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Choi JY, Lopes L, Ben Mamoun C, Voelker DR. Maturation of the malarial phosphatidylserine decarboxylase is mediated by high affinity binding to anionic phospholipids. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104659. [PMID: 36997087 PMCID: PMC10172927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine (PS) to form phosphatidylethanolamine by PS decarboxylases (PSDs) is an essential process in most eukaryotes. Processing of a malarial PSD proenzyme into its active alpha and beta subunits is by an autoendoproteolytic mechanism regulated by anionic phospholipids, with PS serving as an activator and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid acting as inhibitors. The biophysical mechanism underlying this regulation remains unknown. We used solid phase lipid binding, liposome-binding assays, and surface plasmon resonance to examine the binding specificity of a processing-deficient Plasmodium PSD (PkPSDS308A) mutant enzyme and demonstrated that the PSD proenzyme binds strongly to PS and PG but not to phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of PkPSD with PS and PG were 80.4 nM and 66.4 nM, respectively. The interaction of PSD with PS is inhibited by calcium, suggesting that the binding mechanism involves ionic interactions. In vitro processing of WT PkPSD proenzyme was also inhibited by calcium, consistent with the conclusion that PS binding to PkPSD through ionic interactions is required for the proenzyme processing. Peptide mapping identified polybasic amino acid motifs in the proenzyme responsible for binding to PS. Altogether, the data demonstrate that malarial PSD maturation is regulated through a strong physical association between PkPSD proenzyme and anionic lipids. Inhibition of the specific interaction between the proenzyme and the lipids can provide a novel mechanism to disrupt PSD enzyme activity, which has been suggested as a target for antimicrobials, and anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yeon Choi
- Basic Science Section, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lauren Lopes
- Basic Science Section, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Choukri Ben Mamoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis R Voelker
- Basic Science Section, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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2
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Martin CE, Murray AS, Mackinder JR, Sala-Hamrick KE, Flynn MG, Lundgren JG, Varela FA, List K. TMPRSS13 zymogen activation, surface localization, and shedding is regulated by proteolytic cleavage within the non-catalytic stem region. Biol Chem 2022; 403:969-982. [PMID: 35796294 PMCID: PMC10642292 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS13 is a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family. Here we characterize a novel post-translational mechanism important for TMPRSS13 function: proteolytic cleavage within the extracellular TMPRSS13 stem region located between the transmembrane domain and the first site of N-linked glycosylation at asparagine (N)-250 in the scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) domain. Importantly, the catalytic competence of TMPRSS13 is essential for stem region cleavage, suggesting an autonomous mechanism of action. Site-directed mutagenesis of the 10 basic amino acids (four arginine and six lysine residues) in this region abrogated zymogen activation and catalytic activity of TMPRSS13, as well as phosphorylation, cell surface expression, and shedding. Mutation analysis of individual arginine residues identified R223, a residue located between the low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain and the SRCR domain, as important for stem region cleavage. Mutation of R223 causes a reduction in the aforementioned functional processing steps of TMPRSS13. These data provide further insight into the roles of different post-translational modifications as regulators of the function and localization of TMPRSS13. Additionally, the data suggest the presence of complex interconnected regulatory mechanisms that may serve to ensure the proper levels of cell-surface and pericellular TMPRSS13-mediated proteolysis under homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly E. Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Andrew S. Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jacob R. Mackinder
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Kimberley E. Sala-Hamrick
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael G. Flynn
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Joseph G. Lundgren
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Fausto A. Varela
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Karin List
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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3
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Jang J, Cho EH, Cho Y, Ganzorig B, Kim KY, Kim MG, Kim C. Environment-Sensitive Ectodomain Shedding of Epithin/PRSS14 Increases Metastatic Potential of Breast Cancer Cells by Producing CCL2. Mol Cells 2022; 45:564-574. [PMID: 35950457 PMCID: PMC9385564 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithin/PRSS14 is a membrane serine protease that plays a key role in tumor progression. The protease exists on the cell surface until its ectodomain shedding, which releases most of the extracellular domain. Previously, we showed that the remaining portion on the membrane undergoes intramembrane proteolysis, which results in the liberation of the intracellular domain and the intracellular domainmediated gene expression. In this study, we investigated how the intramembrane proteolysis for the nuclear function is initiated. We observed that ectodomain shedding of epithin/PRSS14 in mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells increased depending on environmental conditions and was positively correlated with invasiveness of the cells and their proinvasive cytokine production. We identified selenite as an environmental factor that can induce ectodomain shedding of the protease and increase C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) secretion in an epithin/PRSS14-dependent manner. Additionally, by demonstrating that the expression of the intracellular domain of epithin/PRSS14 is sufficient to induce CCL2 secretion, we established that epithin/PRSS14- dependent shedding and its subsequent intramembrane proteolysis are responsible for the metastatic conversion of 4T1 cells under these conditions. Consequently, we propose that epithin/PRSS14 can act as an environment-sensing receptor that promotes cancer metastasis by liberating the intracellular domain bearing transcriptional activity under conditions promoting ectodomain shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Youngkyung Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Binderya Ganzorig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ki Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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4
