1
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Puigdevall L, Michiels C, Stewardson C, Dumoutier L. JAK/STAT: Why choose a classical or an alternative pathway when you can have both? J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1865-1875. [PMID: 35238133 PMCID: PMC8980962 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of cytokines triggers the JAK‐STAT pathway to exert various functions such as the induction of inflammation and immune responses. The receptors for these cytokines are dimers/trimers of transmembrane proteins devoid of intracellular kinase activity. Instead, they rely on Janus kinases (JAKs) for signal transduction. Classical JAK‐STAT signalling involves phosphorylation of cytokine receptors' intracellular tyrosines, which subsequently serve as docking sites for the recruitment and activation of STATs. However, there is evidence to show that several cytokine receptors also use a noncanonical, receptor tyrosine‐independent path to induce activation of STAT proteins. We identified two main alternative modes of STAT activation. The first involves an association between a tyrosine‐free region of the cytokine receptor and STATs, while the second seems to depend on a direct interaction between JAK and STAT proteins. We were able to identify the use of noncanonical mechanisms by almost a dozen cytokine receptors, suggesting they have some importance. These alternative pathways and the receptors that employ them are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Puigdevall
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Michiels
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clara Stewardson
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Eskandari SK, Sulkaj I, Melo MB, Li N, Allos H, Alhaddad JB, Kollar B, Borges TJ, Eskandari AS, Zinter MA, Cai S, Assaker JP, Choi JY, Al Dulaijan BS, Mansouri A, Haik Y, Tannous BA, van Son WJ, Leuvenink HGD, Pomahac B, Riella LV, Tang L, Seelen MAJ, Irvine DJ, Azzi JR. Regulatory T cells engineered with TCR signaling-responsive IL-2 nanogels suppress alloimmunity in sites of antigen encounter. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaaw4744. [PMID: 33177180 PMCID: PMC8519505 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer of ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells (Tregs) has shown immense potential in animal models of auto- and alloimmunity. However, the effective translation of such Treg therapies to the clinic has been slow. Because Treg homeostasis is known to require continuous T cell receptor (TCR) ligation and exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2), some investigators have explored the use of low-dose IL-2 injections to increase endogenous Treg responses. Systemic IL-2 immunotherapy, however, can also lead to the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, causing adverse therapeutic outcomes. Here, we describe a drug delivery platform, which can be engineered to autostimulate Tregs with IL-2 in response to TCR-dependent activation, and thus activate these cells in sites of antigen encounter. To this end, protein nanogels (NGs) were synthesized with cleavable bis(N-hydroxysuccinimide) cross-linkers and IL-2/Fc fusion (IL-2) proteins to form particles that release IL-2 under reducing conditions, as found at the surface of T cells receiving stimulation through the TCR. Tregs surface-conjugated with IL-2 NGs were found to have preferential, allograft-protective effects relative to unmodified Tregs or Tregs stimulated with systemic IL-2. We demonstrate that murine and human NG-modified Tregs carrying an IL-2 cargo perform better than conventional Tregs in suppressing alloimmunity in murine and humanized mouse allotransplantation models. In all, the technology presented in this study has the potential to improve Treg transfer therapy by enabling the regulated spatiotemporal provision of IL-2 to antigen-primed Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siawosh K Eskandari
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ina Sulkaj
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mariane B Melo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Na Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hazim Allos
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Juliano B Alhaddad
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Branislav Kollar
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thiago J Borges
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Arach S Eskandari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - Max A Zinter
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Songjie Cai
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean Pierre Assaker
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John Y Choi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Basmah S Al Dulaijan
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amr Mansouri
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yousef Haik
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bakhos A Tannous
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Willem J van Son
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henri G D Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc A J Seelen
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Jamil R Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Ghelani A, Bates D, Conner K, Wu MZ, Lu J, Hu YL, Li CM, Chaudhry A, Sohn SJ. Defining the Threshold IL-2 Signal Required for Induction of Selective Treg Cell Responses Using Engineered IL-2 Muteins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1106. [PMID: 32582190 PMCID: PMC7291599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all T and NK cell subsets, regulatory T (Treg) cells typically respond to the lowest concentrations of IL-2 due to elevated surface expression of the IL-2R alpha chain (IL2RA; CD25) and the high affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) complex. This enhanced sensitivity forms the basis for low-dose (LD) IL-2 therapy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, where efficacy correlates with increased Treg cell number and expression of functional markers. Despite strong preclinical support for this approach, moderate and variable clinical efficacy has raised concerns that adequate Treg selectivity still cannot be achieved with LD IL-2, and/or that doses are too low to stimulate effective Treg-mediated suppression within tissues. This has prompted development of IL-2 variants with greater Treg selectivity, achieved through attenuated affinity for the signaling chains of the IL-2R complex (IL2RB or CD122 and IL2RG or CD132) and, consequently, greater reliance on high CD25 levels for full receptor binding and signaling. While certain IL-2 variants have advanced to the clinic, it remains unknown if the full range of IL-2R signaling potency and Treg-selectivity observed with low concentrations of wildtype IL-2 can be sufficiently recapitulated with attenuated IL-2 muteins at high concentrations. Using a panel of engineered IL-2 muteins, we investigated how a range of IL-2R signaling intensity, benchmarked by the degree of STAT5 phosphorylation, relates to biologically relevant Treg cell responses such as proliferation, lineage and phenotypic marker expression, and suppressor function. Our results demonstrate that a surprisingly wide dynamic range of IL-2R signaling intensity leads to productive biological responses in Treg cells, with negligible STAT5 phosphorylation associating with nearly complete downstream effects such as Treg proliferation and suppressor activity. Furthermore, we show with both in vitro and humanized mouse in vivo systems that different biological responses in Treg cells require different minimal IL-2R signaling thresholds. Our findings suggest that more than minimal IL-2R signaling, beyond that capable of driving Treg cell proliferation, may be required to fully enhance Treg cell stability and suppressor function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aazam Ghelani
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Darren Bates
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kip Conner
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Min-Zu Wu
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jiamiao Lu
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yi-Ling Hu
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Chi-Ming Li
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Sue J. Sohn
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States
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4
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Willerslev-Olsen A, Buus TB, Nastasi C, Blümel E, Gluud M, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Lindahl LM, Vermeer M, Wasik MA, Iversen L, Becker JC, Andersen MH, Gjerdrum LMR, Litvinov IV, Litman T, Krejsgaard T, Woetmann A, Ødum N. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins induce FOXP3 in neoplastic T cells in Sézary syndrome. Blood Cancer J 2020; 10:57. [PMID: 32409671 PMCID: PMC7225173 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-020-0324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sézary syndrome (SS) is a heterogeneous leukemic subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with generalized erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, and a poor prognosis. Advanced disease is invariably associated with severe immune dysregulation and the majority of patients die from infectious complications caused by microorganisms such as, Staphylococcus aureus, rather than from the lymphoma per se. Here, we examined if staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) may shape the phenotype of malignant SS cells, including expression of the regulatory T-cell-associated marker FOXP3. Our studies with primary and cultured malignant cells show that SE induce expression of FOXP3 in malignant cells when exposed to nonmalignant cells. Mutations in the MHC class II binding domain of SE-A (SEA) largely block the effect indicating that the response relies at least in part on the MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation. Transwell experiments show that the effect is induced by soluble factors, partly blocked by anti-IL-2 antibody, and depends on STAT5 activation in malignant cells. Collectively, these findings show that SE stimulate nonmalignant cells to induce FOXP3 expression in malignant cells. Thus, differences in exposure to environmental factors, such as bacterial toxins may explain the heterogeneous FOXP3 expression in malignant cells in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Willerslev-Olsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terkild B Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edda Blümel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Gluud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise M Lindahl
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maarten Vermeer
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.,Deutsches Krebsforschungsinstitut (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lise M R Gjerdrum
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Litman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Do DN, Schenkel FS, Miglior F, Zhao X, Ibeagha-Awemu EM. Genome wide association study identifies novel potential candidate genes for bovine milk cholesterol content. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13239. [PMID: 30185830 PMCID: PMC6125589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with milk cholesterol (CHL) content via a genome wide association study (GWAS). Milk CHL content was determined by gas chromatography and expressed as mg of CHL in 100 g of fat (CHL_fat) or in 100 mg of milk (CHL_milk). GWAS was performed with 1,183 cows and 40,196 SNPs using a univariate linear mixed model. Two and 20 SNPs were significantly associated with CHL_fat and CHL_milk, respectively. The important regions for CHL_fat and CHL_milk were at 41.9 Mb on chromosome (BTA) 17 and 1.6-3.2 Mb on BTA 14, respectively. DGAT1, PTPN1, INSIG1, HEXIM1, SDS, and HTR5A genes, also known to be associated with human plasma CHL phenotypes, were identified as potential candidate genes for bovine milk CHL. Additional new potential candidate genes for milk CHL were RXFP1, FAM198B, TMEM144, CXXC4, MAML2 and CDH13. Enrichment analyses suggested that identified candidate genes participated in cell-cell signaling processes and are key members in tight junction, focal adhesion, Notch signaling and glycerolipid metabolism pathways. Furthermore, identified transcription factors such as PPARD, LXR, and NOTCH1 might be important in the regulation of bovine milk CHL content. The expression of several positional candidate genes (such as DGAT1, INSIG1 and FAM198B) and their correlation with milk CHL content were further confirmed with RNA sequence data from mammary gland tissues. This is the first GWAS on bovine milk CHL. The identified markers and candidate genes need further validation in a larger cohort for use in the selection of cows with desired milk CHL content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy N Do
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-, Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Flavio S Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Filippo Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-, Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada.
