1
|
Iijima H. 配座発生を利用した分子設計. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2023; 143:369-375. [PMID: 37005239 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Today computational chemistry has become an established tool for medicinal chemists. However, softwares are becoming more sophisticated, and in order to master the tools, a wide range of fundamental competency such as thermodynamics, statistics, and physical chemistry are required in addition to chemical creativity. As a result, a software might be used as a black box. In this article, I would like to introduce what a simple computational conformation analysis can do and my experience of using it in actual wet research.
Collapse
|
2
|
Murray MP, Crosby CM, Marcovecchio P, Hartmann N, Chandra S, Zhao M, Khurana A, Zahner SP, Clausen BE, Coleman FT, Mizgerd JP, Mikulski Z, Kronenberg M. Stimulation of a subset of natural killer T cells by CD103 + DC is required for GM-CSF and protection from pneumococcal infection. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110209. [PMID: 35021099 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate-like T cells, including invariant natural killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and γδ T cells, are present in various barrier tissues, including the lung, where they carry out protective responses during infections. Here, we investigate their roles during pulmonary pneumococcal infection. Following infection, innate-like T cells rapidly increase in lung tissue, in part through recruitment, but T cell antigen receptor activation and cytokine production occur mostly in interleukin-17-producing NKT17 and γδ T cells. NKT17 cells are preferentially located within lung tissue prior to infection, as are CD103+ dendritic cells, which are important both for antigen presentation to NKT17 cells and γδ T cell activation. Whereas interleukin-17-producing γδ T cells are numerous, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is exclusive to NKT17 cells and is required for optimal protection. These studies demonstrate how particular cellular interactions and responses of functional subsets of innate-like T cells contribute to protection from pathogenic lung infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Paynich Murray
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Catherine M Crosby
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paola Marcovecchio
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nadine Hartmann
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shilpi Chandra
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meng Zhao
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Archana Khurana
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sonja P Zahner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Fadie T Coleman
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joseph P Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu CL, Caumartin J, Amodio G, Anna F, Loustau M, Gregori S, Langlade-Demoyen P, LeMaoult J. Inhibition of iNKT Cells by the HLA-G-ILT2 Checkpoint and Poor Stimulation by HLA-G-Expressing Tolerogenic DC. Front Immunol 2021; 11:608614. [PMID: 33505397 PMCID: PMC7832389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are a small and distinct population of T cells crucial in immunomodulation. After activation by alpha-GalactosylCeramide (αGC), an exogenic glycolipid antigen, iNKT cells can rapidly release cytokines to enhance specific anti-tumor activity. Several human clinical trials on iNKT cell-based anti-cancer are ongoing, however results are not as striking as in murine models. Given that iNKT-based immunotherapies are dependent mainly on antigen-presenting cells (APC), a human tolerogenic molecule with no murine homolog, such as Human Leucocyte Antigen G (HLA-G), could contribute to this discrepancy. HLA-G is a well-known immune checkpoint molecule involved in fetal-maternal tolerance and in tumor immune escape. HLA-G exerts its immunomodulatory functions through the interaction with immune inhibitory receptors such as ILT2, differentially expressed on immune cell subsets. We hypothesized that HLA-G might inhibit iNKT function directly or by inducing tolerogenic APC leading to iNKT cell anergy, which could impact the results of current clinical trials. Using an ILT2-transduced murine iNKT cell line and human iNKT cells, we demonstrate that iNKT cells are sensitive to HLA-G, which inhibits their cytokine secretion. Furthermore, human HLA-G+ dendritic cells, called DC-10, failed at inducing iNKT cell activation compared to their autologous HLA-G‒ DCs counterparts. Our data show for the first time that the HLA-G/ILT2 ICP is involved in iNKT cell function modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lien Wu
- CEA, DRF-Francois Jacob Institute, Research Division in Hematology and Immunology (SRHI), Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, IRSL, UMRS 976, Paris, France.,Invectys, Paris, France
| | | | - Giada Amodio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Joel LeMaoult
- CEA, DRF-Francois Jacob Institute, Research Division in Hematology and Immunology (SRHI), Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, IRSL, UMRS 976, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Perroteau J, Navet B, Devilder MC, Hesnard L, Scotet E, Gapin L, Saulquin X, Gautreau-Rolland L. Contribution of the SYK Tyrosine kinase expression to human iNKT self-reactivity. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1454-1467. [PMID: 32460359 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are particular T lymphocytes at the frontier between innate and adaptative immunities. They participate in the elimination of pathogens or tumor cells, but also in the development of allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases. From their first descriptions, the phenomenon of self-reactivity has been described. Indeed, they are able to recognize exogenous and endogenous lipids. However, the mechanisms underlying the self-reactivity are still largely unknown, particularly in humans. Using a CD1d tetramer-based sensitive immunomagnetic approach, we generated self-reactive iNKT cell lines from blood circulating iNKT cells of healthy donors. Analysis of their functional characteristics in vitro showed that these cells recognized endogenous lipids presented by CD1d molecules through their TCR that do not correspond to α-glycosylceramides. TCR sequencing and transcriptomic analysis of T cell clones revealed that a particular TCR signature and an expression of the SYK protein kinase were two mechanisms supporting human iNKT self-reactivity. The SYK expression, strong in the most self-reactive iNKT clones and variable in ex vivo isolated iNKT cells, seems to decrease the activation threshold of iNKT cells and increase their overall antigenic sensitivity. This study indicates that a modulation of the TCR intracellular signal contributes to iNKT self-reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Navet
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | | | - Leslie Hesnard
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | | | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang G, Artiaga BL, Lomelino CL, Jayaprakash AD, Sachidanandam R, Mckenna R, Driver JP. Next Generation Sequencing of the Pig αβ TCR Repertoire Identifies the Porcine Invariant NKT Cell Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1981-1991. [PMID: 30777925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Swine represent the only livestock with an established invariant NKT (iNKT) cell-CD1d system. In this study, we exploited the fact that pig iNKT cells can be purified using a mouse CD1d tetramer reagent to establish their TCR repertoire by next generation sequencing. CD1d tetramer-positive pig cells predominantly expressed an invariant Vα-Jα rearrangement, without nontemplate nucleotide diversity, homologous to the Vα24-Jα18 and Vα14-Jα18 rearrangements of human and murine iNKT cells. The coexpressed β-chain used a Vβ segment homologous to the semivariant Vβ11 and Vβ8.2 segments of human and murine iNKT cell receptors. Molecular modeling found that contacts within CD1d and CDR1α that underlie fine specificity differences between mouse and human iNKT cells are conserved between pigs and humans, indicating that the response of porcine and human iNKT cells to CD1d-restricted Ags may be similar. Accordingly, pigs, which are an important species for diverse fields of biomedical research, may be useful for developing human-based iNKT cell therapies for cancer, infectious diseases, and other disorders. Our study also sequenced the expressed TCR repertoire of conventional porcine αβ T cells, which identified 48 Vα, 50 Jα, 18 Vβ, and 18 Jβ sequences, most of which correspond to human gene segments. These findings provide information on the αβ TCR usage of pigs, which is understudied and deserves further attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Bianca L Artiaga
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Carrie L Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | | | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Girihlet Inc., Oakland, CA 94609; and.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Robert Mckenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Murine DX5 +NKT Cells Display Their Cytotoxic and Proapoptotic Potentials against Colitis-Inducing CD4 +CD62L high T Cells through Fas Ligand. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8175810. [PMID: 30364054 PMCID: PMC6186349 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8175810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been previously shown that immunoregulatory DX5+NKT cells are able to prevent colitis induced by CD4+CD62Lhigh T lymphocytes in a SCID mouse model. The aim of this study was to further investigate the underlying mechanism in vitro. Methods CD4+CD62Lhigh and DX5+NKT cells from the spleen of Balb/c mice were isolated first by MACS, followed by FACS sorting and cocultured for up to 96 h. After polyclonal stimulation with anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and IL-2, proliferation of CD4+CD62Lhigh cells was assessed using a CFSE assay and activity of proapoptotic caspase-3 was determined by intracellular staining and flow cytometry. Extrinsic apoptotic pathway was blocked using an unconjugated antibody against FasL, and activation of caspase-3 was measured. Results As previously shown in vivo, DX5+NKT cells inhibit proliferation of CD4+CD62Lhigh cells in vitro after 96 h coculture compared to a CD4+CD62Lhigh monoculture (proliferation index: 1.39 ± 0.07 vs. 1.76 ± 0.12; P = 0.0079). The antiproliferative effect of DX5+NKT cells was likely due to an induction of apoptosis in CD4+CD62Lhigh cells as evidenced by increased activation of the proapoptotic caspase-3 after 48 h (38 ± 3% vs. 28 ± 3%; P = 0.0451). Furthermore, DX5+NKT cells after polyclonal stimulation showed an upregulation of FasL on their cell surface (15 ± 2% vs. 2 ± 1%; P = 0.0286). Finally, FasL was blocked on DX5+NKT cells, and therefore, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway abrogated the activation of caspase-3 in CD4+CD62Lhigh cells. Conclusion Collectively, these data confirmed that DX5+NKT cells inhibit proliferation of colitis-inducing CD4+CD62Lhigh cells by induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, DX5+NKT cells likely mediate their cytotoxic and proapoptotic potentials via FasL, confirming recent reports about iNKT cells. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the therapeutical potential of these immunoregulatory cells in patients with colitis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu L, Xie X, Zhang L, Wang H, Jie Z, Zhou X, Shi J, Zhao S, Zhang B, Cheng X, Sun SC. TBK-binding protein 1 regulates IL-15-induced autophagy and NKT cell survival. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2812. [PMID: 30022064 PMCID: PMC6052109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine IL-15 mediates development and survival of immune cells, including natural killer T (NKT) cells, but the underlying mechanism of IL-15 function is incompletely understood. Here we show that IL-15 induces autophagy in NKT cells with a mechanism that involves a crucial signaling component, TBK-binding protein 1 (Tbkbp1). Tbkbp1 facilitates activation of the autophagy-initiating kinase Ulk1 through antagonizing the inhibitory action of mTORC1. This antagonization involves the recruitment of an mTORC1-opposing phosphatase to Ulk1. Tbkbp1 deficiency attenuates IL-15-stimulated NKT cell autophagy, and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, aberrant ROS production, defective Bcl2 expression and reduced NKT cell survival. Consequently, Tbkbp1-deficient mice have profound deficiency in NKT cells, especially IFN-γ-producing NKT1. We further show that Tbkbp1 regulates IL-15-stimulated autophagy and survival of NK cells. These findings suggest a mechanism of autophagy induction by IL-15, and establish Tbkbp1 as a regulator of NKT cell development and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Zhu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianhong Shi
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, 212 Yuhua East Road, 07100, Baoding, China
| | - Shuli Zhao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210012, China
| | - Boxiang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department Two of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Di Pietro C, De Giorgi L, Cosorich I, Sorini C, Fedeli M, Falcone M. MicroRNA-133b Regulation of Th-POK Expression and Dendritic Cell Signals Affect NKT17 Cell Differentiation in the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3271-3280. [PMID: 27605013 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NKT17 cells represent a functional subset of Vα14 invariant NKT (iNKT) cells with important effector functions in infections and autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms that drive NKT17 cell differentiation in the thymus are still largely unknown. The percentage of NKT17 cells has a high variability between murine strains due to differential thymic differentiation. For example, the NOD strain carries a high percentage and absolute numbers of NKT17 cells compared with other strains. In this study, we used the NOD mouse model to analyze what regulates NKT17 cell frequency in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs. In accordance with previous studies showing that the zinc finger transcription factor Th-POK is a key negative regulator of thymic NKT17 cell differentiation in the thymus, our data indicate that excessive NKT17 cell frequency in NOD mice correlates with defective Th-POK expression by thymic Vα14iNKT cells. Moreover, we found that Th-POK expression is under epigenetic regulation mediated by microRNA-133b whose expression is reduced in Vα14iNKT cells of NOD mice. We also demonstrated in a conditional knockout model of dendritic cell (DC) depletion (CD11cCreXDTA.B6 and CD11cCreRosa26DTA.NOD mice) that DCs play a crucial role in regulating Vα14iNKT cell maturation and their acquisition of an NKT17 cytokine secretion phenotype in the thymus. Overall, our data show that mechanisms regulating NKT17 cell differentiation are unique and completely different from those of Vα14iNKT cells. Specifically, we found that epigenetic regulation through microRNA-133b-regulated Th-POK expression and signals provided by DCs are fundamental for thymic NKT17 cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Di Pietro
- Experimental Diabetes Unit-Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; and
| | - Lorena De Giorgi
- Experimental Diabetes Unit-Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; and
| | - Ilaria Cosorich
- Experimental Diabetes Unit-Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; and
| | - Chiara Sorini
- Experimental Diabetes Unit-Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; and
| | - Maya Fedeli
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Institute for Research, Hospitalization, and Health Care, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marika Falcone
- Experimental Diabetes Unit-Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kharkwal SS, Arora P, Porcelli SA. Glycolipid activators of invariant NKT cells as vaccine adjuvants. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:597-610. [PMID: 27377623 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes with unique phenotypic properties and a remarkably broad range of immune effector and regulatory functions. One subset of these cells, known as invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells), has become a significant focus in the search for new and better ways to enhance immunotherapies and vaccination. These unconventional T cells are characterized by their ability to be specifically activated by a range of foreign and self-derived glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d, an MHC class I-related antigen presenting molecule that has evolved to bind and present lipid antigens. The development of synthetic α-galactosylceramides as a family of powerful glycolipid agonists for iNKT cells has led to approaches for augmenting a wide variety of immune responses, including those involved in vaccination against infections and cancers. Here we review the basic background biology of iNKT cells that is relevant to their potential for improving immune responses, and summarize recent work supporting the further development of glycolipid activators of iNKT cells as a new class of vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Sharma Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rosales C, Tang D, Geng YJ. CD1d serves as a surface receptor for oxidized cholesterol induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:224-31. [PMID: 25618030 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cluster of differentiation-1d (CD1d) recognizes and presents the lipid antigens to NK-T lymphocytes. Atherosclerotic lesions contain atherogenic lipids, mainly cholesterol and its oxides. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is also known to exist in atherosclerotic lesions, participating in regulation of lipid metabolism. The current study tested whether CD1d acts as a surface receptor that mediates induction and activation of PPARγ by oxysterols commonly found in atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS CD1d overexpression in HEK 293 cells transfected with CD1d cDNA was confirmed by fluorescence, flow cytometry, Western blotting and mRNA expression. Tritiated ((3)H) 7-ketocholesterol (7K) was used for lipid binding assays. Radioactive assessment demonstrated an increased 7K-binding activity HEK 293 cells with CD1d overexpression. The 7K binding could be blocked by another oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, but not by native free cholesterol. Addition of CD1d:IgG dimer protein or an anti-CD1d antibody, but not control IgG, significantly diminished 7K binding to CD1d-expressing HEK 293 cells. CD1d deficiency markedly diminished the 7K-binding in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Western blot and gel shift assays demonstrated that CD1d-mediated 7K binding induced expression and activation of PPARγ. The PPARγ agonist PGJ2 enhances the 7K stimulatory effect on PPARγ expression and activity but the antagonist GW9662 inhibits the 7K effect on the CD1d-expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS CD1d acts as a cell surface receptor that recognizes and binds oxysterols and initializes a pathway connecting oxysterol binding to PPARγ activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina Rosales
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Daming Tang
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
TANIGUCHI M, HARADA M, DASHTSOODOL N, KOJO S. Discovery of NKT cells and development of NKT cell-targeted anti-tumor immunotherapy. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2015; 91:292-304. [PMID: 26194854 PMCID: PMC4631895 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.91.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are unique lymphocytes characterized by their expression of a single invariant antigen receptor encoded by Vα14Jα18 in mice and Vα24Jα18 in humans, which recognizes glycolipid antigens in association with the monomorphic CD1d molecule. NKT cells mediate adjuvant activity to activate both CD8T cells to kill MHC-positive tumor cells and NK cells to eliminate MHC-negative tumor at the same time in patients, resulting in the complete eradication of tumors without relapse. Therefore, the NKT cell-targeted therapy can be applied to any type of tumor and also to anyone individual, regardless of HLA type.Phase IIa clinical trials on advanced lung cancers and head and neck tumors have been completed and showed significantly prolonged median survival times with only the primary treatment. Another potential treatment option for the future is to use induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived NKT cells, which induced adjuvant effects on anti-tumor responses, inhibiting in vivo tumor growth in a mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru TANIGUCHI
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michishige HARADA
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nyambayar DASHTSOODOL
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi KOJO
