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Silva MB, Pinto LDLDS, Medeiros LH, Souza AA, Chavante SF, Filgueira LGA, Camara RBG, Sassaki GL, Rocha HAO, Andrade GPV. Chondroitin Sulfate from Oreochromis niloticus Waste Reduces Leukocyte Influx in an Acute Peritonitis Model. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073082. [PMID: 37049845 PMCID: PMC10096408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) is one of the most cultivated fish species worldwide. Tilapia farming generates organic waste from fish removal processes in nurseries. Visceral waste can damage natural ecosystems. Therefore, the use of this material as a source of biomolecules helps reduce environmental impacts and improve pharmacological studies. Tilapia viscera were subjected to proteolysis and complexation with an ion-exchange resin. The obtained glycosaminoglycans were purified using ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephacel). The electrophoretic profile and analysis of 1H/13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra allowed for the characterization of the compound as chondroitin sulfate and its sulfation position. This chondroitin was named CST. We tested the ability of CST to reduce leukocyte influx in acute peritonitis models induced by sodium thioglycolate and found a significant reduction in leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity, similar to the polymorphonuclear population of the three tested doses of CST. This study shows, for the first time, the potential of CST obtained from O. niloticus waste as an anti-inflammatory drug, thereby contributing to the expansion of the study of molecules with pharmacological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Barros Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Lourdes de Sousa Pinto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Airton Araújo Souza
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus de Parnamirim, Parnamirim 59143-455, RN, Brazil
| | - Suely Ferreira Chavante
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Luciana Guimarães Alves Filgueira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Rafael Barros Gomes Camara
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lanzi Sassaki
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Giulianna Paiva Viana Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
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Sun H, Cao D, Wu H, Liu H, Ke X, Ci T. Development of low molecular weight heparin based nanoparticles for metastatic breast cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:343-355. [PMID: 29409771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the primary obstacle in cancer treatment and is always the leading cause of human death. And heparin and its derivatives are potential anti-metastatic agents with good biocompatibility. In this work, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) based LMWH-Cholesterol (LHC) conjugates were prepared for intravenous delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). The DOX/LHC nanoparticles (DOX/LHC NPs) exhibited a spherical shape with a mean diameter of 135.5±2.2nm and had a longer circulation time than that of DOX. The in vitro results confirmed that the DOX/LHC NPs was more effectively taken up by 4T1 cells and showed a stronger anti-metastatic effect by cell invasion and cell migration compared with DOX. Meanwhile, DOX/LHC NPs also exhibited superior anti-metastatic effects in the pulmonary metastasis model compared with other groups. The reason may be account for the synergistic effect between the cytotoxic drug of DOX and its drug carrier of LMWH based nanoparticles, which is capable of anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic efficiency. Thus DOX/LHC nanoparticles could be a promising anti-metastatic drug delivery system for postoperative chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dinglingge Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue Ke
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Tianyuan Ci
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Farrugia BL, Lord MS, Melrose J, Whitelock JM. The Role of Heparan Sulfate in Inflammation, and the Development of Biomimetics as Anti-Inflammatory Strategies. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:321-336. [PMID: 29290153 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417740881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key events that occur during inflammation include the recruitment, adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes from the circulation to the site of inflammation. These events are modulated by chemokines, integrins, and selectins and the interaction of these molecules with glycosaminoglycans, predominantly heparan sulfate (HS). The development of HS/heparin mimetics that interfere or inhibit the interactions that occur between glycosaminoglycans and modulators of inflammation holds great potential for use as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. This review will detail the role of HS in the events that occur during inflammation, their interaction and modulation of inflammatory mediators, and the current advances in the development of HS/heparin mimetics as anti-inflammatory biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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RX-207, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Protein Interaction with Glycosaminoglycans (SMIGs), Reduces Experimentally Induced Inflammation and Increases Survival Rate in Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP)-Induced Sepsis. Inflammation 2017; 41:307-314. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Edwards EE, Oh J, Anilkumar A, Birmingham KG, Thomas SN. P-, but not E- or L-, selectin-mediated rolling adhesion persistence in hemodynamic flow diverges between metastatic and leukocytic cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83585-83601. [PMID: 29137366 PMCID: PMC5663538 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of leukocytic cells to engage selectins via rolling adhesion is critical to inflammation, but selectins are also implicated in mediating metastatic dissemination. Using a microfluidic- and flow-based cell adhesion chromatography experimental and analytical technique, we interrogated the cell-subtype differences in engagement and sustainment of rolling adhesion on P-, E-, and L-selectin-functionalized surfaces in physiological flow. Our results indicate that, particularly at low concentrations of P-selectin, metastatic but not leukocytic cells exhibit reduced rolling adhesion persistence, whereas both cell subtypes exhibited reduced persistence on L-selectin and high persistence on E-selectin, differences not revealed by flow cytometry analysis or reflected in the extent or velocity of rolling adhesion. Conditions under which adhesion persistence was found to be significantly reduced corresponded to those exhibiting the greatest sensitivity to a selectin-antagonist. Our results suggest that potentially therapeutically exploitable differences in metastatic and leukocytic cell subtype interactions with selectins in physiological flow are identifiable through implementation of functional assays of adhesion persistence in hemodynamic flow utilizing this integrated, flow-based cell adhesion chromatography analytical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Elizabeth Edwards
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jaeho Oh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ananyaveena Anilkumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine Gayle Birmingham
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan Napier Thomas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Lipowsky HH, Lescanic A. Inhibition of inflammation induced shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx with low molecular weight heparin. Microvasc Res 2017; 112:72-78. [PMID: 28347755 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial surface layer (ESL) consists of the endothelial cell (EC) glycocalyx and adsorbed proteins, and forms a barrier between blood and the EC. Enzymatic shedding of the ESL in response to cytokines may expose receptors for leukocyte (WBC) adhesion and increase vascular permeability. Thus, intravital microscopy was used to explore stabilization of the ESL with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) to mitigate structural changes with inflammation. Following bolus infusions (i.v.) of LMWH (0.12-1.6mg/kg), shedding of glycans in response to 10-7M fMLP was measured by loss of fluorescently labeled lectins bound to the EC and WBC-EC adhesion was monitored in post-capillary venules of rat mesentery. During a 30min exposure to fMLP, a 50% reduction in fluorescence (indicative of glycan shedding) occurred at the lowest dose of LMWH whereas a 50% increase occurred (indicative of ESL compaction) at the highest dose. Shedding was reduced by LMWH in a dose dependent manner with an EC50 of 0.6mg/kg. Concomitant WBC-EC adhesion increased over 