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Yamashita F, Kaieda T, Shimomura T, Kawaguchi M, Lin C, Johnson MD, Tanaka H, Kiwaki T, Fukushima T, Kataoka H. Role of the polycystic kidney disease domain in matriptase chaperone activity and localization of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor‐1. FEBS J 2022; 289:3422-3439. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiki Yamashita
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Takashi Kaieda
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
- Chitose Laboratory Corp Kanagawa Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimomura
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Chen‐Yong Lin
- Lambardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University, School of Medicine Washington DC USA
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lambardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University, School of Medicine Washington DC USA
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Takumi Kiwaki
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Japan
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5
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Jia B, Thompson HA, Barndt RB, Chiu YL, Lee MJ, Lee SC, Wang JK, Tang HJ, Lin CY, Johnson MD. Mild acidity likely accelerates the physiological matriptase autoactivation process: a comparative study between spontaneous and acid-induced matriptase zymogen activation. Hum Cell 2020; 33:1068-1080. [PMID: 32779152 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological functions of matriptase, a type 2 transmembrane serine protease, rely primarily on its enzymatic activity, which is under tight control through multiple mechanisms. Among those regulatory mechanisms, the control of zymogen activation is arguably the most important. Matriptase zymogen activation not only generates the mature active enzyme but also initiates suppressive mechanisms, such as rapid inhibition by HAI-1, and matriptase shedding. These tightly coupled events allow the potent matriptase tryptic activity to fulfill its biological functions at the same time as limiting undesired hazards. Matriptase is converted to the active enzyme via a process of autoactivation, in which the activational cleavage is thought to rely on the interactions of matriptase zymogen molecules and other as yet identified proteins. Matriptase autoactivation can occur spontaneously and is rapidly followed by the formation and then shedding of matriptase-HAI-1 complexes, resulting in the presence of relatively low levels of the complex on cells. Activation can also be induced by several non-protease factors, such as the exposure of cells to a mildly acidic buffer, which rapidly causes high-level matriptase zymogen activation in almost all cell lines tested. In the current study, the structural requirements for this acid-induced zymogen activation are compared with those required for spontaneous activation through a systematic analysis of the impact of 18 different mutations in various structural domains and motifs on matriptase zymogen activation. Our study reveals that both acid-induced matriptase activation and spontaneous activation depend on the maintenance of the structural integrity of the serine protease domain, non-catalytic domains, and posttranslational modifications. The common requirements of both modes of activation suggest that acid-induced matriptase activation may function as a physiological mechanism to induce pericellular proteolysis by accelerating matriptase autoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Hamishi A Thompson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Robert B Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yi-Lin Chiu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, 71101, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, 71101, Taiwan
| | - See-Chi Lee
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Tang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, No.901, Chung-Hwa Rd. Yung-Kang Dist., Tainan City, 71004, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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6
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Intramembrane proteolysis of an extracellular serine protease, epithin/PRSS14, enables its intracellular nuclear function. BMC Biol 2020; 18:60. [PMID: 32493324 PMCID: PMC7271384 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithin/PRSS14, a type II transmembrane serine protease, is an emerging target of cancer therapy because of its critical roles in tumor progression and metastasis. In many circumstances, the protease, through its ectodomain shedding, exists as a soluble form and performs its proteolytic functions in extracellular environments increasing cellular invasiveness. The seemingly functional integrity of the soluble form raises the question of why the protease is initially made as a membrane-associated protein. RESULTS In this report, we show that the epithin/PRSS14 intracellular domain (EICD) can be released from the membrane by the action of signal peptide peptidase-like 2b (SPPL2b) after ectodomain shedding. The EICD preferentially localizes in the nucleus and can enhance migration, invasion, and metastasis of epithelial cancer when heterologously expressed. Unbiased RNA-seq analysis and subsequent antibody arrays showed that EICD could control the gene expression of chemokines involved in cell motility, by increasing their promoter activities. Finally, bioinformatics analysis provided evidence for the clinical significance of the intramembrane proteolysis of epithin/PRSS14 by revealing that the poor survival of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer patients with high epithin/PRSS14 expression is further worsened by high levels of SPPL2b. CONCLUSIONS These results show that ectodomain shedding of epithin/PRSS14 can initiate a unique and synchronized bidirectional signal for cancer metastasis: extracellularly broadening proteolytic modification of the surrounding environment and intracellularly reprogramming the transcriptome for metastatic conversion. Clinically, this study also suggests that the intracellular function of epithin/PRSS14 should be considered for targeting this protease for anti-cancer treatment.