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6
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Luque Y, Cathelin D, Vandermeersch S, Xu X, Sohier J, Placier S, Xu-Dubois YC, Louis K, Hertig A, Bories JC, Vasseur F, Campagne F, Di Santo JP, Vosshenrich C, Rondeau E, Mesnard L. Glomerular common gamma chain confers B- and T-cell–independent protection against glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2017; 91:1146-1158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Fujita T, Kitaura F, Fujii H. A critical role of the Thy28-MYH9 axis in B cell-specific expression of the Pax5 gene in chicken B cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116579. [PMID: 25607658 PMCID: PMC4301804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Pax5 plays essential roles in B cell lineage commitment. However, molecular mechanisms of B cell-specific expression of Pax5 are not fully understood. Here, we applied insertional chromatin immunoprecipitation (iChIP) combined with stable isotope labeling using amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) (iChIP-SILAC) to direct identification of proteins interacting with the promoter region of the endogenous single-copy chicken Pax5 gene. By comparing B cells with macrophage-like cells trans-differentiated by ectopic expression of C/EBPβ, iChIP-SILAC detected B cell-specific interaction of a nuclear protein, Thy28/Thyn1, with the Pax5 1A promoter. Trans-differentiation of B cells into macrophage-like cells caused down-regulation of Thy28 expression. Loss-of-function of Thy28 induced decrease in Pax5 expression and recruitment of myosin-9 (MYH9), one of Thy28-interacting proteins, to the Pax5 1A promoter. Loss-of-function of MYH9 also induced decrease in Pax5 expression. Thus, our analysis revealed that Thy28 is functionally required for B cell-specific expression of Pax5 via recruitment of MYH9 to the Pax5 locus in chicken B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitsugu Fujita
- Chromatin Biochemistry Research Group, Combined Program on Microbiology and Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fusako Kitaura
- Chromatin Biochemistry Research Group, Combined Program on Microbiology and Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hodaka Fujii
- Chromatin Biochemistry Research Group, Combined Program on Microbiology and Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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8
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Herr F, Lemoine R, Gouilleux F, Meley D, Kazma I, Heraud A, Velge-Roussel F, Baron C, Lebranchu Y. IL-2 phosphorylates STAT5 to drive IFN-γ production and activation of human dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5660-70. [PMID: 24829413 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human dendritic cells (hDCs) produce IL-2 and express IL-2R α-chain (CD25), but the role of IL-2 in DC functions is not well defined. A recent study suggested that the main function of CD25 on hDCs was to transpresent IL-2 to activate T lymphocytes. Our results demonstrate the expression of the three chains of the IL-2R on hDCs and that IL-2 induces STAT5 phosphorylation. Interestingly, use of inhibitors of p-STAT5 revealed that IL-2 increases LPS-induced IFN-γ through STAT5 phosphorylation. Finally, we report that IL-2 increases the ability of hDCs to activate helpless CD8(+) T cells, most likely because of IL-2-triggered IFN-γ synthesis, as we previously described. For the first time, to our knowledge, we disclose that IL-2 induces monocyte-derived hDC's functional maturation and activation through IL-2R binding. Interestingly, our study suggests a direct effect of anti-CD25 mAbs on hDCs that may contribute to their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Herr
- L'Équipe d'Accueil 4245, Université François Rabelais, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- L'Équipe d'Accueil 4245, Université François Rabelais, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Fabrice Gouilleux
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7292, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 37032 Tours, France; and
| | - Daniel Meley
- L'Équipe d'Accueil 4245, Université François Rabelais, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Ihab Kazma
- L'Équipe d'Accueil 4245, Université François Rabelais, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Audrey Heraud
- L'Équipe d'Accueil 4245, Université François Rabelais, 37032 Tours, France
| | | | - Christophe Baron
- L'Équipe d'Accueil 4245, Université François Rabelais, 37032 Tours, France; Service de Néphrologie et d'Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Yvon Lebranchu
- L'Équipe d'Accueil 4245, Université François Rabelais, 37032 Tours, France; Service de Néphrologie et d'Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
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9
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IGF-1 stimulated upregulation of cyclin D1 is mediated via STAT5 signaling pathway in neuronal cells. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:462-71. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Smit LS, Meyer DJ, Argetsinger LS, Schwartz J, Carter‐Su C. Molecular Events in Growth Hormone–Receptor Interaction and Signaling. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Insertional chromatin immunoprecipitation: a method for isolating specific genomic regions. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 108:446-9. [PMID: 19804873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We established a novel method, insertional chromatin immunoprecipitation (iChIP), for isolation of specific genomic regions. In iChIP, specific genomic domains are immunoprecipitated with antibody against a tag, which is fused to the DNA-binding domain of an exogenous DNA-binding protein, whose recognition sequence is inserted into the genomic domains of interest. The iChIP method will be a useful tool for dissecting chromatin structure of genomic region of interest.