3-fold for all doses of LMWH. However, at a dose of 1.6mg/kg, WBC-EC adhesion did not rise significantly during the initial 10min exposure to fMLP. Correlation of WBC adhesion with intensity of the lectin stain for all measurements revealed a significant 40% reduction in adhesion as intensity increased 50%. This relationship was attributed to LMWH inhibition of heparanase and/or binding to components of the glycocalyx that resulted in mitigation of glycan shedding, compaction of the lectin stain and stabilization of the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Lipowsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Anne Lescanic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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Harris N, Koppel J, Zsila F, Juhas S, Il’kova G, Kogan FY, Lahmy O, Wildbaum G, Karin N, Zhuk R, Gregor P. Mechanism of action and efficacy of RX-111, a thieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivative and small molecule inhibitor of protein interaction with glycosaminoglycans (SMIGs), in delayed-type hypersensitivity, TNBS-induced colitis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:285-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Arimateia DS, da Silva Brito A, de Azevedo FM, de Andrade GPV, Chavante SF. Heparin fails to inhibit the leukocyte recruitment for an extended time following inflammatory stimulus. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:72-77. [PMID: 25289529 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.910534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Several studies have shown that heparin is able to inhibit leukocyte recruitment during an early acute inflammatory response. However, considering the pharmacokinetic aspects of heparin and the dynamics of inflammation our objective was to determine if heparin is able to retain its antimigratory property during a prolonged inflammatory response. OBJECTIVE Compare the effect of heparin on leukocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity during early acute inflammatory response and for a longer time post-inflammatory stimulus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats pre-treated with subcutaneous heparin in doses of 1, 5, and 15 µg/kg were challenged with 2 mL intraperitoneal thioglycollate. After 3 or 8 h, the animals were killed. The cells in the peritoneal cavity were collected and counted. For differential counting, cells from peritoneal lavage and from blood were distended over a glass slide, stained, and counted. RESULTS After 3 h, heparin inhibited cell influx to the injury site at all tested dosages. The largest effect was achieved at a 5 µg/kg dose (83% of reduction, p < 0.001). After 8 h, heparin at a 1 µg/kg dose reduced 63% of cellular infiltration (p < 0.001); the group treated with a 15 µg/kg dose presented an pro-inflammatory effect observed by the higher proportions, when compared with the thioglycollate group, of neutrophils on whole blood (60.9%, p < 0.001) and peritoneal fluid (27.3%, p < 0.05), and whole blood monocytes (117.8%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION These findings show that the heparin effect on leukocyte recruitment varies depending on its dosage and the duration of the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayse Santos Arimateia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) , Natal, RN , Brazil and
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9
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Xu X. Plant Polysaccharides and Their Effects on Cell Adhesion. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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10
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Rachel H, Chang-Chun L. Recent advances toward the development of inhibitors to attenuate tumor metastasis via the interruption of lectin-ligand interactions. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2014; 69:125-207. [PMID: 24274369 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-408093-5.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a well-recognized phenomenon that occurs on the surface of tumor cells, and the overexpression of a number of ligands (such as TF, sialyl Tn, and sialyl Lewis X) has been correlated to a worse prognosis for the patient. These unique carbohydrate structures play an integral role in cell-cell communication and have also been associated with more metastatic cancer phenotypes, which can result from binding to lectins present on cell surfaces. The most well studied metastasis-associated lectins are the galectins and selectins, which have been correlated to adhesion, neoangiogenesis, and immune-cell evasion processes. In order to slow the rate of metastatic lesion formation, a number of approaches have been successfully developed which involve interfering with the tumor lectin-substrate binding event. Through the generation of inhibitors, or by attenuating lectin and/or carbohydrate expression, promising results have been observed both in vitro and in vivo. This article briefly summarizes the involvement of lectins in the metastatic process and also describes different approaches used to prevent these undesirable carbohydrate-lectin binding events, which should ultimately lead to improvement in current cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hevey Rachel
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Plant polysaccharides and their effects on cell adhesion. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_67-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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12
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Sun C, Niu Y, Tong F, Mao C, Huang X, Zhao B, Shen J. Preparation of novel electrochemical glucose biosensors for whole blood based on antibiofouling polyurethane-heparin nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Spertini C, Baïsse B, Spertini O. Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding sequence of PSGL-1 glycoprotein regulates leukocyte rolling on selectins and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:10693-10702. [PMID: 22311979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.318022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) mediates the capture (tethering) of free-flowing leukocytes and subsequent rolling on selectins. PSGL-1 interactions with endothelial selectins activate Src kinases and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), leading to α(L)β(2) integrin-dependent leukocyte slow rolling, which promotes leukocyte recruitment into tissues. In addition, but through a distinct pathway, PSGL-1 engagement activates ERK. Because ezrin, radixin and moesin proteins (ERMs) link PSGL-1 to actin cytoskeleton and because they serve as adaptor molecules between PSGL-1 and Syk, we examined the role of PSGL-1 ERM-binding sequence (EBS) on cell capture, rolling, and signaling through Syk and MAPK pathways. We carried out mutational analysis and observed that deletion of EBS severely reduced 32D leukocyte tethering and rolling on L-, P-, and E-selectin and slightly increased rolling velocity. Alanine substitution of Arg-337 and Lys-338 showed that these residues play a key role in supporting leukocyte tethering and rolling on selectins. Importantly, EBS deletion or Arg-337 and Lys-338 mutations abrogated PSGL-1-induced ERK activation, whereas they did not prevent Syk phosphorylation or E-selectin-induced leukocyte slow rolling. These studies demonstrate that PSGL-1 EBS plays a critical role in recruiting leukocytes on selectins and in activating the MAPK pathway, whereas it is dispensable to phosphorylate Syk and to lead to α(L)β(2)-dependent leukocyte slow rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Spertini
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Baïsse
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Spertini
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Gao X, Wang R, Liang J, Xiang J, Huang J, Wei M, Zeng X. Inhibition of P-selectin-mediated inflammation cell adhesion by 6SCM-chitin. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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The synergy of 6-O-sulfation and N- or 3-O-sulfation of chitosan is required for efficient inhibition of P-selectin-mediated human melanoma A375 cell adhesion. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010; 74:1697-700. [PMID: 20699561 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We prepared chitosan sulfated derivatives to address the common structural requirement of the sulfate pattern to block P-selectin-mediated tumor cell adhesion. Our results indicate that 6-O-sulfation of chitosan is indispensable for inhibition of P-selectin binding to human melanoma A375 cells. Furthermore, additional N-sulfation or 3-O-sulfation dramatically enhanced the inhibitory activity of 6-O-sulfated chitosan, suggesting that efficient anti-P-selectin adhesion activity of sulfated saccharides requires the synergy of 6-O-sulation and N- or 3-O-sulfation in glucosamine units.
