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McCutcheon RA, Weber LAE, Nour MM, Cragg SJ, McGuire PM. Psychosis as a disorder of muscarinic signalling: psychopathology and pharmacology. Lancet Psychiatry 2024:S2215-0366(24)00100-7. [PMID: 38795721 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Dopaminergic receptor antagonism is a crucial component of all licensed treatments for psychosis, and dopamine dysfunction has been central to pathophysiological models of psychotic symptoms. Some clinical trials, however, indicate that drugs that act through muscarinic receptor agonism can also be effective in treating psychosis, potentially implicating muscarinic abnormalities in the pathophysiology of psychosis. Here, we discuss understanding of the central muscarinic system, and we examine preclinical, behavioural, post-mortem, and neuroimaging evidence for its involvement in psychosis. We then consider how altered muscarinic signalling could contribute to the genesis and maintenance of psychotic symptoms, and we review the clinical evidence for muscarinic agents as treatments. Finally, we discuss future research that could clarify the relationship between the muscarinic system and psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Lilian A E Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew M Nour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oxford, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Philip M McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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2
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Tsuboi D, Nagai T, Yoshimoto J, Kaibuchi K. Neuromodulator regulation and emotions: insights from the crosstalk of cell signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1376762. [PMID: 38516040 PMCID: PMC10954900 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1376762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The unraveling of the regulatory mechanisms that govern neuronal excitability is a major challenge for neuroscientists worldwide. Neurotransmitters play a critical role in maintaining the balance between excitatory and inhibitory activity in the brain. The balance controls cognitive functions and emotional responses. Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the primary excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters of the brain, respectively. Disruptions in the balance between excitatory and inhibitory transmission are implicated in several psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders, depression, and schizophrenia. Neuromodulators such as dopamine and acetylcholine control cognition and emotion by regulating the excitatory/inhibitory balance initiated by glutamate and GABA. Dopamine is closely associated with reward-related behaviors, while acetylcholine plays a role in aversive and attentional behaviors. Although the physiological roles of neuromodulators have been extensively studied neuroanatomically and electrophysiologically, few researchers have explored the interplay between neuronal excitability and cell signaling and the resulting impact on emotion regulation. This review provides an in-depth understanding of "cell signaling crosstalk" in the context of neuronal excitability and emotion regulation. It also anticipates that the next generation of neurochemical analyses, facilitated by integrated phosphorylation studies, will shed more light on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tsuboi
- Division of Cell Biology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Division of Behavioral Neuropharmacology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yoshimoto
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Division of Cell Biology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Widman CJ, Ventresca S, Dietrich J, Elmslie G, Smith H, Kaup G, Wesley A, Doenecke M, Williams FE, Schiefer IT, Ellis J, Messer WS. Hybrid Allosteric Modulators of M1 Muscarinic Receptors Enhance Acetylcholine Efficacy and Decrease Locomotor Activity and Turning Behaviors in Zebrafish. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3901189. [PMID: 38410427 PMCID: PMC10896388 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3901189/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) has been identified as a potential strategy for regulating cholinergic signaling in the treatment of various neurological disorders. Most positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mAChR enhance agonist affinity and potency, while very few PAMs selectively enhance G-protein coupling efficacy (e.g., amiodarone). The key structural features of amiodarone responsible for enhancement of mAChR efficacy were examined in CHO cells expressing M1 receptors. Subsequent incorporation of these structural features into previously identified allosteric modulators of potency (i.e., n-benzyl isatins) generated hybrid ligands that demonstrated similar or better enhancement of mAChR efficacy, lower in vivo toxicity, and higher allosteric binding affinity relative to amiodarone. Notable hybrid ligands include 8a and 8b which respectively demonstrated the strongest binding affinity and the most robust enhancement of mAChR efficacy as calculated from an allosteric operational model. Amiodarone derivatives and hybrid ligands were additionally screened in wildtype zebrafish (Danio rerio) to provide preliminary in vivo toxicity data as well as to observe effects on locomotor and turning behaviors relative to other mAChR PAMs. Several compounds, including 8a and 8c, reduced locomotor activity and increased measures of turning behaviors in zebrafish, suggesting that allosteric modulation of muscarinic receptor efficacy might be useful in the treatment of repetitive behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Balla H, Borsodi K, Őrsy P, Horváth B, Molnár PJ, Lénárt Á, Kosztelnik M, Ruisanchez É, Wess J, Offermanns S, Nyirády P, Benyó Z. Intracellular signaling pathways of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated detrusor muscle contractions. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F618-F628. [PMID: 37675459 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine plays an essential role in the regulation of detrusor muscle contractions, and antimuscarinics are widely used in the management of overactive bladder syndrome. However, several adverse effects limit their application and patients' compliance. Thus, this study aimed to further analyze the signal transduction of M2 and M3 receptors in the murine urinary bladder to eventually find more specific therapeutic targets. Experiments were performed on adult male wild-type, M2, M3, M2/M3, or Gαq/11 knockout (KO), and pertussis toxin (PTX)-treated mice. Contraction force and RhoA activity were measured in the urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM). Our results indicate that carbamoylcholine (CCh)-induced contractions were associated with increased activity of RhoA and were reduced in the presence of the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 in UBSM. CCh-evoked contractile responses and RhoA activation were markedly reduced in detrusor strips lacking either M2 or M3 receptors and abolished in M2/M3 KO mice. Inhibition of Gαi-coupled signaling by PTX treatment shifted the concentration-response curve of CCh to the right and diminished RhoA activation. CCh-induced contractile responses were markedly decreased in Gαq/11 KO mice; however, RhoA activation was unaffected. In conclusion, cholinergic detrusor contraction and RhoA activation are mediated by both M2 and M3 receptors. Furthermore, whereas both Gαi and Gαq/11 proteins mediate UBSM contraction, the activation at the RhoA-ROCK pathway appears to be linked specifically to Gαi. These findings may aid the identification of more specific therapeutic targets for bladder dysfunctions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are of utmost importance in physiological regulation of micturition and also in the development of voiding disorders. We demonstrate that the RhoA-Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway plays a crucial role in contractions induced by cholinergic stimulation in detrusor muscle. Activation of RhoA is mediated by both M2 and M3 receptors as well as by Gi but not Gq/11 proteins. The Gi-RhoA-ROCK pathway may provide a novel therapeutic target for overactive voiding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Balla
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Borsodi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Őrsy
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Horváth
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter József Molnár
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Lénárt
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Kosztelnik
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SE Cerebrosvascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Ruisanchez
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SE Cerebrosvascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Péter Nyirády
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SE Cerebrosvascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Qi A, Kling HE, Billard N, Rodriguez AL, Peng L, Dickerson JW, Engers JL, Bender AM, Moehle MS, Lindsley CW, Rook JM, Niswender CM. Development of a Selective and High Affinity Radioligand, [ 3H]VU6013720, for the M 4 Muscarinic Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:195-202. [PMID: 37595966 PMCID: PMC10586508 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
M4 muscarinic receptors are highly expressed in the striatum and cortex, brain regions that are involved in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and dystonia. Despite potential therapeutic advantages of specifically targeting the M4 receptor, it has been historically challenging to develop highly selective ligands, resulting in undesired off-target activity at other members of the muscarinic receptor family. Recently, we have reported first-in-class, potent, and selective M4 receptor antagonists. As an extension of that work, we now report the development and characterization of a radiolabeled M4 receptor antagonist, [3H]VU6013720, with high affinity (pKd of 9.5 ± 0.2 at rat M4, 9.7 at mouse M4, and 10 ± 0.1 at human M4 with atropine to define nonspecific binding) and no significant binding at the other muscarinic subtypes. Binding assays using this radioligand in rodent brain tissues demonstrate loss of specific binding in Chrm4 knockout animals. Dissociation kinetics experiments with various muscarinic ligands show differential effects on the dissociation of [3H]VU6013720 from M4 receptors, suggesting a binding site that is overlapping but may be distinct from the orthosteric site. Overall, these results demonstrate that [3H]VU6013720 is the first highly selective antagonist radioligand for the M4 receptor, representing a useful tool for studying the basic biology of M4 as well for the support of M4 receptor-based drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This manuscript describes the development and characterization of a novel muscarinic (M) acetylcholine subtype 4 receptor antagonist radioligand, [3H]VU6013720. This ligand binds to or overlaps with the acetylcholine binding site, providing a highly selective radioligand for the M4 receptor that can be used to quantify M4 protein expression in vivo and probe the selective interactions of acetylcholine with M4 versus the other members of the muscarinic receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Haley E Kling
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Natasha Billard
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jonathan W Dickerson
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Julie L Engers
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Aaron M Bender
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mark S Moehle
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Bishara D. Anticholinergic action is rarely a good thing. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2023; 13:20451253231195264. [PMID: 37701892 PMCID: PMC10493059 DOI: 10.1177/20451253231195264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence for the risks associated with anticholinergic agents has grown considerably in the last two decades. Not only are they associated with causing peripheral side effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision and constipation, but they can also cause central effects such as cognitive impairment; and more recently, they have consistently been linked with an increased risk of dementia and death in older people. This paper reviews the evidence for the associations of anticholinergic agents and the risk of dementia and increased mortality in dementia.