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7
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Lin CY, Wang JK, Johnson MD. The spatiotemporal control of human matriptase action on its physiological substrates: a case against a direct role for matriptase proteolytic activity in profilaggrin processing and desquamation. Hum Cell 2020; 33:459-469. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Yoon J, Cho Y, Kim KY, Yoon MJ, Lee HS, Jeon SD, Cho Y, Kim C, Kim MG. A JUN N-terminal kinase inhibitor induces ectodomain shedding of the cancer-associated membrane protease Prss14/epithin via protein kinase CβII. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7168-7177. [PMID: 32241917 PMCID: PMC7242708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease 14 (Prss14)/epithin is a transmembrane serine protease that plays essential roles in tumor progression and metastasis and therefore is a promising target for managing cancer. Prss14/epithin shedding may underlie its activity in cancer and worsen outcomes; accordingly, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Prss14/epithin shedding may inform the design of future cancer therapies. On the basis of our previous observation that an activator of PKC, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), induces Prss14/epithin shedding, here we further investigated the intracellular signaling pathway involved in this process. While using mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors to investigate possible effectors of downstream PKC signaling, we unexpectedly found that an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), SP600125, induces Prss14/epithin shedding even in the absence of PMA. SP600125-induced shedding, like that stimulated by PMA, was mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α–converting enzyme. In contrast, a JNK activator, anisomycin, partially abolished the effects of SP600125 on Prss14/epithin shedding. Moreover, the results from loss-of-function experiments with specific inhibitors, short hairpin RNA–mediated knockdown, and overexpression of dominant-negative PKCβII variants indicated that PKCβII is a major player in JNK inhibition– and PMA-mediated Prss14/epithin shedding. SP600125 increased phosphorylation of PKCβII and tumor necrosis factor-α–converting enzyme and induced their translocation into the plasma membrane. Finally, in vitro cell invasion experiments and bioinformatics analysis of data in The Cancer Genome Atlas breast cancer database revealed that JNK and PKCβII are important for Prss14/epithin-mediated cancer progression. These results provide important information regarding strategies against tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joobyoung Yoon
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngkyung Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ki Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Min Ji Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyo Seon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sangjun Davie Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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9
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Tseng CC, Jia B, Barndt RB, Dai YH, Chen YH, Du PWA, Wang JK, Tang HJ, Lin CY, Johnson MD. The intracellular seven amino acid motif EEGEVFL is required for matriptase vesicle sorting and translocation to the basolateral plasma membrane. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228874. [PMID: 32049977 PMCID: PMC7015431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase plays important roles in epithelial integrity and function, which depend on its sorting to the basolateral surface of cells, where matriptase zymogen is converted to an active enzyme in order to act on its substrates. After activation, matriptase undergoes HAI-1-mediated inhibition, internalization, transcytosis, and secretion from the apical surface into the lumen. Matriptase is a mosaic protein with several distinct protein domains and motifs, which are a reflection of matriptase’s complex cellular itinerary, life cycle, and the tight control of its enzymatic activity. While the molecular determinants for various matriptase regulatory events have been identified, the motif(s) required for translocation of human matriptase to the basolateral plasma membrane is unknown. The motif previously identified in rat matriptase is not conserved between the rodent and the primate. We, here, revisit the question for human matriptase through the use of a fusion protein containing a green fluorescent protein linked to the matriptase N-terminal fragment ending at Gly-149. A conserved seven amino acid motif EEGEVFL, which is similar to the monoleucine C-terminal to an acidic cluster motif involved in the basolateral targeting for some growth factors, has been shown to be required for matriptase translocation to the basolateral plasma membrane of polarized MDCK cells. Furthermore, time-lapse video microscopy showed that the motif appears to be required for entry into the correct transport vesicles, by which matriptase can undergo rapid trafficking and translocate to the plasma membrane. Our study reveals that the EEGEVFL motif is necessary, but may not be sufficient, for matriptase basolateral membrane targeting and serves as the basis for further research on its pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Che Tseng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Bailing Jia
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Robert B. Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Yang-Hong Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Hsin Chen
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen A. Du
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Tang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HJT); (CYL); (MDJ)
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HJT); (CYL); (MDJ)
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HJT); (CYL); (MDJ)
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10
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Noguera ME, Jakoncic J, Ermácora MR. High-resolution structure of intramolecularly proteolyzed human mucin-1 SEA domain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140361. [PMID: 31923589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SEA domains are ubiquitous in large proteins associated with highly glycosylated environments. Certain SEA domains undergo intramolecular proteolysis involving a nucleophilic attack of a serine hydroxyl group on the preceding glycine carbonyl. The mucin-1 (MUC1) SEA domain has been extensively investigated as a model of intramolecular proteolysis. Since neither a general base, a general acid, nor an oxyanion hole could be identified in MUC1 SEA, it has been suggested that proteolysis is accelerated by a non-planarity of the scissile peptide bond imposed by protein folding. A reactant distorted peptide bond has been also invoked to explain the autoproteolysis of several unrelated proteins. However, the only evidence of peptide distortion in MUC1 SEA stems from molecular dynamic simulations of the reactant modeled upon a single NMR structure of the cleaved product. We report the first high-resolution X-ray structure of cleaved MUC1 SEA. Structural comparison with uncleaved SEA domains suggests that the number of residues evolutionarily inserted in the cleaved loop of MUC1 SEA precludes the formation of a properly hydrogen-bonded beta turn. By sequence analysis, we show that this conformational frustration is shared by all known cleaved SEA domains. In addition, alternative conformations of the uncleaved precursor could be modeled in which the scissile peptide bond is planar. The implications of these structures for autoproteolysis are discussed in the light of the previous research on autoproteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín E Noguera
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina; Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean Jakoncic
- Photon Science Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States
| | - Mario R Ermácora
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina; Grupo de Biología Estructural y Biotecnología, IMBICE, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes,Argentina.