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Queiroz LS, Nascimento MS, Cruz AKM, Castro AJG, Moura MDFV, Baseia IG, Araújo RM, Benevides NMB, Lima LFA, Leite EL. Glucans from the Caripia montagnei mushroom present anti-inflammatory activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:34-42. [PMID: 19804847 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caripia montagnei is a basidiomycete species which contains polysaccharides with immunomodulatory properties. An extract of this mushroom underwent removal of the fat content by organic solvent and subsequently proteolysis. The aqueous phase obtained after proteolysis was precipitated with methanol yielding a fraction containing carbohydrates (98.7+/-3.3%) and protein (1.3+/-0.25%). Chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that the carbohydrate fraction contained (63.3+/-4.1) of beta-glucans and proteins (2.2+/-0.3%). These glucans (50mg/kg of body weight) significantly reduced the inflammatory infiltrate produced by thioglycolate-induced peritonitis by 75.5+/-5.2%, when compared to Wy-14643 (60.3+/-6.1%), PFOA (37.8+/-2.8%) and clofibrate (52.2+/-3.2%), p<0.001, which are of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-alpha). L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, reduced the plantar edema in Wistar rats by 91.4+/-1.3% (p<0.001). A significant reduction in nitric oxide (NO) levels was observed in the exudates when the glucans was used in comparison to carrageenan. The C. montagnei glucans did not present signs of inducing cytotoxicity. A decrease in IL-1ra, IL-10 and IFN-gamma in the peritonitis model was observed. Thus, the results suggest that glucans from the C. montagnei mushroom is an effective immunomodulator and may have potential for anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissandra S Queiroz
- Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
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PS3, A Semisynthetic β-1,3-Glucan Sulfate, Diminishes Contact Hypersensitivity Responses Through Inhibition of L- and P-Selectin Functions. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1192-202. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Tauxe C, Xie X, Joffraud M, Martinez M, Schapira M, Spertini O. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 decameric repeats regulate selectin-dependent rolling under flow conditions. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28536-45. [PMID: 18713749 PMCID: PMC2661406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802865200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) interacts with selectins to support leukocyte rolling along vascular wall. L- and P-selectin bind to N-terminal tyrosine sulfate residues and to core-2 O-glycans attached to Thr-57, whereas tyrosine sulfation is not required for E-selectin binding. PSGL-1 extracellular domain contains decameric repeats, which extend L- and P-selectin binding sites far above the plasma membrane. We hypothesized that decamers may play a role in regulating PSGL-1 interactions with selectins. Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing wild-type PSGL-1 or PSGL-1 molecules exhibiting deletion or substitution of decamers with the tandem repeats of platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha were compared in their ability to roll on selectins and to bind soluble L- or P-selectin. Deletion of decamers abrogated soluble L-selectin binding and cell rolling on L-selectin, whereas their substitution partially reversed these diminutions. P-selectin-dependent interactions with PSGL-1 were less affected by decamer deletion. Videomicroscopy analysis showed that decamers are required to stabilize L-selectin-dependent rolling. Importantly, adhesion assays performed on recombinant decamers demonstrated that they directly bind to E-selectin and promote slow rolling. Our results indicate that the role of decamers is to extend PSGL-1 N terminus far above the cell surface to support and stabilize leukocyte rolling on L- or P-selectin. In addition, they function as a cell adhesion receptor, which supports approximately 80% of E-selectin-dependent rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tauxe
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
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Fei R, Fei Y, Zheng S, Gao YG, Sun HX, Zeng XL. Purified polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba leaves inhibits P-selectin-mediated leucocyte adhesion and inflammation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:499-506. [PMID: 18358097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the polysaccharides of Ginkgo biloba leaves (PGBL) by inhibiting leucocyte adhesion. METHODS The rough PGBL were isolated and purified. The anti-inflammatory effects of purified PGBL (p-PGBL) were assayed by ear edema induced by xylol and the acute peritonitis model in mice. The effect of p-PGBL on inhibiting the interaction between P-selectin and its ligands was investigated by flow cytometry and flow chamber. RESULTS p-PGBL could effectively inhibit the acute inflammation in mice and interfere with the adhesion of HL-60 cells, a human leukaemia cell line, or neutrophils to P-selectin in static conditions, as well as the adhesion of neutrophils to Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human P-selectin and human umbilical vein endothelial cells in flow conditions in a dose-dependant manner. CONCLUSIONS p-PGBL can inhibit the inflammatory process through interfering with the interaction between P-selectin and its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fei
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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20
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Schouten M, Wiersinga WJ, Levi M, van der Poll T. Inflammation, endothelium, and coagulation in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83:536-45. [PMID: 18032692 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0607373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic response to infection, and symptoms are produced by host defense systems rather than by the invading pathogens. Amongst the most prominent features of sepsis, contributing significantly to its outcome, is activation of coagulation with concurrent down-regulation of anticoagulant systems and fibrinolysis. Inflammation-induced coagulation on its turn contributes to inflammation. Another important feature of sepsis, associated with key symptoms such as hypovolemia and hypotension, is endothelial dysfunction. Under normal conditions, the endothelium provides for an anticoagulant surface, a property that is lost in sepsis. In this review, data about the interplay between inflammation and coagulation in sepsis are summarized with a special focus on the influence of the endothelium on inflammation-induced coagulation and vice versa. Possible procoagulant properties of the endothelium are described, such as expression of tissue factor (TF) and von Willebrand factor and interaction with platelets. Possible procoagulant roles of microparticles, circulating endothelial cells and endothelial apoptosis, are also discussed. Moreover, the important roles of the endothelium in down-regulating the anticoagulants TF pathway inhibitor, antithrombin, and the protein C (PC) system and inhibition of fibrinolysis are discussed. The influence of coagulation on its turn on inflammation and the endothelium is described with a special focus on protease-activated receptors (PARs). We conclude that the relationship between endothelium and coagulation in sepsis is tight and that further research is needed, for example, to better understand the role of activated PC signaling via PAR-1, the role of the endothelial PC receptor herein, and the role of the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schouten
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Mocco J, Shelton CE, Sergot P, Ducruet AF, Komotar RJ, Otten ML, Sosunov SA, MacArthur RB, Kennedy TP, Connolly ES. O-DESULFATED HEPARIN IMPROVES OUTCOME AFTER RAT CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY. Neurosurgery 2007; 61:1297-303; discussion 1303-4. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000306109.55174.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Mocco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Corbett E. Shelton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Paulina Sergot
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Andrew F. Ducruet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ricardo J. Komotar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Marc L. Otten
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sergei A. Sosunov
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Thomas P. Kennedy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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22
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Baïsse B, Galisson F, Giraud S, Schapira M, Spertini O. Evolutionary conservation of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 primary structure and function. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:166. [PMID: 17868453 PMCID: PMC2174952 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) plays a critical role in recruiting leukocytes in inflammatory lesions by mediating leukocyte rolling on selectins. Core-2 O-glycosylation of a N-terminal threonine and sulfation of at least one tyrosine residue of PSGL-1 are required for L- and P-selectin binding. Little information is available on the intra- and inter-species evolution of PSGL-1 primary structure. In addition, the evolutionary conservation of selectin binding site on PSGL-1 has not been previously examined in detail. Therefore, we performed multiple sequence alignment of PSGL-1 amino acid sequences of 14 mammals (human, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, bovine, pig, rat, tree-shrew, bushbaby, mouse, bat, horse, cat, sheep and dog) and examined mammalian PSGL-1 interactions with human selectins. RESULTS A signal peptide was predicted in each sequence and a propeptide cleavage site was found in 9/14 species. PSGL-1 N-terminus is poorly conserved. However, each species exhibits at least one tyrosine sulfation site and, except in horse and dog, a T [D/E]PP [D/E] motif associated to the core-2 O-glycosylation of a N-terminal threonine. A mucin-like domain of 250-280 amino acids long was disclosed in all studied species. It lies between the conserved N-terminal O-glycosylated threonine (Thr-57 in human) and the transmembrane domain, and contains a central region exhibiting a variable number of decameric repeats (DR). Interspecies and intraspecies polymorphisms were observed. Transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain sequences are well conserved. The moesin binding residues that serve as adaptor between PSGL-1 and Syk, and are involved in regulating PSGL-1-dependent rolling on P-selectin are perfectly conserved in all analyzed mammalian sequences. Despite a poor conservation of PSGL-1 N-terminal sequence, CHO cells co-expressing human glycosyltransferases and human, bovine, pig or rat PSGL-1 efficiently rolled on human L- or P-selectin. By contrast, pig or rat neutrophils were much less efficiently recruited than human or bovine neutrophils on human selectins. Horse PSGL-1, glycosylated by human or equine glycosyltransferases, did not interact with P-selectin. In all five species, tyrosine sulfation of PSGL-1 was required for selectin binding. CONCLUSION These observations show that PSGL-1 amino acid sequence of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains are well conserved and that, despite a poor conservation of PSGL-1 N-terminus, L- and P-selectin binding sites are evolutionary conserved. Functional assays reveal a critical role for post-translational modifications in regulating mammalian PSGL-1 interactions with selectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Baïsse
