1
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Su H, Guo H, Qiu X, Lin TY, Qin C, Celio G, Yong P, Senders M, Han X, Bernlohr DA, Chen X. Lipocalin 2 regulates mitochondrial phospholipidome remodeling, dynamics, and function in brown adipose tissue in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6729. [PMID: 37872178 PMCID: PMC10593768 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is vital for energy metabolism in thermogenic adipocytes. Impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in brown adipocytes are linked to disrupted thermogenesis and energy balance in obesity and aging. Phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidic acid (PA) jointly regulate mitochondrial membrane architecture and dynamics, with mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) serving as the platform for phospholipid biosynthesis and metabolism. However, little is known about the regulators of MAM phospholipid metabolism and their connection to mitochondrial function. We discover that LCN2 is a PA binding protein recruited to the MAM during inflammation and metabolic stimulation. Lcn2 deficiency disrupts mitochondrial fusion-fission balance and alters the acyl-chain composition of mitochondrial phospholipids in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of male mice. Lcn2 KO male mice exhibit an increase in the levels of CLs containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), a decrease in CLs containing monounsaturated fatty acids, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. This dysfunction triggers compensatory activation of peroxisomal function and the biosynthesis of LC-PUFA-containing plasmalogens in BAT. Additionally, Lcn2 deficiency alters PA production, correlating with changes in PA-regulated phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes and the mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, LCN2 plays a critical role in the acyl-chain remodeling of phospholipids and mitochondrial bioenergetics by regulating PA production and its function in activating signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Su
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Te-Yueh Lin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Gail Celio
- University Imaging Centers, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Peter Yong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mark Senders
- University Imaging Centers, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - David A Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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2
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Enrich C, Rentero C, Grewal T. Annexin A6 in the liver: From the endocytic compartment to cellular physiology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:933-946. [PMID: 27984093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A6 (AnxA6) belongs to the conserved annexin family - a group of Ca2+-dependent membrane binding proteins. AnxA6 is the largest of all annexins and highly expressed in smooth muscle, hepatocytes, endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Upon activation, AnxA6 binds to negatively charged phospholipids in a wide range of intracellular localizations, in particular the plasma membrane, late endosomes/pre-lysosomes, but also synaptic vesicles and sarcolemma. In these cellular sites, AnxA6 is believed to contribute to the organization of membrane microdomains, such as cholesterol-rich lipid rafts and confer multiple regulatory functions, ranging from vesicle fusion, endocytosis and exocytosis to programmed cell death and muscle contraction. Growing evidence supports that Ca2+ and Ca2+-binding proteins control endocytosis and autophagy. Their regulatory role seems to operate at the level of the signalling pathways that initiate autophagy or at later stages, when autophagosomes fuse with endolysosomal compartments. The convergence of the autophagic and endocytic vesicles to lysosomes shares several features that depend on Ca2+ originating from lysosomes/late endosomes and seems to depend on proteins that are subsequently activated by this cation. However, the involvement of Ca2+ and its effector proteins in these autophagic and endocytic stages still remains poorly understood. Although AnxA6 makes up almost 0.25% of total protein in the liver, little is known about its function in hepatocytes. Within the endocytic route, we identified AnxA6 in endosomes and autophagosomes of hepatocytes. Hence, AnxA6 and possibly other annexins might represent new Ca2+ effectors that regulate converging steps of autophagy and endocytic trafficking in hepatocytes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cellular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cellular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- Faculty of Pharmacy A15, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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Djakpa H, Kulkarni A, Barrows-Murphy S, Miller G, Zhou W, Cho H, Török B, Stieglitz K. Identifying New Drug Targets for Potent Phospholipase D Inhibitors: Combining Sequence Alignment, Molecular Docking, and Enzyme Activity/Binding Assays. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:714-29. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Djakpa
- STEM Biotechnology Division; Roxbury Community College; Roxbury MA USA
| | - Aditya Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Boston; 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | | | - Greg Miller
- STEM Biotechnology Division; Roxbury Community College; Roxbury MA USA
| | - Weihong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Boston; 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Hyejin Cho
- Department of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Boston; 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Béla Török
- Department of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Boston; 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
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4
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Rahier R, Noiriel A, Abousalham A. Development of a Direct and Continuous Phospholipase D Assay Based on the Chelation-Enhanced Fluorescence Property of 8-Hydroxyquinoline. Anal Chem 2015; 88:666-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Rahier
- Institut
de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires
et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS) UMR 5246 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Organisation
et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, Bâtiment Raulin, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Noiriel
- Institut
de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires
et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS) UMR 5246 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Organisation
et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, Bâtiment Raulin, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Abdelkarim Abousalham
- Institut
de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires
et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS) UMR 5246 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Organisation
et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, Bâtiment Raulin, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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5
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Kulkarni A, Quang P, Curry V, Keyes R, Zhou W, Cho H, Baffoe J, Török B, Stieglitz K. 1,3‐Disubstituted‐4‐Aminopyrazolo [3, 4‐d] Pyrimidines, a New Class of Potent Inhibitors for Phospholipase
D. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:270-81. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Phong Quang
- STEM Biotechnology Division Roxbury Community College Roxbury MA 02120 USA
| | - Victoriana Curry
- STEM Biotechnology Division Roxbury Community College Roxbury MA 02120 USA
| | - Renee Keyes
- STEM Biotechnology Division Roxbury Community College Roxbury MA 02120 USA
| | - Weihong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Hyejin Cho
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Jonathan Baffoe
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Béla Török
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Kimberly Stieglitz
- STEM Biotechnology Division Roxbury Community College Roxbury MA 02120 USA
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6
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Ghislat G, Knecht E. Ca²⁺-sensor proteins in the autophagic and endocytic traffic. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2014; 14:97-110. [PMID: 23305313 PMCID: PMC3664516 DOI: 10.2174/13892037112139990033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and endocytosis are two evolutionarily conserved catabolic processes that comprise vesicle trafficking events for the clearance of the sequestered intracellular and extracellular cargo. Both start differently but end in the same compartment, the lysosome. Mounting evidences from the last years have established the involvement of proteins sensitive to intracellular Ca2+ in the control of the early autophagic steps and in the traffic of autophagic, endocytic and lysosomal vesicles. However, this knowledge is based on dispersed outcomes that do not set up a consensus model of the Ca2+-dependent control of autophagy and endocytosis. Here, we will provide a critical synopsis of insights from the last decade on the involvement of Ca2+-sensor proteins in the activation of autophagy and in fusion events of endocytic vesicles, autophagosomes and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghita Ghislat
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia 46012, Spain and CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
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7