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11
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Kim KY, Yoon M, Cho Y, Lee KH, Park S, Lee SR, Choi SY, Lee D, Yang C, Cho EH, Jeon SD, Kim SH, Kim C, Kim MG. Targeting metastatic breast cancer with peptide epitopes derived from autocatalytic loop of Prss14/ST14 membrane serine protease and with monoclonal antibodies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:363. [PMID: 31426843 PMCID: PMC6701106 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background In order to develop a new immunotherapeutic agent targeting metastatic breast cancers, we chose to utilize autocatalytic feature of the membrane serine protease Prss14/ST14, a specific prognosis marker for ER negative breast cancer as a target molecule. Methods The study was conducted using three mouse breast cancer models, 4 T1 and E0771 mouse breast cancer cells into their syngeneic hosts, and an MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse strain was used. Prss14/ST14 knockdown cells were used to test function in tumor growth and metastasis, peptides derived from the autocatalytic loop for activation were tested as preventive metastasis vaccine, and monoclonal and humanized antibodies to the same epitope were tested as new therapeutic candidates. ELISA, immunoprecipitation, Immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry were used to examine antigen binding. The functions of antibodies were tested in vitro for cell migration and in vivo for tumor growth and metastasis. Results Prss14/ST14 is critically involved in the metastasis of breast cancer and poor survival rather than primary tumor growth in two mouse models. The epitopes derived from the specific autocatalytic loop region of Prss14/ST14, based on structural modeling acted as efficient preventive metastasis vaccines in mice. A new specific monoclonal antibody mAb3F3 generated against the engineered loop structure could reduce cell migration, eliminate metastasis in PyMT mice, and can detect the Prss14/ST14 protein expressed in various human cancer cells. Humanized antibody huAb3F3 maintained the specificity and reduced the migration of human breast cancer cells in vitro. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that Prss14/ST14 is an important target for modulating metastasis. Our newly developed hybridoma mAbs and humanized antibody can be further developed as new promising candidates for the use in diagnosis and in immunotherapy of human metastatic breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1373-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyung Cho
- Division of Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sora Park
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Se-Ra Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Deokjae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,MedyTox, 114, Central town-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chansik Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Hye Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Davie Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Inharo 100, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea. .,Convergent Research Institute for Metabolism and Immunoregulation, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.
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12
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Kim S, Yang JW, Kim C, Kim MG. Impact of suppression of tumorigenicity 14 (ST14)/serine protease 14 (Prss14) expression analysis on the prognosis and management of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:34643-63. [PMID: 27167193 PMCID: PMC5085182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the role of a type II transmembrane serine protease, ST14/Prss14, during breast cancer progression, we utilized publically accessible databases including TCGA, GEO, NCI-60, and CCLE. Survival of breast cancer patients with high ST14/Prss14 expression is significantly poor in estrogen receptor (ER) negative populations regardless of the ratios of ST14/Prss14 to its inhibitors, SPINT1 or SPINT2. In a clustering of 1085 selected EMT signature genes, ST14/Prss14 is located in the same cluster with CDH3, and closer to post-EMT markers, CDH2, VIM, and FN1 than to the pre-EMT marker, CDH1. Coexpression analyses of known ST14/Prss14 substrates and transcription factors revealed context dependent action. In cell lines, paradoxically, ST14/Prss14 expression is higher in the ER positive group and located closer to CDH1 in clustering. This apparent contradiction is not likely due to ST14/Prss14 expression in a cancer microenvironment, nor due to negative regulation by ER. Genes consistently coexpressed with ST14/Prss14 include transcription factors, ELF5, GRHL1, VGLL1, suggesting currently unknown mechanisms for regulation. Here, we report that ST14/Prss14 is an emerging therapeutic target for breast cancer where HER2 is not applicable. In addition we suggest that careful conclusions should be drawn not exclusively from the cell line studies for target development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauryang Kim
- Inha University, Department of Biological Sciences, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woong Yang
- Inha University, Department of Biological Sciences, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Inha University, Department of Biological Sciences, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Convergent Research Institute for Metabolism and Immunoregulation, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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13
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Tseng CC, Jia B, Barndt R, Gu Y, Chen CY, Tseng IC, Su SF, Wang JK, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Matriptase shedding is closely coupled with matriptase zymogen activation and requires de novo proteolytic cleavage likely involving its own activity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183507. [PMID: 28829816 PMCID: PMC5567652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 2 transmembrane serine protease matriptase is involved in many pathophysiological processes probably via its enzymatic activity, which depends on the dynamic relationship between zymogen activation and protease inhibition. Matriptase shedding can prolong the life of enzymatically active matriptase and increase accessibility to substrates. We show here that matriptase shedding occurs via a de novo proteolytic cleavage at sites located between the SEA domain and the CUB domain. Point or combined mutations at the four positively charged amino acid residues in the region following the SEA domain allowed Arg-186 to be identified as the primary cleavage site responsible for matriptase shedding. Kinetic studies further demonstrate that matriptase shedding is temporally coupled with matriptase zymogen activation. The onset of matriptase shedding lags one minute behind matriptase zymogen activation. Studies with active site triad Ser-805 point mutated matriptase, which no longer undergoes zymogen activation or shedding, further suggests that matriptase shedding depends on matriptase zymogen activation, and that matriptase proteolytic activity may be involved in its own shedding. Our studies uncover an autonomous mechanism coupling matriptase zymogen activation, proteolytic activity, and shedding such that a proportion of newly generated active matriptase escapes HAI-1-mediated rapid inhibition by shedding into the extracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Che Tseng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Bailing Jia