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédérique Galisson
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Center for Integrative Genomics, UNIL, Dorigny, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Giraud
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schapira
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Spertini
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Young E. The anti-inflammatory effects of heparin and related compounds. Thromb Res 2007; 122:743-52. [PMID: 17727922 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2006.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan well known for its anticoagulant properties. In addition, heparin possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Although the mechanisms responsible for the anticoagulant effects of heparin are well understood, those underlying its anti-inflammatory effects are not. This review presents some of the evidence from clinical and animal studies supporting an anti-inflammatory role for heparin and heparin-related derivatives. Potential mechanisms by which heparin can exert its anti-inflammatory effects are discussed. The clinical use of heparin as an anti-inflammatory agent has been held back by the fear of bleeding. Development of nonanticoagulant heparins or heparin derivatives should mitigate this concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Young
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Henderson Research Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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24
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Abstract
All cells in nature are covered by a dense and complex array of carbohydrates. Given their prominence on cell surfaces, it is not surprising that these glycans mediate and/or modulate many cellular interactions. Proteins that bind sialic acid, a sugar that is found on the surface of the cell and on secreted proteins in vertebrates, are involved in a broad range of biological processes, including intercellular adhesion, signalling and microbial attachment. Studying the roles of such proteins in vertebrates has improved our understanding of normal physiology, disease and human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Department of Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The polysaccharide heparan sulphate is ubiquitously expressed as a proteoglycan in extracellular matrices and on cell surfaces. Heparan sulphate has marked sequence diversity that allows it to specifically interact with many proteins. This Review focuses on the multiple roles of heparan sulphate in inflammatory responses and, in particular, on its participation in almost every stage of leukocyte transmigration through the blood-vessel wall. Heparan sulphate is involved in the initial adhesion of leukocytes to the inflamed endothelium, the subsequent chemokine-mediated transmigration through the vessel wall and the establishment of both acute and chronic inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Parish
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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26
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Fritzsche J, Alban S, Ludwig RJ, Rubant S, Boehncke WH, Schumacher G, Bendas G. The influence of various structural parameters of semisynthetic sulfated polysaccharides on the P-selectin inhibitory capacity. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:474-85. [PMID: 16780802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling along the endothelium is of key importance for maintaining the cellular immune response. The anti-inflammatory activities of heparin have partly been related to inhibition of P-selectin binding. Heparin, however, suffers from its heterogeneous variable structure, the animal origin and multiple in vivo effects. As P-selectin is a promising target for anti-inflammatory approaches, we focused on P-selectin inhibition by other sulfated polysaccharides and compared them with six heparins. We examined 15 structurally defined semisynthetic sulfated glucans, non-animal-derived from the linear glucans phycarin, curdlan or pullulan. The derivatives gradually differ in their degree of sulfation, molecular weight, and glycosidic linkage. The inhibitory capacity was analysed in a parallel plate flow chamber, detecting the rolling of U937 cells on P-selectin layers. Unfractionated heparins displayed variabilities between different preparations. Considering fractionated heparins, exceeding of a minimal mass is essential for activity. Comparing the glucan sulfates, charge density is the most important parameter for P-selectin binding. Highly sulfated derivatives are excellent inhibitors, the reduced cell binding up to 16.2+/-6.4% strongly exceeded the heparin activities. Molecular weight is of minor effects, while glycosidic backbone linkage holds certain importance. To check the P-selectin inhibition in vivo, heparin and one phycarin sulfate were tested using intravital microscopy of microvasculature in mice. Both compounds significantly reduced the rolling fractions of activated platelets on endothelium as effective as a blocking P-selectin antibody. Our study indicates that semisynthetic glucan sulfates with optimal structures block P-selectin excellently and might become promising candidates for anti-inflammatory drugs to replace heparin for certain applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Fritzsche
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn, Germany
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27
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Abbal C, Lambelet M, Bertaggia D, Gerbex C, Martinez M, Arcaro A, Schapira M, Spertini O. Lipid raft adhesion receptors and Syk regulate selectin-dependent rolling under flow conditions. Blood 2006; 108:3352-9. [PMID: 16849645 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-013912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins and their ligand P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) mediate leukocyte rolling along inflamed vessels. Cell rolling is modulated by selectin interactions with their ligands and by topographic requirements including L-selectin and PSGL-1 clustering on tips of leukocyte microvilli. Lipid rafts are cell membrane microdomains reported to function as signaling platforms. Here, we show that disruption of leukocyte lipid rafts with cholesterol chelating agents depleted raft-associated PSGL-1 and L-selectin and strongly reduced L-, P-, and E-selectin-dependent rolling. Cholesterol repletion reversed inhibition of cell rolling. Importantly, leukocyte rolling on P-selectin induced the recruitment of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a tyrosine kinase associated to lipid raft PSGL-1. Furthermore, inhibition of Syk activity or expression, with pharmacologic inhibitors or by RNA interference, strongly reduced leukocyte rolling on P-selectin, but not on E-selectin or PSGL-1. These observations identify novel regulatory mechanisms of leukocyte rolling on selectins with a strong dependency on lipid raft integrity and Syk activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Abbal
- Service of Hematology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Schumacher G, Bendas G, Stahl B, Beermann C. Human milk oligosaccharides affect P-selectin binding capacities: In vitro investigation. Nutrition 2006; 22:620-7. [PMID: 16533594 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the initial phase of cellular immune response, selectins mediate the emigration of leukocytes from the blood stream into inflammatory regions. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) possess binding epitopes of selectin ligands such as sialyl Lewis(x) and sialyl Lewis(a) and therefore might impair the interaction of selectins with cellular ligands. Neutral, acidic, sialylated, or fucosylated HMO fractions with polymerization degrees of 3 to 50 were investigated regarding this interaction in a dynamic flow chamber model that considers physiologic shear stress conditions. METHODS Human milk oligosaccharides were compared with kappa-carrageenans and pectin oligosaccharides to deduce structure-activity relations. Fucoidan and sialyl Lewis(x) served as positive controls. RESULTS All HMO fractions affected P-selectin ligand binding capacity but were not comparable to fucoidan. The activity of the acidic HMO fraction resembled sialyl Lewis(x) in decreasing the binding of the ligand to P-selectin. CONCLUSION Human milk oligosaccharides modulate rather than block the function of P-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Schumacher
- Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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29
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Brown RA, Allegra L, Matera MG, Page CP, Cazzola M. Additional clinical benefit of enoxaparin in COPD patients receiving salmeterol and fluticasone propionate in combination. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 19:419-24. [PMID: 16807023 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is now well recognised that heparin possesses numerous anti-inflammatory properties in addition to its anticoagulant properties. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin (ENX), as an add-on therapy for a period of 12 weeks, to inhaled salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (SLM/FP) combination in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Forty-six patients were randomised to receive 12 weeks of treatment in one of two treatment groups: (1) fixed combination of SLM 50 microg and FP 500 microg Diskus, one inhalation twice daily; or (2) as group 1 plus 20 mg ENX administered subcutaneously once daily for 12 weeks. Patients attended the clinic before and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment for evaluations of lung function, blood gas tensions, dyspnoea and supplemental salbutamol use. Thirty-six patients completed the 12-week treatment period, 20 from group 1 and 16 from group 2. A significant increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) over baseline was observed after 12 weeks of treatment in group 1 (0.145 L, 95% CI: 0.994-1.406, p<0.01), whilst significant increases in FEV1 over baseline were observed in group 2 after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment with a maximum increase at 12 weeks of 0.244 L (95% CI: 1.175-1.596, p<0.01). Both treatment groups experienced similar improvements in blood gas tensions, dyspnoea and supplemental salbutamol use. Our results suggest that addition of ENX to conventional therapy of COPD may provide additional clinical benefit and must be further investigated as a treatment for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Brown
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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30