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12
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Fujii H. Receptor expression is essential for proliferation induced by dimerized Jak kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 370:557-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Lockyer HM, Tran E, Nelson BH. STAT5 Is Essential for Akt/p70S6 Kinase Activity during IL-2-Induced Lymphocyte Proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5301-8. [PMID: 17911616 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2R activates two distinct signaling pathways mediated by the adaptor protein Shc and the transcription factor STAT5. Prior mutagenesis studies of the IL-2R have indicated that the Shc and STAT5 pathways are redundant in the ability to induce lymphocyte proliferation. Yet paradoxically, T cells from STAT5-deficient mice fail to proliferate in response to IL-2, suggesting that the Shc pathway is unable to promote mitogenesis in the genetic absence of STAT5. Here we show in the murine lymphocyte cell line Ba/F3 that low levels of STAT5 activity are essential for Shc signaling. In the absence of STAT5 activity, Shc was unable to sustain activation of the Akt/p70S6 kinase pathway or promote lymphocyte proliferation and viability. Restoring STAT5 activity via a heterologous receptor rescued Shc-induced Akt/p70S6 kinase activity and cell proliferation with kinetics consistent with a transcriptional mechanism. Thus, STAT5 appears to regulate the expression of one or more unidentified components of the Akt pathway. Our results not only explain the severe proliferative defect in STAT5-deficient T cells but also provide mechanistic insight into the oncogenic properties of STAT5 in various leukemias and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Lockyer
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, Victoria, Canada
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14
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Gorjão R, Hirabara SM, de Lima TM, Cury-Boaventura MF, Curi R. Regulation of interleukin-2 signaling by fatty acids in human lymphocytes. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2009-19. [PMID: 17592174 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700175-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic (DHA; C22:6 n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA; C20:5 n-3), palmitic (PA; C16:0), and stearic (SA; C18:0) acids decrease lymphocyte proliferation in concentrations of >50 muM, as observed in our previous study. However, oleic acid (OA; C18:1 n-9) and linoleic acid (LA; C18:2 n-6) increase lymphocyte proliferation at 25 muM. In this study, the effect of these FAs on the interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling pathway in human lymphocytes was investigated. Cells were isolated from heparinized venous blood of healthy human donors by density-gradient sedimentation. Cells were stimulated with 5 mug/ml concanavalin A and treated with FAs in the absence or presence of IL-2 for 1 hour. CD25-alpha externalization was analyzed by flow cytometry, and Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), JAK3, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2, Akt, and protein kinase C (PKC)-zeta phosphorylation were analyzed by Western blotting. The expression of CD25-alpha at the cell surface was increased by DHA, SA, and PA but was unaffected by EPA, OA, and LA. PA, SA, DHA, and EPA decreased JAK1, JAK3, STAT5, and Akt phosphorylation induced by IL-2, but OA and LA did not cause any effect. OA and LA increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas the other FAs caused a marked decrease. PKC-zeta phosphorylation was decreased by OA and LA and was not altered by the remaining FAs. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect of PA, SA, DHA, and EPA on lymphocyte proliferation observed in our previous study was attributable to a decrease in JAK/STAT, ERK, and Akt pathways activated by IL-2. Probably, OA and LA stimulated lymphocyte proliferation by increasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation through PKC-zeta activation. The inhibition of JAK1, JAK3, STAT5, ERK1/2, and Akt phosphorylation caused by DHA, SA, and PA is associated with an alteration of CD25 expression at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gorjão
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Cytokine signaling to the cell cycle. Immunol Res 2007; 39:173-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Fujii H. Cell type-specific roles of Jak3 in IL-2-induced proliferative signal transduction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:825-9. [PMID: 17266928 PMCID: PMC1839827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Binding of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to its specific receptor induces activation of two members of Jak family protein tyrosine kinases, Jak1 and Jak3. An IL-2 receptor (IL-2R)-reconstituted NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell line proliferates in response to IL-2 only when hematopoietic lineage-specific Jak3 is ectopically expressed. However, the mechanism of Jak3-dependent proliferation in the fibroblast cell line is not known. Here, I showed that Jak3 expression is dispensable for IL-2-induced activation of Jak1 and Stat proteins and expression of nuclear proto-oncogenes in the IL-2R-reconstituted fibroblast cell line. Jak3 expression markedly enhanced these IL-2-induced signaling events. In contrast, Jak3 expression was essential for induction of cyclin genes involved in the G1-S transition. These data suggest a critical role of Jak3 in IL-2 signaling in the fibroblast cell line and may provide further insight into the cell type-specific mechanism of cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaka Fujii
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB-126, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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17
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Zeng R, Spolski R, Casas E, Zhu W, Levy DE, Leonard WJ. The molecular basis of IL-21-mediated proliferation. Blood 2007; 109:4135-42. [PMID: 17234735 PMCID: PMC1885510 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-054973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a type I cytokine that modulates functions of T, B, natural killer (NK), and myeloid cells. The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is closely related to the IL-2 receptor beta chain and is capable of transducing signals through its dimerization with the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma(c)), the protein whose expression is defective in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. To clarify the molecular basis of IL-21 actions, we investigated the role of tyrosine residues in the IL-21R cytoplasmic domain. Simultaneous mutation of all 6 tyrosines greatly diminished IL-21-mediated proliferation, whereas retention of tyrosine 510 (Y510) allowed full proliferation. Y510 efficiently mediated IL-21-induced phosphorylation of Stat1 and Stat3, but not of Stat5, and CD8(+) T cells from Stat1/Stat3 double knock-out mice exhibited decreased proliferation in response to IL-21 + IL-15. In addition, IL-21 weakly induced phosphorylation of Shc and Akt, and consistent with this, specific inhibitors of the MAPK and PI3K pathways inhibited IL-21-mediated proliferation. Collectively, these data indicate the involvement of the Jak-STAT, MAPK, and PI3K pathways in IL-21 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA
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18
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Wan YY, Flavell RA. The roles for cytokines in the generation and maintenance of regulatory T cells. Immunol Rev 2006; 212:114-30. [PMID: 16903910 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As an essential mechanism for self-tolerance, immune suppression has attracted much attention since the discovery of suppressor T cells, now called regulatory T cells (Tregs), in the 1990s. Different types of Tregs have been described based on distinct expression patterns of surface markers and cytokines. Cytokines are not only essential for function but also important for the generation of Tregs. Interleukin-2 (IL-2), transforming growth factor-beta, IL-10, and other immunoregulatory molecules have been shown to control the generation of Tregs. The presence of other types of cells, in particular antigen-presenting cells (APCs), is critical for the generation of Tregs. Cytokines can serve as either initiators or intermediates for the interactions between APCs and Tregs. This review discusses our current knowledge of how cytokines regulate the generation and maintenance of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Y Wan
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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19
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Lopez-Perez M, Salazar EP. A role for the cytoskeleton in STAT5 activation in MCF7 human breast cancer cells stimulated with EGF. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:1716-28. [PMID: 16765629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A rapid increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins has been extensively documented in cells stimulated with cytokines and growth factors. However, the mechanisms by which these transcription factors translocate to the nucleus have not been studied in detail. Our results demonstrate that stimulation of MCF7 cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) promoted an increase in the phosphorylation of STAT5 at Tyr-694, as revealed by site-specific antibodies that recognized the phosphorylated state of this residue. In addition, EGF stimulated STAT5 nuclear translocation and an increased in STAT5 DNA binding activity. Prevention of microtubules and microfilaments polymerization induced a partial inhibition of STAT5 nuclear translocation and STAT5 DNA binding activity. However, STAT5 phosphorylation at Tyr-694 was dependent on the integrity of microtubule network and it was independent of the integrity of actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, EGF induced the formation of the associations STAT5-tubulin and STAT5-kinesin heavy chain in a fashion dependent of cytoskeleton integrity. In summary, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that cytoskeleton plays an important role in STAT5 activation and translocation into the nucleus in MCF7 cells stimulated with EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lopez-Perez
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av IPN# 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico, DF 07360, Mexico
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20
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Hoshino A, Matsumura S, Kondo K, Hirst JA, Fujii H. Inducible translocation trap: a system for detecting inducible nuclear translocation. Mol Cell 2004; 15:153-9. [PMID: 15225556 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a general system, inducible translocation trap (ITT), for identification of proteins that translocate into the nucleus following signal transduction from cell surface receptors. ITT consists of a retroviral cDNA expression library of fusion proteins consisting of a LexA DNA binding domain, the transactivation domain of a transcriptional activator, and proteins encoded by cDNA inserts. The retroviral library is then transduced into cell lines containing a reporter gene with LexA binding sites in its promoter. Cells expressing the reporter gene by extracellular stimuli are then selected by flow-cytometric sorting. By using ITT, we identified cDNA encoding Stat1 in a screen of proteins which translocate into the nucleus by IFNgamma, indicating that this system can be used for isolation of nuclear translocating proteins induced by extracellular stimuli. ITT may be a useful tool for dissecting dynamic translocation in various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Hoshino