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Zhu X, Fryd M, Wayland BB. Kinetic-mechanistic studies of lipase-polymer micelle binding and catalytic degradation: Enzyme interfacial activation. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Liu SJ, Wen Q, Tang LJ, Jiang JH. Phospholipid–Graphene Nanoassembly as a Fluorescence Biosensor for Sensitive Detection of Phospholipase D Activity. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5944-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300539s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Qian Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Li-Juan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic
of China
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9
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Selvy PE, Lavieri RR, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Phospholipase D: enzymology, functionality, and chemical modulation. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6064-119. [PMID: 21936578 PMCID: PMC3233269 DOI: 10.1021/cr200296t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Selvy
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37064, USA
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10
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Buxmann W, Bindrich U, Heinz V, Knorr D, Franke K. Influencing emulsifying properties of egg yolk by enzymatic modification by phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 76:186-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Mansfeld J, Ulbrich-Hofmann R. Modulation of phospholipase D activity in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:913-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Kuppe K, Kerth A, Blume A, Ulbrich-Hofmann R. Calcium-induced membrane microdomains trigger plant phospholipase D activity. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2853-9. [PMID: 18942690 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant alpha-type phospholipase D proteins are calcium-dependent, lipolytic enzymes. The morphology of the aggregates of their phospholipid substrate fundamentally defines the interaction between the enzyme and the surface. Here we demonstrate that the Ca(2+)-induced generation of membrane microdomains dramatically activates alpha-type phospholipase D from white cabbage. 500-fold stimulation was observed upon incorporation of 10 mol % 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (POPA) into 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) vesicles in the presence of Ca(2+) ions. Enhanced association of PLDalpha2 with phospholipid surfaces containing anionic components was indicated by lag phase analysis and film balance measurements. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the POPA-specific activation correlates with the phase behavior of the POPC/POPA vesicles in the presence of Ca(2+) ions. We conclude from the results that the Ca(2+)-induced formation of POPA microdomains is the crucial parameter that facilitates the binding of PLD to the phospholipid surface and suggest that this effect serves as a cellular switch for controlling PLD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Kuppe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
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13
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Blistering of supported lipid membranes induced by Phospholipase D, as observed by real-time atomic force microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Wang J, Okamoto Y, Tsuboi K, Ueda N. The stimulatory effect of phosphatidylethanolamine on N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Neuropharmacology 2008; 54:8-15. [PMID: 17655883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is a membrane-bound enzyme which releases the endocannabinoid anandamide and other bioactive N-acylethanolamines from their corresponding NAPEs in animal tissues. Our previous studies showed that NAPE-PLD solubilized from the membrane is remarkably stimulated by millimolar concentrations of Ca(2+) while the membrane-bound form is much less sensitive to Ca(2+). This finding suggested that certain membrane constituents diminished the stimulatory effect of Ca(2+). In the present studies, we examined the effects of membrane fractions from COS-7 cells and brain tissue on the purified recombinant rat NAPE-PLD, and found that heat-stable membrane component(s) dose-dependently activated NAPE-PLD up to 4.8-5.0 fold. In the presence of the membrane fractions, however, the stimulatory effect of Ca(2+) on the purified NAPE-PLD was considerably reduced. When it was examined if the membrane fractions can be replaced with various pure phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine activated NAPE-PLD up to 3.3 fold, which was followed by decrease in the stimulatory effects of Ca(2+) and several other divalent cations. These results suggest that membrane components including phosphatidylethanolamine keep the membrane-associated form of NAPE-PLD constitutively active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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15
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Wagner K, Brezesinski G. Phospholipase D activity is regulated by product segregation and the structure formation of phosphatidic acid within model membranes. Biophys J 2007; 93:2373-83. [PMID: 17557794 PMCID: PMC1965428 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus (scPLD) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholines (PC) to produce choline and phosphatidic acid (PA), a lipid messenger molecule within biological membranes. To scrutinize the influence of membrane structure on scPLD activity, three different substrate-containing monolayers are used as model systems: pure dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as well as equimolar mixtures of DPPC/n-hexadecanol (C(16)OH) and DPPC/dipalmitoylglycerol (DPG). The activity of scPLD toward these monolayers is tested by infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and exhibits different dependencies on surface pressure. For pure DPPC, the catalytic turnover drastically drops above 20 mN/m. On addition of C(16)OH, this strong decrease starts at 5 mN/m. For the DPPC/DPG system, the reaction yield linearly decreases between 5 and 25 mN/m. The difference in scPLD activity is correlated to the phase state of the monolayers as examined by x-ray diffraction, Brewster angle microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Because the additives C(16)OH and DPG mediate the miscibility of PC and PA, only a basal activity of scPLD is observed toward the mixed systems at higher surface pressures. At pure DPPC monolayers, scPLD is activated after the segregation of initially formed PA. Furthermore, scPLD is inhibited when the lipids in the PA-rich domains adopt an upright orientation. This phenomenon offers a self-regulating mechanism for the concentration of the second messenger PA within biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wagner
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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16
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Matsunaga S, Yokomori R, Ino D, Yamada T, Kawai M, Kobayshi T. EC-STM observation on electrochemical response of fluidic phospholipid monolayer on Au(111) modified with 1-octanethiol. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Kim MJ, Choi MU, Kim CW. Activation of phospholipase D1 by surface roughness of titanium in MG63 osteoblast-like cell. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5502-11. [PMID: 16857255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although it is recognized that the surface roughness of titanium (Ti) promotes the osteogenic differentiation, the related mechanisms and factors remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential correlation among phospholipase D (PLD) activity, Ti surface roughness and subsequent osteoblast differentiation. The machined Ti disks were sandblasted with aluminum oxide particles to produce surfaces of varying roughness (n = 160). Normal or transfected MG63cells with PLD genes were cultured on roughened Ti specimens and assayed for PLD, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin. The statistical significance was evaluated by analysis of variance. The activity, mRNA and protein levels of PLD significantly increased in MG63 cells with a roughness-dependent pattern (P < 0.05). The ALP activity and osteocalcin production, promoted by Ti surface roughness, were enhanced by the PLD activator and inhibited by the PLD blocker. It was also found that the PLD1 isoform responds to Ti surface roughness and regulates selectively the ALP activity. These observations strongly suggest that PLD1 mediates the cellular signaling of and modulates osteoblast differentiation induced by Ti surface roughness in MG63 osteoblast-like cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Joo Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Research Institute, Colleage of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Chongro-gu, Seoul 110-749, South Korea
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18
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Ulbrich-Hofmann R, Lerchner A, Oblozinsky M, Bezakova L. Phospholipase D and its application in biocatalysis. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:535-44. [PMID: 15973486 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-3251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) from plants or microorganisms is used as biocatalyst in the transformation of phospholipids and phospholipid analogs in both laboratory and industrial scale. In recent years the elucidation of the primary structure of many PLDs from several sources, as well as the resolution of the first crystal structure of a microbial PLD, have yielded new insights into the structural basis and the catalytic mechanism of this catalyst. This review summarizes some new results of PLD research in the light of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Ulbrich-Hofmann
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany.