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Stevenson JL, Choi SH, Varki A. Differential metastasis inhibition by clinically relevant levels of heparins--correlation with selectin inhibition, not antithrombotic activity. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:7003-11. [PMID: 16203794 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unfractionated heparin reduces metastasis in many murine models. Multiple mechanisms are proposed, particularly anticoagulation and/or inhibition of P-selectin and L-selectin. However, the doses used are not clinically tolerable and other heparins are now commonly used. We studied metastasis inhibition by clinically relevant levels of various heparins and investigated the structural basis for selectin inhibition differences. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Five clinically approved heparins were evaluated for inhibition of P-selectin and L-selectin binding to carcinoma cells. Pharmacokinetic studies determined optimal dosing for clinically relevant anticoagulant levels in mice. Experimental metastasis assays using carcinoma and melanoma cells investigated effects of a single injection of various heparins. Heparins were compared for structural relationships to selectin inhibition. RESULTS One (Tinzaparin) of three low molecular weight heparins showed increased selectin inhibitory activity, and the synthetic pentasaccharide, Fondaparinux, showed none when normalized to anticoagulant activity. Experimental metastasis models showed attenuation with unfractionated heparin and Tinzaparin, but not Fondaparinux, at clinically relevant anticoagulation levels. Tinzaparin has a small population of high molecular weight fragments not present in other low molecular weight heparins, enriched for selectin inhibitory activity. CONCLUSIONS Heparin can attenuate metastasis at clinically relevant doses, likely by inhibiting selectins. Equivalent anticoagulation alone with Fondaparinux is ineffective. Clinically approved heparins have differing abilities to inhibit selectins, likely explained by size distribution. It should be possible to size fractionate heparins and inhibit selectins at concentrations that do not have a large effect on coagulation. Caution is also raised about the current preference for smaller heparins. Despite equivalent anticoagulation, hitherto unsuspected benefits of selectin inhibition in various clinical circumstances may be unwittingly discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stevenson
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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31
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Maejima Y, Yasu T, Ueba H, Kobayashi N, Hashimoto S, Kubo N, Kakehashi A, Isobe M, Kawakami M, Saito M. Exercise after heparin administration: new therapeutic program for patients with-option arteriosclerosis oblitrans. Circ J 2005; 69:1099-104. [PMID: 16127194 DOI: 10.1253/circj.69.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prospective study examined whether a combination of an exercise program and heparin administration improves the clinical symptoms of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) without an indication for surgical revascularization because of the lack of distal target vessels or other reasons such as high surgical risk or lack of a vein conduit from previous coronary artery bypass surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 19 consecutive patients with symptomatic non-option ASO diagnosed by angiography were randomly assigned to 3 groups: heparin + exercise (walking for 60 min after heparin injection [3,000 units/day IV for 14 days], n = 6), heparin administration only (n = 6), and exercise only (n = 7). Plasma levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were serially measured before and after intravenous administration of heparin. Ankle brachial pressure index was measured and treadmill exercise test (2.5 km/h, 12% slope) was performed before the 2-week treatment, just after finishing treatment, and 12 weeks after beginning the treatment. Ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity test, ocular fundoscopy and fluorescein angiographic fundus photography, were performed before and 12 weeks after the treatment program. In all patients, HGF levels increased more than 4-fold of the basal level at 30 min after heparin injection. Maximum walking time was significantly higher in the heparin + exercise group than in the other 2 groups (p < 0.05). There were no patients who showed pathological retinal angiogenesis. CONCLUSION The combination of an exercise program and heparin administration improves the clinical symptoms of patients with non-option ASO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Maejima
- First Department of Integrated Medicine, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School, Saitama, Japan
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Wei M, Gao Y, Tian M, Li N, Hao S, Zeng X. Selectively desulfated heparin inhibits P-selectin-mediated adhesion of human melanoma cells. Cancer Lett 2005; 229:123-6. [PMID: 16157224 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that one of the mechanisms by which heparin inhibits metastasis is by blocking the P-selectin-based interaction of platelets with tumor cells. Here we demonstrate that the sulfate groups at C6/N and especially C6, but not C2 and C3, of heparin play a critical role in P-selectin recognition and that 2-O,3-O-desulfated heparin can block P-selectin-mediated A375 human melanoma cell adhesion. Our findings show that chemical modification of heparin, especially 2-O,3-O-desulfation, may result in a therapeutic agent that is anti-metastatic because it blocks unwanted P-selectin-dependent adhesion but that lacks dose-limiting anticoagulant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People's Republic of China
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Wang L, Fuster M, Sriramarao P, Esko JD. Endothelial heparan sulfate deficiency impairs L-selectin- and chemokine-mediated neutrophil trafficking during inflammatory responses. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:902-10. [PMID: 16056228 DOI: 10.1038/ni1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Here we have studied the involvement of endothelial heparan sulfate in inflammation by inactivating the enzyme N-acetyl glucosamine N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase-1 in endothelial cells and leukocytes, which is required for the addition of sulfate to the heparin sulfate chains. Mutant mice developed normally but showed impaired neutrophil infiltration in various inflammation models. These effects were due to changes in heparan sulfate specifically in endothelial cells. Decreased neutrophil infiltration was partially due to altered rolling velocity correlated with weaker binding of L-selectin to endothelial cells. Chemokine transcytosis across endothelial cells and presentation on the cell surface were also reduced, resulting in decreased neutrophil firm adhesion and migration. Thus, endothelial heparan sulfate has three functions in inflammation: by acting as a ligand for L-selectin during neutrophil rolling; in chemokine transcytosis; and by binding and presenting chemokines at the lumenal surface of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianchun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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Rele SM, Cui W, Wang L, Hou S, Barr-Zarse G, Tatton D, Gnanou Y, Esko JD, Chaikof EL. Dendrimer-like PEO glycopolymers exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:10132-3. [PMID: 16028900 PMCID: PMC2556565 DOI: 10.1021/ja0511974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new class of high molecular weight polysulfated PEO dendrimer-like glycopolymer has been synthesized by a combination of arm-first and core-first methodologies followed by trichloroacetimidate glycosidation as a facile bioconjugation strategy. An L-selectin antagonist was identified that exhibits 103-fold greater activity than other multivalent sLex glycopolymers and 20-50 times greater potency than other linear heparinoids. A significant reduction in inflammatory cell recruitment was observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam M. Rele
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Wanxing Cui
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sijian Hou
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Ginger Barr-Zarse
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Daniel Tatton
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yves Gnanou
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Elliot L. Chaikof
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Martinez M, Joffraud M, Giraud S, Baïsse B, Bernimoulin MP, Schapira M, Spertini O. Regulation of PSGL-1 interactions with L-selectin, P-selectin, and E-selectin: role of human fucosyltransferase-IV and -VII. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:5378-90. [PMID: 15579466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410899200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) interactions with selectins regulate leukocyte migration in inflammatory lesions. In mice, selectin ligand activity regulating leukocyte recruitment and lymphocyte homing into lymph nodes results from the sum of unequal contributions of fucosyltransferase (FucT)-IV and FucT-VII, with FucT-VII playing a predominant role. Here we have examined the role of human FucT-IV and -VII in conferring L-selectin, P-selectin, and E-selectin binding activities to PSGL-1. Lewis x (Le(x)) carbohydrate was generated at the CHO(dhfr)(-) cell surface by FucT-IV expression, whereas sialyl Le(x) (sLe(x)) was synthesized by FucT-VII. Both human FucT-IV and -VII had the ability to generate carbohydrate ligands that support L-selectin-, P-selectin-, and E-selectin-dependent rolling on PSGL-1, with FucT-VII playing a major role. Cooperation was observed between FucT-IV and -VII in recruiting L-, P-, or E-selectin-expressing cells on PSGL-1 and in regulating cell rolling velocity and stability. Additional rolling adhesion assays were performed to assess the role of Thr-57-linked core-2 O-glycans in supporting L-selectin-, P-selectin-, and E-selectin-dependent rolling on PSGL-1. These studies confirmed that core-2 O-glycans attached to Thr-57 play a critical role in supporting L- and P-selectin-dependent rolling and revealed that additional binding sites support >75% of E-selectin-mediated rolling. The observations presented here indicate that human FucT-IV and -VII both contribute and cooperate in regulating L-selectin-, P-selectin-, and E-selectin-dependent rolling on PSGL-1, with FucT-VII playing a predominant role in conferring selectin binding activity to PSGL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martinez
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ji SL, Cui HF, Shi F, Chi YQ, Cao JC, Geng MY, Guan HS. Inhibitory effect of heparin-derived oligosaccharides on secretion of interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 from human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:3490-4. [PMID: 15526371 PMCID: PMC4576233 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i23.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the inhibitory effect of heparin-derived oligosaccharides (Oligs) on secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-5 (IL-5) from human peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBTLs).
