence for distinct properties of a novel form of Ly108. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3031-41. [PMID: 22393150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ly108 (CD352) is a member of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors that signals through SLAM-associated protein (SAP), an SH2 domain protein that can function by the recruitment of Src family kinases or by competition with phosphatases. Ly108 is expressed on a variety of hematopoietic cells, with especially high levels on developing thymocytes. We find that Ly108 is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in murine thymi in a SAP- and Fyn kinase-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of Ly108 is rapidly lost after thymocyte disaggregation, suggesting dynamic contact-mediated regulation of Ly108. Similar to recent reports, we find at least three isoforms of Ly108 mRNA and protein in the thymus, which are differentially expressed in the thymi of C57BL/6 and 129S6 mice that express the lupus-resistant and lupus-prone haplotypes of Ly108, respectively. Notably, the recently described novel isoform Ly108-H1 is not expressed in mice having the lupus-prone haplotype of Ly108, but is expressed in C57BL/6 mice. We further provide evidence for differential phosphorylation of these isoforms; the novel Ly108-H1does not undergo tyrosine phosphorylation, suggesting that it functions as a decoy isoform that contributes to the reduced overall phosphorylation of Ly108 seen in C57BL/6 mice. Our study suggests that Ly108 is dynamically regulated in the thymus, shedding light on Ly108 isoform expression and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala Dutta
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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33
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Mingueneau M, Jiang W, Feuerer M, Mathis D, Benoist C. Thymic negative selection is functional in NOD mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:623-37. [PMID: 22329992 PMCID: PMC3302233 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on analyses of multiple TCR transgenic (tg) models, the emergence of pathogenic T cells in diabetes-prone NOD mice has been ascribed to a failure to censure autoreactive clones in the thymus. In contrast, using isolated and preselected thymocytes, we show that nonobese diabetic (NOD) genetic variation impairs neither clonal deletion nor downstream transcriptional programs. However, we find that NOD genetic variation influences αβ/γδ-lineage decisions promoted by early expression of tg αβ-TCRs at the double-negative (DN) stage. In B6 and other genetic backgrounds, tg αβ-TCRs behave like γδ-TCRs and commit a large fraction of DNs toward the γδ-lineage, thereby decreasing the size of the double-positive (DP) pool, which is efficiently positively and negatively selected. In NOD DNs, αβ-TCR signalosomes instead behave like pre-TCRs, resulting in high numbers of DPs competing for limited selection niches, and poor positive and negative selection. Once niche effects are neutralized in mixed bone marrow chimeras, positive and negative selection are equally efficient on B6 and NOD backgrounds. Biochemical analysis revealed a selective defect in the activation of Erk1/2 downstream of NOD αβ-TCR signalosomes. Therefore, NOD genetic variation influences αβ/γδ-lineage decisions when the αβ-TCR heterodimer is prematurely expressed, but not the process of negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mingueneau
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Repair of damaged myocardium with pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes is becoming increasingly more feasible. Developments in stem cell research emphasize the need to address the foreseeable problem of immune rejection following transplantation. Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) derived cardiomyocytes have unique immune characteristics, some of which are not advantageous for transplantation. Here we review the possible mechanisms of PSC-derived cardiomyocytes rejection, summarize the current knowledge pertaining to immunogenicity of such cells and describe the existing controversies. Myocardial graft rejection can be reduced by modifying PSCs prior to their differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Overall, this approach facilitates the development of universal donor stem cells suitable for the regeneration of many different tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaruhi Karabekian
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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35
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Staton TL, Lazarevic V, Jones DC, Lanser AJ, Takagi T, Ishii S, Glimcher LH. Dampening of death pathways by schnurri-2 is essential for T-cell development. Nature 2011; 472:105-9. [PMID: 21475200 PMCID: PMC3077958 DOI: 10.1038/nature09848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Generation of a diverse and self-tolerant T cell repertoire requires appropriate interpretation of T cell receptor (TCR) signals by CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes. Thymocyte cell fate is dictated by the nature of TCR:MHC-peptide interactions, with signals of higher strength leading to death (negative selection) and signals of intermediate strength leading to differentiation (positive selection)1. Molecules that regulate T cell development by modulating TCR signal strength have