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Zambonelli C, Roberts MF. Non-HKD Phospholipase D Enzymes: New Players in Phosphatidic Acid Signaling? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 79:133-81. [PMID: 16096028 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(04)79003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Zambonelli
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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20
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Yang H, Roberts MF. Expression and characterization of a heterodimer of Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1703:43-51. [PMID: 15588701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D (PLD) is secreted by the bacterium and proteolytically cleaved to a more active form (PLD(37/18)) where the two parts of the molecule are still tightly associated. Based on previous sequencing results of authentic PLD(37/18), we have constructed a vector consisting of separate ORFs for the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of S. chromofuscus PLD and overexpressed active heterodimeric PLD. Neither fragment cloned separately folded properly. The identity of each peptide was confirmed by peptide-mass fingerprinting with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The recombinant complex had a specific activity about six times higher than that of the recombinant intact PLD enzyme and was no longer activated by phosphatidic acid (PA). Phosphotransferase activity, binding affinity to phospholipid vesicles, loss of product activation, pH profile and pH-related Ca(2+) activation and inhibition were comparable to authentic PLD(37/18) purified from S. chromofuscus growth medium. PLD(37) alone could also be isolated; the enzyme was active but not as stable as PLD(37/18). These experimental results strongly support the hypothesis that the C-terminal peptide is necessary for correct folding and insertion of catalytic metal ions. However, they suggest the ligands involved in Fe(3+) coordination must be altered upon cleavage of the protein. Asp389, in the C-terminal fragment, whose replacement impairs Fe(3+) binding to the protein, must be replaced by another ligand, since the N-terminal fragment, once folded, is active. In the process of cloning the two peptides, the complete signal sequence for this protein was also determined. The signal peptide of S. chromofuscus PLD enzyme contained a twin arginine motif suggesting that S. chromofuscus PLD, like Bacillus subtilis phoD, is most likely secreted by the TAT translocation pathway under the transcriptional control of the pho regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Yang
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, USA
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Estrela-Lopis I, Brezesinski G, Möhwald H. Miscibility of DPPC and DPPA in monolayers at the air/water interface. Chem Phys Lipids 2004; 131:71-80. [PMID: 15210366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2003] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Monolayers of mixtures of 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as the substrate and 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA) as the product of the hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by phospholipase D (PLD) were investigated in the presence of Ca2+. The miscibility behavior and the microstructure of mixed domains have been studied by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD), Brewster angle microscopy and film balance measurements. The phase diagram reveals partial miscibility on both sides and a wide miscibility gap, which becomes narrower at high pressure. At low pressure, the segregation of condensed DPPA-rich domains in a fluid-like DPPC matrix was detected already at small DPPA concentrations and their structure was determined. A small amount of DPPC mixed into the segregated DPPA domains induces the transformation from rectangular to an oblique unit cell and increases the tilt angle in the condensed domains. At high pressure, two types of condensed phase domains were found: DPPC-rich and DPPA-rich. A drastic reduction of the tilt angle in the DPPC-rich domains with increasing amount of DPPA was observed. The decrease of the tilt angle must be connected with a change of the head group conformation of DPPC in such mixed domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Estrela-Lopis
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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22
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van Meeteren LA, Frederiks F, Giepmans BNG, Pedrosa MFF, Billington SJ, Jost BH, Tambourgi DV, Moolenaar WH. Spider and Bacterial Sphingomyelinases D Target Cellular Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors by Hydrolyzing Lysophosphatidylcholine. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:10833-6. [PMID: 14732720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c300563200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bites by Loxosceles spiders can produce severe clinical symptoms, including dermonecrosis, thrombosis, vascular leakage, hemolysis, and persistent inflammation. The causative factor is a sphingomyelinase D (SMaseD) that cleaves sphingomyelin into choline and ceramide 1-phosphate. A similar enzyme, showing comparable bioactivity, is secreted by certain pathogenic corynebacteria and acts as a potent virulence factor. However, the molecular basis for SMaseD toxicity is not well understood, which hampers effective therapy. Here we show that the spider and bacterial SMases D hydrolyze albumin-bound lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), but not sphingosylphosphorylcholine, with K(m) values ( approximately 20-40 microm) well below the normal LPC levels in blood. Thus, toxic SMases D have intrinsic lysophospholipase D activity toward LPC. LPC hydrolysis yields the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a known inducer of platelet aggregation, endothelial hyperpermeability, and pro-inflammatory responses. Introduction of LPA(1) receptor cDNA into LPA receptor-negative cells renders non-susceptible cells susceptible to SmaseD, but only in LPC-containing media. Degradation of circulating LPC to LPA with consequent activation of LPA receptors may have a previously unappreciated role in the pathophysiology of secreted SMases D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens A van Meeteren
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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El Kirat K, Chauvet JP, Roux B, Besson F. Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D interaction with lipidic activators at the air–water interface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1661:144-53. [PMID: 15003877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus (PLDSc) is a soluble enzyme that interacts with membranes to catalyse phosphatidylcholine (PC) transformation. In this work, we focused on the interaction between PLDSc and two lipid activators: a neutral lipid, diacylglycerol (DAG), and an anionic one, phosphatidic acid (PA). DAG is a naturally occurring alcohol, so it is a potent nucleophile for the transphosphatidylation reaction catalysed by PLD. Concerning PA, it is a widely described activator of PLDSc-catalysed hydrolysis of PC. The monolayer technique allowed us to define PLDSc interaction with DAG and PA. In the case of DAG, the results suggest an insertion of PLDSc within the acyl chains of the lipid with an exclusion pressure of approximately 45 mN/m. PLDSc-DAG interaction seemed to occur preferentially with the lipid in the liquid-expanded (LE) phase. PLDSc interaction with PA was found to be more effective at high surface pressures. The overall results obtained with PA show a preferential interaction of the protein with condensed PA domains. No exclusion pressure could be found for PLDSc-PA interaction indicating only superficial interaction with the polar head of this lipid. Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) images were acquired in order to confirm these results and to visualise the patterns induced by PLDSc adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El Kirat
- University of Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5013, Bat. Chevreul, 43 Bd du 11/11/1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, UCB-Lyon 1, France.