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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21
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Petrovic N, Bhagwat SV, Ratzan WJ, Ostrowski MC, Shapiro LH. CD13/APN transcription is induced by RAS/MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of Ets-2 in activated endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:49358-68. [PMID: 14507917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD13/aminopeptidase N (CD13/APN) is a potent regulator of angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and transcription of CD13/APN in endothelial cells is induced by angiogenic growth factors via the RAS/MAPK pathway. We have explored the nuclear effectors downstream of this pathway that are responsible for CD13/APN induction. The response to serum/angiogenic growth factors mapped to a 38-bp region of the CD13/APN promoter containing an Ets-core motif that specifically binds a protein complex from nuclear lysates from activated endothelial cells. This motif and the proteins that target it are functionally relevant because mutation of this sequence abrogates CD13/APN transcription. Analysis of endothelial Ets family members showed that Ets-2, and to a lesser extent Ets-1, transactivate CD13/APN promoter activity via the Ets-core motif, whereas Fli, Erg, and NERF are ineffective. We investigated the possibility that the induction of CD13/APN is mediated by phosphorylation of Ets-2 via RAS/MAPK. A phosphorylation-defective Ets-2 mutant, T72A, failed to transactivate CD13/APN, suggesting that Ets-2 phosphorylation is obligatory for CD13/APN induction. To confirm a role for endogenous Ets-2 in CD13/APN expression, we specifically abrogated Ets-2 mRNA and protein by siRNA knockdown that significantly inhibited CD13/APN transcription. Finally, to assess the relevance of Ets-2 in endothelial cell function, we induced endothelial cells containing Ets-2 siRNA oligonucleotides to form capillary networks. Cells containing the Ets-2 inhibitory small interfering RNAs were completely incapable of forming the organized networks characteristic of endothelial morphogenesis. Thus, the phosphorylation of Ets-2 by RAS/MAPK is a prerequisite for CD13/APN endothelial induction and Ets-2 and its targets play essential roles in endothelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Petrovic
- Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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22
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Krueger A, Fas SC, Baumann S, Krammer PH. The role of CD95 in the regulation of peripheral T-cell apoptosis. Immunol Rev 2003; 193:58-69. [PMID: 12752671 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of activated peripheral T cells during the termination phase of an immune response is critical to maintain T-cell homeostasis. Activated T cells can be removed by two mechanisms: activation-induced cell death (AICD) and death by neglect. AICD is triggered by death receptors, whereas death by neglect is induced by cytokine withdrawal. CD95 (APO-1/Fas) belongs to the subfamily of death receptors and plays a major role in AICD. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of AICD, in particular those involving the CD95 system. Moreover, we discuss the relative contribution of AICD and death by neglect to terminate a T-cell immune response. In order to become fully activated, T cells require a second signal provided by antigen-presenting cells. We discuss how these costimulatory signals counteract pro-apoptotic signals and, finally, which signals might protect T cells from death to generate a pool of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Krueger
- Tumorimmunology Program,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Minagawa M, Watanabe H, Miyaji C, Tomiyama K, Shimura H, Ito A, Ito M, Domen J, Weissman IL, Kawai K. Enforced expression of Bcl-2 restores the number of NK cells, but does not rescue the impaired development of NKT cells or intraepithelial lymphocytes, in IL-2/IL-15 receptor beta-chain-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4153-60. [PMID: 12370344 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2/IL-15Rbeta-deficient mice display impaired development of NK cells, NKT cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes of the intestine and skin. To determine the role of survival signals mediated by IL-2/IL-15R in the development of these innate lymphocytes, we introduced a bcl-2 transgene into IL-2/IL-15Rbeta-deficient mice. Enforced expression of Bcl-2 restored the number of NK cells in IL-2/IL-15Rbeta-deficient mice, but the rescued NK cells showed no cytotoxic activity. The numbers of NKT cells and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes did not increase significantly, and skin intraepithelial lymphocytes remained undetectable in the bcl-2 transgenic IL-2/IL-15Rbeta-deficient mice. These results indicate an essential role of IL-2/IL-15R-mediated survival signals in the development of NK cells, but they also show that additional nonsurvival signals from IL-2/IL-15R are necessary for innate lymphocyte development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Transgenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Minagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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24
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Quéméneur L, Flacher M, Gerland LM, Ffrench M, Revillard JP, Bonnefoy-Berard N. Mycophenolic acid inhibits IL-2-dependent T cell proliferation, but not IL-2-dependent survival and sensitization to apoptosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2747-55. [PMID: 12193749 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of the immunosuppressive drug mycophenolate mofetil, is a selective inhibitor of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase type II, a de novo purine nucleotide synthesis enzyme expressed in T and B lymphocytes and up-regulated upon cell activation. In this study, we report that the blockade of guanosine nucleotide synthesis by MPA inhibits mitogen-induced proliferation of PBL, an effect fully reversed by addition of guanosine and shared with mizoribine, another inhibitor of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase. Because MPA does not inhibit early TCR-mediated activation events, such as CD25 expression and IL-2 synthesis, we investigated how it interferes with cytokine-dependent proliferation and survival. In activated lymphoblasts that are dependent on IL-2 or IL-15 for their proliferation, MPA does not impair signaling events such as of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and Stat5 phosphorylation, but inhibits down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). Therefore, in activated lymphoblasts, MPA specifically interferes with cytokine-dependent signals that control cell cycle and blocks activated T cells in the mid-G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Although it blocks IL-2-mediated proliferation, MPA does not inhibit cell survival and Bcl-x(L) up-regulation by IL-2 or other cytokines whose receptors share the common gamma-chain (CD132). Finally, MPA does not interfere with IL-2-dependent acquisition of susceptibility to CD95-mediated apoptosis and degradation of cellular FLIP. Therefore, MPA has unique functional properties not shared by other immunosuppressive drugs interfering with IL-2R signaling events such as rapamycin and CD25 mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Quéméneur
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Centre d'Etude et de Recherche en Virologie et Immunologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lyon, France
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25
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) plays a major role in the proliferation of cell populations during an immune reaction. The beta(c) and gamma(c) subunits of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) are sufficient and necessary for signal transduction. Despite lacking known catalytic domains, receptor engagement leads to the activation of a diverse array protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). In resting or anergised T cells, Jak3 is not activated. Signals arising from the PROX domain of the gamma(c) subunit activate p56(lck) (lck) leading to the induction of anti-apoptotic mechanisms. When Jak3 is activated, in primed T cells, other PTKs predominantly mediate the induction of anti-apoptotic mechanisms and drive cellular proliferation. This review intends to suggest a role for these differences within the context of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ellery
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
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26
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Bunting KD, Bradley HL, Hawley TS, Moriggl R, Sorrentino BP, Ihle JN. Reduced lymphomyeloid repopulating activity from adult bone marrow and fetal liver of mice lacking expression of STAT5. Blood 2002; 99:479-87. [PMID: 11781228 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.2.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are intracellular mediators of cytokine receptor signals. Because many early-acting growth factors have been implicated in STAT5 activation, this study sought to investigate whether STAT5 may be a transcriptional regulator of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) long-term repopulating activity. To test this possibility, bone marrow (BM) and fetal liver (FL) cells from mice containing homozygous deletions of both STAT5a and STAT5b genes (STAT5ab(-/-)) were characterized for hematopoietic repopulating activities. BM and FL grafts were capable of repopulating lymphoid and myeloid lineages of lethally irradiated primary and secondary hosts, with defects observed primarily in T-lymphocyte engraftment. Because only a fraction of normal HSC function is required to reconstitute hematopoiesis, competitive repopulation assays of adult BM or FL cells were used against wild type adult BM or FL cells to quantitate stem cell function. In these analyses, average 25-, 28-, 45-, and 68-fold decreases in normal repopulating activity were evident in granulocyte (Gr-1(+)), macrophage (Mac-1(+)), erythroid progenitor (Ter119(+)), and B-lymphocyte (B220(+)) populations, respectively, with T lymphocytes (CD4(+)) always undetectable from the STAT5ab(-/-) graft. Consistent with previous reports of divergence between stem cell phenotype and function in cases of perturbed hematopoiesis, the absolute number of cells within Sca-1(+)c-kit(+)lin(-) or lin(-) Hoechst 33342 side population fractions was not significantly different between wild type and STAT5ab(-/-) BM or FL cells. These results demonstrate that a significant proportion of the growth factor signals required for multilineage reconstitution potential of HSCs is STAT5 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Bunting
- Hematopoiesis Department, American Red Cross Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD, USA.