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7
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Jimenez H, Carrion J, Adrien L, Wolin A, Eun J, Cinamon E, Chang EH, Davies P, Vo A, Koppel J. The Impact of Muscarinic Antagonism on Psychosis-Relevant Behaviors and Striatal [ 11C] Raclopride Binding in Tau Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2091. [PMID: 37626588 PMCID: PMC10452133 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychosis that occurs over the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with increased caregiver burden and a more rapid cognitive and functional decline. To find new treatment targets, studies modeling psychotic conditions traditionally employ agents known to induce psychosis, utilizing outcomes with cross-species relevance, such as locomotive activity and sensorimotor gating, in rodents. In AD, increased burdens of tau pathology (a diagnostic hallmark of the disease) and treatment with anticholinergic medications have, separately, been reported to increase the risk of psychosis. Recent evidence suggests that muscarinic antagonists may increase extracellular tau. Preclinical studies in AD models have not previously utilized muscarinic cholinergic antagonists as psychotomimetic agents. In this report, we utilize a human-mutant-tau model (P301L/COMTKO) and an over-expressed non-mutant human tau model (htau) in order to compare the impact of antimuscarinic (scopolamine 10 mg/kg/day) treatment with dopaminergic (reboxetine 20 mg/kg/day) treatment, for 7 days, on locomotion and sensorimotor gating. Scopolamine increased spontaneous locomotion, while reboxetine reduced it; neither treatment impacted sensorimotor gating. In the P301L/COMTKO, scopolamine treatment was associated with decreased muscarinic M4 receptor expression, as quantified with RNA-seq, as well as increased dopamine receptor D2 signaling, as estimated with Micro-PET [11C] raclopride binding. Scopolamine also increased soluble tau in the striatum, an effect that partially mediated the observed increases in locomotion. Studies of muscarinic agonists in preclinical tau models are warranted to determine the impact of treatment-on both tau and behavior-that may have relevance to AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidy Jimenez
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (H.J.); (J.C.); (L.A.); (A.W.); (J.E.); (E.H.C.); (P.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Joseph Carrion
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (H.J.); (J.C.); (L.A.); (A.W.); (J.E.); (E.H.C.); (P.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Leslie Adrien
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (H.J.); (J.C.); (L.A.); (A.W.); (J.E.); (E.H.C.); (P.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Adam Wolin
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (H.J.); (J.C.); (L.A.); (A.W.); (J.E.); (E.H.C.); (P.D.); (A.V.)
| | - John Eun
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (H.J.); (J.C.); (L.A.); (A.W.); (J.E.); (E.H.C.); (P.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Ezra Cinamon
- Department of Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11355, USA;
| | - Eric H. Chang
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (H.J.); (J.C.); (L.A.); (A.W.); (J.E.); (E.H.C.); (P.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Peter Davies
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (H.J.); (J.C.); (L.A.); (A.W.); (J.E.); (E.H.C.); (P.D.); (A.V.)
| | - An Vo
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (H.J.); (J.C.); (L.A.); (A.W.); (J.E.); (E.H.C.); (P.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Jeremy Koppel
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (H.J.); (J.C.); (L.A.); (A.W.); (J.E.); (E.H.C.); (P.D.); (A.V.)
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8
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Chambers NE, Millett M, Moehle MS. The muscarinic M4 acetylcholine receptor exacerbates symptoms of movement disorders. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:691-702. [PMID: 37013974 PMCID: PMC10212540 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Barbeau's seesaw hypothesis of dopamine-acetylcholine balance has predominated movement disorders literature for years. Both the simplicity of the explanation and the matching efficacy of anticholinergic treatment in movement disorders seem to support this hypothesis. However, evidence from translational and clinical studies in movement disorders indicates that many features of this simple balance are lost, broken, or absent from movement disorders models or in imaging studies of patients with these disorders. This review reappraises the dopamine-acetylcholine balance hypothesis in light of recent evidence and describes how the Gαi/o coupled muscarinic M4 receptor acts in opposition to dopamine signaling in the basal ganglia. We highlight how M4 signaling can ameliorate or exacerbate movement disorders symptoms and physiological correlates of these symptoms in specific disease states. Furthermore, we propose future directions for investigation of this mechanisms to fully understand the potential efficacy of M4 targeting therapeutics in movement disorders. Overall, initial evidence suggest that M4 is a promising pharmaceutical target to ameliorate motor symptoms of hypo- and hyper-dopaminergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Michael Millett
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Mark S. Moehle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
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9
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Jones SE, Harvey PD. Cross-diagnostic determinants of cognitive functioning: the muscarinic cholinergic receptor as a model system. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:100. [PMID: 36973270 PMCID: PMC10042838 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a predictor of disability across different neuropsychiatric conditions, and cognitive abilities are also strongly related to educational attainment and indices of life success in the general population. Previous attempts at drug development for cognitive enhancement have commonly attempted to remedy defects in transmitters systems putatively associated with the conditions of interest such as the glutamate system in schizophrenia. Recent studies of the genomics of cognitive performance have suggested influences that are common in the general population and in different neuropsychiatric conditions. Thus, it seems possible that transmitter systems that are implicated for cognition across neuropsychiatric conditions and the general population would be a viable treatment target. We review the scientific data on cognition and the muscarinic cholinergic receptor system (M1 and M4) across different diagnoses, in aging, and in the general population. We suggest that there is evidence suggesting potential beneficial impacts of stimulation of critical muscarinic receptors for the enhancement of cognition in a broad manner, as well as the treatment of psychotic symptoms. Recent developments make stimulation of the M1 receptor more tolerable, and we identify the potential benefits of M1 and M4 receptor stimulation as a trans-diagnostic treatment model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philip D Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Research Service, Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA.
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10
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Muscarinic antagonists impair multiple aspects of operant discrimination learning and performance. Neurosci Lett 2023; 794:137025. [PMID: 36529388 PMCID: PMC9812939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.137025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine signaling can strengthen associations between environmental cues and reward availability. Diverse subtypes (M1-M5) of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) family may have distinct roles in different learning and memory processes, such as encoding cue-reward associations and consolidating these associations in long-term memory. Using an operant discrimination learning task in which mice are trained to nose poke during a tone to receive a food reward, we found that acquisition of the task requires mAChR signaling in the central nervous system. In addition, post-session injections of a broad mAChR antagonist, scopolamine impaired consolidation of the cue-reward memory. Further, after successful learning of a cue-reward contingency across multiple training sessions, mice that received a single pre-session injection of scopolamine were unable to use the learned cue association to receive rewards. Taken together, these data demonstrate distinct roles for muscarinic signaling in acquisition, consolidation and recall of the operant discrimination learning task. Understanding mechanisms underlying natural reward-related responding may provide insight into other maladaptive forms of reward learning such as addiction.