METHODS: Oligs were prepared by three different heparin depolymerization methods and separated by gel filtration chromatography. PBTLs from ten adult patients with allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis were treated with phytahematoagglutinin (PHA) and Oligs. The supernatants from the cell culture of PBTLs were harvested and subjected to the determination of IL-4 and IL-5 contents by ELISA method.
RESULTS: At the concentration of 5 μg/mL, Oligs with different Mr had different effects on the secretion of IL-4 and IL-5. The tetrasaccharide with Mr of 1142, produced by depolymerizing heparin with hydrogen peroxide, had the strongest inhibitory effect on the secretion of IL-4. It decreased the IL-4 content from 375.6 ± 39.2 ng/L (PHA group) to 12.5 ± 5.7 ng/L (P < 0.01). The hexasaccharide with Mr of 1806, produced by depolymerizing heparin with β -elimination method, had the strongest inhibitory effect on the secretion of IL-5. It decreased the IL-5 content from 289.2 ± 33.4 ng/L (PHA group) to 22.0 ± 5.2 ng/L (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The inhibitory activity of Oligs on the secretion of IL-4 and IL-5 from human PBTLs closely depends on their molecular structure, and there may be an essential structure to act as an inhibitor. The most effective inhibitors of IL-4 and IL-5 secretion are tetrasaccharides and hexasaccharides, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Ji
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
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Rops ALWMM, van der Vlag J, Lensen JFM, Wijnhoven TJM, van den Heuvel LPWJ, van Kuppevelt TH, Berden JHM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in glomerular inflammation. Kidney Int 2004; 65:768-85. [PMID: 14871397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are glycoproteins consisting of a core protein to which linear heparan sulfate side chains are covalently attached. These heparan sulfate side chains can be modified at different positions by several enzymes, which include N-deacetylases, N- and O-sulfotransferases, and an epimerase. These heparan sulfate modifications give rise to an enormous structural diversity, which corresponds to the variety of biologic functions mediated by heparan sulfate, including its role in inflammation. The HSPGs in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), perlecan, agrin, and collagen XVIII, play an important role in the charge-selective permeability of the glomerular filter. In addition to these HSPGs, various cell types express HSPGs at their cell surface, which include syndecans, glypicans, CD44, and betaglycan. During inflammation, HSPGs, especially heparan sulfate, in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and at the surface of endothelial cells bind chemokines, which establishes a local concentration gradient recruiting leukocytes. Endothelial and leukocyte cell surface HSPGs also play a role in their direct adhesive interactions via other cell surface adhesion molecules, such as selectins and beta2 integrin. Activated leukocytes and endothelial cells exert heparanase activity, resulting in degradation of heparan sulfate moieties in the ECM, which facilitates leukocyte passage into tissues and the release of heparan sulfate-bound factors. In various renal inflammatory diseases the expression of agrin and GBM-associated heparan sulfate is decreased, while the expression of CD44 is increased. Heparan sulfate or heparin preparations affect inflammatory cell behavior and have promising therapeutic, anti-inflammatory properties by preventing leukocyte adhesion/influx and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique L W M M Rops
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Gori AM, Attanasio M, Gazzini A, Rossi L, Lucarini L, Miletti S, Chini J, Manoni M, Abbate R, Gensini GF. Cytokine gene expression and production by human LPS-stimulated mononuclear cells are inhibited by sulfated heparin-like semi-synthetic derivatives. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:1657-62. [PMID: 15333044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The K5 polysaccharide obtained from Escherichia coli strain 010:K5:H4 is a polymer of the disaccharidic unit formed by D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. This structure is akin to N-acetylheparosan, the precursory polymer of heparin and of heparan sulfate. This structural affinity with N-acetylated heparin and with de-sulfated heparin makes the K5 polysaccharide extremely useful for the preparation of sulfated heparin-like semi-synthetic derivatives. It has been demonstrated that heparins are able to inhibit tissue factor and cytokine production and expression by human monocytes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of four different heparin-like semi-synthetic derivatives on inflammatory cytokine production and expression by human mononuclear cells. RESULTS The simultaneous addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.2 and 10 micro g mL(-1)) and the K5 polysaccharide did not inhibit interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production by stimulated mononuclear cells. IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations in supernatants of LPS-stimulated mononuclear cells were not influenced by the addition of N,O-sulfated K5 polysaccharide (K5-N, OS) and epimerized N-sulfated K5 polysaccharide (K5 NS epi) at 5 and 10 microg mL(-1), whereas the addition of epimerized N,O-sulfated K5 polysaccharide (K5-N, OS epi) (5 and 10 microg mL(-1)) and O-sulfated K5 polysaccharide (K5-OS) (5 and 10 microg mL(-1)) to LPS-stimulated cells caused a significant dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. All sulfated heparin-like semi-synthetic derivatives did not influence the IL-10 production by LPS-stimulated mononuclear cells. In LPS-stimulated cells (0.2 and 10 microg mL(-1)), K5-OS or K5-N, OS epi at 5 and 10 microg mL(-1) markedly decreased TNF-alpha mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the sulfated heparin-like semi-synthetic derivatives K5-OS and K5-N, OS epi are able to inhibit both expression and production of inflammatory cytokines, whereas they do not influence the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, suggesting a potential role for these products as modulators of inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, Section of Clinical Medicine and Cardiology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Zaph C, Scott P. Th1 cell-mediated resistance to cutaneous infection with Leishmania major is independent of P- and E-selectins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:4726-32. [PMID: 14568948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies in several models of inflammation have underscored the importance of P- and E-selectins in the migration of T cells to inflamed tissues. However, the role of the endothelial selectins in infection-induced cutaneous inflammation and host-protective immunity has not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrate that CD4(+) T cells recruited to the cutaneous compartment during infection with Leishmania major express P- and E-selectin ligands. Furthermore, expression of P- and E-selectin ligands correlates with activated Leishmania-specific Th1 cells and is dependent upon IL-12. To investigate the functional role of the endothelial selectins during leishmaniasis, we infected mice either singly or doubly deficient in the expression of P- and E- selectins. Mice lacking both P- and E-selectins developed significantly less inflammation at the site of a primary and secondary infection, and exhibited an impaired delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Surprisingly, the absence of the endothelial selectins had no effect on the control of parasite replication or immunity to reinfection. Thus, these data demonstrate that although the endothelial selectins contribute to the inflammatory response, they are not required for protective immunity to L. major. Moreover, these data suggest that by blocking P- and E-selectins, the immune pathology associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis might be ameliorated without compromising immunity to infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- E-Selectin/genetics
- E-Selectin/immunology
- E-Selectin/metabolism
- E-Selectin/physiology
- Female
- Fucosyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Fucosyltransferases/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/metabolism
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymph Nodes/enzymology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- P-Selectin/genetics
- P-Selectin/immunology
- P-Selectin/metabolism
- P-Selectin/physiology
- Th1 Cells/enzymology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby Zaph
- Department of Pathobiology, The School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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40