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thakur MS, Khurana A, Kronenberg M, Howell AR. Synthesis of a 2"-deoxy-β-GalCer. Molecules 2014; 19:10090-102. [PMID: 25014535 PMCID: PMC4409828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural studies of ternary complexes of CD1d/glycosyl ceramides/iNKT cells and CD1d/sulfatide/sulfatide reactive Type II NKT cells have shown how the polar moieties on the glycolipids interact with both the antigen presenting protein (CD1d) and the T cell receptors. However, these structures alone do not reveal the relative importance of these interactions. This study focuses on the synthesis of the previously unknown 2"-deoxy-β-galactosyl ceramide 2. This glycolipid is also evaluated for its ability to stimulate iNKT cells and sulfatide-reactive Type II NKT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena S Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Archana Khurana
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T cells that rapidly produce a variety of cytokines following T cell receptor (TCR) activation and can shape the immune response in many different settings. There are two main NKT cell subsets: type I NKT cells are typically characterized by the expression of a semi-invariant TCR, whereas the TCRs expressed by type II NKT cells are more diverse. This Review focuses on the defining features and emerging generalities regarding how NKT cells specifically recognize self, microbial and synthetic lipid-based antigens that are presented by CD1d. Such information is vitally important to better understand, and fully harness, the therapeutic potential of NKT cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang J, Guillaume J, Pauwels N, Van Calenbergh S, Van Rhijn I, Zajonc DM. Crystal structures of bovine CD1d reveal altered αGalCer presentation and a restricted A' pocket unable to bind long-chain glycolipids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47989. [PMID: 23110152 PMCID: PMC3479135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NKT cells play important roles in immune surveillance. They rapidly respond to pathogens by detecting microbial glycolipids when presented by the non-classical MHC I homolog CD1d. Previously, ruminants were considered to lack NKT cells due to the lack of a functional CD1D gene. However, recent data suggest that cattle express CD1d with unknown function. In an attempt to characterize the function of bovine CD1d, we assessed the lipid binding properties of recombinant Bos taurus CD1d (boCD1d) in vitro. BoCD1d is able to bind glycosphingolipids (GSLs) with fatty acid chain lengths of C18, while GSLs with fatty acids of C24 do not bind. Crystal structures of boCD1d bound to a short-chain C12-di-sulfatide antigen, as well as short-chain C16-αGalCer revealed that the Á pocket of boCD1d is restricted in size compared to that of both mouse and human CD1d, explaining the inability of long chain GSL’s to bind to boCD1d. Moreover, while di-sulfatide is presented similarly compared to the presentation of sulfatide by mouse CD1d, αGalCer is presented differently at the cell surface, due to an amino acid Asp151Asn substitution that results in loss of intimate contacts between the αGalCer headgroup and CD1d. The altered αGalCer presentation by boCD1d also explains its lack of cross-activation of mouse iNKT cells and raises the interesting question of the nature and function of bovine lipid-reactive T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joren Guillaume
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nora Pauwels
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Girardi E, Maricic I, Wang J, Mac TT, Iyer P, Kumar V, Zajonc DM. Type II natural killer T cells use features of both innate-like and conventional T cells to recognize sulfatide self antigens. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:851-6. [PMID: 22820602 PMCID: PMC3442777 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I homolog CD1d are recognized by natural killer T cells (NKT cells) characterized by either a semi-invariant T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire (type I NKT cells or iNKT cells) or a relatively variable TCR repertoire (type II NKT cells). Here we describe the structure of a type II NKT cell TCR in complex with CD1d-lysosulfatide. Both TCR α-chains and TCR β-chains made contact with the CD1d molecule with a diagonal footprint, typical of MHC-TCR interactions, whereas the antigen was recognized exclusively with a single TCR chain, similar to the iNKT cell TCR. Type II NKT cell TCRs, therefore, recognize CD1d-sulfatide complexes by a distinct recognition mechanism characterized by the TCR-binding features of both iNKT cells and conventional peptide-reactive T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Crystallization
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Sulfoglycosphingolipids/immunology
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/chemistry
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Recognition of CD1d-sulfatide mediated by a type II natural killer T cell antigen receptor. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:857-63. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
17
|
Hornung M, Werner JM, Farkas S, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK. Migration and chemokine receptor pattern of colitis-preventing DX5+NKT cells. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26:1423-33. [PMID: 21647599 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE DX5(+)NKT cells are a subpopulation of NKT cells expressing both T cell receptor and NK cell markers that show an immune-regulating function. Transferred DX5(+)NKT cells from immune competent Balb/c mice can prevent or reduce induced colitis in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Here, we investigated the in vivo migration of DX5(+)NKT cells and their corresponding chemokine receptor patterns. METHODS DX5(+)NKT cells were isolated from spleens of Balb/c mice and transferred into Balb/c SCID mice. After 2 and 8 days, in vivo migration was examined using in vivo microscopy. In addition, the chemokine receptor pattern was analyzed with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and the migration assay was performed. RESULTS Our results show that labeled DX5(+)NKT cells were primarily detectable in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen after transfer. After 8 days, DX5(+)NKT cells were observed in the colonic tissues, especially the appendix. FACS analysis of chemokine receptors in DX5(+)NKT cells revealed expression of CCR3, CCR6, CCR9, CXCR3, CXCR4, and CXCR6, but no CCR5, CXCR5, or the lymphoid homing receptor CCR7. Stimulation upregulated especially CCR7 expression, and chemokine receptor patterns were different between splenic and liver DX5(+)NKT cells. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that colitis-preventing DX5(+)NKT cells need to traffic through lymphoid organs to execute their immunological function at the site of inflammation. Furthermore, DX5(+)NKT cells express a specific chemokine receptor pattern with an upregulation of the lymphoid homing receptor CCR7 after activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hornung
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wingender G, Rogers P, Batzer G, Lee MS, Bai D, Pei B, Khurana A, Kronenberg M, Horner AA. Invariant NKT cells are required for airway inflammation induced by environmental antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1151-62. [PMID: 21624935 PMCID: PMC3173256 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
House dust contains antigens capable of activating mouse and human iNKT cells, contributing to allergen-induced airway inflammation. Invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) are a unique subset of T lymphocytes that rapidly carry out effector functions. In this study, we report that a majority of sterile house dust extracts (HDEs) tested contained antigens capable of activating mouse and human iNKT cells. HDEs had adjuvant-like properties in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model, which were dependent on Vα14i NKT cells, as vaccinated animals deficient for iNKT cells displayed significantly attenuated immune responses and airway inflammation. Furthermore, the administration of HDEs together with OVA mutually augmented the synthesis of cytokines by Vα14i NKT cells and by conventional CD4+ T cells in the lung, demonstrating a profound immune response synergy for both Th2 cytokines and IL-17A. These data demonstrate that iNKT cell antigens are far more widely dispersed in the environment than previously anticipated. Furthermore, as the antigenic activity in different houses varied greatly, they further suggest that iNKT cell responses to ambient antigens, particular to certain environments, might promote sensitization to conventional respiratory allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Werner JM, Busl E, Farkas SA, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Hornung M. DX5+NKT cells display phenotypical and functional differences between spleen and liver as well as NK1.1-Balb/c and NK1.1+ C57Bl/6 mice. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:26. [PMID: 21529347 PMCID: PMC3097004 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer T cells represent a linkage between innate and adaptive immunity. They are a heterogeneous population of specialized T lymphocytes composed of different subsets. DX5+NKT cells are characterized by expression of the NK cell marker DX5 in the context of CD3. However, little is known about the phenotype and functional capacity of this unique cell population. Therefore, we investigated the expression of several T cell and NK cell markers, as well as functional parameters in spleen and liver subsets of DX5+NKT cells in NK1.1- Balb/c mice and compared our findings to NK1.1+ C57Bl/6 mice. RESULTS In the spleen 34% of DX5+NKT cells expressed CD62L and they up-regulated the functional receptors CD154 as well as CD178 upon activation. In contrast, only a few liver DX5+NKT cells expressed CD62L, and they did not up-regulate CD154 upon activation. A further difference between spleen and liver subsets was observed in cytokine production. Spleen DX5+NKT cells produced more Th1 cytokines including IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α, while liver DX5+NKT cells secreted more Th2 cytokines (e.g. IL-4) and even the Th17 cytokine, IL-17a. Furthermore, we found inter-strain differences. In NK1.1+ C57Bl/6 mice DX5+NKT cells represented a distinct T cell population expressing less CD4 and more CD8. Accordingly, these cells showed a CD178 and Th2-type functional capacity upon activation. CONCLUSION These results show that DX5+NKT cells are a heterogeneous population, depending on the dedicated organ and mouse strain, that has diverse functional capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hassan I, Ahmad F. Structural diversity of class I MHC-like molecules and its implications in binding specificities. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2011; 83:223-70. [PMID: 21570669 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381262-9.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The binding groove of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class is essentially important for antigen binding and presentation on T cells. There are several molecules that have analogous conformations to class I MHC. However, they bind specifically to varying types of ligands and cell-surface receptors in order to elicit an immune response. To elucidate how such recognition is achieved in classical MHC-I like molecules, we have extensively analyzed the structure of human leukocyte antigen (HLA-1), neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), hereditary hemochromatosis protein (HFE), cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1), gamma delta T cell receptor ligand (Τ22), zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), and MHC class I chain-related (MIC-A) proteins. All these molecules have analogous structural anatomy, divided into three distinct domains, where α1-α2 superdomains form a groove-like structure that potentially bind to certain ligand, while the α3 domain adopts a fold resembling immunoglobulin constant domains, and holds this α1-α2 platform and the light chain. We have observed many remarkable features of α1-α2 platform, which provide specificities to these proteins toward a particular class of ligands. The relative orientation of α1, α2, and α3 domains is primarily responsible for the specificity to the light chain. Interestingly, light chain of all these proteins is β₂-microglobulin (β₂M), except ZAG which has prolactin-induced protein (PIP). However, MIC-A is devoid of any light chain. Residues on β₂M recognize a sequence motif on the α3 domain that is essentially restricted to specific heavy chain of MHC class I molecules. Our analysis suggests that the structural features of class I molecules determine the recognition of different ligands and light chains, which are responsible for their corresponding functions through an inherent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Monzon-Casanova E, Steiniger B, Schweigle S, Clemen H, Zdzieblo D, Starick L, Müller I, Wang CR, Rhost S, Cardell S, Pyz E, Herrmann T. CD1d expression in paneth cells and rat exocrine pancreas revealed by novel monoclonal antibodies which differentially affect NKT cell activation. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20927351 PMCID: PMC2948036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD1d is a nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like molecule which presents nonpeptide ligands, e.g. glycolipids, to NKT cells. These cells are known to have multiple effects on innate and adaptive immune responses and on the development of pathological conditions. In order to analyze CD1d expression and function in the rat, the first rat CD1d-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated. Methodology/Principal Findings Two mAbs, WTH-1 and WTH-2, were generated which bound equally well to cell surface-expressed rat and mouse CD1d. Their non-overlapping epitopes were mapped to the CD1d heavy chain. Flow cytometry and immunohistological analyses revealed a nearly identical degree and pattern of CD1d expression for hematopoieitic cells of both species. Notable is also the detection of CD1d protein in mouse and rat Paneth cells as well as the extremely high CD1d expression in acinar exocrine cells of the rat pancreas and the expression of CD4 on rat marginal zone B cells. Both mAbs blocked α-galactosylceramide recognition by primary rat and mouse NKT cells. Interestingly, the two mAbs differed in their impact on the activation of various autoreactive T cell hybridomas, including the XV19.2 hybridoma whose activation was enhanced by the WTH-1 mAb. Conclusions/Significance The two novel monoclonal antibodies described in this study, allowed the analysis of CD1d expression and CD1d-restricted T cell responses in the rat for the first time. Moreover, they provided new insights into mechanisms of CD1d-restricted antigen recognition. While CD1d expression by hematopoietic cells of mice and rats was extremely similar, CD1d protein was detected at not yet described sites of non-lymphatic tissues such as the rat exocrine pancreas and Paneth cells. The latter is of special relevance given the recently reported defects of Paneth cells in CD1d−/− mice, which resulted in an altered composition of the gut flora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Monzon-Casanova
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Birte Steiniger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schweigle
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Clemen
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Zdzieblo
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Starick
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Müller
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sara Rhost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Elwira Pyz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sullivan BA, Nagarajan NA, Wingender G, Wang J, Scott I, Tsuji M, Franck RW, Porcelli SA, Zajonc DM, Kronenberg M. Mechanisms for glycolipid antigen-driven cytokine polarization by Valpha14i NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:141-53. [PMID: 19949076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain glycolipid Ags for Valpha14i NKT cells can direct the overall cytokine balance of the immune response. Th2-biasing OCH has a lower TCR avidity than the most potent agonist known, alpha-galactosylceramide. Although the CD1d-exposed portions of OCH and alpha-galactosylceramide are identical, structural analysis indicates that there are subtle CD1d conformational differences due to differences in the buried lipid portion of these two Ags, likely accounting for the difference in antigenic potency. Th1-biasing C-glycoside/CD1d has even weaker TCR interactions than OCH/CD1d. Despite this, C-glycoside caused a greater downstream activation of NK cells to produce IFN-gamma, accounting for its promotion of Th1 responses. We found that this difference correlated with the finding that C-glycoside/CD1d complexes survive much longer in vivo. Therefore, we suggest that the pharmacokinetic properties of glycolipids are a major determinant of cytokine skewing, suggesting a pathway for designing therapeutic glycolipids for modulating invariant NKT cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Sullivan
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zajonc DM, Kronenberg M. Carbohydrate specificity of the recognition of diverse glycolipids by natural killer T cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 230:188-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
Kubota M, Takimoto H, Kaneko M, Inoue J, Kumazawa Y. Potentiation of murine innate immunity by alpha-galacturonosyl-type glycosphingolipids isolated from Sphingomonas yanoikuyae and S. terrae. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009; 31:363-9. [PMID: 19555191 DOI: 10.1080/08923970802438409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are components of the outer membrane of Sphingomonas species, commonly classified into two types, alpha-glucuronosyl ceramide (alpha-GlcACer) and alpha-galacturonosyl ceramide (alpha-GalACer), respectively. GSL-7 from S. yanoikuyae and GSL-13 from S. terrae, with alpha-GalACer-type structure, possess dihydrosphingosine but with a different ratio of C21cyclopropane to C20:1, while other parts remain similar. We therefore examined if this difference in the ratio of C21cyclopropane to C20:1 in the two ceramides may influence activation of, not only invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, but also other cells involved in innate immunity. GSL-7 with a large proportion of C21cyclopropane induced stronger activation of iNKT cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages than GSL-13 with a large proportion of C20:1. The results show that a higher ratio of C21cyclopropane to C20:1 in the dihydrosphingosine molecule allows a more optimal activation of iNKT cells and other cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kubota
- Department of Biosciences, School and Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Raju R, Castillo BF, Richardson SK, Thakur M, Severins R, Kronenberg M, Howell AR. Synthesis and evaluation of 3''- and 4''-deoxy and -fluoro analogs of the immunostimulatory glycolipid, KRN7000. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4122-5. [PMID: 19535248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Four 3''- and 4''-deoxy and -fluorogalactosyl ceramides were synthesized, and their ability to stimulate iNKT cells, based on levels of IL-2 production, was assessed in three NKT cell receptor hybridomas. In two of the hybridomas, 1.2 and 2H4, all of the analogs were immunostimulatory, while in the 1.4 hybridoma only the 4''-fluoro analog led to the production of significant levels of IL-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Raju
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Garcia Diaz YR, Wojno J, Cox LR, Besra GS. Synthesis of threitol ceramide and [14C]threitol ceramide, non-glycosidic analogues of the potent CD1d antigen α-galactosyl ceramide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
27
|
Vallabhapurapu S, Powolny-Budnicka I, Riemann M, Schmid RM, Paxian S, Pfeffer K, Körner H, Weih F. Rel/NF-kappaB family member RelA regulates NK1.1- to NK1.1+ transition as well as IL-15-induced expansion of NKT cells. Eur J Immunol 2009; 38:3508-19. [PMID: 19003818 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of NKT cells was shown to depend on lymphotoxin (LT) and IL-15 signaling pathways as well as on cytokine receptor common gamma chain. After positive selection, NKT-cell precursors transit through progressive maturation stages including proliferative expansion within the NK1.1(-) window. The transcription factors that integrate different signaling pathways into different stages of NKT-cell development are not well characterized. Here, we show that the Rel/NF-kappaB family member RelA regulates the NK1.1(-) to NK1.1(+) transition during NKT-cell development. RelA is also required for both IL-15- and IL-7-induced proliferation of CD44(hi)NK1.1(-) NKT-cell precursors. Activation of the invariant NKT-cell receptor induces both IL-15 receptor alpha and gamma chains' expression in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which NF-kappaB regulates NKT-cell development. NF-kappaB also regulates TCR-induced expression of LT-alpha and LT-beta within NKT cells. In contrast to previous reports, however, we show that LT signaling is dispensable for thymic NKT-cell development but is essential for their colonization of peripheral organs such as liver.