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24
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Abstract
As a master regulator of cellular processes ranging from cell growth and proliferation to differentiation, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is critically involved in a complex signaling network. mTOR appears to govern an amino acid sensing pathway that integrates with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mitogenic pathway to activate the downstream effectors. Recent findings have revealed some unexpected regulatory mechanisms of mTOR signaling. A direct link between mTOR and mitogenic signals is found to be mediated by the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid. In addition, cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of mTOR appears to be required for the cytoplasmic functions of this protein. A new picture of the rapamycin-sensitive signaling network is emerging, with implications in putative upstream regulators and additional downstream targets for mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. B107, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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25
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He Q, Zhai X, Li J. Direct Visualization of the Dynamic Hydrolysis Process of an l-DPPC Monolayer Catalyzed by Phospholipase D at the Air/Water Interface. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- International Joint Lab, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Science, The Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhai
- International Joint Lab, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Science, The Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Junbai Li
- International Joint Lab, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Science, The Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing 100080, China
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26
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El Kirat K, Prigent AF, Chauvet JP, Roux B, Besson F. Transphosphatidylation activity of Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D in biomimetic membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:4523-30. [PMID: 14622281 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) from Streptomyces chromofuscus belongs to the superfamily of PLDs. All the enzymes included in this superfamily are able to catalyze both hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation activities. However, S. chromofuscus PLD is calcium dependent and is often described as an enzyme with weak transphosphatidylation activity. S. chromofuscus PLD-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids in aqueous medium leads to the formation of phosphatidic acid. Previous studies have shown that phosphatidic acid-calcium complexes are activators for the hydrolysis activity of this bacterial PLD. In this work, we investigated the influence of diacylglycerols (naturally occurring alcohols) as candidates for the transphosphatidylation reaction. Our results indicate that the transphosphatidylation reaction may occur using diacylglycerols as a substrate and that the phosphatidylalcohol produced can be directly hydrolyzed by PLD. We also focused on the surface pressure dependency of PLD-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids. These experiments provided new information about PLD activity at a water-lipid interface. Our findings showed that classical phospholipid hydrolysis is influenced by surface pressure. In contrast, phosphatidylalcohol hydrolysis was found to be independent of surface pressure. This latter result was thought to be related to headgroup hydrophobicity. This work also highlights the physiological significance of phosphatidylalcohol production for bacterial infection of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El Kirat
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Biologique, UMR CNRS 5013, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
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27
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Yang H, Roberts MF. Phosphohydrolase and transphosphatidylation reactions of two Streptomyces phospholipase D enzymes: covalent versus noncovalent catalysis. Protein Sci 2003; 12:2087-98. [PMID: 12931007 PMCID: PMC2324005 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03192503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic comparison of the hydrolase and transferase activities of two bacterial phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes with little sequence homology provides insights into mechanistic differences and also the more general role of Ca(2+) in modulating PLD reactions. Although the two PLDs exhibit similar substrate specificity (phosphatidylcholine preferred), sensitivity to substrate aggregation or Ca(2+), and pH optima are quite distinct. Streptomyces sp. PMF PLD, a member of the PLD superfamily, generates both hydrolase and transferase products in parallel, consistent with a mechanism that proceeds through a covalent phosphatidylhistidyl intermediate where the rate-limiting step is formation of the covalent intermediate. For Streptomyces chromofuscus PLD, the two reactions exhibit different pH profiles, a result consistent with a mechanism likely to involve direct attack of water or an alcohol on the phosphorus. Ca(2+), not required for monomer or micelle hydrolysis, can activate both PLDs for hydrolysis of PC unilamellar vesicles. In the case of Streptomyces sp. PMF PLD, Ca(2+) relieves product inhibition by interactions with the phosphatidic acid (PA). A similar rate enhancement could occur with other HxKx(4)D-motif PLDs as well. For S. chromofuscus PLD, Ca(2+) is absolutely critical for binding of the enzyme to PC vesicles and for PA activation. That the Ca(2+)-PA activation involves a discreet site on the protein is suggested by the observation that the identity of the C-terminal residue in S. chromofuscus PLD can modulate the extent of product activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Yang
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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28
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Oh MK, Yang H, Roberts MF. Using O-(n-alkyl)-N-(N,N'-dimethylethyl)phosphoramidates to investigate the role of Ca2+ and interfacial binding in a bacterial phospholipase D. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1649:146-53. [PMID: 12878033 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