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27
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Qin JZ, Zhang CL, Kamarashev J, Dummer R, Burg G, Döbbeling U. Interleukin-7 and interleukin-15 regulate the expression of the bcl-2 and c-myb genes in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. Blood 2001; 98:2778-83. [PMID: 11675351 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.9.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-15 have been recently identified as growth factors for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cells, and they protect these cells from cell death. Using the CTCL cell line SeAx as a test system now shows that IL-7 and IL-15 are indeed necessary to maintain high levels of bcl-2. The up-regulation of bcl-2 was paralleled by increased DNA-binding activities of the transcription factors STAT2, STAT5, STAT6, and c-Myb to bcl-2 gene promoter-enhancer elements. Because STAT5 and c-Myb positively regulate bcl-2, IL-7 and IL-15 may mediate some of their effects on cell death survival gene expression through these 2 factors. Constitutive activities of the 3 STAT factors and c-Myb were found in the IL-7- and IL-15-independent CTCL cell lines HUT78 and MyLa 2059. The c-Myb protein was also present in CTCL cells of the skin lesions of all investigated patients. These results indicate that IL-7 and IL-15 may increase bcl-2 expression in CTCL cells by the activation of c-myb and STAT factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Qin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Sato K, Hida S, Takayanagi H, Yokochi T, Kayagaki N, Takeda K, Yagita H, Okumura K, Tanaka N, Taniguchi T, Ogasawara K. Antiviral response by natural killer cells through TRAIL gene induction by IFN-alpha/beta. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3138-46. [PMID: 11745330 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200111)31:11<3138::aid-immu3138>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in early defense against viral infection. The cytotoxic activity of NK cells is increased by interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta), produced en masse in virally infected cells. However, the mechanism(s) by which IFN-alpha/beta contribute to the NK-cell-mediated antiviral response is not well understood. Here we provide evidence that the cytotoxicity of NK cells is enhanced by IFN-alpha/beta through induction of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Isolation and analysis of the murine TRAIL promoter revealed the presence of an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE), which binds to the transcription factor ISGF3 (interferon stimulated gene factor-3). This promoter is indeed activated by IFN-beta in ISGF3-dependent manner. We also show that virally infected cells, but not uninfected cells, are susceptible to TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro, and that the TRAIL expressed in NK cells is indeed crucial in limiting virus replication in vivo. Thus, our study reveals a new molecular link between IFN-alpha/beta signaling and activation of NK cells in antiviral response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Kawashima T, Murata K, Akira S, Tonozuka Y, Minoshima Y, Feng S, Kumagai H, Tsuruga H, Ikeda Y, Asano S, Nosaka T, Kitamura T. STAT5 induces macrophage differentiation of M1 leukemia cells through activation of IL-6 production mediated by NF-kappaB p65. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3652-60. [PMID: 11564778 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that STAT5 can induce a variety of biological functions in mouse IL-3-dependent Ba/F3 cells; STAT5-induced expression of pim-1, p21(WAF/Cip1), and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1/STAT-induced STAT inhibitor-1/Janus kinase binding protein is responsible for induction of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, respectively. In the present study, using a constitutively active STAT5A (STAT5A1*6), we show that STAT5 induces macrophage differentiation of mouse leukemic M1 cells through a distinct mechanism, autocrine production of IL-6. The supernatant of STAT5A1*6-transduced cells contained sufficient concentrations of IL-6 to induce macrophage differentiation of parental M1 cells, and STAT3 was phosphorylated on their tyrosine residues in these cells. Treatment of the cells with anti-IL-6 blocking Abs profoundly inhibited the differentiation. We also found that the STAT5A1*6 transactivated the IL-6 promoter, which was mediated by the enhanced binding of NF-kappaB p65 (RelA) to the promoter region of IL-6. These findings indicate that STAT5A cooperates with Rel/NF-kappaB to induce production of IL-6, thereby inducing macrophage differentiation of M1 cells in an autocrine manner. In summary, we have shown a novel mechanism by which STAT5 induces its pleiotropic functions. Cytokines
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawashima
- Division of Hematopoietic Factors, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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30
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Fülöp T, Douziech N, Goulet AC, Desgeorges S, Linteau A, Lacombe G, Dupuis G. Cyclodextrin modulation of T lymphocyte signal transduction with aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122:1413-30. [PMID: 11470130 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is an alteration of the immune response in aging that leads to the increased incidence of infections, cancers and autoimmune disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there exists changes in signal transduction under the IL-2 receptor stimulation and the role of plasma membrane cholesterol in the activation of T cells with aging. We report age-related changes in the JAK-STAT signalling pathway that results in decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5. We present evidence for the importance of cholesterol content in regulating signalling pathways in T cells and in modulating their proliferation by using the plasma membrane cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-beta-cyclodexrin (MBCD). MBCD treatment (0.5 mM) induced a significant decrease in the cholesterol content of T cells of elderly subjects whereas it was increased in T cells of young subjects. MBCD induced changes in the phosphorylation of p56(lck), especially in T cells of elderly subjects. The proliferation of MBCD-treated T cells decreased in lymphocytes of young subjects but did not change in T cells of elderly subjects. These results suggest a role for plasma membrane cholesterol in the regulation of the TcR signalling pathways with differential effects related to aging. However, the data suggest that modulation of the plasma membrane cholesterol content alone may not be enough to restore signal transduction changes with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fülöp
- Centre de Recherche en Gérontologie et Gériatrie, Institut Universitaire de Geriatrie de Sherbrooke, 1036 rue Belvedère sud, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 4C4.
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31
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Qin JZ, Kamarashev J, Zhang CL, Dummer R, Burg G, Döbbeling U. Constitutive and interleukin-7- and interleukin-15-stimulated DNA binding of STAT and novel factors in cutaneous T cell lymphoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:583-9. [PMID: 11564163 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
On testing cutaneous T cell lymphoma cell lines and skin lesions, we found that the transcription factors STAT2, STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6 (STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription) were present in the nuclei of these cells and that the binding to their specific DNA binding sites was stimulated by interleukin-7 and interleukin-15. DNA binding studies also revealed the presence of three additional DNA factors in cutaneous T cell lymphoma cells that bound to the same sequences and could also be stimulated by interleukin-7 and interleukin-15. One of these novel factors was also present in the adult T cell leukemia cell line Jurkat and malignant T cells from the blood of Sézary syndrome patients, but not in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. It may therefore be a marker of T cell leukemia. It seems to interfere with the binding of STAT1 to the sis inducible element, suggesting that the DNA binding activity of STAT1 in cutaneous T cell lymphoma cells is disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Qin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL-)2 and its receptor (IL-2R) constitute one of the most extensively studied cytokine receptor systems. IL-2 is produced primarily by activated T cells and is involved in early T cell activation as well as in maintaining homeostatic immune responses that prevent autoimmunity. This review focuses on molecular signaling pathways triggered by the IL-2/IL-2R complex, with an emphasis on how the IL-2R physically translates its interaction with IL-2 into a coherent biological outcome. The IL-2R is composed of three subunits, IL-2Ralpha, IL-2Rbeta and gammac. Although IL-2Ralpha is an important affinity modulator that is essential for proper responses in vivo, it does not contribute to signaling due a short cytoplasmic tail. In contrast, IL-2Rbeta and gammac together are necessary and sufficient for effective signal transduction, and they serve physically to connect the receptor complex to cytoplasmic signaling intermediates. Despite an absolute requirement for gammac in signaling, the majority of known pathways physically link to the receptor via IL-2Rbeta, generally through phosphorylated cytoplasmic tyrosine residues. This review highlights work performed both in cultured cells and in vivo that defines the functional contributions of specific receptor subdomains-and, by inference, the specific signaling pathways that they activate-to IL-2-dependent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gaffen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY14214, USA.