Collapse
|
28
|
Polymorphisms in CD1d affect antigen presentation and the activation of CD1d-restricted T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1909-14. [PMID: 19179286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808476106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 proteins constitute a distinct lineage of antigen-presenting molecules specialized for the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells. In contrast to the extensive sequence polymorphism characteristic of classical MHC molecules, CD1 proteins exhibit limited sequence diversity. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of CD1d alleles in wild-derived mouse strains. We demonstrate that polymorphisms in CD1d affect the presentation of endogenous and exogenous ligands to CD1d-restricted T cells, including type I (Valpha14i) and type II (non-Valpha14i) natural killer T (NKT) cells. Using congenic mice, we found CD1d polymorphisms affect the thymic selection of type I NKT cells and induce allogeneic T cell responses. Collectively, results from these studies demonstrate a role for polymorphisms in influencing the development and function of CD1d-restricted T cells.
Collapse
|
29
|
Silk JD, Salio M, Brown J, Jones EY, Cerundolo V. Structural and functional aspects of lipid binding by CD1 molecules. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2008; 24:369-95. [PMID: 18593354 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I molecules the CD1 proteins. We describe the events that have led to the discovery of the role of CD1 molecules, their pattern of intracellular trafficking, and their ability to sample different intracellular compartments for self- and foreign lipids. Structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules are presented in the context of the function of CD1-restricted T cells in antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity, and the regulation of the tolerance and autoimmunity immunoregulatory axis. Particular emphasis is on invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and their ability to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Silk
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wun KS, Borg NA, Kjer-Nielsen L, Beddoe T, Koh R, Richardson SK, Thakur M, Howell AR, Scott-Browne JP, Gapin L, Godfrey DI, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. A minimal binding footprint on CD1d-glycolipid is a basis for selection of the unique human NKT TCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:939-49. [PMID: 18378792 PMCID: PMC2292230 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been established how CD1 binds a variety of lipid antigens (Ag), data are only now emerging that show how alphabeta T cell receptors (TCRs) interact with CD1-Ag. Using the structure of the human semiinvariant NKT TCR-CD1d-alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) complex as a guide, we undertook an alanine scanning mutagenesis approach to define the energetic basis of this interaction between the NKT TCR and CD1d. Moreover, we explored how analogues of alpha-GalCer affected this interaction. The data revealed that an identical energetic footprint underpinned the human and mouse NKT TCR-CD1d-alpha-GalCer cross-reactivity. Some, but not all, of the contact residues within the Jalpha18-encoded invariant CDR3alpha loop and Vbeta11-encoded CDR2beta loop were critical for recognizing CD1d. The residues within the Valpha24-encoded CDR1alpha and CDR3alpha loops that contacted the glycolipid Ag played a smaller energetic role compared with the NKT TCR residues that contacted CD1d. Collectively, our data reveal that the region distant to the protruding Ag and directly above the F' pocket of CD1d was the principal factor in the interaction with the NKT TCR. Accordingly, although the structural footprint at the NKT TCR-CD1d-alpha-GalCer is small, the energetic footprint is smaller still, and reveals the minimal requirements for CD1d restriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwok S Wun
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Borg NA, Wun KS, Kjer-Nielsen L, Wilce MCJ, Pellicci DG, Koh R, Besra GS, Bharadwaj M, Godfrey DI, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. CD1d–lipid-antigen recognition by the semi-invariant NKT T-cell receptor. Nature 2007; 448:44-9. [PMID: 17581592 DOI: 10.1038/nature05907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 family is a large cluster of non-polymorphic, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I-like molecules that bind distinct lipid-based antigens that are recognized by T cells. The most studied group of T cells that interact with lipid antigens are natural killer T (NKT) cells, which characteristically express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (NKT TCR) that specifically recognizes the CD1 family member, CD1d. NKT-cell-mediated recognition of the CD1d-antigen complex has been implicated in microbial immunity, tumour immunity, autoimmunity and allergy. Here we describe the structure of a human NKT TCR in complex with CD1d bound to the potent NKT-cell agonist alpha-galactosylceramide, the archetypal CD1d-restricted glycolipid. In contrast to T-cell receptor-peptide-antigen-MHC complexes, the NKT TCR docked parallel to, and at the extreme end of the CD1d-binding cleft, which enables a lock-and-key type interaction with the lipid antigen. The structure provides a basis for the interaction between the highly conserved NKT TCR alpha-chain and the CD1d-antigen complex that is typified in innate immunity, and also indicates how variability of the NKT TCR beta-chain can impact on recognition of other CD1d-antigen complexes. These findings provide direct insight into how a T-cell receptor recognizes a lipid-antigen-presenting molecule of the immune system.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Carbohydrate Conformation
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Galactosylceramides/chemistry
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Borg
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Populations of unconventional T lymphocytes that express alpha beta T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) have been characterized, including T cells reactive to glycolipids presented by CD1 molecules. The CD1 molecules have a structure broadly similar to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II proteins, but because the antigens CD 1 presents are so different from peptides, it is possible that glycolipid reactive TCRs have properties that distinguish them from TCRs expressed by conventional T cells. Consistent with this possibility, CD1-reactive T cells have an unrestrained pattern of co-receptor expression, as they include CD4+, CD8+, and double-negative cells. Furthermore, unlike peptide-reactive T cells, there are populations of glycolipid-reactive T cells with invariant alpha chain TCRs that are conserved across species. There are also glycolipid reactive populations with more variable TCRs, however, suggesting that it may be difficult to make categorical generalizations about glycolipid reactive TCRs. Among the glycolipid reactive TCRs, the invariant TCR expressed by CD1d reactive NKT cells has been by far the most thoroughly studied, and in this article we emphasize the unique features of this antigen recognition system, including repertoire formation, fine specificity, TCR affinity, and TCR structure.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Glycolipids/chemistry
- Glycolipids/metabolism
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Sullivan
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
McCarthy C, Shepherd D, Fleire S, Stronge VS, Koch M, Illarionov PA, Bossi G, Salio M, Denkberg G, Reddington F, Tarlton A, Reddy BG, Schmidt RR, Reiter Y, Griffiths GM, van der Merwe PA, Besra GS, Jones EY, Batista FD, Cerundolo V. The length of lipids bound to human CD1d molecules modulates the affinity of NKT cell TCR and the threshold of NKT cell activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1131-44. [PMID: 17485514 PMCID: PMC2118584 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted lymphocytes recognize a broad lipid range. However, how CD1d-restricted lymphocytes translate T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of lipids with similar group heads into distinct biological responses remains unclear. Using a soluble invariant NKT (iNKT) TCR and a newly engineered antibody specific for alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer)-human CD1d (hCD1d) complexes, we measured the affinity of binding of iNKT TCR to hCD1d molecules loaded with a panel of alpha-GalCer analogues and assessed the rate of dissociation of alpha-GalCer and alpha-GalCer analogues from hCD1d molecules. We extended this analysis by studying iNKT cell synapse formation and iNKT cell activation by the same panel of alpha-GalCer analogues. Our results indicate the unique role of the lipid chain occupying the hCD1d F' channel in modulating TCR binding affinity to hCD1d-lipid complexes, the formation of stable immunological synapse, and cell activation. These data are consistent with previously described conformational changes between empty and loaded hCD1d molecules (Koch, M., V.S. Stronge, D. Shepherd, S.D. Gadola, B. Mathew, G. Ritter, A.R. Fersht, G.S. Besra, R.R. Schmidt, E.Y. Jones, and V. Cerundolo. 2005. Nat. Immunol 6:819-826), suggesting that incomplete occupation of the hCD1d F' channel results in conformational differences at the TCR recognition surface. This indirect effect provides a general mechanism by which lipid-specific lymphocytes are capable of recognizing both the group head and the length of lipid antigens, ensuring greater specificity of antigen recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna McCarthy