O-(n-alkyl)-N-(N,N'-dimethylethyl)phosphoramidates (n=6, 8, and 10; CnPNC) were synthesized and characterized as inhibitors of phospholipase D (PLD) activity toward phosphatidylcholine presented as monomers, micelles, and bilayers. Detailed studies with recombinant Streptomyces chromofuscus PLD, a Ca(2+)-activated enzyme that does not show large changes in catalytic activity toward the same substrate as a monomer or micelle, showed that the longer the inhibitor chain length, the more potent CnPNC is as a competitive inhibitor toward all the substrates. However, the physical state of the inhibitor did affect the maximum inhibition attainable. For a fixed concentration of diC4PC (monomer substrate), CnPNC inhibition reached a maximum around the CMC of the inhibitor; the inhibition was reduced at higher inhibitor concentrations, in part caused by the lower solubility of the aggregated inhibitor. With diC4PC as the substrate and using concentrations of C10PNC that were below its CMC, the Ki for C10PNC was 0.030+/-0.003 mM, approximately 13-fold less than the Km for substrate. Aggregated substrates showed significant inhibition of PLD by CnPNC, although as the substrate chain length increased, inhibition by a given CnPNC was diminished. With POPC vesicles, the apparent Ki for C10PNC was 0.030 of the apparent Km. The availability of these inhibitors allowed us to show that PC analogues can bind to the active site of S. chromofuscus PLD in the absence of Ca2+. Once bound at the active site, the inhibitor does not significantly affect the divalent ion-dependent partitioning of the enzyme to PC surfaces. Of the two other PLD enzymes examined, cabbage PLD, but not Streptomyces sp. PMF, was able to catalyze the cleavage of the P-N bond. Differential susceptibility of PLDs to these phosphoramidates may eventually be useful in studying PLD isozymes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Oh
- Department of Chemistry, E.F. Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, USA
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29
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Feng J, Bradley WD, Roberts MF. Optimizing the interfacial binding and activity of a bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:24651-7. [PMID: 12714598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301207200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Bacillus thuringiensis can be activated by nonsubstrate interfaces such as phosphatidylcholine micelles or bilayers. This activation corresponds with partial insertion into the interface of two tryptophans, Trp-47 in helix B and Trp-242 in a loop, in the rim of the alphabeta-barrel. Both W47A and W242A have much weaker binding to interfaces and considerably lower kinetic interfacial activation. Tryptophan rescue mutagenesis, reinsertion of a tryptophan at a different place in helix B in the W47A mutant or in the loop (residues 232-244) of the W242A mutant, has been used to determine the importance and orientation of a tryptophan in these two structural features. Phosphotransferase and phosphodiesterase assays, and binding to phosphatidylcholine vesicles were used to assess both orientation and position of tryptophans needed for interfacial activity. Of the helix B double mutants, only one mutant, I43W/W47A, has tryptophan in the same orientation as Trp-47. I43W/W47A shows recovery of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PC) activation of d-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate hydrolysis. However, the specific activity toward phosphatidylinositol is still lower than wild type enzyme and high activity with phosphatidylinositol solubilized in 30% isopropyl alcohol (a hallmark of the native enzyme) is lost. Reinserting a tryptophan at several positions in the loop composed of residues 232-244 partially recovers PC activation and affinity of the enzyme for lipid interfaces as well as activation by isopropyl alcohol. G238W/W242A shows an enhanced activation and affinity for PC interfaces above that of wild type. These results provide constraints on how this bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C binds to activating PC interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Feng
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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30
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Zambonelli C, Roberts MF. An iron-dependent bacterial phospholipase D reminiscent of purple acid phosphatases. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:13706-11. [PMID: 12519726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210363200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant phospholipase D (PLD) from Streptomyces chromofuscus (scPLD) has been characterized using colorimetric assays, spectroscopic investigations, and site-directed mutagenesis. scPLD, which shows phosphodiesterase activity toward a wide variety of phospholipids and phosphatase activity toward p-nitrophenyl phosphate, exhibits a visible absorption band with lambda(max) at 570 nm. Metal ion analysis performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy shows the presence of approximately 1 equivalent of iron, 0.27 equivalent of manganese, and 0.1 equivalent of zinc per mole of protein as isolated. The metal ion content coupled with the visible absorption feature is compatible with the presence of Fe(3+)-tyrosinate coordination. When scPLD was dialyzed against solutions containing Mn(2+), Zn(2+) or EDTA, the Fe(3+) content was reduced to variable extents, and the residual specific activity correlated well with the residual iron content. Sequence homology with metal ion binding motifs in known alkaline phosphatases and purple acid phosphatase from red kidney bean shows that most of the residues involved in metal ion coordination are conserved among all the sequences considered. Mutation of some of these conserved residues (C123A, D151A, Y154F, and H391A) produced enzymes lacking iron with dramatically reduced PLD activity but little change in secondary structure or ability to bind to small unilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine (with Ba(2+)) or phosphatidic acid. We suggest that scPLD is a member of a family of phosphodiesterase/phosphatases with structural and mechanistic similarity to iron-dependent purple acid phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Zambonelli
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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31