been described but components that specifically define the boundaries between positive and negative selection remain unknown. Here we show that repression of TCR-induced death pathways is critical for proper interpretation of positive selecting signals in vivo, and identify Schnurri2 (Shn2) as a crucial death dampener. Our results indicate that Shn2−/− DP thymocytes inappropriately undergo negative selection in response to positive selecting signals, thus leading to disrupted T cell development. Shn2−/− DP thymocytes are more sensitive to TCR-induced death in vitro and die in response to positive selection interactions in vivo. However, Shn2-deficient thymocytes can be positively selected when TCR-induced death is genetically-ablated. Shn2 levels increase after TCR stimulation suggesting that integration of multiple TCR:MHC-peptide interactions may fine tune the death threshold. Mechanistically, Shn2 functions downstream of TCR proximal signaling compenents to dampen Bax activation and the mitochondrial death pathway. Our findings uncover a critical regulator of T cell development that controls the balance between death and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Staton
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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36
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de la Cruz J, Kruger T, Parks CA, Silge RL, van Oers NSC, Luescher IF, Schrum AG, Gil D. Basal and antigen-induced exposure of the proline-rich sequence in CD3ε. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:2282-90. [PMID: 21228347 PMCID: PMC3810001 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD3ε cytoplasmic tail contains a conserved proline-rich sequence (PRS) that influences TCR-CD3 expression and signaling. Although the PRS can bind the SH3.1 domain of the cytosolic adapter Nck, whether the PRS is constitutively available for Nck binding or instead represents a cryptic motif that is exposed via conformational change upon TCR-CD3 engagement (CD3Δc) is currently unresolved. Furthermore, the extent to which a cis-acting CD3ε basic amino acid-rich stretch (BRS), with its unique phosphoinositide-binding capability, might impact PRS accessibility is not clear. In this study, we found that freshly harvested primary thymocytes expressed low to moderate basal levels of Nck-accessible PRS ("open-CD3"), although most TCR-CD3 complexes were inaccessible to Nck ("closed-CD3"). Ag presentation in vivo induced open-CD3, accounting for half of the basal level found in thymocytes from MHC(+) mice. Additional stimulation with either anti-CD3 Abs or peptide-MHC ligands further elevated open-CD3 above basal levels, consistent with a model wherein antigenic engagement induces maximum PRS exposure. We also found that the open-CD3 conformation induced by APCs outlasted the time of ligand occupancy, marking receptors that had been engaged. Finally, CD3ε BRS-phosphoinositide interactions played no role in either adoption of the initial closed-CD3 conformation or induction of open-CD3 by Ab stimulation. Thus, a basal level of open-CD3 is succeeded by a higher, induced level upon TCR-CD3 engagement, involving CD3Δc and prolonged accessibility of the CD3ε PRS to Nck.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Hybridomas
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Proline/immunology
- Proline/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier de la Cruz
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Initiative to Maximize Student Diversity and Post Baccalaureate Research Education Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Travis Kruger
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Christopher A. Parks
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Robert L. Silge
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nicolai S. C. van Oers
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Immanuel F. Luescher
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Adam G. Schrum
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Jan M, Virtue AT, Pansuria M, Liu J, Xiong X, Fang P, Meng S, Wang H, Yang XF. The Role of Immunogenicity in Cardiovascular Disease. WORLD HEART JOURNAL 2011; 3:1-29. [PMID: 24511305 PMCID: PMC3915419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, many of the complexities associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been unlocked. However, despite these breakthroughs, CVD and its related complications are the leading contributors of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which indicates the shortcomings of current treatment regimens and the need for continued research. Published data within the field clearly indicates that CVD are built on inflammation and autoimmune platforms, though a strong, fundamental understanding of the mechanisms remains elusive. Areas such as the mechanisms underlying increased immunogenicity of self-proteins in the cardiovascular system, the roles of immunogenic auto-antigens in eliciting inflammatory autoimmune responses, and the immunosuppressive mechanisms involved in controlling inflammatory and autoimmune cardiovascular diseases remain to be well-understood. We will delve into these topics and the advancements made within the field in this review. Specifically, we will concentrate on the innate and adaptive immune responses mediating immunogenicity; the mechanisms of inflammation and autoimmunity in atherogenesis; the mechanisms of inflammation and autoimmunity in diabetic atherosclerosis; immunogenicity and stem cell therapy; as well as immunogenicity and immunosuppression. In depth examination and comprehension of these topics will provide insight into the recent progress of the field and bring to the forefront potentially novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jan