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11
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Dean B, Bakker G, Ueda HR, Tobin AB, Brown A, Kanaan RAA. A growing understanding of the role of muscarinic receptors in the molecular pathology and treatment of schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1124333. [PMID: 36909280 PMCID: PMC9992992 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1124333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical models, postmortem and neuroimaging studies all support a role for muscarinic receptors in the molecular pathology of schizophrenia. From these data it was proposed that activation of the muscarinic M1 and/or M4 receptor would reduce the severity of the symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is now supported by results from two clinical trials which indicate that activating central muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors can reduce the severity of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder. This review will provide an update on a growing body of evidence that argues the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors have critical roles in CNS functions that are dysregulated by the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This realization has been made possible, in part, by the growing ability to visualize and quantify muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors in the human CNS using molecular neuroimaging. We will discuss how these advances have provided evidence to support the notion that there is a sub-group of patients within the syndrome of schizophrenia that have a unique molecular pathology driven by a marked loss of muscarinic M1 receptors. This review is timely, as drugs targeting muscarinic receptors approach clinical use for the treatment of schizophrenia and here we outline the background biology that supported development of such drugs to treat the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Advanced Research Centre (ARC), School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard A A Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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12
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Teal LB, Ingram SM, Bubser M, McClure E, Jones CK. The Evolving Role of Animal Models in the Discovery and Development of Novel Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:37-99. [PMID: 36928846 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Historically, animal models have been routinely used in the characterization of novel chemical entities (NCEs) for various psychiatric disorders. Animal models have been essential in the in vivo validation of novel drug targets, establishment of lead compound pharmacokinetic to pharmacodynamic relationships, optimization of lead compounds through preclinical candidate selection, and development of translational measures of target occupancy and functional target engagement. Yet, with decades of multiple NCE failures in Phase II and III efficacy trials for different psychiatric disorders, the utility and value of animal models in the drug discovery process have come under intense scrutiny along with the widespread withdrawal of the pharmaceutical industry from psychiatric drug discovery. More recently, the development and utilization of animal models for the discovery of psychiatric NCEs has undergone a dynamic evolution with the application of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework for better design of preclinical to clinical translational studies combined with innovative genetic, neural circuitry-based, and automated testing technologies. In this chapter, the authors will discuss this evolving role of animal models for improving the different stages of the discovery and development in the identification of next generation treatments for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Teal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shalonda M Ingram
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Bubser
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elliott McClure
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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13
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Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2022:167927. [PMID: 36563742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized in part by the deterioration of dopaminergic neurons which leads to motor impairment. Although there is no cure for PD, the motor symptoms can be treated using dopamine replacement therapies including the dopamine precursor L-DOPA, which has been in use since the 1960s. However, neurodegeneration in PD is not limited to dopaminergic neurons, and many patients experience non-motor symptoms including cognitive impairment or neuropsychiatric disturbances, for which there are limited treatment options. Moreover, there are currently no treatments able to alter the progression of neurodegeneration. There are many therapeutic strategies being investigated for PD, including alternatives to L-DOPA for the treatment of motor impairment, symptomatic treatments for non-motor symptoms, and neuroprotective or disease-modifying agents. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which include the dopamine receptors, are highly druggable cell surface proteins which can regulate numerous intracellular signaling pathways and thereby modulate the function of neuronal circuits affected by PD. This review will describe the treatment strategies being investigated for PD that target GPCRs and their downstream signaling mechanisms. First, we discuss new developments in dopaminergic agents for alleviating PD motor impairment, the role of dopamine receptors in L-DOPA induced dyskinesia, as well as agents targeting non-dopamine GPCRs which could augment or replace traditional dopaminergic treatments. We then discuss GPCRs as prospective treatments for neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms in PD. Finally, we discuss the evidence pertaining to ghrelin receptors, β-adrenergic receptors, angiotensin receptors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors, which have been proposed as disease modifying targets with potential neuroprotective effects in PD.
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14
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors for psychotic disorders: bench-side to clinic. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:1098-1112. [PMID: 36273943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Modern interest in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activators for schizophrenia began in the 1990s when xanomeline, an M1/M4-preferring mAChR agonist developed for cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), had unexpected antipsychotic activity. However, strategies to address tolerability concerns associated with activation of peripheral mAChRs were not available at that time. The discovery of specific targeted ligands and combination treatments to reduce peripheral mAChR engagement have advanced the potential of mAChR activators as effective treatments for psychotic disorders. This review provides perspectives on the background of the identification of mAChRs as potential antipsychotics, advances in the preclinical understanding of mAChRs as targets, and the current state of mAChR activators under active clinical development for schizophrenia.
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15
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Inactivation of the cholinergic M4 receptor results in a disinhibited endophenotype predicting alcohol use. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Drug Design Targeting the Muscarinic Receptors and the Implications in Central Nervous System Disorders. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020398. [PMID: 35203607 PMCID: PMC8962391 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that cholinergic system function impairment plays a significant role in many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. During the past three decades, muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) have been implicated in various pathologies and have been prominent targets of drug-design efforts. However, due to the high sequence homology of the orthosteric binding site, many drug candidates resulted in limited clinical success. Although several advances in treating peripheral pathologies have been achieved, targeting CNS pathologies remains challenging for researchers. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in recent years to develop functionally selective orthosteric and allosteric ligands targeting the mAChRs with limited side effect profiles. This review highlights past efforts and focuses on recent advances in drug design targeting these receptors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), schizophrenia (SZ), and depression.
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17
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Bender AM, Carter TR, Spock M, Rodriguez AL, Dickerson JW, Rook JM, Chang S, Qi A, Presley CC, Engers DW, Harp JM, Bridges TM, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Synthesis and characterization of chiral 6-azaspiro[2.5]octanes as potent and selective antagonists of the M 4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 56:128479. [PMID: 34838649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we report a series of chiral 6-azaspiro[2.5]octanes and related spirocycles as highly potent and selective antagonists of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 4 (mAChR4). Chiral separation and subsequent X-ray crystallographic analysis of early generation analogs revealed the R enantiomer to possess excellent human and rat M4 potency, and further structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on this chiral scaffold led to the discovery of VU6015241 (compound 19). Compound 19 is characterized by high M4 potency and selectivity across multiple species, excellent aqueous solubility, and moderate brain exposure in rodents after intraperitoneal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Bender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Trever R Carter
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Matthew Spock
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan W Dickerson
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Aidong Qi
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Christopher C Presley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Darren W Engers
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Joel M Harp
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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18
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Spock M, Carter TR, Bollinger KA, Han C, Baker LA, Rodriguez AL, Peng L, Dickerson JW, Qi A, Rook JM, O’Neill JC, Watson KJ, Chang S, Bridges TM, Engers JL, Engers DW, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Bender AM. Discovery of VU6028418: A Highly Selective and Orally Bioavailable M 4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1342-1349. [PMID: 34413964 PMCID: PMC8366002 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the SAR leading to the discovery of VU6028418, a potent M4 mAChR antagonist with high subtype-selectivity and attractive DMPK properties in vitro and in vivo across multiple species. VU6028418 was subsequently evaluated as a preclinical candidate for the treatment of dystonia and other movement disorders. During the characterization of VU6028418, a novel use of deuterium incorporation as a means to modulate CYP inhibition was also discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Spock
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Trever R. Carter
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Katrina A. Bollinger
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Changho Han
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Logan A. Baker
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L. Rodriguez
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Li Peng
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aidong Qi
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jordan C. O’Neill
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Katherine J. Watson
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Julie L. Engers
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Darren W. Engers
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aaron M. Bender
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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19
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Moehle MS, Bender AM, Dickerson JW, Foster DJ, Qi A, Cho HP, Donsante Y, Peng W, Bryant Z, Stillwell KJ, Bridges TM, Chang S, Watson KJ, O’Neill JC, Engers JL, Peng L, Rodriguez AL, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Hess EJ, Conn PJ, Rook JM. Discovery of the First Selective M 4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonists with in Vivo Antiparkinsonian and Antidystonic Efficacy. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1306-1321. [PMID: 34423268 PMCID: PMC8369681 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonselective antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that broadly inhibit all five mAChR subtypes provide an efficacious treatment for some movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Despite their efficacy in these and other central nervous system disorders, antimuscarinic therapy has limited utility due to severe adverse effects that often limit their tolerability by patients. Recent advances in understanding the roles that each mAChR subtype plays in disease pathology suggest that highly selective ligands for individual subtypes may underlie the antiparkinsonian and antidystonic efficacy observed with the use of nonselective antimuscarinic therapeutics. Our recent work has indicated that the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor has several important roles in opposing aberrant neurotransmitter release, intracellular signaling pathways, and brain circuits associated with movement disorders. This raises the possibility that selective antagonists of M4 may recapitulate the efficacy of nonselective antimuscarinic therapeutics and may decrease or eliminate the adverse effects associated with these drugs. However, this has not been directly tested due to lack of selective antagonists of M4. Here, we utilize genetic mAChR knockout animals in combination with nonselective mAChR antagonists to confirm that the M4 receptor activation is required for the locomotor-stimulating and antiparkinsonian efficacy in rodent models. We also report the synthesis, discovery, and characterization of the first-in-class selective M4 antagonists VU6013720, VU6021302, and VU6021625 and confirm that these optimized compounds have antiparkinsonian and antidystonic efficacy in pharmacological and genetic models of movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Moehle
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Department
of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Translational Research
in Neurodegeneration, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Aaron M. Bender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Daniel J. Foster
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aidong Qi
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Yuping Donsante
- Department
of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Weimin Peng
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Zoey Bryant
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kaylee J. Stillwell
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Katherine J. Watson
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jordan C. O’Neill
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Julie L. Engers
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Li Peng
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L. Rodriguez
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ellen J. Hess
- Department
of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,E-mail:
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,E-mail:
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20
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Ruan Y, Patzak A, Pfeiffer N, Gericke A. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Retina-Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4989. [PMID: 34066677 PMCID: PMC8125843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The family of mAChRs is composed of five subtypes, M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5, which have distinct expression patterns and functions. In the eye and its adnexa, mAChRs are widely expressed and exert multiple functions, such as modulation of tear secretion, regulation of pupil size, modulation of intraocular pressure, participation in cell-to-cell signaling and modula-tion of vascular diameter in the retina. Due to this variety of functions, it is reasonable to assume that abnormalities in mAChR signaling may contribute to the development of various ocular diseases. On the other hand, mAChRs may offer an attractive therapeutic target to treat ocular diseases. Thus far, non-subtype-selective mAChR ligands have been used in ophthalmology to treat dry eye disease, myopia and glaucoma. However, these drugs were shown to cause various side-effects. Thus, the use of subtype-selective ligands would be useful to circumvent this problem. In this review, we give an overview on the localization and on the functional role of mAChR subtypes in the eye and its adnexa with a special focus on the retina. Moreover, we describe the pathophysiological role of mAChRs in retinal diseases and discuss potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.P.); (A.G.)