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Ciprés A, Carrasco S, Mérida I. Deletion of the acidic-rich domain of the IL-2Rbeta chain increases receptor-associated PI3K activity. FEBS Lett 2001; 500:99-104. [PMID: 11434934 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) regulates the proliferation and homeostasis of lymphocytes through the coordinated activation of distinct signaling pathways. Deletion of the acidic-rich domain of the IL-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rbeta) prevents association of Src tyrosine kinases to the receptor, as well as IL-2-induced Akt activation. Cells bearing this deletion (BafbetaDeltaA) maintain full proliferation in response to IL-2 both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that those pathways are dispensable for this important function of IL-2. In this study, we re-examined phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) activation in BafbetaDeltaA cells and found that, in BaF/3 IL-2RbetaDeltaA cells, deletion of the acidic domain induced constitutive activation of the receptor-associated PI3K activity. This, in turn, was responsible for the higher basal Akt activity observed in cells expressing this deletion. Based on these data, and since pharmacological abrogation of PI3K activity prevented IL-2-driven cell proliferation of BafbetaDeltaA cells, we conclude that the PI3K/Akt pathway is still functionally relevant in cells bearing this mutation. Moreover, we show that the PI3K-induced signals are, at least in part, responsible for c-myc expression. In conclusion, we have used this model to better identify those signals that are integral components of the molecular mechanisms responsible for IL-2-regulated cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ciprés
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Leonard WJ, Imada K, Nakajima H, Puel A, Soldaini E, John S. Signaling via the IL-2 and IL-7 receptors from the membrane to the nucleus. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2001; 64:417-24. [PMID: 11232316 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1999.64.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/immunology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Janus Kinase 3
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Milk Proteins
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- X Chromosome/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA
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35
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Friedrich K, Wietek S. Experimental regulation of STAT gene expression reveals an involvement of STAT5 in interleukin-4-driven cell proliferation. Biol Chem 2001; 382:343-51. [PMID: 11308032 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The precise roles of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) in cytokine-triggered control of cell physiology are not sufficiently well understood. We have established cell lines in which the individual functional contributions of STAT6 and STAT5a/b to interleukin-(IL-) 3 and -4-dependent processes can be readily studied. Mutants of STAT6, STAT5a and 5b lacking the transcriptional transactivation domain were fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expressed in the murine pro-B cell line Ba/F3 in a regulatable fashion. The expression of these truncated STAT variants could be tightly controlled over a wide range by doxycycline in the medium. They specifically bound to cognate DNA elements upon cytokine stimulation and acted dominant-negatively on the transcription of respective reporter genes in response to IL-3 and -4. The system was applied to the question of STAT contributions to cytokine-dependent cell proliferation. Expression of dominant-negative STAT6 had no significant effect on cell growth in response to both IL-3 and IL-4. In contrast, truncated STAT5 interfered with cell proliferation in response to IL-3, and, interestingly, also to IL-4. The results support our earlier findings on a role of STAT5 in IL-4-induced intracellular signaling and indicate that STAT5b in particular is involved in IL-4 receptor-triggered control of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Friedrich
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biocenter), Department of Physiological Chemistry II, Würzburg, Germany
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36
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Zhang Q, Raghunath PN, Vonderheid E, Odum N, Wasik MA. Lack of phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 expression in malignant T-cell lymphoma cells results from methylation of the SHP-1 promoter. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:1137-46. [PMID: 11021818 PMCID: PMC1850163 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SHP-1 is an important negative regulator of signaling by several receptors including receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2R) and other cytokines. SHP-1 acts by dephosphorylating the receptors and receptor-associated kinases such as IL-2R-associated Jak3 kinase. We found that SHP-1 protein was not detectable or greatly diminished in most (six of seven) T cell lines derived from various types of T cell lymphomas and all (eight of eight) cutaneous T-cell lymphoma tissues with a transformed, large-cell morphology. All T-cell lymphoma lines tested (eight of eight) expressed diminished amounts or no detectable SHP-1 mRNA. These T cell lines did not, however, carry any mutations in the SHP-1 gene-coding, splice-junction, and promoter regions. Importantly, SHP-1 DNA promoter region in the T cell lines was resistant to digestion with three different methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes. This resistance was reversed by treatment of the cells with a demethylating agent, 5-deoxyazacytidine. The treatment resulted also in the expression of SHP-1 mRNA and, less frequently, SHP-1 protein. The expression of SHP-1 protein was associated with dephosphorylation of the Jak3 kinase. These results show that lack of SHP-1 expression is frequent in malignant T cells and results from methylation of the SHP-1 gene promoter. Furthermore, they indicate that SHP-1 loss may play a role in the pathogenesis of T cell lymphomas by permitting persistence of signals generated by IL-2R and, possibly, other receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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37
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Tsujino S, Di Santo JP, Takaoka A, McKernan TL, Noguchi S, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Saito T, Taniguchi T, Fujii H. Differential requirement of the cytoplasmic subregions of gamma c chain in T cell development and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:10514-9. [PMID: 10962026 PMCID: PMC27056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.180063297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammac), a shared component of the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15, is critical for the development and function of lymphocytes. The cytoplasmic domain of gammac consists of 85 aa, in which the carboxyl-terminal 48 aa are essential for its interaction with and activation of the Janus kinase, Jak3. Evidence has been provided that Jak3-independent signals might be transmitted via the residual membrane-proximal region; however, its role in vivo remains totally unknown. In the present study, we expressed mutant forms of gammac, which lack either most of the cytoplasmic domain or only the membrane-distal Jak3-binding region, on a gammac null background. We demonstrate that, unlike gammac or Jak3 null mice, expression of the latter, but not the former mutant, restores T lymphopoiesis in vivo, accompanied by strong expression of Bcl-2. On the other hand, the in vitro functions of the restored T cells still remained impaired. These results not only reveal the hitherto unknown role of the gammac membrane-proximal region, but also suggest the differential requirement of the cytoplasmic subregions of gammac in T cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsujino
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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38
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Herrington J, Smit LS, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. The role of STAT proteins in growth hormone signaling. Oncogene 2000; 19:2585-97. [PMID: 10851057 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has long been known to be the body's primary regulator of body growth and a regulator of metabolism, yet the mechanisms by which GH regulates the transcription of specific genes required for these processes are just now being delineated. GH binding to its receptor recruits and activates the receptor-associated JAK2 that in turn phosphorylates tyrosines within itself and the GH receptor. These tyrosines form binding sites for a number of signaling proteins, including members of the family of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT). Among the known signaling molecules for GH, STAT proteins play a particularly prominent role in the regulation of gene transcription. This paper will review what is currently understood about which STAT proteins are regulated by GH, how they are regulated by GH, the GH-dependent genes they regulate, and discuss current theories about how GH-activated STAT signaling is regulated. Particular attention will be given to the novel role that STAT5 plays in sexually dimorphic gene expression in the liver as determined by the secretory pattern of GH and the role of STAT5 in body growth. Oncogene (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herrington
- Department of Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109-0622, USA
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39
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Abstract