- Department of Pharmacology
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Anthony T. Virtue
- Department of Pharmacology
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Meghanaben Pansuria
- Department of Pharmacology
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Jingshan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Xinyu Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Pu Fang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Shu Meng
- Department of Pharmacology
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center
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Tremblay M, Tremblay CS, Herblot S, Aplan PD, Hébert J, Perreault C, Hoang T. Modeling T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia induced by the SCL and LMO1 oncogenes. Genes Dev 2010; 24:1093-105. [PMID: 20516195 PMCID: PMC2878648 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1897910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering molecular events required for full transformation of normal cells into cancer cells remains a challenge. In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), the genes encoding the TAL1/SCL and LMO1/2 transcription factors are recurring targets of chromosomal translocations, whereas NOTCH1 is activated in >50% of samples. Here we show that the SCL and LMO1 oncogenes collaborate to expand primitive thymocyte progenitors and inhibit later stages of differentiation. Together with pre-T-cell antigen receptor (pre-TCR) signaling, these oncogenes provide a favorable context for the acquisition of activating Notch1 mutations and the emergence of self-renewing leukemia-initiating cells in T-ALL. All tumor cells harness identical and specific Notch1 mutations and Tcrbeta clonal signature, indicative of clonal dominance and concurring with the observation that Notch1 gain of function confers a selective advantage to SCL-LMO1 transgenic thymocytes. Accordingly, a hyperactive Notch1 allele accelerates leukemia onset induced by SCL-LMO1 and bypasses the requirement for pre-TCR signaling. Finally, the time to leukemia induced by the three transgenes corresponds to the time required for clonal expansion from a single leukemic stem cell, suggesting that SCL, LMO1, and Notch1 gain of function, together with an active pre-TCR, might represent the minimum set of complementing events for the transformation of susceptible thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Tremblay
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Cédric S. Tremblay
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sabine Herblot
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Peter D. Aplan
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Josée Hébert
- Banque de Cellules Leucémiques du Québec, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Claude Perreault
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Trang Hoang
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Arias DAA, McCarty N, Lu L, Maldonado RA, Shinohara ML, Cantor H. Unexpected role of clathrin adaptor AP-1 in MHC-dependent positive selection of T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2556-61. [PMID: 20133794 PMCID: PMC2823916 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913671107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trafficking of transmembrane receptors to a specific intracellular compartment is conducted by adaptor molecules that bind to target motifs within the cytoplasmic domains of cargo proteins. We generated mice containing a lymphoid-specific deficiency of AP-1 using RNAi knockdown technology. Inhibition of AP-1 expression in thymocytes blocks progression from double-positive immature thymocytes, resulting in complete absence of CD4(+) single-positive thymocytes and severe reduction of CD3(+)CD8(+) single-positive thymocytes. Analysis of the contribution of AP-1 deficiency on the interaction between mature CD4(+) T cells and antigen-presenting cells revealed that AP-1 is essential to efficient immune synapse formation and associated T cell activation, suggesting a possible mechanism of AP-1 function in thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Alvarez Arias
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nami McCarty
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Linrong Lu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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40