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21
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van der Westhuizen ET, Choy KHC, Valant C, McKenzie-Nickson S, Bradley SJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Fine Tuning Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Through Allostery and Bias. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:606656. [PMID: 33584282 PMCID: PMC7878563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.606656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly pursued drug targets for neurological diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Due to high sequence homology, selective targeting of any of the M1-M5 mAChRs through the endogenous ligand binding site has been notoriously difficult to achieve. With the discovery of highly subtype selective mAChR positive allosteric modulators in the new millennium, selectivity through targeting an allosteric binding site has opened new avenues for drug discovery programs. However, some hurdles remain to be overcome for these promising new drug candidates to progress into the clinic. One challenge is the potential for on-target side effects, such as for the M1 mAChR where over-activation of the receptor by orthosteric or allosteric ligands can be detrimental. Therefore, in addition to receptor subtype selectivity, a drug candidate may need to exhibit a biased signaling profile to avoid such on-target adverse effects. Indeed, recent studies in mice suggest that allosteric modulators for the M1 mAChR that bias signaling toward specific pathways may be therapeutically important. This review brings together details on the signaling pathways activated by the M1 and M4 mAChRs, evidence of biased agonism at these receptors, and highlights pathways that may be important for developing new subtype selective allosteric ligands to achieve therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K. H. Christopher Choy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon McKenzie-Nickson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie J. Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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22
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Two Players in the Field: Hierarchical Model of Interaction between the Dopamine and Acetylcholine Signaling Systems in the Striatum. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010025. [PMID: 33401461 PMCID: PMC7824505 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight interactions exist between dopamine and acetylcholine signaling in the striatum. Dopaminergic neurons express muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, and cholinergic interneurons express dopamine receptors. All neurons in the striatum are pacemakers. An increase in dopamine release is activated by stopping acetylcholine release. The coordinated timing or synchrony of the direct and indirect pathways is critical for refined movements. Changes in neurotransmitter ratios are considered a prominent factor in Parkinson’s disease. In general, drugs increase striatal dopamine release, and others can potentiate both dopamine and acetylcholine release. Both neurotransmitters and their receptors show diurnal variations. Recently, it was observed that reward function is modulated by the circadian system, and behavioral changes (hyperactivity and hypoactivity during the light and dark phases, respectively) are present in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. The striatum is one of the key structures responsible for increased locomotion in the active (dark) period in mice lacking M4 muscarinic receptors. Thus, we propose here a hierarchical model of the interaction between dopamine and acetylcholine signaling systems in the striatum. The basis of this model is their functional morphology. The next highest mode of interaction between these two neurotransmitter systems is their interaction at the neurotransmitter/receptor/signaling level. Furthermore, these interactions contribute to locomotor activity regulation and reward behavior, and the topmost level of interaction represents their biological rhythmicity.
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23
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Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. GRKs as Modulators of Neurotransmitter Receptors. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010052. [PMID: 33396400 PMCID: PMC7823573 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many receptors for neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides, belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A general model posits that GPCRs undergo two-step homologous desensitization: the active receptor is phosphorylated by kinases of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, whereupon arrestin proteins specifically bind active phosphorylated receptors, shutting down G protein-mediated signaling, facilitating receptor internalization, and initiating distinct signaling pathways via arrestin-based scaffolding. Here, we review the mechanisms of GRK-dependent regulation of neurotransmitter receptors, focusing on the diverse modes of GRK-mediated phosphorylation of receptor subtypes. The immediate signaling consequences of GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation, such as arrestin recruitment, desensitization, and internalization/resensitization, are equally diverse, depending not only on the receptor subtype but also on phosphorylation by GRKs of select receptor residues. We discuss the signaling outcome as well as the biological and behavioral consequences of the GRK-dependent phosphorylation of neurotransmitter receptors where known.
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24
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Cieślik P, Wierońska JM. Regulation of Glutamatergic Activity via Bidirectional Activation of Two Select Receptors as a Novel Approach in Antipsychotic Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228811. [PMID: 33233865 PMCID: PMC7699963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects approximately 1-2% of the population and develops in early adulthood. The disease is characterized by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. A large percentage of patients with schizophrenia have a treatment-resistant disease, and the risk of developing adverse effects is high. Many researchers have attempted to introduce new antipsychotic drugs to the clinic, but most of these treatments failed, and the diversity of schizophrenic symptoms is one of the causes of disappointing results. The present review summarizes the results of our latest papers, showing that the simultaneous activation of two receptors with sub-effective doses of their ligands induces similar effects as the highest dose of each compound alone. The treatments were focused on inhibiting the increased glutamate release responsible for schizophrenia arousal, without interacting with dopamine (D2) receptors. Ligands activating metabotropic receptors for glutamate, GABAB or muscarinic receptors were used, and the compounds were administered in several different combinations. Some combinations reversed all schizophrenia-related deficits in animal models, but others were active only in select models of schizophrenia symptoms (i.e., cognitive or negative symptoms).
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25
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Trivedi G, Inoue D, Chen C, Bitner L, Chung YR, Taylor J, Gönen M, Wess J, Abdel-Wahab O, Zhang L. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulates self-renewal of early erythroid progenitors. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/511/eaaw3781. [PMID: 31554738 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem and progenitor cells are uniquely capable of self-renewal, and targeting this process represents a potential therapeutic opportunity. The early erythroid progenitor, burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E), has substantial self-renewal potential and serves as a key cell type for the treatment of anemias. However, our understanding of mechanisms underlying BFU-E self-renewal is extremely limited. Here, we found that the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4 (CHRM4), pathway regulates BFU-E self-renewal and that pharmacological inhibition of CHRM4 corrects anemias of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), aging, and hemolysis. Genetic down-regulation of CHRM4 or pharmacologic inhibition of CHRM4 using the selective antagonist PD102807 promoted BFU-E self-renewal, whereas deletion of Chrm4 increased erythroid cell production under stress conditions in vivo. Moreover, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists corrected anemias in mouse models of MDS, aging, and hemolysis in vivo, extending the survival of mice with MDS relative to that of controls. The effects of muscarinic receptor antagonism on promoting expansion of BFU-Es were mediated by cyclic AMP induction of the transcription factor CREB, whose targets up-regulated key regulators of BFU-E self-renewal. On the basis of these data, we propose a model of hematopoietic progenitor self-renewal through a cholinergic-mediated "hematopoietic reflex" and identify muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists as potential therapies for anemias associated with MDS, aging, and hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang Trivedi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | - Daichi Inoue
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cynthia Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | - Lillian Bitner
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Young Rock Chung
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justin Taylor
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mithat Gönen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lingbo Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
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26
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Blockade of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors impairs eyeblink serial feature-positive discrimination learning in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237451. [PMID: 32790748 PMCID: PMC7425847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The serial feature-positive discrimination task requires the subjects to respond differentially to the identical stimulus depending on the temporal context given by a preceding cue stimulus. In the present study, we examined the involvement of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using a selective M1 antagonist VU0255035 in the serial feature-positive discrimination task of eyeblink conditioning in mice. In this task, mice received a 2-s light stimulus as the conditional cue 5 or 6 s before the presentation of a 350-ms tone conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a 100-ms peri-orbital electrical shock (cued trials), while they did not receive the cue before the presentation of the CS alone (non-cued trials). Each day mice randomly received 30 cued and 30 non-cued trials. We found that VU0255035 impaired acquisition of the conditional discrimination as well as the overall acquisition of the conditioned response (CR) and diminished the difference in onset latency of the CR between the cued and non-cued trials. VU0255035 administration to the control mice after sufficient learning did not impair the pre-acquired conditional discrimination or the CR expression itself. These effects of VU0255035 were almost similar to those with the scopolamine in our previous study, suggesting that among the several types of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, the M1 receptors may play an important role in the acquisition of the conditional discrimination memory but not in mediating the discrimination itself after the memory had formed in the eyeblink serial feature-positive discrimination learning.