The activation of Stat5 proteins (Stat5a and Stat5b) is one of the earliest signaling events mediated by IL-2 family cytokines, allowing the rapid delivery of signals from the membrane to the nucleus. Among STAT family proteins, Stat5a and Stat5b are the two most closely related STAT proteins. Together with other transcription factors and co-factors, they regulate the expression of the target genes in a cytokine-specific fashion. In addition to their activation by cytokines, activities of Stat5a and Stat5b, as well as other STAT proteins, are negatively controlled by CIS/SOCS/SSI family proteins. The outcome of Stat5 activation in regulating expression of target genes varies, depending upon the complexity of the promoter region of target genes and the other signaling pathways that are activated by each cytokine as well. Here, we mainly focus on the IL2-/IL-2 receptor system, as it is one of the best-studied systems that depend on Stat5-mediated signals. We will summarize what we have learned about the molecular mechanisms of how Stat5 is activated by IL-2 family cytokines from in vitro biochemical studies as well as the role that is played by Stat5 in each of the cytokine signaling pathways from in vivo gene-targeting analyses. Oncogene (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10/Rm. 7N252, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland MD 20892-1674, USA
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40
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Lord JD, McIntosh BC, Greenberg PD, Nelson BH. The IL-2 receptor promotes lymphocyte proliferation and induction of the c-myc, bcl-2, and bcl-x genes through the trans-activation domain of Stat5. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2533-41. [PMID: 10679091 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies assessing the role of Stat5 in the IL-2 proliferative signal have produced contradictory, and thus inconclusive, results. One factor confounding many of these studies is the ability of IL-2R to deliver redundant mitogenic signals from different cytoplasmic tyrosines on the IL-2R beta-chain (IL-2Rbeta). Therefore, to assess the role of Stat5 in mitogenic signaling independent of any redundant signals, all cytoplasmic tyrosines were deleted from IL-2Rbeta except for Tyr510, the most potent Stat5-activating site. This deletion mutant retained the ability to induce Stat5 activation and proliferation in the T cell line CTLL-2 and the pro-B cell line BA/F3. A set of point mutations at or near Tyr510 that variably compromised Stat5 activation also compromised the proliferative signal and revealed a quantitative correlation between the magnitude of Stat5 activation and proliferation. Proliferative signaling by a receptor mutant with a weak Stat5 activating site could be rescued by overexpression of wt Stat5a or b. Additionally, the ability of this receptor mutant to induce c-myc, bcl-x, and bcl-2 was enhanced by overexpression of wt Stat5. By contrast, overexpression of a version of Stat5a lacking the C-terminal trans-activation domain inhibited the induction of these genes and cell proliferation. Thus, Stat5 is a critical component of the proliferative signal from Tyr510 of the IL-2R and regulates expression of both mitogenic and survival genes through its trans-activation domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Lord
- Virginia Mason Research Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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41
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Wang D, Moriggl R, Stravopodis D, Carpino N, Marine JC, Teglund S, Feng J, Ihle JN. A small amphipathic alpha-helical region is required for transcriptional activities and proteasome-dependent turnover of the tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat5. EMBO J 2000; 19:392-9. [PMID: 10654938 PMCID: PMC305576 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.3.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines induce the tyrosine phosphorylation and associated activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat). The mechanisms by which this response is terminated are largely unknown. Among a variety of inhibitors examined, the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and lactacystin affected Stat4, Stat5 and Stat6 turnover by significantly stabilizing the tyrosine-phosphorylated form. However, these proteasome inhibitors did not affect downregulation of the tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat1, Stat2 and Stat3. With Stat5 isoforms, we have observed that tyrosine-phosphorylated carboxyl-truncated forms of Stat5 proteins were considerably more stable than phosphorylated wild-type forms of the protein. Also, the C-terminal region of Stat5 could confer proteasome-dependent downregulation to Stat1. With a series of C-terminal deletion mutants, we have defined a relatively small, potentially amphipathic alpha-helical region that is required for the rapid turnover of the phosphorylated Stat5 proteins. The region is also required for transcriptional activation, suggesting that the functions are linked. The results are consistent with a model in which the transcriptional activation domain of activated Stat5 is required for its transcriptional activity and downregulation through a proteasome-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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42
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Kieslinger M, Woldman I, Moriggl R, Hofmann J, Marine JC, Ihle JN, Beug H, Decker T. Antiapoptotic activity of Stat5 required during terminal stages of myeloid differentiation. Genes Dev 2000; 14:232-44. [PMID: 10652277 PMCID: PMC316353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Stat5 is activated by multiple receptors of hematopoietic cytokines. To study its role during hematopoiesis, we have generated primary chicken myeloblasts expressing different dominant-negative (dn) alleles of Stat5. This caused a striking inability to generate mature cells, due to massive apoptosis during differentiation. Bcl-2 was able to rescue differentiating cells expressing dnStat5 from apoptosis, suggesting that during cytokine-dependent differentiation the main function of the protein is to ensure cell survival. Our findings with dnStat5-expressing chicken myeloblasts were confirmed with primary hematopoietic cells from Stat5a/Stat5b-deficient mice. Bone marrow cells from these animals displayed a strong increase in apoptotic cell death during GM-CSF-dependent functional maturation in vitro. The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x was induced by GM-CSF and IL-3 in a Stat5-dependent fashion. Ectopic expression of Bcl-x rescued Stat5-deficient bone marrow cells from apoptosis, indicating that Stat5 promotes the survival of myeloid progenitor cells through its ability to induce transcription of the bcl-x gene. Finally, the recruitment of myeloid cells to inflammatory sites was found strongly impeded in Stat5-deficient mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that Stat5 may promote cytokine-dependent survival and proliferation of differentiating myeloid progenitor cells in stress or pathological situations, such as inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kieslinger
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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43
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Kieslinger M, Woldman I, Moriggl R, Hofmann J, Marine JC, Ihle JN, Beug H, Decker T. Antiapoptotic activity of Stat5 required during terminal stages of myeloid differentiation. Genes Dev 2000. [DOI: 10.1101/gad.14.2.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stat5 is activated by multiple receptors of hematopoietic cytokines. To study its role during hematopoiesis, we have generated primary chicken myeloblasts expressing different dominant-negative (dn) alleles of Stat5. This caused a striking inability to generate mature cells, due to massive apoptosis during differentiation. Bcl-2 was able to rescue differentiating cells expressing dnStat5 from apoptosis, suggesting that during cytokine-dependent differentiation the main function of the protein is to ensure cell survival. Our findings with dnStat5-expressing chicken myeloblasts were confirmed with primary hematopoietic cells from Stat5a/Stat5b-deficient mice. Bone marrow cells from these animals displayed a strong increase in apoptotic cell death during GM-CSF-dependent functional maturation in vitro. The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x was induced by GM-CSF and IL-3 in a Stat5-dependent fashion. Ectopic expression of Bcl-x rescued Stat5-deficient bone marrow cells from apoptosis, indicating that Stat5 promotes the survival of myeloid progenitor cells through its ability to induce transcription of the bcl-x gene. Finally, the recruitment of myeloid cells to inflammatory sites was found strongly impeded in Stat5-deficient mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that Stat5 may promote cytokine-dependent survival and proliferation of differentiating myeloid progenitor cells in stress or pathological situations, such as inflammation.
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Abstract
Studies using both transgenic mice and transfected mammary epithelial cells have established that composite response elements containing multiple binding sites for several transcription factors mediate the hormonal and developmental regulation of milk protein gene expression. Activation of signal transduction pathways by lactogenic hormones and cell-substratum interactions activate transcription factors and change chromatin structure and milk protein gene expression. The casein promoters have binding sites for signal transducers and activators of transcription 5, Yin Yang 1, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, and the glucocorticoid receptor. The whey protein gene promoters have binding sites for nuclear factor I, as well as the glucocorticoid receptor and the signal transducers and activators of transcription 5. The functional importance of some of these factors in mammary gland development and milk protein gene expression has been elucidated by studying mice in which some of these factors have been deleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rosen
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3498, USA.