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cheng L, Ueno A, Cho S, Im JS, Golby S, Hou S, Porcelli SA, Yang Y. Efficient activation of Valpha14 invariant NKT cells by foreign lipid antigen is associated with concurrent dendritic cell-specific self recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2755-62. [PMID: 17312118 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A burst release of cytokines by Valpha14 invariant NKT (iNKT) cells upon their TCR engagement critically regulates innate and adaptive immune responses. However, it remains unclear in vivo why iNKT cells respond efficiently to microbial or intracellular lipid Ags that are at low levels or that possess suboptimal antigenicity. We found that dendritic cells (DCs) potentiated iNKT cells to respond to a minimal amount of ligand alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGalCer) through CD1d-dependent autoreactive responses that require endosomal processing and CD1d trafficking. The ability of potentiation of NKT cells was DC specific and did not depend on costimulatory signals and IL-12 production by DCs. However, DCs that failed to synthesize a major endogenous lipid Ag isoglobotrihexosylceramide were unable to potentiate NKT cells for efficient activation. Further analysis showed that differences in the level and pattern of endogenous lipid Ag presentation differentiate DCs and B cells for effective potentiation and subsequent activation of iNKT cells in the presence of an exogenous Ag. Thus, CD1d-dependent potentiation by DCs may be crucial for iNKT cell-mediated immunity against infectious agents.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Endosomes/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Globosides/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Protein Transport/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Self Tolerance/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Trihexosylceramides/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cheng
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Borg NA, Kjer-Nielsen L, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. Structural insight into natural killer T cell receptor recognition of CD1d. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 598:20-34. [PMID: 17892202 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71767-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Binding Sites
- Glycolipids/chemistry
- Glycolipids/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Structure
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Borg
- Natalie A. Borg and Jamie Rossjohn, Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia 3800
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
De Libero G, Mori L. How T lymphocytes recognize lipid antigens. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5580-7. [PMID: 16949584 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of lipid antigens by T lymphocytes is well established. Lipids are recognized by T cells when presented in association with CD1 antigen-presenting molecules. Both microbial and self lipids stimulate specific T lymphocytes, thus participating in immune reactions during infections and autoimmune diseases. The immune system uses a variety of strategies to solubilise lipid antigens, to facilitate their internalization, processing, and loading on CD1 molecules. Recent studies in the field of lipid antigen presentation have revealed new mechanisms which allow the immune system to sense lipids as stimulatory antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University Hospital, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The MHC class I-like CD1d glycoprotein is a member of the CD1 family of Ag-presenting molecules and is responsible for the selection of NKT cells. A number of ligands that can be presented by CD1d to NKT or other CD1d-restricted T cells have been identified. These include glycolipids from a marine sponge, bacterial glycolipids, normal endogenous glycolipids, tumor-derived phospholipids and glycolipids, and nonlipidic molecules. The presentation of many of these molecules can have immunopotentiating effects, such as serving as an adjuvant against malaria or resulting in a more rapid clearance of certain virus infections. They can also be protective in autoimmune diseases or cancer or can be deleterious. This review will highlight these ligands in a discussion of their potential use against (and role in the pathogenesis of) these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hornung M, Farkas SA, Sattler C, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK. DX5+ NKT cells induce the death of colitis-associated cells: involvement of programmed death ligand-1. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:1210-21. [PMID: 16619286 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells are activated by CD1d and show an immune regulating function. Here, we investigated whether DX5+ NKT cells could be used to reduce colitis in a chronic colitis mouse model and studied the potential immunological mechanisms involved. Chronic colitis was induced either by transfer of enriched CD62L+ CD4+ T cells to severe-combined-immunodeficient mice or by feeding dextran sodium sulfate to immune competent mice. DX5+ NKT cells were transferred to mice with chronic colitis. Co-transfer of DX5+ NKT cells, but not CD8+ control cells, prevented the onset of colitis, and the immune regulatory effect of DX5+ NKT cells was completely abrogated by injecting CD1d blocking antibody. Moreover, DX5+ NKT cells reduced established colitis in both chronic colitis models. In vitro, DX5+ NKT cells induced cell death of colon-infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from diseased mice. This effect was inhibited in the presence of either anti-CD1d or anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blocking antibodies. The specific potency of DX5+ NKT cells in regulating chronic colitis in two mouse models is demonstrated. In vitro testing suggests that DX5+ NKT cells activated by CD1d induce cell death of colitis-inducing lymphocytes, which is mediated through PD-L1. Therefore, DX5+ NKT cells could be important in the regulation of immune responses associated with chronic colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hornung
- Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shimamura M, Okamoto N, Huang YY, Yasuoka J, Morita K, Nishiyama A, Amano Y, Mishina T. Induction of promotive rather than suppressive immune responses from a novel NKT cell repertoire Vα19 NKT cell with α-mannosyl ceramide analogues consisting of the immunosuppressant ISP-I as the sphingosine unit. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:569-76. [PMID: 16545892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 2-substituted 2-aminopropane-1,3-diol or 2-aminoethanol is the minimum structure required for the immunosuppressive activity of ISP-I, an antibiotic isolated from the culture broth of Isaria sinclairil. A series of alpha-mannosyl ceramide (alpha-ManCer) analogues was derived from 2-substituted 2-aminopropane-1,3-diols or 2-aminoethanols in place of sphingosine. The newly synthesized glycosides were evaluated for their effects on immune responses. In contrast to the immunosuppressive activity of the precursors, the alpha-ManCer analogues induced immunopromotive responses from invariant Valpha19-Jalpha26 transgenic mouse lymphocytes more effectively than the original alpha-ManCer. Collectively, it is strongly suggested that the 2-substituted 2-aminopropane-1,3-diols and 2-aminoethanols mimic sphingosine in the alpha-ManCer analogues so that they potentially acquire specific antigenicity toward Valpha19 NKT cell, a novel NKT cell subset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Shimamura
- Developmental Immunology Unit, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kjer-Nielsen L, Borg NA, Pellicci DG, Beddoe T, Kostenko L, Clements CS, Williamson NA, Smyth MJ, Besra GS, Reid HH, Bharadwaj M, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J. A structural basis for selection and cross-species reactivity of the semi-invariant NKT cell receptor in CD1d/glycolipid recognition. J Exp Med 2006; 203:661-73. [PMID: 16505140 PMCID: PMC2118261 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known regarding the basis for selection of the semi-invariant alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR) expressed by natural killer T (NKT) cells or how this mediates recognition of CD1d-glycolipid complexes. We have determined the structures of two human NKT TCRs that differ in their CDR3beta composition and length. Both TCRs contain a conserved, positively charged pocket at the ligand interface that is lined by residues from the invariant TCR alpha- and semi-invariant beta-chains. The cavity is centrally located and ideally suited to interact with the exposed glycosyl head group of glycolipid antigens. Sequences common to mouse and human invariant NKT TCRs reveal a contiguous conserved "hot spot" that provides a basis for the reactivity of NKT cells across species. Structural and functional data suggest that the CDR3beta loop provides a plasticity mechanism that accommodates recognition of a variety of glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d. We propose a model of NKT TCR-CD1d-glycolipid interaction in which the invariant CDR3alpha loop is predicted to play a major role in determining the inherent bias toward CD1d. The findings define a structural basis for the selection of the semi-invariant alphabeta TCR and the unique antigen specificity of NKT cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/immunology