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Garrod KR, Liu FC, Forrest LE, Parker I, Kang SM, Cahalan MD. NK cell patrolling and elimination of donor-derived dendritic cells favor indirect alloreactivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2329-36. [PMID: 20139277 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Direct presentation of foreign MHC molecules expressed by donor-derived dendritic cells (DCs) has generally been considered the dominant pathway of allorecognition in acute transplant rejection. However, recent studies implicate preferential activation of the indirect pathway by host DCs. The respective importance of each pathway and the mechanisms that determine their relative contributions remain to be clearly established. In this study, using two-photon microscopy, we visualized host NK cell interactions with syngeneic and allogeneic DCs within intact lymph nodes of mice. Upon contact with allogeneic DCs, NK cells formed prolonged interactions that led directly to target cell lysis. This rapid elimination limited the ability of allogeneic DCs to stimulate primary and recall T cell responses. To discriminate whether donor or host DCs are principally involved in presenting Ag derived from allografts, we used CD11c-diphtheria toxoid receptor mice to conditionally ablate CD11c(+) DCs and to show that direct presentation by donor DCs is alone insufficient to elicit acute allograft rejection. We thus propose that rapid elimination of allogeneic DCs limits direct Ag presentation and thereby favors the indirect pathway of alloreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kym R Garrod
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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41
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Sauer K, Huang YH, Lin H, Sandberg M, Mayr GW. Phosphoinositide and inositol phosphate analysis in lymphocyte activation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2009; Chapter 11:11.1.1-11.1.46. [PMID: 19918943 PMCID: PMC4500525 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1101s87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte antigen receptor engagement profoundly changes the cellular content of phosphoinositide lipids and soluble inositol phosphates. Among these, the phosphoinositides phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) play key signaling roles by acting as pleckstrin homology (PH) domain ligands that recruit signaling proteins to the plasma membrane. Moreover, PIP2 acts as a precursor for the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol and soluble inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), essential mediators of PKC, Ras/Erk, and Ca2+ signaling in lymphocytes. IP3 phosphorylation by IP3 3-kinases generates inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP4), an essential soluble regulator of PH domain binding to PIP3 in developing T cells. Besides PIP2, PIP3, IP3, and IP4, lymphocytes produce multiple other phosphoinositides and soluble inositol phosphates that could have important physiological functions. To aid their analysis, detailed protocols that allow one to simultaneously measure the levels of multiple different phosphoinositide or inositol phosphate isomers in lymphocytes are provided here. They are based on thin layer, conventional and high-performance liquid chromatographic separation methods followed by radiolabeling or non-radioactive metal-dye detection. Finally, less broadly applicable non-chromatographic methods for detection of specific phosphoinositide or inositol phosphate isomers are discussed. Support protocols describe how to obtain pure unstimulated CD4+CD8+ thymocyte populations for analyses of inositol phosphate turnover during positive and negative selection, key steps in T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sauer
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Hongying Lin
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Sandberg
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California
| | - Georg W Mayr
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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42
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Heng TSP, Dudakov JA, Khong DMP, Chidgey AP, Boyd RL. Stem cells—meet immunity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:1061-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Matsushita T, Tsubata T, Tedder TF. The development and function of regulatory B cells expressing IL-10 (B10 cells) requires antigen receptor diversity and TLR signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7459-72. [PMID: 19494269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity and inflammation are controlled in part by regulatory B cells, including a recently identified IL-10-competent CD1d(high)CD5(+) B cell subset termed B10 cells that represents 1-3% of adult mouse spleen B cells. In this study, pathways that influence B10 cell generation and IL-10 production were identified and compared with previously described regulatory B cells. IL-10-competent B cells were predominantly CD1d(high)CD5(+) in adult spleen and were the prevalent source of IL-10, but not other cytokines. B10 cell development and/or maturation in vivo required Ag receptor diversity and intact signaling pathways, but not T cells, gut-associated flora, or environmental pathogens. Spleen B10 cell frequencies were significantly expanded in aged mice and mice predisposed to autoimmunity, but were significantly decreased in mouse strains that are susceptible to exogenous autoantigen-induced autoimmunity. LPS, PMA, plus ionomycin stimulation in vitro for 5 h induced B10 cells to express cytoplasmic IL-10. However, prolonged LPS or CD40 stimulation (48 h) induced additional adult spleen CD1d(high)CD5(+) B cells to express IL-10 following PMA plus ionomycin stimulation. Prolonged LPS or CD40 stimulation of newborn spleen and adult blood or lymph node CD1d(low) and/or CD5(-) B cells also induced cytoplasmic IL-10 competence in rare B cells, with CD40 ligation uniformly inducing CD5 expression. IL-10 secretion was induced by LPS signaling through MyD88-dependent pathways, but not following CD40 ligation. LPS stimulation also induced rapid B10 cell clonal expansion when compared with other spleen B cells. Thereby, both adaptive and innate signals regulate B10 cell development, maturation, CD5 expression, and competence for IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yanaba