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Robert Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Yayun Gu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chu Tseng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Sheng-Fang Su
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYL); (MDJ)
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYL); (MDJ)
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14
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Cho Y, Park D, Kim C. Disruption of TACE-filamin interaction can inhibit TACE-mediated ectodomain shedding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:997-1003. [PMID: 28666872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ectodomain shedding regulates functions of many membrane proteins through the cleavage of their juxtamembrane region mainly by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase family proteinases. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) is known to be responsible for phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced shedding of various membrane proteins. How PMA regulates TACE-dependent shedding and how TACE exhibits substrate specificity without proteolysis of other membrane proteins are questionable. Here, we show that TACE can interact with an actin-binding protein, filamin, through 20th filamin repeat. We found that the interaction between TACE and filamin was increased by PMA treatment. In addition, loss of filamin or specific disruption of TACE-filamin interaction inhibited ectodomain shedding of representative TACE substrates, CD44 and amyloid protein precursor. From these data, we suggest that filamin may work as a scaffold that can recruit TACE and its substrates in a PMA-dependent manner to achieve substrate specificity for TACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcheol Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongeun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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15
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Friis S, Tadeo D, Le-Gall SM, Jürgensen HJ, Sales KU, Camerer E, Bugge TH. Matriptase zymogen supports epithelial development, homeostasis and regeneration. BMC Biol 2017; 15:46. [PMID: 28571576 PMCID: PMC5452369 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matriptase is a membrane serine protease essential for epithelial development, homeostasis, and regeneration, as well as a central orchestrator of pathogenic pericellular signaling in the context of inflammatory and proliferative diseases. Matriptase is an unusual protease in that its zymogen displays measurable enzymatic activity. Results Here, we used gain and loss of function genetics to investigate the possible biological functions of zymogen matriptase. Unexpectedly, transgenic mice mis-expressing a zymogen-locked version of matriptase in the epidermis displayed pathologies previously reported for transgenic mice mis-expressing wildtype epidermal matriptase. Equally surprising, mice engineered to express only zymogen-locked endogenous matriptase, unlike matriptase null mice, were viable, developed epithelial barrier function, and regenerated the injured epithelium. Compatible with these observations, wildtype and zymogen-locked matriptase were equipotent activators of PAR-2 inflammatory signaling. Conclusion The study demonstrates that the matriptase zymogen is biologically active and is capable of executing developmental and homeostatic functions of the protease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0384-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Friis
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Tadeo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sylvain M Le-Gall
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Jessen Jürgensen
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribierão Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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16
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Nonboe AW, Krigslund O, Soendergaard C, Skovbjerg S, Friis S, Andersen MN, Ellis V, Kawaguchi M, Kataoka H, Bugge TH, Vogel LK. HAI-2 stabilizes, inhibits and regulates SEA-cleavage-dependent secretory transport of matriptase. Traffic 2017; 18:378-391. [PMID: 28371047 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) is able to suppress carcinogenesis induced by overexpression of matriptase, as well as cause regression of individual established tumors in a mouse model system. However, the role of HAI-2 is poorly understood. In this study, we describe 3 mutations in the binding loop of the HAI-2 Kunitz domain 1 (K42N, C47F and R48L) that cause a delay in the SEA domain cleavage of matriptase, leading to accumulation of non-SEA domain cleaved matriptase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We suggest that, like other known SEA domains, the matriptase SEA domain auto-cleaves and reflects that correct oligomerization, maturation, and/or folding has been obtained. Our results suggest that the HAI-2 Kunitz domain 1 mutants influence the flux of matriptase to the plasma membrane by affecting the oligomerization, maturation and/or folding of matriptase, and as a result the SEA domain cleavage of matriptase. Two of the HAI-2 Kunitz domain 1 mutants investigated (C47F, R48L and C47F/R48L) also displayed a reduced ability to proteolytically silence matriptase. Hence, HAI-2 separately stabilizes matriptase, regulates the secretory transport, possibly via maturation/oligomerization and inhibits the proteolytic activity of matriptase in the ER, and possible throughout the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika W Nonboe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark
| | - Oliver Krigslund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Soendergaard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark.,Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Skovbjerg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark
| | - Stine Friis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Martin N Andersen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent Ellis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lotte K Vogel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark
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17