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Kusner DJ, Barton JA, Qin C, Wang X, Iyer SS. Evolutionary conservation of physical and functional interactions between phospholipase D and actin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 412:231-41. [PMID: 12667487 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes from bacteria to mammals exhibit a highly conserved core structure and catalytic mechanism, but whether protein-protein interactions exhibit similar commonality is unknown. Our objective was to determine whether the physical and functional interactions of mammalian PLDs with actin are evolutionarily conserved among bacterial and plant PLDs. Highly purified bacterial and plant PLDs cosedimented with mammalian skeletal muscle alpha-actin, indicating direct interaction with F-actin. The binding of bacterial PLD to G-actin exhibited two affinity states, with dissociation constants of 1.13 pM and 0.58 microM. The effects of actin on the activities of bacterial and plant PLDs were polymerization dependent; monomeric G-actin inhibited PLD activity, whereas polymerized F-actin augmented PLD activity. Actin modulation of bacterial and plant PLDs demonstrated kinetic characteristics, efficacies, and potencies similar to those of human PLD1. Thus, physical and functional interactions between PLD and actin in PLD family members from bacteria to mammals are highly conserved throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kusner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carrer College of Medicine and VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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32
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Yang H, Roberts MF. Cloning, overexpression, and characterization of a bacterial Ca2+-dependent phospholipase D. Protein Sci 2002; 11:2958-68. [PMID: 12441393 PMCID: PMC2373738 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0225302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD), an important enzyme involved in signal transduction in mammals, is also secreted by many microorganisms. A highly conserved HKD motif has been identified in most PLD homologs in the PLD superfamily. However, the Ca(2+)-dependent PLD from Streptomyces chromofuscus exhibits little homology to other PLDs. We have cloned (using DNA isolated from the ATCC type strain), overexpressed in Escherichia coli (two expression systems, pET-23a(+) and pTYB11), and purified the S. chromofuscus PLD. Based on attempts at sequence alignment with other known Ca(2+)-independent PLD enzymes from Streptomyces species, we mutated five histidine residues (His72, His171, His187, His200, His226) that could be part of variants of an HKD motif. Only H187A and H200A showed dramatically reduced activity. However, mutation of these histidine residues to alanine also significantly altered the secondary structure of PLD. Asparagine replacements at these positions yielded enzymes with structure and activity similar to the recombinant wild-type PLD. The extent of phosphatidic acid (PA) activation of PC hydrolysis by the recombinant PLD enzymes differed in magnitude from PLD purified from S. chromofuscus culture medium (a 2-fold activation rather than 4-5-fold). One of the His mutants, H226A, showed a 12-fold enhancement by PA, suggesting this residue is involved in the kinetic activation. Another notable difference of this bacterial PLD from others is that it has a single cysteine (Cys123); other Streptomyces Ca(2+)-independent PLDs have eight Cys involved in intramolecular disulfide bonds. Both C123A and C123S, with secondary structure and stability similar to recombinant wild-type PLD, exhibited specific activity reduced by 10(-5) and 10(-4). The Cys mutants still bound Ca(2+), so that it is likely that this residue is part of the active site of the Ca(2+)-dependent PLD. This would suggest that S. chromofuscus PLD is a member of a new class of PLD enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Yang
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167, USA
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Abstract
Originally discovered as an anti-fungal agent, the bacterial macrolide rapamycin is a potent immunosuppressant and a promising anti-cancer drug. In complex with its cellular receptor, the FK506-binding protein (FKBP12), rapamycin binds and inhibits the function of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). By mediating amino acid sufficiency, mTOR governs signaling to translational regulation and other cellular functions by converging with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway on downstream effectors. Whether mTOR receives mitogenic signals in addition to nutrient-sensing has been an unresolved issue, and the mechanism of action of rapamycin remained unknown. Our recent findings have revealed a novel link between mitogenic signals and mTOR via the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA), and suggested a role for mTOR in the integration of nutrient and mitogen signals. A molecular mechanism for rapamycin inhibition of mTOR signaling is proposed, in which a putative interaction between PA and mTOR is abolished by rapamycin binding. Collective evidence further implicates the regulation of the rapamycin-sensitive signaling circuitry by phospholipase D, and potentially by other upstream regulators such as the conventional protein kinase C, the Rho and ARF families of small G proteins, and calcium ions. As the mTOR pathway has been demonstrated to be an important anti-cancer target, the identification of new components and novel regulatory modes in mTOR signaling will facilitate the future development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, B107, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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El Kirat K, Besson F, Prigent AF, Chauvet JP, Roux B. Role of calcium and membrane organization on phospholipase D localization and activity. Competition between a soluble and insoluble substrate. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21231-6. [PMID: 11940565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106449200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) from Streptomyces chromofuscus is a soluble enzyme known to be activated by the phosphatidic acid-calcium complexes. PLD-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids in aqueous medium leads to the formation of phosphatidic acid (PA). Previous studies concluded on an allosteric activation of PLD by the PA-calcium complexes. In this work, the role of PA and calcium was investigated in terms of membrane structure and dynamics. The role of calcium in PLD partitioning between the soluble phase and the water-lipid interface was tested. The monomolecular film technique was used to measure both membrane dynamics and PLD activity. These experiments provided information on PLD activity at a water-lipid interface. Moreover, the ability of PA to enhance PLD activity toward phosphatidylcholine was correlated to the physical properties of PA itself, affecting the rheology of the membrane. The effect of calcium was investigated on PLD binding to lipids and on the catalytic process by competition experiments between a soluble and a vesicular substrate. These experiments confirmed the absolute PLD requirement for calcium and pointed out the importance of calcium for PLD catalytic process and for the enzyme location at the water-lipid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El Kirat
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5013, Bâtiment Chevreul, 43 Boulevard du 11/11/1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, France.