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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44
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Collins EJ, Riddle DS. TCR-MHC docking orientation: natural selection, or thymic selection? Immunol Res 2009; 41:267-94. [PMID: 18726714 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCR) dock on their peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) targets in a conserved orientation. Since amino acid sidechains are the foundation of specific protein-protein interactions, a simple explanation for the conserved docking orientation is that key amino acids encoded by the TCR and MHC genes have been selected and maintained through evolution in order to preserve TCR/pMHC binding. Expectations that follow from the hypothesis that TCR and MHC evolved to interact are discussed in light of the data that both support and refute them. Finally, an alternative and equally simple explanation for the driving force behind the conserved docking orientation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 804 Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA.
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45
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Colvin BL, Matta BM, Thomson AW. Dendritic cells and chemokine-directed migration in transplantation: where are we headed? Clin Lab Med 2009; 28:375-84, v. [PMID: 19028258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of dendritic cells (DC) in transplantation is often overshadowed by the more prominent roles of T and B cells, which interact directly with and, in the absence of immunosuppressive therapy, destroy the allograft. It has become increasingly recognized, however, that these potent antigen-presenting cells exert control over the immune response and regulate the balance between tolerance and immunity to transplanted organs and tissues. The role that chemokines play in influencing DC function with impact on regulation of immune responses against the graft is only beginning to be understood. This article considers how the manipulation of DC trafficking during an alloimmune response can affect graft outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Colvin
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1544 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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46
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Tuovinen H, Pöntynen N, Gylling M, Kekäläinen E, Perheentupa J, Miettinen A, Arstila TP. gammadelta T cells develop independently of Aire. Cell Immunol 2009; 257:5-12. [PMID: 19261265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the transcriptional regulator Aire disrupt thymic alphabeta T cell selection, causing in humans Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). However, it is not known whether Aire is needed for normal gammadelta T cell development. We show that Aire(-/-) mice have a normal frequency of gammadelta T cells, with TCR repertoire comparable to that of wild-type mice, and normal amount of TCR Cdelta mRNA in ileum and skin. gammadelta T cells did not express increased amounts of CD25 or display hyperproliferation, and were not involved in pathological salivary gland infiltrates. Lastly, the frequency of circulating gammadelta T cells was similar in APECED patients and healthy controls. These data indicate that gammadelta T cells develop independently of Aire and are unlikely to have a significant pathogenetic or protective role in APECED. The antigens responsible for gammadelta and alphabeta T cell selection are thus probably largely different.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/immunology
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- AIRE Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Tuovinen
- Department of Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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47
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Jubala CM, Lamerato-Kozicki AR, Borakove M, Lang J, Gardner LA, Coffey D, Helm KM, Schaack J, Baier M, Cutter GR, Bellgrau D, Modiano JF. MHC-dependent desensitization of intrinsic anti-self reactivity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:171-85. [PMID: 18523772 PMCID: PMC2585149 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The survival of naive T cells is compromised in the absence of molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) while antigen-experienced T cells survive. We hypothesized that survival pressures in an in vivo, MHC-deficient environment would permit enrichment of less frequent antigen-experienced autoreactive cells at the expense of the majority of antigen naive T cells. To test this hypothesis, we generated MHC class I- and class II-deficient mice in NOD and C57Bl/6 (B6) backgrounds, and examined the capacity of adoptively transferred autoimmune-prone NOD T cells, or non-autoimmune prone naive B6 T cells, respectively, to reject transplanted wild-type pancreatic islets or transplantable tumors in the MHC-deficient mice. In the MHC-deficient environment, CD4 T cells acquired self-hostile properties (islet rejection and tumor invasion) that were independent from their genetic propensity for autoreactivity, while CD8 T cells required appropriate prior exposure to antigen in order to survive and function (reject tumor) in this environment; however, disengagement of Tob1, a negative regulator of proliferation, led to a reverse phenotype with regard to persistence of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the MHC-deficient environment. Our data suggest that self-peptide/MHC interactions have dual roles to facilitate survival and restrain autoreactivity, thus acting as integral components of an intrinsic network of negative regulation that maintains tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela R. Lamerato-Kozicki