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Shodai T, Suzuki J, Kudo S, Itoh S, Terada M, Fujita S, Shimazu H, Tsuji T. Inhibition of P-selectin-mediated cell adhesion by a sulfated derivative of sialic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:787-93. [PMID: 14680834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
P-selectin, a carbohydrate-binding cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated endothelial cells and platelets, plays a key role in the recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory and hemorrhagic sites. It simultaneously recognizes a sialic acid-containing carbohydrate chain and the sulfated tyrosine residues of a specific counter-receptor expressed on the leukocyte surface. We examined the inhibitory effects of a synthetic sulfated derivative of sialic acid (NMSO3) on P-selectin-mediated cell adhesion and found the following: (1) P-selectin/IgG chimera bound to immobilized NMSO3. (2) The binding of P-selectin/IgG chimera to purified P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 was inhibited by soluble NMSO3. (3) The adhesion of HL60 cells to P-selectin-expressing CHO cells was inhibited by NMSO3. (4) NMSO3 inhibited P-selectin-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in monocytes and activated platelet-induced generation of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils. In conclusion, NMSO3 acts as a specific inhibitor for P-selectin-mediated cell adhesion and for adhesion-dependent leukocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Shodai
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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41
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Wahrenbrock M, Borsig L, Le D, Varki N, Varki A. Selectin-mucin interactions as a probable molecular explanation for the association of Trousseau syndrome with mucinous adenocarcinomas. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:853-62. [PMID: 12975470 PMCID: PMC193671 DOI: 10.1172/jci18882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trousseau described spontaneous, recurrent superficial migratory thrombophlebitis associated with occult cancers, and this was later correlated with disseminated microangiopathy (platelet-rich clots in small blood vessels). Trousseau syndrome often occurs with mucinous adenocarcinomas, which secrete abnormally glycosylated mucins and mucin fragments into the bloodstream. Since carcinoma mucins can have binding sites for selectins, we hypothesized that selectin-mucin interactions might trigger this syndrome. When highly purified, tissue-factor free carcinoma mucin preparations were intravenously injected into mice, platelet-rich microthrombi were rapidly generated. This pathology was markedly diminished in P- or L-selectin-deficient mice. Heparin (an antithrombin-potentiating agent that can also block P- and L-selectin recognition of ligands) ameliorated this platelet aggregation, but had no additional effect in P- or L-selectin-deficient mice. Inhibition of endogenous thrombin by recombinant hirudin also did not block platelet aggregation. Mucins generated platelet aggregation in vitro in hirudinized whole blood, but not in platelet-rich leukocyte-free plasma nor in whole blood from L-selectin-deficient mice. Thus, Trousseau syndrome is likely triggered by interactions of circulating carcinoma mucins with leukocyte L-selectin and platelet P-selectin without requiring accompanying thrombin generation. These data may also explain why heparin ameliorates Trousseau syndrome, while vitamin K antagonists that merely depress thrombin production do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wahrenbrock
- Department of Medicine,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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42
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Wahrenbrock M, Borsig L, Le D, Varki N, Varki A. Selectin-mucin interactions as a probable molecular explanation for the association of Trousseau syndrome with mucinous adenocarcinomas. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200318882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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43
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Arakawa K, Bowers SG, Michels B, Trin V, Mahmud T. Biosynthetic studies on the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose: the chemical synthesis of isotopically labeled 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone analogs. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:2075-82. [PMID: 14505874 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-epi-5-epi-valiolone is a cyclization product of the C(7) sugar phosphate, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, involved in the biosynthesis of the aminocyclitol moieties of acarbose, validamycin, and pyralomicin. As part of our investigation into the pathway from 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone to the valienamine moiety of acarbose, we prepared 1-epi-5-epi-(6-(2)H(2))valiolol [(6-(2)H(2))-6], 5-epi-(6-(2)H(2))valiolol [(6-(2)H(2))-17], 1-epi-2-epi-5-epi-(6-(2)H(2))valiolol [(6-(2)H(2))-12] and 2-epi-5-epi-(6-(2)H(2))valiolamine [(6-(2)H(2))-11]. Compounds (6-(2)H(2))-6 and (6-(2)H(2))-17 were synthesized from 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranose in 10 and seven steps, respectively, whereas (6-(2)H(2))-12 and (6-(2)H(2))-11 were synthesized from 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-mannopyranose in eight and 10 steps, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Arakawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
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44
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Höpfner M, Alban S, Schumacher G, Rothe U, Bendas G. Selectin-blocking semisynthetic sulfated polysaccharides as promising anti-inflammatory agents. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:697-706. [PMID: 12831514 DOI: 10.1211/002235703765344621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Selectin-induced leucocytes rolling along the endothelial surface of blood vessels initiate a complex adhesion cascade, which is an essential step in the cellular immune response. Consequently, blocking the binding between the selectins and their ligands represents a promising strategy for suppressing pathological inflammatory reactions. This study describes the effects of an unfractionated heparin and a low-molecular-weight heparin and a series of structurally well-defined semisynthetic glucan sulfates on selectin-mediated cell-rolling with respect to inhibition. To simulate the blood flow characteristics of postcapillary venules, the rolling experiments were performed in a dynamic-flow-chamber system with immobilized selectins and selectin ligand-carrying U937 cells. The influence of the test compounds on cell rolling was measured by the percentage of adherent cells after a certain flow time and the velocity of the rolling cells. Whereas the test compounds displayed no inhibitory effect on E-selectin-mediated cell rolling, they efficiently blocked the rolling induced by P-selectin. The glucan sulfates were much more active than either unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin, or the standard inhibitor Sialyl Lewis(X). Their inhibitory potency turned out to be strongly dependent on various structural parameters, such as sulfation pattern and molecular weight. In conclusion, the semisysnthetic glucan sulfates represent promising candidates in the development of selectin blocking agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Höpfner
- Department of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle, Wolfgang Langenbeck Strasse 4, D 06120 Halle, Germany
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45
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Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) influences a multitude of molecules, cell types, and processes relevant to inflammation. HS binds to cell surface and matrix proteins, cytokines, and chemokines. These interactions modulate inflammatory cell maturation and activation, leukocyte rolling, and tight adhesion to endothelium, as well as extravasation and chemotaxis. The syndecan family of transmembrane proteoglycans is the major source of cell surface HS on all cell types. Recent in vitro and in vivo data suggest the involvement of syndecans in the modulation of leukocyte-endothelial interactions and extravasation, the formation of chemokine and kininogen gradients, participation in chemokine and growth factor signaling, as well as repair processes. Thus, the complex role of HS in inflammation is reflected by multiple functions of its physiological carriers, the syndecans. Individual and common functions of the four mammalian syndecan family members can be distinguished. Recently generated transgenic and knockout mouse models will facilitate analysis of the individual processes that each syndecan is involved in.