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35
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Litosch I. Phosphatidic acid modulates G protein regulation of phospholipase C-beta1 activity in membranes. Cell Signal 2002; 14:259-63. [PMID: 11812654 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(01)00251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of G protein stimulated phospholipase C-beta1 (PLC-beta1) activity by phosphatidic acid (PA) was determined in membranes. In cerebral cortical membranes, PLC-beta1 is under dual regulation by G protein stimulatory and inhibitory mechanisms. PA stimulated basal activity and was synergistic with G protein activation in increasing PLC-beta1 activity. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) also stimulated PLC-beta1 activity, but was less effective then PA. PA stimulation of PLC-beta1 activity was relatively independent of acyl chain length. PA decreased the Ca2+ dependence for G protein stimulation of PLC-beta1 activity. PA modulated the dual G protein regulation of PLC-beta1 activity, increasing stimulatory regulation and reducing inhibitory G protein regulation. The sensitivity to guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]trisphosphate (GTP-gamma-S) and carbachol stimulation of PLC-beta1 activity was increased by PA. These results demonstrate that PA regulates both basal activity and G protein stimulation of PLC-beta1 activity. The data indicates that PA regulates the PLC-beta1 signaling pathway and thus may have an important role in the modulation of cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Litosch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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36
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Kristiansen S, Nielsen JN, Bourgoin S, Klip A, Franco M, Richter EA. GLUT-4 translocation in skeletal muscle studied with a cell-free assay: involvement of phospholipase D. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281:E608-18. [PMID: 11500317 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.3.e608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
GLUT-4-containing membranes immunoprecipitated from insulin-stimulated rat skeletal muscle produce the phospholipase D (PLD) product phosphatidic acid. In vitro stimulation of PLD in crude membrane with ammonium sulfate (5 mM) resulted in transfer of GLUT-4 (3.0-fold vs. control) as well as transferrin receptor proteins from large to small membrane structures. The in vitro GLUT-4 transfer could be blocked by neomycin (a PLD inhibitor), and neomycin also reduced insulin-stimulated glucose transport in intact incubated soleus muscles. Furthermore, protein kinase B(beta) (PKB(beta)) was found to associate with the GLUT-4 protein and was transferred to small vesicles in response to ammonium sulfate in vitro. Finally, addition of cytosolic proteins, prepared from basal skeletal muscle, and GTP nucleotides to an enriched GLUT-4 membrane fraction resulted in in vitro transfer of GLUT-4 to small membranes (6.8-fold vs. unstimulated control). The cytosol and nucleotide-induced GLUT-4 transfer could be blocked by neomycin and N-ethylmaleimide. In conclusion, we have developed a cell-free assay that demonstrates in vitro GLUT-4 transfer. This transfer may suggest release of GLUT-4-containing vesicles from donor GLUT-4 membranes involving PLD activity and binding of PKB(beta) to GLUT-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kristiansen
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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37
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Oprins JC, van der Burg C, Meijer HP, Munnik T, Groot JA. PLD pathway involved in carbachol-induced Cl- secretion: possible role of TNF-alpha. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 280:C789-95. [PMID: 11245595 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.4.c789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, it was found that exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) potentiated the electrophysiological response to carbachol in a time-dependent and cycloheximide-sensitive manner. It was deduced that the potentiation could be due to protein kinase C activity because of increased 1,2-diacylglycerol. It was also observed that propranolol could decrease the electrophysiological response to carbachol (Oprins JC, Meijer HP, and Groot JA. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278: C463-C472, 2000). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the phospholipase D (PLD) pathway plays a role in the carbachol response and the potentiating effect of TNF-alpha. The transphosphatidylation reaction in the presence of the primary alcohol 1-butanol [leading to stable phosphatidylbutanol (Pbut) formation] was used to measure activity of PLD. The phosphatidic acid (PA) levels were also measured. Muscarinic stimulation resulted in an increased formation of Pbut and PA. TNF-alpha decreased levels of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Oprins
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94084, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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38
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Sergeant S, Waite KA, Heravi J, McPhail LC. Phosphatidic acid regulates tyrosine phosphorylating activity in human neutrophils: enhancement of Fgr activity. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:4737-46. [PMID: 11078731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006571200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In human neutrophils, the activation of phospholipase D and the Tyr phosphorylation of proteins are early signaling events upon cell stimulation. We found that the pretreatment of neutrophils with ethanol (0.8%) or 1-butanol (0.3%), which results in the accumulation of phosphatidylalcohol at the expense of phosphatidic acid (PA), decreased the phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated Tyr phosphorylation of endogenous proteins (42, 115 kDa). When neutrophil cytosol was incubated in the presence or absence of PA, these and other endogenous proteins became Tyr-phosphorylated in a PA-dependent manner. In contrast, phosphatidylalcohols exhibited only 25% (phosphatidylethanol) or 5% (phosphatidylbutanol) of the ability of PA to stimulate Tyr phosphorylation in the cell-free assay. Similarly, other phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, polyphosphoinositides, and sphingosine 1-phosphate) showed little ability to stimulate Tyr phosphorylation. These data suggest that PA can function as an intracellular regulator of Tyr phosphorylating activity. Gel filtration chromatography of leukocyte cytosol revealed a peak of PA-dependent Tyr phosphorylating activity distinct from a previously described PA-dependent phosphorylating activity (Waite, K. A., Wallin, R., Qualliotine-Mann, D., and McPhail, L. C. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 15569-15578). Among the protein Tyr kinases expressed in neutrophils, only Fgr eluted exclusively in the peak of PA-dependent Tyr phosphorylating activity. Importantly, Fgr isolated from unstimulated neutrophil lysates showed increased activity in the presence of PA but not phosphatidylbutanol. Moreover, the pretreatment of neutrophils with 1-butanol decreased Fgr activity in cells stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine plus dihydrocytochalasin B. Together, these results suggest a new second messenger role for PA in the regulation of Tyr phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sergeant
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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39
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Estrela-Lopis I, Brezesinski G, Möhwald H. Dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine/phospholipase D interactions investigated with polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. Biophys J 2001; 80:749-54. [PMID: 11159442 PMCID: PMC1301273 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(01)76054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrolysis of 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) catalyzed by Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D (PLD) has been investigated using monolayer techniques and polarization-modulated infrared absorption reflection spectroscopy. The spectroscopic analysis of the phosphate groups provides a quantitative estimation of the hydrolysis yield. The hydrolysis kinetics was investigated in dependence on the phase state of the lipid monolayer. It was found that PLD exhibits maximum activity in the liquid-expanded phase, whereas PLA2 has its activity maximum in the two-phase region. A lag phase was observed in all experiments indicating that small amounts of the hydrolysis product 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA) are needed for initiating the fast hydrolysis reaction. Higher concentrations of DPPA inhibit the hydrolysis. The critical inhibition concentration of DPPA is a function of the monolayer pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Estrela-Lopis
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Golm/Potsdam, Germany
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40