- Glycolipids/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Species Specificity
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wu D, Zajonc DM, Fujio M, Sullivan BA, Kinjo Y, Kronenberg M, Wilson IA, Wong CH. Design of natural killer T cell activators: structure and function of a microbial glycosphingolipid bound to mouse CD1d. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3972-7. [PMID: 16537470 PMCID: PMC1449630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600285103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells provide an innate-type immune response upon T cell receptor interaction with CD1d-presented antigens. We demonstrate through equilibrium tetramer binding and antigen presentation assays with Valpha14i-positive NKT cell hybridomas that the Sphingomonas glycolipid alpha-galacturonosyl ceramide (GalA-GSL) is a NKT cell agonist that is significantly weaker than alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), the most potent known NKT agonist. For GalA-GSL, a shorter fatty acyl chain, an absence of the 4-OH on the sphingosine tail and a 6'-COOH group on the galactose moiety account for its observed antigenic potency. We further determined the crystal structure of mCD1d in complex with GalA-GSL at 1.8-A resolution. The overall binding mode of GalA-GSL to mCD1d is similar to that of the short-chain alpha-GalCer ligand PBS-25, but its sphinganine chain is more deeply inserted into the F' pocket due to alternate hydrogen-bonding interactions between the sphinganine 3-OH with Asp-80. Subsequently, a slight lateral shift (>1 A) of the galacturonosyl head group is noted at the CD1 surface compared with the galactose of alpha-GalCer. Because the relatively short C(14) fatty acid of GalA-GSL does not fully occupy the A' pocket, a spacer lipid is found that stabilizes this pocket. The lipid spacer was identified by GC/MS as a mixture of saturated and monounsaturated palmitic acid (C(16)). Comparison of available crystal structures of alpha-anomeric glycosphingolipids now sheds light on the structural basis of their differential antigenic potency and has led to the design and synthesis of NKT cell agonists with enhanced cell-based stimulatory activities compared with alpha-GalCer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | | | - Barbara A. Sullivan
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Yuki Kinjo
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gadola SD, Koch M, Marles-Wright J, Lissin NM, Shepherd D, Matulis G, Harlos K, Villiger PM, Stuart DI, Jakobsen BK, Cerundolo V, Jones EY. Structure and binding kinetics of three different human CD1d-alpha-galactosylceramide-specific T cell receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:699-710. [PMID: 16520393 PMCID: PMC2118257 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Invariant human TCR Vα24-Jα18+/Vβ11+ NKT cells (iNKT) are restricted by CD1d–α-glycosylceramides. We analyzed crystal structures and binding characteristics for an iNKT TCR plus two CD1d–α-GalCer–specific Vβ11+ TCRs that use different TCR Vα chains. The results were similar to those previously reported for MHC–peptide-specific TCRs, illustrating the versatility of the TCR platform. Docking TCR and CD1d–α-GalCer structures provided plausible insights into their interaction. The model supports a diagonal orientation of TCR on CD1d and suggests that complementarity determining region (CDR)3α, CDR3β, and CDR1β interact with ligands presented by CD1d, whereas CDR2β binds to the CD1d α1 helix. This docking provides an explanation for the dominant usage of Vβ11 and Vβ8.2 chains by human and mouse iNKT cells, respectively, for recognition of CD1d–α-GalCer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Galactosylceramides/chemistry
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan D Gadola
- Department of Rheumathology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Brigl M, van den Elzen P, Chen X, Meyers JH, Wu D, Wong CH, Reddington F, Illarianov PA, Besra GS, Brenner MB, Gumperz JE. Conserved and Heterogeneous Lipid Antigen Specificities of CD1d-Restricted NKT Cell Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3625-34. [PMID: 16517731 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted NKT cells use structurally conserved TCRs and recognize both self and foreign glycolipids, but the TCR features that determine these Ag specificities remain unclear. We investigated the TCR structures and lipid Ag recognition properties of five novel Valpha24-negative and 13 canonical Valpha24-positive/Vbeta11-positive human NKT cell clones generated using alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer)-loaded CD1d tetramers. The Valpha24-negative clones expressed Vbeta11 paired with Valpha10, Valpha2, or Valpha3. Strikingly, their Valpha-chains had highly conserved rearrangements to Jalpha18, resulting in CDR3alpha loop sequences that are nearly identical to those of canonical TCRs. Valpha24-positive and Valpha24-negative clones responded similarly to alpha-GalCer and a closely related bacterial analog, suggesting that conservation of the CDR3alpha loop is sufficient for recognition of alpha-GalCer despite CDR1alpha and CDR2alpha sequence variation. Unlike Valpha24-positive clones, the Valpha24-negative clones responded poorly to a glucose-linked glycolipid (alpha-glucosylceramide), which correlated with their lack of a conserved CDR1alpha amino acid motif, suggesting that fine specificity for alpha-linked glycosphingolipids is influenced by Valpha-encoded TCR regions. Valpha24-negative clones showed no response to isoglobotrihexosylceramide, indicating that recognition of this mammalian lipid is not required for selection of Jalpha18-positive TCRs that can recognize alpha-GalCer. One alpha-GalCer-reactive, Valpha24-positive clone differed from the others in responding specifically to mammalian phospholipids, demonstrating that semi-invariant NKT TCRs have a capacity for private Ag specificities that are likely conferred by individual TCR beta-chain rearrangements. These results highlight the variation in Ag recognition among CD1d-restricted TCRs and suggest that TCR alpha-chain elements contribute to alpha-linked glycosphingolipid specificity, whereas TCR beta-chains can confer heterogeneous additional reactivities.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipids/chemistry
- Lipids/immunology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Brigl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Giabbai B, Sidobre S, Crispin MDM, Sanchez-Ruìz Y, Bachi A, Kronenberg M, Wilson IA, Degano M. Crystal structure of mouse CD1d bound to the self ligand phosphatidylcholine: a molecular basis for NKT cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:977-84. [PMID: 16002697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NKT cells are immunoregulatory lymphocytes whose activation is triggered by the recognition of lipid Ags in the context of the CD1d molecules by the TCR. In this study we present the crystal structure to 2.8 A of mouse CD1d bound to phosphatidylcholine. The interactions between the ligand acyl chains and the CD1d molecule define the structural and chemical requirements for the binding of lipid Ags to CD1d. The orientation of the polar headgroup toward the C terminus of the alpha1 helix provides a rationale for the structural basis for the observed Valpha chain bias in invariant NKT cells. The contribution of the ligand to the protein surface suggests a likely mode of recognition of lipid Ags by the NKT cell TCR.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Line
- Complementarity Determining Regions/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry
- Phosphatidylcholines/immunology
- Phosphatidylcholines/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Surface Properties
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Giabbai
- Biocrystallography Unit and Mass Spectrometry Unit, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zajonc DM, Cantu C, Mattner J, Zhou D, Savage PB, Bendelac A, Wilson IA, Teyton L. Structure and function of a potent agonist for the semi-invariant natural killer T cell receptor. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:810-8. [PMID: 16007091 PMCID: PMC2045075 DOI: 10.1038/ni1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T cells express a conserved, semi-invariant alphabeta T cell receptor that has specificity for self glycosphingolipids and microbial cell wall alpha-glycuronosylceramide antigens presented by CD1d molecules. Here we report the crystal structure of CD1d in complex with a short-chain synthetic variant of alpha-galactosylceramide at a resolution of 2.2 A. This structure elucidates the basis for the high specificity of these microbial ligands and explains the restriction of the alpha-linkage as a unique pathogen-specific pattern-recognition motif. Comparison of the binding of altered lipid ligands to CD1d and T cell receptors suggested that the differential T helper type 1-like and T helper type 2-like properties of natural killer T cells may originate largely from differences in their 'loading' in different cell types and hence in their tissue distribution in vivo.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Wall/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Flow Cytometry