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27
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Brugnoli A, Pisanò CA, Morari M. Striatal and nigral muscarinic type 1 and type 4 receptors modulate levodopa-induced dyskinesia and striato-nigral pathway activation in 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105044. [PMID: 32798726 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) contribute to both the facilitation and inhibition of levodopa-induced dyskinesia operated by striatal cholinergic interneurons, although the receptor subtypes involved remain elusive. Cholinergic afferents from the midbrain also innervate the substantia nigra reticulata, although the role of nigral mAChRs in levodopa-induced dyskinesia is unknown. Here, we investigate whether striatal and nigral M1 and/or M4 mAChRs modulate dyskinesia and the underlying striato-nigral GABAergic pathway activation in 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats. Reverse microdialysis allowed to deliver the mAChR antagonists telenzepine (M1 subtype preferring), PD-102807 and tropicamide (M4 subtype preferring), as well as the selective M4 mAChR positive allosteric modulator VU0152100 in striatum or substantia nigra, while levodopa was administered systemically. Dyskinetic movements were monitored along with nigral GABA (and glutamate) and striatal glutamate dialysate levels, taken as neurochemical correlates of striato-nigral pathway and cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop activation. We observed that intrastriatal telenzepine, PD-102807 and tropicamide alleviated dyskinesia and inhibited nigral GABA and striatal glutamate release. This was partially replicated by intrastriatal VU0152100. The M2 subtype preferring antagonist AFDX-116, used to elevate striatal acetylcholine levels, blocked the behavioral and neurochemical effects of PD-102807. Intranigral VU0152100 prevented levodopa-induced dyskinesia and its neurochemical correlates whereas PD-102807 was ineffective. These results suggest that striatal, likely postsynaptic, M1 mAChRs facilitate dyskinesia and striato-nigral pathway activation in vivo. Conversely, striatal M4 mAChRs can both facilitate and inhibit dyskinesia, possibly depending on their localization. Potentiation of striatal and nigral M4 mAChR transmission leads to powerful multilevel inhibition of striato-nigral pathway and attenuation of dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Brugnoli
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Clarissa Anna Pisanò
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
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28
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Justinussen J, Dall C, Dencker D, Gjedde A, Fink-Jensen A, Thomsen M. Revealing a compulsive phenotype in cholinergic M 4-/- mice depends on the inter-trial interval initiation settings in a five choice serial reaction time task. Behav Brain Res 2020; 389:112649. [PMID: 32344038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4 (M4) modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission and is a target for novel treatments of schizophrenia, cognitive deficits, and addiction. Impulsive and compulsive behaviors are key traits of addiction, yet the importance of M4 receptor signaling to these traits is poorly understood. We investigated impulsive action and compulsivity by measuring premature and perseverative responses in the five choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT). Furthermore, we hypothesized that inter-trial interval (ITI) initiation settings affected training durations and test performances in these experiments. METHODS M4-/- and wildtype mice were trained and tested on two versions of the 5CSRTT with different ITI initiation settings. One setting, the head-in condition, allowed the ITI to start while the mouse's head remained in the reward receptacle (magazine). The other setting, the head-out condition, required the mouse to remove its head from the magazine to initiate the ITI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We did not observe differences in premature or perseverative responses in M4-/- mice in either condition, but found evidence of reward-related compulsive behavior in M4-/- mice. In the head-in condition, M4-/- mice were slower to acquire the 5CSRTT, had more omissions, and had longer correct response latencies than wildtype mice. In the head-out condition, genotypes did not differ in training, but M4-/- mice showed small decreases in accuracy. Our findings demonstrate that ITI initiation settings contribute to different training durations and tested behaviors in M4-/- mice, suggesting ITI initiation settings are an important consideration for the general use of the 5CSRTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Justinussen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Dall
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Denmark
| | - Ditte Dencker
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Fink-Jensen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morgane Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Denmark.
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29
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Grauer SM, Sanoja R, Poulin D, Rashid H, Jochnowitz N, Calhoun M, Zwilling D, Varty GB, Rosahl TW, Meziane H, Mittlelhaeuser C, Mazzola R, Morrow J, Smith SM, Henze D, Marcus J. Antinociceptive effects of potent, selective and brain penetrant muscarinic M4 positive allosteric modulators in rodent pain models. Brain Res 2020; 1737:146814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Riljak V, Janisova K, Myslivecek J. Lack of M 4 muscarinic receptors in the striatum, thalamus and intergeniculate leaflet alters the biological rhythm of locomotor activity in mice. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1615-1629. [PMID: 32409918 PMCID: PMC7286859 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The deletion of M4 muscarinic receptors (MRs) changes biological rhythm parameters in females. Here, we searched for the mechanisms responsible for these changes. We performed biological rhythm analysis in two experiments: in experiment 1, the mice [C57Bl/6NTac (WT) and M4 MR -/- mice (KO)] were first exposed to a standard LD regime (12/12-h light/dark cycle) for 8 days and then subsequently exposed to constant darkness (for 24 h/day, DD regime) for another 16 days. In experiment 2, the mice (after the standard LD regime) were exposed to the DD regime and to one light pulse (zeitgeber time 14) on day 9. We also detected M1 MRs in brain areas implicated in locomotor biological rhythm regulation. In experiment 1, the biological rhythm activity curves differed: the period (τ, duration of diurnal cycle) was shorter in the DD regime. Moreover, the day mean, mesor (midline value), night mean and their difference were higher in KO animals. The time in which the maximal slope occurred was lower in the DD regime than in the LD regime in both WT and KO but was lower in KO than in WT mice. In experiment 2, there were no differences in biological rhythm parameters between WT and KO mice. The densities of M1 MRs in the majority of areas implicated in locomotor biological rhythm were low. A significant amount of M1 MR was found in the striatum. These results suggest that although core clock output is changed by M4 MR deletion, the structures involved in biological rhythm regulation in WT and KO animals are likely the same, and the most important areas are the striatum, thalamus and intergeniculate leaflet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riljak
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Janisova
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.
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31
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A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model to Investigate the Cell-Autonomous Effects of torsinA(ΔE) Expression in Striatal Output Neurons. Neuroscience 2019; 422:1-11. [PMID: 31669362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dystonia is a disabling neurological syndrome characterized by abnormal movements and postures that result from intermittent or sustained involuntary muscle contractions; mutations of DYT1/TOR1A are the most common cause of childhood-onset, generalized, inherited dystonia. Patient and mouse model data strongly support dysregulation of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission circuit in the presence of the DYT1-causing mutation. To determine striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN) cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous effects relevant to dopamine transmission, we created a transgenic mouse in which expression of mutant torsinA in forebrain is restricted to MSNs. We assayed electrically evoked and cocaine-enhanced dopamine release and locomotor activity, dopamine uptake, gene expression of dopamine-associated neuropeptides and receptors, and response to the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, trihexyphenidyl. We found that over-expression of mutant torsinA in MSNs produces complex cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous alterations in nigrostriatal dopaminergic and intrastriatal cholinergic function, similar to that found in pan-cellular DYT1 mouse models. These data introduce targets for future studies to identify which are causative and which are compensatory in DYT1 dystonia, and thereby aid in defining appropriate therapies.
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32
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Moehle MS, Conn PJ. Roles of the M 4 acetylcholine receptor in the basal ganglia and the treatment of movement disorders. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1089-1099. [PMID: 31211471 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) released from cholinergic interneurons acting through nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the striatum have been thought to be central for the potent cholinergic regulation of basal ganglia activity and motor behaviors. ACh activation of mAChRs has multiple actions to oppose dopamine (DA) release, signaling, and related motor behaviors and has led to the idea that a delicate balance of DA and mAChR signaling in the striatum is critical for maintaining normal motor function. Consistent with this, mAChR antagonists have efficacy in reducing motor symptoms in diseases where DA release or signaling is diminished, such as in Parkinson's disease and dystonia, but are limited in their utility because of severe adverse effects. Recent breakthroughs in understanding both the anatomical sites of action of ACh and the mAChR subtypes involved in regulating basal ganglia function reveal that the M4 subtype plays a central role in regulating DA signaling and release in the basal ganglia. These findings have raised the possibility that sources of ACh outside of the striatum can regulate motor activity and that M4 activity is a potent regulator of motor dysfunction. We discuss how M4 activity regulates DA release and signaling, the potential sources of ACh that can regulate M4 activity, and the implications of targeting M4 activity for the treatment of the motor symptoms in movement disorders. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Moehle
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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The M 1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype is important for retinal neuron survival in aging mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5222. [PMID: 30914695 PMCID: PMC6435680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have been implicated as potential neuroprotective targets for glaucoma. We tested the hypothesis that the lack of a single muscarinic receptor subtype leads to age-dependent neuron reduction in the retinal ganglion cell layer. Mice with targeted disruption of single muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype genes (M1 to M5) and wild-type controls were examined at two age categories, 5 and 15 months, respectively. We found no differences in intraocular pressure between individual mouse groups. Remarkably, in 15-month-old mice devoid of the M1 receptor, neuron number in the retinal ganglion cell layer and axon number in the optic nerve were markedly reduced. Moreover, mRNA expression for the prooxidative enzyme, NOX2, was increased, while mRNA expression for the antioxidative enzymes, SOD1, GPx1 and HO-1, was reduced in aged M1 receptor-deficient mice compared to age-matched wild-type mice. In line with these findings, the reactive oxygen species level was also elevated in the retinal ganglion cell layer of aged M1 receptor-deficient mice. In conclusion, M1 receptor deficiency results in retinal ganglion cell loss in aged mice via involvement of oxidative stress. Based on these findings, activation of M1 receptor signaling may become therapeutically useful to promote retinal ganglion cell survival.