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Ogino C, Negi Y, Daido H, Kanemasu M, Kondo A, Kuroda S, Tanizawa K, Shimizu N, Fukuda H. Identification of novel membrane-bound phospholipase D from Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum, possessing only hydrolytic activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1530:23-31. [PMID: 11341956 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A membrane-bound phospholipase D (PLD) has been identified and isolated in a soluble form from an actinomycete, Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum. The enzyme has a monomeric structure with a molecular size of about 37 kDa, being the smallest among the enzymes so far reported. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine as preferred substrates, but not the transphosphatidylation reaction of their phospholipid groups to ethanol. Together with the absence of immunochemical cross-reactivity, these enzymatic properties demonstrate that the membrane-bound enzyme is distinct from the extracellular enzyme recently characterized and cloned from the same bacterial strain [C. Ogino et al., J. Biochem. 125 (1999) 263-269] and is therefore regarded as a novel prokaryotic PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ogino
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Japan
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41
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Siddiqui RA, Burtschi DJ, Kovacs R. Phosphatidic acid induces calcium influx in neutrophils via verapamil-sensitive calcium channels. J Cell Biochem 2000; 78:297-304. [PMID: 10842323 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(20000801)78:2<297::aid-jcb11>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) induces a biphasic Ca(2+) mobilization response in human neutrophils. The initial increase is due to the mobilization of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores, whereas the secondary increase is due to the influx of Ca(2+) from extracellular sources. The present investigation characterizes PA-induced Ca(2+) influx in neutrophils. Depolarization of neutrophils by 50 mM KCl enhanced PA-induced Ca(2+) influx, whereas verapamil, a Ca(2+) channel blocker, attenuated this response in a dose-dependent manner. These observations suggest that PA-induced Ca(2+) influx is mediated via verapamil-sensitive Ca(2+) channels. Stimulation of neutrophils with exogenous PA results in accumulation of endogenously generated PA with a time course similar to the effects of exogenous PA on Ca(2+) influx. Ethanol inhibited the accumulation of endogenous PA and calcium mobilization, indicating that activation of membrane phospholipase D plays a role in PA-mediated Ca(2+) influx. The results of this study suggest that exogenously added PA stimulates the generation of intracellular PA, which then mediates Ca(2+) influx through verapamil-sensitive Ca(2+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Siddiqui
- Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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42
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Buckland AG, Wilton DC. Anionic phospholipids, interfacial binding and the regulation of cell functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1483:199-216. [PMID: 10634937 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A G Buckland
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK
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43
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Guo D, Tropp BE. A second Escherichia coli protein with CL synthase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1483:263-74. [PMID: 10634942 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli open reading frame f413, which has the potential to code for a polypeptide homologous to cardiolipin (CL) synthase, has been cloned. Its polypeptide product has a molecular mass of 48 kDa, is membrane-bound, and catalyzes CL formation but does not hydrolyze CL. A comparison of the sequences predicted for the polypeptides encoded by f413 and cls indicates that the N-terminal residues specified by cls may be unnecessary for CL synthase activity. Construction of a truncated cls gene and characterization of its polypeptide product have confirmed this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guo
- Queens College CUNY, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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44
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Stieglitz K, Seaton B, Roberts MF. The role of interfacial binding in the activation of Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D by phosphatidic acid. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35367-74. [PMID: 10585404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D (PLD) cleavage of phosphatidylcholine in bilayers can be enhanced by the addition of the product phosphatidic acid (PA). Other anionic lipids such as phosphatidylinositol, oleic acid, or phosphatidylmethanol do not activate this PLD. This allosteric activation by PA could involve a conformational change in the enzyme that alters PLD binding to phospholipid surfaces. To test this, the binding of intact PLD and proteolytically cleaved isoforms to styrene divinylbenzene beads coated with a phospholipid monolayer and to unilamellar vesicles was examined. The results indicate that intact PLD has a very high affinity for PA bilayers at pH >/= 7 in the presence of EGTA that is weakened as Ca(2+) or Ba(2+) are added to the system. Proteolytically clipped PLD also binds tightly to PA in the absence of metal ions. However, the isolated catalytic fragment has a considerably weaker affinity for PA surfaces. In contrast to PA surfaces, all PLD forms exhibited very low affinity for PC interfaces with an increased binding when Ba(2+) was added. All PLD forms also bound tightly to other anionic phospholipid surfaces (e.g. phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylmethanol). However, this binding was not modulated in the same way by divalent cations. Chemical cross-linking studies suggested that a major effect of PLD binding to PA.Ca(2+) surfaces is aggregation of the enzyme. These results indicate that PLD partitioning to phospholipid surfaces and kinetic activation are two separate events and suggest that the Ca(2+) modulation of PA.PLD binding involves protein aggregation that may be the critical interaction for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stieglitz
- Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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45
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Kim DU, Roh TY, Lee J, Noh JY, Jang YJ, Hoe KL, Yoo HS, Choi MU. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a phospholipase D from cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1437:409-14. [PMID: 10101274 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We cloned and expressed a full-length cDNA encoding a phospholipase D of type alpha (PLDalpha) from cabbage. Analysis of the cDNA predicted an 812-amino-acid protein of 92.0 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of cabbage PLD has 83% and 80% identity with Arabidopsis PLDalpha and castor bean PLD, respectively. Expression of this cDNA clone in E. coli shows a functional PLD activity similar to that of the natural PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D U Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Catalysis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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46
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Geng D, Baker DP, Foley SF, Zhou C, Stieglitz K, Roberts MF. A 20-kDa domain is required for phosphatidic acid-induced allosteric activation of phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1430:234-44. [PMID: 10082951 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes with both hydrolase and transferase activities were isolated from Streptomyces chromofuscus. There were substantial differences in the kinetic properties of the two PLD enzymes towards monomeric, micellar, and vesicle substrates. The most striking difference was that the higher molecular weight enzyme (PLD57 approximately 57 kDa) could be activated allosterically with a low mole fraction of phosphatidic acid (PA) incorporated into a PC bilayer (Geng et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 12195-12202). PLD42/20, a tightly associated complex of two peptides, one of 42 kDa and the other 20 kDa, had a 4-6-fold higher Vmax toward PC substrates than PLD57 and was not activated by PA. N-Terminal sequencing of both enzymes indicated that both components of PLD42/20 were cleavage products of PLD57. The larger component included the N-terminal segment of PLD57 and contained the active site. The N-terminus of the smaller peptide corresponded to the C-terminal region of PLD57; this peptide had no PLD activity by itself. Increasing the pH of PLD42/20 to 8.9, followed by chromatography of PLD42/20 on a HiTrap Q column at pH 8.5 separated the 42- and 20-kDa proteins. The 42-kDa complex had about the same specific activity with or without the 20-kDa fragment. The lack of PA activation for the 42-kDa protein and for PLD42/20 indicates that an intact C-terminal region of PLD57 is necessary for activation by PA. Furthermore, the mechanism for transmission of the allosteric signal requires an intact PLD57.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Geng
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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