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
- Present Address: Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Michelle Borakove
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
| | - Julie Lang
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
| | | | - David Coffey
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
| | - Karen M. Helm
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Jerome Schaack
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
| | - Monika Baier
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
- Present Address: Clinical & Regulatory Affairs/Biometrics Department Biostatistician, Novartis Pharma GmbH, Roonstrasse 25, 90429 Nuernberg, Germany
| | - Gary R. Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Donald Bellgrau
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson St. K503, Denver, CO 80206 USA
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 455 VMC MMC6194, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
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48
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Charron D, Suberbielle-Boissel C, Al-Daccak R. Immunogenicity and Allogenicity: A Challenge of Stem Cell Therapy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2008; 2:130-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-008-9062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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49
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White AJ, Withers DR, Parnell SM, Scott HS, Finke D, Lane PJL, Jenkinson EJ, Anderson G. Sequential phases in the development of Aire-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells involve distinct cellular input. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:942-7. [PMID: 18350550 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200738052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Intrathymic deletion of immature thymocytes that express self-reactive TCR specificities is essential in the generation of self tolerance. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) expressing the transcriptional regulator Aire play a key role in this process by regulating expression of tissue-restricted antigens to ensure tolerance to peripheral tissues. Here, we have analysed the cellular and molecular requirements for the initial appearance of Aire+ mTEC in the embryonic thymus, in addition to their persistence in the adult thymus. Analysis of thymic ontogeny shows that the emergence of embryonic Aire+ mTEC occurs prior to the appearance of mature thymocytes, and depends upon lymphoid tissue inducer cells expressing retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma. In the adult thymus, we show that Aire+ mTEC develop in the absence of thymocyte positive and negative selection and CD40 signalling, but are present at reduced frequency. Collectively these data support a model where the initial differentiation of Aire+ mTEC involves receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK)-RANKL interactions with lymphoid tissue inducer cells, with subsequent mTEC turnover and/or survival involving CD40-mediated signalling following interactions with mature CD4+ thymocytes that express CD40L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J White
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
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50
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Coleman B, de Silva MG, Shepherd RK. Concise Review: The Potential of Stem Cells for Auditory Neuron Generation and Replacement. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2685-94. [PMID: 17656641 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea are sensitive to many insults including loud noise, ototoxic drugs, and ageing. Damage to these hair cells results in deafness and sets in place a number of irreversible changes that eventually result in the progressive degeneration of auditory neurons, the target cells of the cochlear implant. Techniques designed to preserve the density and integrity of auditory neurons in the deafened cochlea are envisaged to provide improved outcomes for cochlear implant recipients. This review examines the potential of embryonic stem cells to generate new neurons for the deafened mammalian cochlea, including the directed differentiation of stem cells toward a sensory neural lineage and the engraftment of exogenous stem cells into the deafened auditory system. Although still in its infancy the aim of this therapy is to restore a critical number of auditory neurons, thereby improving the benefits derived from a cochlear implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Coleman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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