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Pei J, Grishin NV. Expansion of divergent SEA domains in cell surface proteins and nucleoporin 54. Protein Sci 2017; 26:617-630. [PMID: 27977898 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SEA (sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase, agrin) domains, many of which possess autoproteolysis activity, have been found in a number of cell surface and secreted proteins. Despite high sequence divergence, SEA domains were also proposed to be present in dystroglycan based on a conserved autoproteolysis motif and receptor-type protein phosphatase IA-2 based on structural similarity. The presence of a SEA domain adjacent to the transmembrane segment appears to be a recurring theme in quite a number of type I transmembrane proteins on the cell surface, such as MUC1, dystroglycan, IA-2, and Notch receptors. By comparative sequence and structural analyses, we identified dystroglycan-like proteins with SEA domains in Capsaspora owczarzaki of the Filasterea group, one of the closest single-cell relatives of metazoans. We also detected novel and divergent SEA domains in a variety of cell surface proteins such as EpCAM, α/ε-sarcoglycan, PTPRR, collectrin/Tmem27, amnionless, CD34, KIAA0319, fibrocystin-like protein, and a number of cadherins. While these proteins are mostly from metazoans or their single cell relatives such as choanoflagellates and Filasterea, fibrocystin-like proteins with SEA domains were found in several other eukaryotic lineages including green algae, Alveolata, Euglenozoa, and Haptophyta, suggesting an ancient evolutionary origin. In addition, the intracellular protein Nucleoporin 54 (Nup54) acquired a divergent SEA domain in choanoflagellates and metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute.,Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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18
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Chang HHD, Xu Y, Lai H, Yang X, Tseng CC, Lai YJJ, Pan Y, Zhou E, Johnson MD, Wang JK, Lin CY. Differential subcellular localization renders HAI-2 a matriptase inhibitor in breast cancer cells but not in mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120489. [PMID: 25786220 PMCID: PMC4364774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 2 transmembrane serine protease matriptase is under tight control primarily by the actions of the integral membrane Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor HAI-1. Growing evidence indicates that HAI-2 might also be involved in matriptase inhibition in some contexts. Here we showed that matriptase inhibition by HAI-2 depends on the subcellular localizations of HAI-2, and is observed in breast cancer cells but not in mammary epithelial cells. HAI-2 is co-expressed with matriptase in 21 out of 26 human epithelial and carcinoma cells examined. HAI-2 is also a potent matriptase inhibitor in solution, but in spite of this, HAI-2 inhibition of matriptase is not observed in all contexts where HAI-2 is expressed, unlike what is seen for HAI-1. Induction of matriptase zymogen activation in mammary epithelial cells results in the formation of matriptase-HAI-1 complexes, but matriptase-HAI-2 complexes are not observed. In breast cancer cells, however, in addition to the appearance of matriptase-HAI-1 complex, three different matriptase-HAI-2 complexes, are formed following the induction of matriptase activation. Immunofluorescent staining reveals that activated matriptase is focused at the cell-cell junctions upon the induction of matriptase zymogen activation in both mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells. HAI-2, in contrast, remains localized in vesicle/granule-like structures during matriptase zymogen activation in human mammary epithelial cells. In breast cancer cells, however, a proportion of the HAI-2 reaches the cell surface where it can gain access to and inhibit active matriptase. Collectively, these data suggest that matriptase inhibition by HAI-2 requires the translocation of HAI-2 to the cell surface, a process which is observed in some breast cancer cells but not in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Hua D. Chang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan Xu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Lai
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Chun-Che Tseng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, 55057, United States of America
| | - Ying-Jung J. Lai
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Yu Pan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Emily Zhou
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, 22046, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
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19
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Lee HS, Park BM, Cho Y, Kim S, Kim C, Kim MG, Park D. Shedding of epithin/PRSS14 is induced by TGF-β and mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:1084-90. [PMID: 25245289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epithin/PRSS14, a type II transmembrane serine protease, plays critical roles in cancer metastasis. Previously, we have reported that epithin/PRSS14 undergoes ectodomain shedding in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation. In this study, we show that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces rapid epithin/PRSS14 shedding through receptor mediated pathway in 427.1.86 thymoma cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE) is responsible for this shedding. Amino acid sequence encompassing the putative shedding cleavage site of epithin/PRSS14 exhibit strong homology to the cleavage site of l-selectin, a known TACE substrate. TACE inhibitor, TAPI-0 and TACE siRNA greatly reduced TGF-β-induced epithin/PRSS14 shedding. TGF-β treatment induces translocation of intracellular pool of TACE to the membrane where epithin/PRSS14 resides. These findings suggest that TGF-β induces epithin/PRSS14 shedding by mediating translocation of epithin/PRSS14 sheddase, TACE, to the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Seon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Mi Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyung Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Sauryang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Friis S, Sales KU, Schafer JM, Vogel LK, Kataoka H, Bugge TH. The protease inhibitor HAI-2, but not HAI-1, regulates matriptase activation and shedding through prostasin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22319-32. [PMID: 24962579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored serine proteases, matriptase and prostasin, and the membrane-anchored serine protease inhibitors, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1 and HAI-2, are critical effectors of epithelial development and postnatal epithelial homeostasis. Matriptase and prostasin form a reciprocal zymogen activation complex that results in the formation of active matriptase and prostasin that are targets for inhibition by HAI-1 and HAI-2. Conflicting data, however, have accumulated as to the existence of auxiliary functions for both HAI-1 and HAI-2 in regulating the intracellular trafficking and activation of matriptase. In this study, we, therefore, used genetically engineered mice to determine the effect of ablation of endogenous HAI-1 and endogenous HAI-2 on endogenous matriptase expression, subcellular localization, and activation in polarized intestinal epithelial cells. Whereas ablation of HAI-1 did not affect matriptase in epithelial cells of the small or large intestine, ablation of HAI-2 resulted in the loss of matriptase from both tissues. Gene silencing studies in intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers revealed that this loss of cell-associated matriptase was mechanistically linked to accelerated activation and shedding of the protease caused by loss of prostasin regulation by HAI-2. Taken together, these data indicate that HAI-1 regulates the activity of activated matriptase, whereas HAI-2 has an essential role in regulating prostasin-dependent matriptase zymogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Friis