- Galactosylceramides/chemistry
- Glycosphingolipids/chemistry
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Ligands
- Lipids/chemistry
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- Temperature
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M. Zajonc
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Carlos Cantu
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jochen Mattner
- University of Chicago, Committee on Immunology, 5841 S. Maryland Av., Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- University of Chicago, Committee on Immunology, 5841 S. Maryland Av., Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Paul B. Savage
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Albert Bendelac
- University of Chicago, Committee on Immunology, 5841 S. Maryland Av., Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Brigham Young University, C100 Benson Science Building, Provo, UT 84602-5700
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Koch M, Stronge VS, Shepherd D, Gadola SD, Mathew B, Ritter G, Fersht AR, Besra GS, Schmidt RR, Jones EY, Cerundolo V. The crystal structure of human CD1d with and without alpha-galactosylceramide. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:819-26. [PMID: 16007090 DOI: 10.1038/ni1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide binds with high affinity to CD1d and stimulates natural killer T cells. Here we report the crystal structure of human CD1d in complex with synthetic alpha-galactosylceramide at a resolution of 3.0 A. The structure shows a tightly fit lipid in the CD1d binding groove, with the sphingosine chain bound in the C' pocket and the longer acyl chain anchored in the A' pocket. We also present the CD1d structure without lipid, which has a more open conformation of the binding groove, suggesting a dual conformation of CD1d in which the 'open' conformation is more able to load lipids. These structures provide clues as to how CD1 molecules load glycolipids as well as data to guide the design of new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koch
- Cancer Research UK Receptor Structure Research Group, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lang GA, Illarionov PA, Glatman-Freedman A, Besra GS, Lang ML. BCR targeting of biotin-α-galactosylceramide leads to enhanced presentation on CD1d and requires transport of BCR to CD1d-containing endocytic compartments. Int Immunol 2005; 17:899-908. [PMID: 15967785 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d is a non-polymorphic MHC class I-related protein that binds and presents glycolipid antigens to T cell antigen receptors expressed by NK-like T (NKT) cells. CD1d-dependent immune responses play critical roles in infectious disease, autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. We tested the hypothesis that B cell antigen receptor (BCR) targeting of a biotin-modified version of the CD1d-binding antigen alpha-galactosylceramide (biotin-alpha-GalCer) results in enhanced murine CD1d-mediated presentation as compared with presentation of non-targeted biotin-alpha-GalCer. Presentation of BCR-targeted antigen to NKT cells was enhanced 100- to 1000-fold compared with non-targeted antigen. CD1d presentation of BCR-targeted antigen was observed after 4 h treatment, consistent with a requirement for endosomal trafficking. Furthermore, unlike non-targeted antigen, BCR-targeted antigen was not loaded directly onto cell-surface CD1d. Blocking BCR signaling with the Syk tyrosine kinase inhibitor piceatannol inhibited presentation of BCR-targeted antigen but not non-targeted antigen. Piceatannol blocked transport of the BCR to CD1d-containing endosomes, showing that intersection of BCR-targeted antigen with endosomes is required for enhanced mCD1d antigen presentation. Our data suggest that the BCR facilitates capture of low quantities of mCD1d antigens to enhance CD1d-dependent immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 632W Borwell Building, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sriram V, Du W, Gervay-Hague J, Brutkiewicz RR. Cell wall glycosphingolipids ofSphingomonas paucimobilisare CD1d-specific ligands for NKT cells. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1692-701. [PMID: 15915536 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The current consensus on characterization of NKT cells is based on their reactivity to the synthetic glycolipid, alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) in a CD1d-dependent manner. Because of the limited availability of alpha-GalCer, there is a constant search for CD1d-presented ligands that activate NKT cells. The alpha-anomericity of the carbohydrate is considered to be an important requisite for the CD1d-specific activation of NKT cells. The gram-negative, lipopolysaccharide-free bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis is known to contain glycosphingolipids (GSL) with alpha-anomeric sugars attached to the lipid chain. Here, we report that GSL extracted from this bacterium are able to stimulate NKT cells in a CD1d-specific manner. In addition, soluble CD1d-Ig dimers loaded with this lipid extract specifically bind to NKT cells (but not conventional T cells). Further studies on the S. paucimobilis GSL could potentially lead to other natural sources of CD1d-specific ligands useful for NKT cell analyses and aimed at identifying novel therapies for a variety of disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkataraman Sriram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5254, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lang GA, Maltsev SD, Besra GS, Lang ML. Presentation of alpha-galactosylceramide by murine CD1d to natural killer T cells is facilitated by plasma membrane glycolipid rafts. Immunology 2004; 112:386-96. [PMID: 15196206 PMCID: PMC1782508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 molecules are non-polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class I-related proteins that bind and present glycolipid antigens to T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) expressed by alphabeta T cells or natural killer-like T cells (NKT). Anti-metastatic properties of NKT cells reactive to the CD1d-binding antigen alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) are now being explored as a contributor to tumour cell killing. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that presentation of alpha-GalCer by murine CD1d (mCD1d) to mCD1d-restricted NKT cells was facilitated by plasma membrane glycolipid rafts. Confocal microscopy of mCD1d-transfected A20 B cells (A20mCD1d) demonstrated that mCD1d was raft-localized. This observation was confirmed by immunoblotting of raft fractions isolated on sucrose density gradients. Raft disruption by the cholesterol-binding agent nystatin, or short-chain ceramides, inhibited presentation of low concentrations of alpha-GalCer to NKT cells. Inhibition of antigen presentation was reversed by treatment of A20mCD1d cells with higher alpha-GalCer concentrations, or removal of raft-disrupting agents. These data indicate that partitioning of mCD1d into membrane rafts increases the capacity of antigen-presenting cells to present limiting quantities of glycolipid antigens, perhaps by stabilizing mCD1d/antigen structures on the plasma membrane and optimizing TCR engagement on NKT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sidobre S, Hammond KJL, Bénazet-Sidobre L, Maltsev SD, Richardson SK, Ndonye RM, Howell AR, Sakai T, Besra GS, Porcelli SA, Kronenberg M. The T cell antigen receptor expressed by Valpha14i NKT cells has a unique mode of glycosphingolipid antigen recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:12254-9. [PMID: 15304644 PMCID: PMC514465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404632101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) T cells with an invariant Valpha14 rearrangement (Valpha14i) are the largest population of lipid antigen-specific T lymphocytes identified in animals. They react to the glycolipid alpha-galactosyl ceramide (alpha-GalCer) presented by CD1d, and they may have important regulatory functions. It was previously shown that the Valpha14i T cell antigen receptor (TCR) has a high affinity for the alpha-GalCer/CD1d complex, driven by a long half-life (t(1/2)). Although this result could have reflected the unique attributes of alpha-GalCer, using several related glycolipid compounds, we show here that the threshold for full activation of Valpha14i NKT cells by these glycosphingolipids requires a relatively high-affinity TCR interaction with a long t(1/2). Furthermore, our data are consistent with the view that the mechanism of recognition of these compounds presented by CD1d to the Valpha14i NKT cell TCR is likely to fit a lock-and-key model. Overall, these findings emphasize the distinct properties of glycosphingolipid antigen recognition by Valpha14i NKT cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Binding Sites
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Glycosphingolipids/chemistry
- Glycosphingolipids/immunology
- Glycosphingolipids/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Macromolecular Substances
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Sidobre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|