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Valuskova P, Riljak V, Forczek ST, Farar V, Myslivecek J. Variability in the Drug Response of M 4 Muscarinic Receptor Knockout Mice During Day and Night Time. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:237. [PMID: 30936831 PMCID: PMC6431655 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice are nocturnal animals. Surprisingly, the majority of physiological/pharmacological studies are performed in the morning, i.e., in the non-active phase of their diurnal cycle. We have shown recently that female (not male) mice lacking the M4 muscarinic receptors (MR, M4KO) did not differ substantially in locomotor activity from their wild-type counterparts (C57Bl/6Tac) during the inactive period. Increased locomotion has been shown in the active phase of their diurnal cycle. We compared the effects of scopolamine, oxotremorine, and cocaine on locomotor response, hypothermia and spontaneous behavior in the open field arena in the morning (9:00 AM) and in the evening (9:00 PM) in WT and in C57Bl/6NTac mice lacking the M4 MR. Furthermore, we also studied morning vs. evening densities of muscarinic, GABAA, D1-like, D2-like, NMDA and kainate receptors using autoradiography in the motor, somatosensory and visual cortex and in the striatum, thalamus, hippocampus, pons, and medulla oblongata. At 9:00 AM, scopolamine induced an increase in motor activity in WT and in M4KO, yet no significant increase was observed at 9:00 PM. Oxotremorine induced hypothermic effects in both WT and M4KO. Hypothermic effects were more evident in WT than in M4KO. Hypothermia in both cases was more pronounced at 9:00 AM than at 9:00 PM. Cocaine increased motor activity when compared to saline. There was no difference in behavior in the open field between WT and M4KO when tested at 9:00 AM; however, at 9:00 PM, activity of M4KO was doubled in comparison to that of WT. Both WT and KO animals spent less time climbing in their active phase. Autoradiography revealed no significant morning vs. evening difference. Altogether, our results indicate the necessity of comparing morning vs. evening drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Valuskova
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vladimir Riljak
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sandor T Forczek
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vladimir Farar
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Cholinergic M4 receptors are involved in morphine-induced expression of behavioral sensitization by regulating dopamine function in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 360:128-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ztaou S, Amalric M. Contribution of cholinergic interneurons to striatal pathophysiology in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:1-10. [PMID: 30825602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons innervating the striatum, the main input structure of the basal ganglia. This creates an imbalance between dopaminergic inputs and cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) within the striatum. The efficacy of anticholinergic drugs, one of the earliest therapy for PD before the discovery of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) suggests an increased cholinergic tone in this disease. The dopamine (DA)-acetylcholine (ACh) balance hypothesis is now revisited with the use of novel cutting-edge techniques (optogenetics, pharmacogenetics, new electrophysiological recordings). This review will provide the background of the specific contribution of ChIs to striatal microcircuit organization in physiological and pathological conditions. The second goal of this review is to delve into the respective contributions of nicotinic and muscarinic receptor cholinergic subunits to the control of striatal afferent and efferent neuronal systems. Special attention will be given to the role played by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the regulation of striatal network which may have important implications in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for motor and cognitive impairment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Ztaou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, FR3C, Marseille, France; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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The high efficacy of muscarinic M4 receptor in D1 medium spiny neurons reverses striatal hyperdopaminergia. Neuropharmacology 2018; 146:74-83. [PMID: 30468798 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The opposing action of dopamine and acetylcholine has long been known to play an important role in basal ganglia physiology. However, the quantitative analysis of dopamine and acetylcholine signal interaction has been difficult to perform in the native context because the striatum comprises mainly two subtypes of medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) on which these neuromodulators exert different actions. We used biosensor imaging in live brain slices of dorsomedial striatum to monitor changes in intracellular cAMP at the level of individual MSNs. We observed that the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine decreases cAMP selectively in the MSN subpopulation that also expresses D1 dopamine receptors, an action mediated by the M4 muscarinic receptor. This receptor has a high efficacy on cAMP signaling and can shut down the positive cAMP response induced by dopamine, at acetylcholine concentrations which are consistent with physiological levels. This supports our prediction based on theoretical modeling that acetylcholine could exert a tonic inhibition on striatal cAMP signaling, thus supporting the possibility that a pause in acetylcholine release is required for phasic dopamine to transduce a cAMP signal in D1 MSNs. In vivo experiments with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors donepezil and tacrine, as well as with the positive allosteric modulators of M4 receptor VU0152100 and VU0010010 show that this effect is sufficient to reverse the increased locomotor activity of DAT-knockout mice. This suggests that M4 receptors could be a novel therapeutic target to treat hyperactivity disorders.
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Myslivecek J, Farar V, Valuskova P. M(4) muscarinic receptors and locomotor activity regulation. Physiol Res 2018; 66:S443-S455. [PMID: 29355372 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
M(4) muscarinic receptors (M(4) MR) represent a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors serving a substantial role in spontaneous locomotor activity regulation, cognition and modulation of cholinergic system. With increasing body of literature discussing the role of M(4) MR some controversies arose. Thus, we try here to summarize the current evidence regarding the M(4) MR, with the special focus on their role in Locomotor activity control. We review the molecular function of M(4) MR in specific brain areas implicated in locomotor regulation, and shortly in other CNS processes that could be connected to locomotor activity. We also focus on brain areas implicated in locomotor activity biorhythm changes like suprachiasmatic nucleus, subparaventricular zone posterior hypothalamic area, striatum and thalamus. Gender-related aspects and differences in locomotor activity in males and females are discussed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Valuskova P, Forczek ST, Farar V, Myslivecek J. The deletion of M 4 muscarinic receptors increases motor activity in females in the dark phase. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01057. [PMID: 29978954 PMCID: PMC6085911 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES M4 muscarinic receptors (MR) presumably play a role in motor coordination. Previous studies have shown different results depending on genetic background and number of backcrosses. However, no attention has been given to biorhythms. MATERIAL AND METHODS We therefore analyzed biorhythms under a light/dark cycle obtained telemetrically in intact animals (activity, body temperature) in M4 KO mice growth on the C57Bl6 background using ChronosFit software. Studying pure effects of gene knockout in daily rhythms is especially important knowledge for pharmacological/behavioral studies in which drugs are usually tested in the morning. RESULTS We show that M4 KO mice motor activity does not differ substantially from wild-type mice during light period while in the dark phase (mice active part of the day), the M4 KO mice reveal biorhythm changes in many parameters. Moreover, these differences are sex-dependent and are evident in females only. Mesor, night-day difference, and night value were doubled or tripled when comparing female KO versus male KO. Our in vitro autoradiography demonstrates that M4 MR proportion represents 24% in the motor cortex (MOCx), 30% in the somatosensory cortex, 50% in the striatum, 69% in the thalamus, and 48% in the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). The M4 MR densities were negligible in the subparaventricular zone, the posterior hypothalamic area, and in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that cholinergic signaling at M4 MR in brain structures such as striatum, MOCx, and probably with the important participation of IGL significantly control motor activity biorhythm. Animal activity differs in the light and dark phases, which should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Valuskova
- 1st Faculty of MedicineInstitute of PhysiologyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Sandor T. Forczek
- Isotope LaboratoryInstitute of Experimental BotanyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vladimir Farar
- 1st Faculty of MedicineInstitute of PhysiologyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jaromir Myslivecek
- 1st Faculty of MedicineInstitute of PhysiologyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M. Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:20-41. [PMID: 29953902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) since the discovery of its prototypical drug clozapine has been a revolutionary pharmacological step for treating psychotic patients as these allow a significant recovery not only in terms of hospitalization and reduction in symptoms severity, but also in terms of safety, socialization and better rehabilitation in the society. Regarding the mechanism of action, AAPs are weak D2 receptor antagonists and they act beyond D2 antagonism, involving other receptor targets which regulate dopamine and other neurotransmitters. Consequently, AAPs present a significant reduction of deleterious side effects like parkinsonism, hyperprolactinemia, apathy and anhedonia, which are all linked to the strong blockade of D2 receptors. This review revisits previous and current findings within the class of AAPs and highlights the differences in terms of receptor properties and clinical activities among them. Furthermore, we propose a continuum spectrum of "atypia" that begins with risperidone (the least atypical) to clozapine (the most atypical), while all the other AAPs fall within the extremes of this spectrum. Clozapine is still considered the gold standard in refractory schizophrenia and in psychoses present in Parkinson's disease, though it has been associated with adverse effects like agranulocytosis (0.7%) and weight gain, pushing the scientific community to find new drugs as effective as clozapine, but devoid of its side effects. To achieve this, it is therefore imperative to characterize and compare in depth the very complex molecular profile of AAPs. We also introduce relatively new concepts like biased agonism, receptor dimerization and neurogenesis to identify better the old and new hallmarks of "atypia". Finally, a detailed confrontation of clinical differences among the AAPs is presented, especially in relation to their molecular targets, and new means like therapeutic drug monitoring are also proposed to improve the effectiveness of AAPs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Aringhieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Shivakumar Kolachalam
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Verdesca
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Cini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter J McCormick
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Giovanni U Corsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy.