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46
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Bernimoulin MP, Zeng XL, Abbal C, Giraud S, Martinez M, Michielin O, Schapira M, Spertini O. Molecular basis of leukocyte rolling on PSGL-1. Predominant role of core-2 O-glycans and of tyrosine sulfate residue 51. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:37-47. [PMID: 12403782 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204360200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the leukocyte adhesion receptor L-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response by mediating leukocyte tethering and rolling on adherent leukocytes. In this study, we have examined the effect of post-translational modifications of PSGL-1 including Tyr sulfation and presentation of sialylated and fucosylated O-glycans for L-selectin binding. The functional importance of these modifications was determined by analyzing soluble L-selectin binding and leukocyte rolling on CHO cells expressing various glycoforms of PSGL-1 or mutant PSGL-1 targeted at N-terminal Thr or Tyr residues. Simultaneous expression of core-2 beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and fucosyltransferase VII was required for optimal L-selectin binding to PSGL-1. Substitution of Thr-57 by Ala but not of Thr-44, strongly decreased L-selectin binding and leukocyte rolling on PSGL-1. Substitution of Tyr by Phe revealed that PSGL-1 Tyr-51 plays a predominant role in mediating L-selectin binding and leukocyte rolling whereas Tyr-48 has a minor role, an observation that contrasts with the pattern seen for the interactions between PSGL-1 and P-selectin where Tyr-48 plays a key role. Molecular modeling analysis of L-selectin and P-selectin interactions with PSGL-1 further supported these observations. Additional experiments showed that core-2 O-glycans attached to Thr-57 were also of critical importance in regulating the velocity and stability of leukocyte rolling. These observations pinpoint the structural characteristics of PSGL-1 that are required for optimal interactions with L-selectin and may be responsible for the specific kinetic and mechanical bond properties of the L-selectin-PSGL-1 adhesion receptor-counterreceptor pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pierre Bernimoulin
- Division and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Zhou T, Chen JL, Song W, Wang F, Zhang MJ, Ni PH, Geng JG. Effect of N-desulfated heparin on hepatic/renal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:897-900. [PMID: 12378638 PMCID: PMC4656583 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i5.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of N-desulfated heparin on hepatic/renal ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats.
METHODS: Using rat models of 60 min hepatic or renal ischemia followed by 1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h reperfusion, animals were randomly divided into following groups, the sham operated controls, ischemic group receiving only normal saline, and treated group receiving N-desulfated heparin at a dose of 12 mg/kg at 5 min before reperfusion. P-selectin expression was detected in hepatic/renal tissues with immunohistochemistry method.
RESULTS: P-selectin expression, serum ALT, AST, BUN and Cr levels were significantly increased during 60 minute ischemia and 1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h reperfusion, while the increment was significantly inhibited, and hepatic/renal pathology observed by light microscopy was remarkably improved by treatment with the N-desulfated heparin. Furthermore, the heparin was found no effects on PT and KPTT.
CONCLUSION: P-selectin might mediate neutrophil infiltration and contribute to hepatic/renal ischemia and reperfusion. The N-desulfated heparin might prevent hepatic/renal damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury without significant anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200025,China.
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48
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Murakami K, McGuire R, Cox RA, Jodoin JM, Bjertnaes LJ, Katahira J, Traber LD, Schmalstieg FC, Hawkins HK, Herndon DN, Traber DL. Heparin nebulization attenuates acute lung injury in sepsis following smoke inhalation in sheep. Shock 2002; 18:236-41. [PMID: 12353924 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200209000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas pneumonia is a common complication of smoke inhalation injury. Airway casts formed from clotted mucous occur frequently in this condition. A recent report shows that intravenous heparin improves oxygenation and reduces lung damage in a sheep model of smoke inhalation. We hypothesized that nebulized heparin could be an effective means of reducing cast formation. Female sheep (n = 19) were surgically prepared for a study of acute lung injury (ALI). After a tracheotomy, 48 breaths of cotton smoke (<40 degrees C) were inflated into the airway. Afterwards, live Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5 x 10(11) CFU) was instilled into the lung. All sheep were mechanically ventilated with 100% O2 and were divided into four groups: a heparin-nebulized group (n = 5; animals received aerosolized heparin [10,000 I.U.] 1 h after the bacterial instillation and subsequently every 4 h thereafter), an intravenous heparin group (n = 5,300 U/kg/23 h, infusion was started 1 h after the injury), a saline-nebulization group (n = 5; animals received inhaled nebulized saline), and a sham injury group (n = 4, treated in the same fashion, but no injury). The animals were sacrificed after 24 h of mechanical ventilation, and lung samples were harvested. Sheep exposed to lung injury presented with typical hyperdynamic cardiovascular changes and a corresponding drop in PaO2. These changes were significantly attenuated in the heparin groups. Histological changes consisting of cellular infiltrates, lung edema, congestion, and cast formation were reduced by heparin. These data suggest that nebulized inhaled heparin is a beneficial therapy for sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Murakami
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, and Shriners Burns Hospital, Galveston 77555, USA
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49
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Wang L, Brown JR, Varki A, Esko JD. Heparin's anti-inflammatory effects require glucosamine 6-O-sulfation and are mediated by blockade of L- and P-selectins. J Clin Invest 2002. [PMID: 12093896 DOI: 10.1172/jci0214996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used clinically as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent for over 60 years. Here we show that the potent anti-inflammatory property of heparin results primarily from blockade of P-selectin and L-selectin. Unfractionated heparin and chemically modified analogs were tested as inhibitors of selectin binding to immobilized sialyl Lewis(X) and of cell adhesion to immobilized selectins or thrombin-activated endothelial cells. Compared with unfractionated heparin, the modified heparinoids had inhibitory activity in this general order: over-O-sulfated heparin > heparin > 2-O,3-O-desulfated > or = N-desulfated/N-acetylated heparin > or = carboxyl-reduced heparin > or= N-,2-O,3-O-desulfated heparin >> 6-O-desulfated heparin. The heparinoids also showed similar differences in their ability to inhibit thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and oxazolone-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity. Mice deficient in P- or L-selectins showed impaired inflammation, which could be further reduced by heparin. However, heparin had no additional effect in mice deficient in both P- and L-selectins. We conclude that (a) heparin's anti-inflammatory effects are mainly mediated by blocking P- and L-selectin-initiated cell adhesion; (b) the sulfate groups at C6 on the glucosamine residues play a critical role in selectin inhibition; and (c) some non-anticoagulant forms of heparin retain anti-inflammatory activity. Such analogs may prove useful as therapeutically effective inhibitors of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianchun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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Wang L, Brown JR, Varki A, Esko JD. Heparin's anti-inflammatory effects require glucosamine 6-O-sulfation and are mediated by blockade of L- and P-selectins. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:127-36. [PMID: 12093896 PMCID: PMC151027 DOI: 10.1172/jci14996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used clinically as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent for over 60 years. Here we show that the potent anti-inflammatory property of heparin results primarily from blockade of P-selectin and L-selectin. Unfractionated heparin and chemically modified analogs were tested as inhibitors of selectin binding to immobilized sialyl Lewis(X) and of cell adhesion to immobilized selectins or thrombin-activated endothelial cells. Compared with unfractionated heparin, the modified heparinoids had inhibitory activity in this general order: over-O-sulfated heparin > heparin > 2-O,3-O-desulfated > or = N-desulfated/N-acetylated heparin > or = carboxyl-reduced heparin > or= N-,2-O,3-O-desulfated heparin >> 6-O-desulfated heparin. The heparinoids also showed similar differences in their ability to inhibit thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and oxazolone-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity. Mice deficient in P- or L-selectins showed impaired inflammation, which could be further reduced by heparin. However, heparin had no additional effect in mice deficient in both P- and L-selectins. We conclude that (a) heparin's anti-inflammatory effects are mainly mediated by blocking P- and L-selectin-initiated cell adhesion; (b) the sulfate groups at C6 on the glucosamine residues play a critical role in selectin inhibition; and (c) some non-anticoagulant forms of heparin retain anti-inflammatory activity. Such analogs may prove useful as therapeutically effective inhibitors of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianchun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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