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, and Clinical Research Core, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jeffrey Martin Schafer
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, and the College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Lotte K Vogel
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- the Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, and
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21
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Chu LL, Xu Y, Yang JR, Hu YA, Chang HH, Lai HY, Tseng CC, Wang HY, Johnson MD, Wang JK, Lin CY. Human cancer cells retain modest levels of enzymatically active matriptase only in extracellular milieu following induction of zymogen activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92244. [PMID: 24663123 PMCID: PMC3963879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 2 transmembrane serine protease matriptase is broadly expressed in human carcinomas and hematological cancers. The proteolytic activity of matriptase is a potential target of drugs and imaging probes. We assessed the fate of active matriptase following the induction of matriptase zymogen activation. Exposing eight human carcinoma cells to pH 6.0 buffer induced robust matriptase zymogen activation followed by rapid inhibition of the nascent active matriptase by hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1. Consequently, no enzymatically active matriptase was detected in these cells. Some active matriptase is, however, rapidly shed to the extracellular milieu by these carcinoma cells. The lack of cell-associated active matriptase and the shedding of active matriptase were also observed in two hematological cancer lines. Matriptase shedding is correlated closely with the induction of matriptase activation, suggesting that matriptase activation and shedding are kinetically coupled. The coupling allows a proportion of active matriptase to survive HAI-1 inhibition by rapid shedding from cell surface. Our study suggests that cellular free, active matriptase is scarce and might not be an effective target for in vivo imaging and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan Xu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jie-Ru Yang
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-An Hu
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Hua Chang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hong-Yu Lai
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Chun-Che Tseng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hue-Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail: (C-YL); (J-KW)
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail: (C-YL); (J-KW)
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22
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Overexpression of matriptase correlates with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2013; 464:19-27. [PMID: 24248283 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase is one of the type II transmembrane serine proteases and is known to be involved in cancer progression. Increased matriptase expression has been reported in a variety of human cancers, and its association with poor prognosis has been highlighted in some cancer types. However, its exact role in cancer progression and its effect on patient survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are still unclear. We performed immunohistochemical staining of matriptase in 171 ESCC samples after antibody validation and evaluated the association of its expression with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. High matriptase expression was observed in 38.6 % (66/171) of ESCC samples and more frequently in N3 stage and in poorly differentiated tumors. Both overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were significantly lower for patients with high expression of matriptase than for patients with low expression (5-year OS rate, 38.6 vs 55.3 %; p=0.034 and 5-year DFS rate, 30.5 vs 49.4 %; p=0.007). High matriptase expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS [hazard ratio (HR), 1.65 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.01-2.68); p=0.045] and for DFS [HR, 1.79 (95 % CI, 1.14-2.81); p=0.012]. In conclusion, higher expression of matriptase is an independent prognostic factor involved in the progression of ESCC, which suggests that matriptase is a factor in ESCC tumor progression and also a potential molecular therapeutic target.
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Godiksen S, Soendergaard C, Friis S, Jensen JK, Bornholdt J, Sales KU, Huang M, Bugge TH, Vogel LK. Detection of active matriptase using a biotinylated chloromethyl ketone peptide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77146. [PMID: 24204759 PMCID: PMC3799725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a member of the family of type II transmembrane serine proteases that is essential for development and maintenance of several epithelial tissues. Matriptase is synthesized as a single-chain zymogen precursor that is processed into a two-chain disulfide-linked form dependent on its own catalytic activity leading to the hypothesis that matriptase functions at the pinnacle of several protease induced signal cascades. Matriptase is usually found in either its zymogen form or in a complex with its cognate inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 (HAI-1), whereas the active non-inhibited form has been difficult to detect. In this study, we have developed an assay to detect enzymatically active non-inhibitor-complexed matriptase by using a biotinylated peptide substrate-based chloromethyl ketone (CMK) inhibitor. Covalently CMK peptide-bound matriptase is detected by streptavidin pull-down and subsequent analysis by Western blotting. This study presents a novel assay for detection of enzymatically active matriptase in living human and murine cells. The assay can be applied to a variety of cell systems and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Godiksen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stine Friis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan K. Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer
| | - Jette Bornholdt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mingdong Huang
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer