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Friedrich K, Kammer W, Erhardt I, Brändlein S, Sebald W, Moriggl R. Activation of STAT5 by IL-4 relies on Janus kinase function but not on receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and can contribute to both cell proliferation and gene regulation. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1283-94. [PMID: 10421786 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.8.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated mechanisms and consequences of STAT5 activation through the human IL-4 receptor (IL-4R). By functionally expressing receptor mutants in the murine pro-B cell line Ba/F3, we could show that phosphorylated tyrosine residues within the IL-4R alpha chain are dispensable for IL-4-induced STAT5 activity. However, disruption of a membrane-proximal proline-rich sequence motif ('box1') in either subunit of the bipartite IL-4R abolished not only ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinases JAK1 and JAK3, but also IL-4-triggered activation of STAT5 and concomitant cell proliferation. A dominant-negative version of STAT5b, but not of STAT5a, interfered with IL-4-induced DNA synthesis in Ba/F3 cells, suggesting an involvement of STAT5b in the control of cell proliferation through IL-4R. Reporter gene experiments finally showed that transcription from promoters of STAT5 target genes can be specifically induced by challenging cells with IL-4, and that both STAT5a and STAT5b can contribute to IL-4-triggered transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Friedrich
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum), Physiologische Chemie II, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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46
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Dumon S, Santos SC, Debierre-Grockiego F, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Cocault L, Boucheron C, Mollat P, Gisselbrecht S, Gouilleux F. IL-3 dependent regulation of Bcl-xL gene expression by STAT5 in a bone marrow derived cell line. Oncogene 1999; 18:4191-9. [PMID: 10435632 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the Jak/STAT pathway by cytokines has been shown to regulate differentiation, proliferation or apoptosis in hematopoeitic cells. Among the Stat proteins, STAT5 is activated by a broad range of cytokines. In order to study the role of STAT5 in hematopoietic cells, we stably expressed a dominant negative form of STAT5 (STAT5A delta749) in the IL-3 dependent bone marrow derived Ba/F3 cell line. Ba/F3 cells expressing STAT5A delta749 were found to be more sensitive to apoptosis than parental or control Ba/F3 cells after IL-3 withdrawal. Analysis of the expression of the cell death regulators, Bcl-2 and Bcl-x, revealed that the level of Bcl-x was lower in Ba/F3 cells expressing STAT5A delta749 than in control cells. IL-3 regulation of Bcl-x expression at protein and mRNA levels was impaired in these cells while that of Bcl-2 expression was unaffected. We further demonstrated that the Bcl-x gene promoter contained a proximal STAT consensus sequence that bound STAT5. Transactivation of a Bcl-x gene promoter reporter construct by STAT5 was observed in Ba/F3 cells. Introduction of a mutation in the STAT binding site abolished this transactivation. These data indicate that Bcl-x is probably a STAT5 target gene. They also support the involvement of STAT5 in hematopoietic cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dumon
- Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U363), Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Tanaka N, Kaneko K, Asao H, Kasai H, Endo Y, Fujita T, Takeshita T, Sugamura K. Possible involvement of a novel STAM-associated molecule "AMSH" in intracellular signal transduction mediated by cytokines. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:19129-35. [PMID: 10383417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.27.19129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
STAM containing an SH3 (Src homology 3) domain and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif was previously revealed to be implicated in signaling pathways immediately downstream of Jak2 and Jak3 tyrosine kinases associated with cytokine receptors. We molecularly cloned a novel molecule interacting with the SH3 domain of STAM, which was named AMSH (associated molecule with the SH3 domain of STAM). AMSH contains a putative bipartite nuclear localization signal and a homologous region of a c-Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (JAB1) subdomain in addition to a binding site for the SH3 domain of STAM. AMSH mutant deleted of the C-terminal half conferred dominant negative effects on signaling for DNA synthesis and c-myc induction mediated by interleukin 2 and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. These results suggest that AMSH plays a critical role in the cytokine-mediated intracellular signal transduction downstream of the Jak2/Jak3.STAM complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Mortellaro A, Songia S, Gnocchi P, Ferrari M, Fornasiero C, D’Alessio R, Isetta A, Colotta F, Golay J. New Immunosuppressive Drug PNU156804 Blocks IL-2-Dependent Proliferation and NF-κB and AP-1 Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.12.7102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We had previously shown that the drug undecylprodigiosin (UP) blocks human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. We have now investigated the mechanism of action of a new analogue of UP, PNU156804, which shows a more favorable activity profile than UP in mice. We demonstrate here that the biological effect of PNU156804 in vitro is indistinguishable from UP: PNU156804 blocks human T cell proliferation in mid-late G1, as determined by cell cycle analysis, expression of cyclins, and cyclin-dependent kinases and retinoblastoma phosphorylation. In addition, we show that PNU156804 does not block significantly the induction of either IL-2 or IL-2R α- and γ-chains but inhibits IL-2-dependent T cell proliferation. We have investigated several molecular pathways that are known to be activated by IL-2 in T cells. We show that PNU156804 does not inhibit c-myc and bcl-2 mRNA induction. On the other hand, PNU156804 efficiently inhibits the activation of the NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors. PNU156804 inhibition of NF-κB activation is due to the inhibition of the degradation of IκB-α and IκB-β. PNU156804 action is restricted to some signaling pathways; it does not affect NF-κB activation by PMA in T cells but blocks that induced by CD40 cross-linking in B lymphocytes. We conclude that the prodigiosin family of immunosuppressants is a new family of molecules that show a novel target specificity clearly distinct from that of other immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mortellaro
- *Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Istituto Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Simona Songia
- *Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Istituto Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Paola Gnocchi
- †Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacia and Upjohn Research Center, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Mario Ferrari
- †Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacia and Upjohn Research Center, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Chiara Fornasiero
- †Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacia and Upjohn Research Center, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Roberto D’Alessio
- †Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacia and Upjohn Research Center, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Anna Isetta
- †Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacia and Upjohn Research Center, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Francesco Colotta
- †Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacia and Upjohn Research Center, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Josée Golay
- *Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Istituto Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy; and
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Matsumoto M, Tanaka N, Harada H, Kimura T, Yokochi T, Kitagawa M, Schindler C, Taniguchi T. Activation of the transcription factor ISGF3 by interferon-gamma. Biol Chem 1999; 380:699-703. [PMID: 10430035 DOI: 10.1515/bc.1999.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) transcription factor has been extensively studied in the context of the type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta)-mediated antiviral response; it consists of the major DNA-binding component p48, and the signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat)1 and Stat2. We show here that type II IFN (IFN-gamma) can also invoke the activation of ISGF3 in mouse primary embryonic fibroblasts. In fact, the two Stat proteins were tyrosine phosphorylated in IFN-gamma stimulated cells. Our present findings reveal an additional mechanism by which these two distinct types of cytokines, IFN-alpha/beta and -gamma, can commonly elicit antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsumoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Tsujino S, Miyazaki T, Kawahara A, Maeda M, Taniguchi T, Fujii H. Critical role of the membrane-proximal, proline-rich motif of the interleukin-2 receptor gammac chain in the Jak3-independent signal transduction. Genes Cells 1999; 4:363-73. [PMID: 10421845 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.1999.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) consists of three subunits, the IL-2Ralpha, IL-2Rbetac, and IL-2Rgammac chains. The essential role of the IL-2Rgammac cytoplasmic domain, consisting of 86 amino acids, in signal transmission has been well documented. Particularly, the carboxyl ter-minal region containing 48 amino acids. is essential for the association with and activation of the Jak3 protein tyrosine kinase. On the other hand, little is known about the role of the rest of the IL-2Rgammac cytoplasmic region consisting of the membrane-proximal 38 amino acids. RESULTS We show that a truncated mutant form of IL-2Rgammac which lacks the membrane-distal 48 amino acids is still capable of inducing the activation of Jak1 and Stat3/Stat5 in the absence of Jak3 activation. This membrane-proximal region can also mediate the IL-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). Furthermore, these signalling events are completely abrogated when mutations are introduced into the proline-rich motif in this region. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified a Jak3-independent signalling pathway(s) from the membrane-proximal region of IL-2Rgammac. Our results indicate that the proline-rich motif in this region plays a critical role in this signalling pathway(s). The present study may provide further insight into the mechanism of cellular responses mediated by IL-2 and other cytokines which utilize the IL-2Rgammac for their signal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsujino
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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