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Ho H, Both MD, Siniard A, Sharma S, Notwell JH, Wallace M, Leone DP, Nguyen A, Zhao E, Lee H, Zwilling D, Thompson KR, Braithwaite SP, Huentelman M, Portmann T. A Guide to Single-Cell Transcriptomics in Adult Rodent Brain: The Medium Spiny Neuron Transcriptome Revisited. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:159. [PMID: 29970990 PMCID: PMC6018757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell technologies are paving the way to a comprehensive understanding of the cellular complexity in the brain. Protocols for single-cell transcriptomics combine a variety of sophisticated methods for the purpose of isolating the heavily interconnected and heterogeneous neuronal cell types in a relatively intact and healthy state. The emphasis of single-cell transcriptome studies has thus far been on comparing library generation and sequencing techniques that enable measurement of the minute amounts of starting material from a single cell. However, in order for data to be comparable, standardized cell isolation techniques are essential. Here, we analyzed and simplified methods for the different steps critically involved in single-cell isolation from brain. These include enzymatic digestion, tissue trituration, improved methods for efficient fluorescence-activated cell sorting in samples containing high degree of debris from the neuropil, and finally, highly region-specific cellular labeling compatible with use of stereotaxic coordinates. The methods are exemplified using medium spiny neurons (MSN) from dorsomedial striatum, a cell type that is clinically relevant for disorders of the basal ganglia, including psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. We present single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data from D1 and D2 dopamine receptor expressing MSN subtypes. We illustrate the need for single-cell resolution by comparing to available population-based gene expression data of striatal MSN subtypes. Our findings contribute toward standardizing important steps of single-cell isolation from adult brain tissue to increase comparability of data. Furthermore, our data redefine the transcriptome of MSNs at unprecedented resolution by confirming established marker genes, resolving inconsistencies from previous gene expression studies, and identifying novel subtype-specific marker genes in this important cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanson Ho
- Circuit Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Matt De Both
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Ashley Siniard
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sasha Sharma
- Circuit Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Dino P Leone
- Circuit Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Amy Nguyen
- Circuit Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Eric Zhao
- Circuit Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Hannah Lee
- Circuit Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Conti MM, Chambers N, Bishop C. A new outlook on cholinergic interneurons in Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:67-82. [PMID: 29782883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) striatal systems were considered antagonistic and imbalances or aberrant signaling between these neurotransmitter systems could be detrimental to basal ganglia activity and pursuant motor function, such as in Parkinson's disease (PD) and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Herein, we discuss the involvement of cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in striatally-mediated movement in a healthy, parkinsonian, and dyskinetic state. ChIs integrate numerous neurotransmitter signals using intrinsic glutamate, serotonin, and DA receptors and convey the appropriate transmission onto nearby muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors to produce movement. In PD, severe DA depletion causes abnormal rises in ChI activity which promote striatal signaling to attenuate normal movement. When treating PD with L-DOPA, hyperkinetic side effects, or LID, develop due to increased striatal DA; however, the role of ChIs and ACh transmission, until recently has been unclear. Fortunately, new technology and pharmacological agents have facilitated understanding of ChI function and ACh signaling in the context of LID, thus offering new opportunities to modify existing and discover future therapeutic strategies in movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Conti
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
| | - Nicole Chambers
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
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Valuskova P, Farar V, Forczek S, Krizova I, Myslivecek J. Autoradiography of 3H-pirenzepine and 3H-AFDX-384 in Mouse Brain Regions: Possible Insights into M 1, M 2, and M 4 Muscarinic Receptors Distribution. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:124. [PMID: 29515448 PMCID: PMC5826229 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoradiography helps to determine the distribution and density of muscarinic receptor (MR) binding sites in the brain. However, it relies on the selectivity of radioligands toward their target. 3H-Pirenzepine is commonly believed to label predominantly M1MR, 3H-AFDX-384 is considered as M2MR selective ligand. Here we performed series of autoradiographies with 3H-AFDX-384 (2 nM), and 3H-pirenzepine (5 nM) in WT, M1KO, M2KO, and M4KO mice to address the ligand selectivity. Labeling with 3H-pirenzepine using M1KO, M2KO, and M4KO brain sections showed the high selectivity toward M1MR. Selectivity of 3H-AFDX-384 toward M2MR varies among brain regions and depends on individual MR subtype proportion. All binding sites in the medulla oblongata and pons, correspond to M2MR. In caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, 77.7, 74.2, and 74.6% of 3H-AFDX-384 binding sites, respectively, are represented by M4MR and M2MR constitute only a minor portion. In cortex and hippocampus, 3H-AFDX-384 labels almost similar amounts of M2MR and M4MR alongside significant amounts of non-M2/non-M4MR. In cortex, the proportion of 3H-AFDX-384 binding sites attributable to M2MR can be increased by blocking M4MR with MT3 toxin without affecting non-M4MR. PD102807, which is considered as a highly selective M4MR antagonist failed to improve the discrimination of M2MR. Autoradiography with 3H-QNB showed genotype specific loss of binding sites. IN CONCLUSION while 3H-pirenzepine showed the high selectivity toward M1MR, 3H-AFDX-384 binding sites represent different populations of MR subtypes in a brain-region-specific manner. This finding has to be taken into account when interpreting the binding data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Valuskova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vladimir Farar
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sandor Forczek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Iva Krizova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaromir Myslivecek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Deckmann K, Rafiq A, Erdmann C, Illig C, Durschnabel M, Wess J, Weidner W, Bschleipfer T, Kummer W. Muscarinic receptors 2 and 5 regulate bitter response of urethral brush cells via negative feedback. FASEB J 2018; 32:2903-2910. [PMID: 29401598 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700582r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified a cholinergic chemosensory cell in the urethral epithelium, urethral brush cell (UBC), that, upon stimulation with bitter or bacterial substances, initiates a reflex detrusor activation. Here, we elucidated cholinergic mechanisms that modulate UBC responsiveness. We analyzed muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-5 mAChR) expression by using RT-PCR in UBCs, recorded [Ca2+]i responses to a bitter stimulus in isolated UBCs of wild-type and mAChR-deficient mice, and performed cystometry in all involved strains. The bitter response of UBCs was enhanced by global cholinergic and selective M2 inhibition, diminished by positive allosteric modulation of M5, and unaffected by M1, M3, and M4 mAChR inhibitors. This effect was not observed in M2 and M5 mAChR-deficient mice. In cystometry, M5 mAChR-deficient mice demonstrated signs of detrusor overactivity. In conclusion, M2 and M5 mAChRs attenuate the bitter response of UBC via a cholinergic negative autocrine feedback mechanism. Cystometry suggests that dysfunction, particularly of the M5 receptor, may lead to such symptoms as bladder overactivity.-Deckmann, K., Rafiq, A., Erdmann, C., Illig, C., Durschnabel, M., Wess, J., Weidner, W., Bschleipfer, T., Kummer, W. Muscarinic receptors 2 and 5 regulate bitter response of urethral brush cells via negative feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Deckmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amir Rafiq
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Erdmann
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology, and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Illig
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology, and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Melanie Durschnabel
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology, and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wolfgang Weidner
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology, and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Bschleipfer
- Clinic of Urology, Andrology, and Pediatric Urology, Weiden Hospital/Clinics of Nordoberpfalz AG, Weiden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Takai K, Enomoto T. Discovery and Development of Muscarinic Acetylcholine M 4 Activators as Promising Therapeutic Agents for CNS Diseases. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:37-44. [PMID: 29311510 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes, the M4 receptor has been investigated as a promising drug target for the treatment of schizophrenia. These investigations have been based on findings from M4-deficient mice studies as well as on the results of a clinical trial that used xanomeline, an M1/M4 mAChRs-preferring agonist. Both orthosteric agonists and positive allosteric modulators of M4 mAChR have been reported as promising ligands that not only have antipsychotic effects, but can also improve cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction. However, challenges remain due to the high homology of the orthosteric binding site among all muscarinic receptors. In this review, we summarize our approach to the identification of M4 mAChR activators, orthosteric agonists, and positive allosteric modulators based on M4 mAChR structural information and structure-activity relationship studies. These findings indicate that selective M4 mAChR activators are promising potential therapeutic agents for several central nervous system conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takai
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
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Moehle MS, Pancani T, Byun N, Yohn SE, Wilson GH, Dickerson JW, Remke DH, Xiang Z, Niswender CM, Wess J, Jones CK, Lindsley CW, Rook JM, Conn PJ. Cholinergic Projections to the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Inhibit Dopamine Modulation of Basal Ganglia through the M 4 Muscarinic Receptor. Neuron 2017; 96:1358-1372.e4. [PMID: 29268098 PMCID: PMC5753765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic regulation of dopaminergic inputs into the striatum is critical for normal basal ganglia (BG) function. This regulation of BG function is thought to be primarily mediated by acetylcholine released from cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) acting locally in the striatum. We now report a combination of pharmacological, electrophysiological, optogenetic, chemogenetic, and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies suggesting extra-striatal cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 4 (M4) to oppose cAMP-dependent dopamine receptor subtype 1 (D1) signaling in presynaptic terminals of direct pathway striatal spiny projections neurons. This induces a tonic inhibition of transmission at direct pathway synapses and D1-mediated activation of motor activity. These studies provide important new insights into the unique role of M4 in regulating BG function and challenge the prevailing hypothesis of the centrality of striatal ChIs in opposing dopamine regulation of BG output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Moehle
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tristano Pancani
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nellie Byun
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samantha E Yohn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - George H Wilson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Johnathan W Dickerson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel H Remke
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Saternos HC, Almarghalani DA, Gibson HM, Meqdad MA, Antypas RB, Lingireddy A, AbouAlaiwi WA. Distribution and function of the muscarinic receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system. Physiol Genomics 2017; 50:1-9. [PMID: 29093194 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00062.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are widely known to mediate numerous functions within the central and peripheral nervous system. Thus, they have become attractive therapeutic targets for various disorders. It has long been known that the parasympathetic system, governed by acetylcholine, plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular function. Unfortunately, due to the lack of pharmacologic selectivity for any one muscarinic receptor, there was a minimal understanding of their distribution and function within this region. However, in recent years, advancements in research have led to the generation of knockout animal models, better antibodies, and more selective ligands enabling a more thorough understanding of the unique role muscarinic receptors play in the cardiovascular system. These advances have shown muscarinic receptor 2 is no longer the only functional subtype found within the heart and muscarinic receptors 1 and 3 mediate both dilation and constriction in the vasculature. Although muscarinic receptors 4 and 5 are still not well characterized in the cardiovascular system, the recent generation of knockout animal models will hopefully generate a better understanding of their function. This mini review aims to summarize recent findings and advances of muscarinic involvement in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Saternos
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Daniyah A Almarghalani
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Hayley M Gibson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Mahmood A Meqdad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Raymond B Antypas
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ajay Lingireddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Wissam A AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
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Thomsen M, Sørensen G, Dencker D. Physiological roles of CNS muscarinic receptors gained from knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:411-420. [PMID: 28911965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because the five muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes have overlapping distributions in many CNS tissues, and because ligands with a high degree of selectivity for a given subtype long remained elusive, it has been difficult to determine the physiological functions of each receptor. Genetically engineered knockout mice, in which one or more muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype has been inactivated, have been instrumental in identifying muscarinic receptor functions in the CNS, at the neuronal, circuit, and behavioral level. These studies revealed important functions of muscarinic receptors modulating neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release in many brain regions, shaping neuronal plasticity, and affecting functions ranging from motor and sensory function to cognitive processes. As gene targeting technology evolves including the use of conditional, cell type specific strains, knockout mice are likely to continue to provide valuable insights into brain physiology and pathophysiology, and advance the development of new medications for a range of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addictions, as well as non-opioid analgesics. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Gunnar Sørensen
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ditte Dencker
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen and University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Naser PV, Kuner R. Molecular, Cellular and Circuit Basis of Cholinergic Modulation of Pain. Neuroscience 2017; 387:135-148. [PMID: 28890048 PMCID: PMC6150928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being a key component of the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine acts as a prominent neurotransmitter and neuromodulator upon release from key groups of cholinergic projection neurons and interneurons distributed across the central nervous system. It has been more than forty years since it was discovered that cholinergic transmission profoundly modifies the perception of pain. Directly activating cholinergic receptors or extending the action of endogenous acetylcholine via pharmacological blockade of acetylcholine esterase reduces pain in rodents as well as humans; conversely, inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors induces nociceptive hypersensitivity. Here, we aim to review the considerable progress in our understanding of peripheral, spinal and brain contributions to cholinergic modulation of pain. We discuss the distribution of cholinergic neurons, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors over the central nervous system and the synaptic and circuit-level modulation by cholinergic signaling. AchRs profoundly regulate nociceptive transmission at the level of the spinal cord via pre- as well as postsynaptic mechanisms. Moreover, we attempt to provide an overview of how some of the salient regions in the pain network spanning the brain, such as the primary somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex and descending modulatory systems are influenced by cholinergic modulation. Finally, we critically discuss the clinical relevance of cholinergic signaling to pain therapy. Cholinergic mechanisms contribute to several both conventional as well as unorthodox forms of pain treatments, and reciprocal interactions between cholinergic and opioidergic modulation impact on the function and efficacy of both opioids and cholinomimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Naser
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Cell Networks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, Germany.
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Involvement of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons and M1 and M4 Muscarinic Receptors in Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9161-72. [PMID: 27581457 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0873-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Over the last decade, striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) have reemerged as key actors in the pathophysiology of basal-ganglia-related movement disorders. However, the mechanisms involved are still unclear. In this study, we address the role of ChI activity in the expression of parkinsonian-like motor deficits in a unilateral nigrostriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion model using optogenetic and pharmacological approaches. Dorsal striatal photoinhibition of ChIs in lesioned ChAT(cre/cre) mice expressing halorhodopsin in ChIs reduces akinesia, bradykinesia, and sensorimotor neglect. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) blockade by scopolamine produces similar anti-parkinsonian effects. To decipher which of the mAChR subtypes provides these beneficial effects, systemic and intrastriatal administration of the selective M1 and M4 mAChR antagonists telenzepine and tropicamide, respectively, were tested in the same model of Parkinson's disease. The two compounds alleviate 6-OHDA lesion-induced motor deficits. Telenzepine produces its beneficial effects by blocking postsynaptic M1 mAChRs expressed on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) at the origin of the indirect striatopallidal and direct striatonigral pathways. The anti-parkinsonian effects of tropicamide were almost completely abolished in mutant lesioned mice that lack M4 mAChRs specifically in dopamine D1-receptor-expressing neurons, suggesting that postsynaptic M4 mAChRs expressed on direct MSNs mediate the antiakinetic action of tropicamide. The present results show that altered cholinergic transmission via M1 and M4 mAChRs of the dorsal striatum plays a pivotal role in the occurrence of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The striatum, where dopaminergic and cholinergic systems interact, is the pivotal structure of basal ganglia involved in pathophysiological changes underlying Parkinson's disease. Here, using optogenetic and pharmacological approaches, we investigated the involvement of striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) and muscarinic receptor subtypes (mAChRs) in the occurrence of a wide range of motor deficits such as akinesia, bradykinesia, motor coordination, and sensorimotor neglect after unilateral nigrostriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in mice. Our results show that photoinhibition of ChIs in the dorsal striatum and pharmacological blockade of muscarinic receptors, specifically postsynaptic M1 and M4 mAChRs, alleviate lesion-induced motor deficits. The present study points to these receptor subtypes as potential targets for the symptomatic treatment of parkinsonian-like motor symptoms.
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