- State Key Lab of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Thomas H. Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lotte K. Vogel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Friis S, Uzzun Sales K, Godiksen S, Peters DE, Lin CY, Vogel LK, Bugge TH. A matriptase-prostasin reciprocal zymogen activation complex with unique features: prostasin as a non-enzymatic co-factor for matriptase activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19028-39. [PMID: 23673661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.469932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase and prostasin are part of a cell surface proteolytic pathway critical for epithelial development and homeostasis. Here we have used a reconstituted cell-based system and transgenic mice to investigate the mechanistic interrelationship between the two proteases. We show that matriptase and prostasin form a reciprocal zymogen activation complex with unique features. Prostasin serves as a critical co-factor for matriptase activation. Unexpectedly, however, prostasin-induced matriptase activation requires neither prostasin zymogen conversion nor prostasin catalytic activity. Prostasin zymogen conversion to active prostasin is dependent on matriptase but does not require matriptase zymogen conversion. Consistent with these findings, wild type prostasin, activation cleavage site-mutated prostasin, and catalytically inactive prostasin all were biologically active in vivo when overexpressed in the epidermis of transgenic mice, giving rise to a severe skin phenotype. Our finding of non-enzymatic stimulation of matriptase activation by prostasin and activation of prostasin by the matriptase zymogen provides a tentative mechanistic explanation for several hitherto unaccounted for genetic and biochemical observations regarding these two membrane-anchored serine proteases and their downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Friis
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Ohler A, Becker-Pauly C. Morpholino knockdown of the ubiquitously expressed transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS4a in zebrafish embryos exhibits severe defects in organogenesis and cell adhesion. Biol Chem 2011; 392:653-64. [PMID: 21657981 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Over the past years the members of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family have emerged as new players in mammalian biology. TMPRSS4 (transmembrane protease/serine) is overexpressed in several human cancer tissues, promoting invasion, migration, and metastasis. However, the physiological function has not yet been elucidated. Here, we present morpholino knockdown studies targeting TMPRSS4a, a homolog of human TMPRSS4 in zebrafish embryos. By RT-PCR, we could demonstrate an expression of this protease already 5 h post-fertilization, suggesting important functions in the early stages of embryonic development. Indeed, in vivo gene silencing caused severe defects in tissue development and cell differentiation including a disturbed skeletal muscle formation, a decelerated heartbeat, and a degenerated vascular system. Scanning electron microscopy revealed strong defects in epidermal skin organization, with clearly altered cell-cell contacts, resulting in the detachment of keratinocytes from the underneath tissue. The disturbed organogenesis in general is consistent with RT-PCR results which exhibited a ubiquitous expression of TMPRSS4a, predominantly in kidney, skin, heart, and gills. Our results demonstrate the importance of TMPRSS4a in tissue development and cell differentiation. Whether its proteolytic activity is directed towards adhesion molecules or leads to the activation of other proteases needs to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Ohler
- Institute of Zoology, Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany
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Xu Z, Chen YW, Battu A, Wilder P, Weber D, Yu W, Mackerell AD, Chen LM, Chai KX, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Targeting zymogen activation to control the matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7567-78. [PMID: 21966950 DOI: 10.1021/jm200920s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-associated serine protease matriptase has been implicated in human diseases and might be a drug target. In the present study, a novel class of matriptase inhibitors targeting zymogen activation is developed by a combination of the screening of compound library using a cell-based matriptase activation assay and a computer-aided search of commercially available analogues of a selected compound. Four structurally related compounds are identified that can inhibit matriptase activation with IC(50) at low micromolar concentration in both intact-cell and cell-free systems, suggesting that these inhibitors target the matriptase autoactivation machinery rather than the intracellular signaling pathways. These activation inhibitors can also inhibit prostasin activation, a downstream event that occurs in lockstep with matriptase activation. In contrast, the matriptase catalytic inhibitor CVS-3983 at a concentration 300-fold higher than its K(i) fails to inhibit activation of either protease. Our results suggest that inhibiting matriptase activation is an efficient way to control matriptase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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27
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Lee D, Lee HS, Yang SJ, Jeong H, Kim DY, Lee SD, Oh JW, Park D, Kim MG. PRSS14/Epithin is induced in macrophages by the IFN-γ/JAK/STAT pathway and mediates transendothelial migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:644-50. [PMID: 21295011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PRSS14/Epithin (also known as matriptase and ST14), a member of the type II transmembrane serine proteases, is primarily found in a subpopulation of normal epithelial cells and in epithelial cancers. Its known functions include maintaining the epithelial barrier, thymic development, and cancer progression. In this study, we show that several macrophage cell lines and activated bone marrow-derived macrophages also express PRSS14/Epithin. Surface expression, as well as cytoplasmic expression, was detectable upon activation by IFN-γ, but not TNF-α or TGF-β. Induction of the protein appeared to be restricted to macrophages. IFN-γ showed a biphasic regulation in RAW264.7 cells, and upregulated expression was sustained for several days. This induction by IFN-γ was partially through the increase of PRSS14/Epithin mRNA production, which is downstream of the JAK pathway, shown by the inhibition by tyrphostin AG490. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we verified that two sites among six putative STAT1 binding sites in the PRSS14/Epithin promoter were occupied by STAT1 upon activation. Treatment with IFN-γ enhanced the serum-triggered transendothelial migration of RAW264.7 cells, but not that of PRSS14/Epithin knock-down RAW264.7 cells, although they express multiple markers such as ICAM1, CD80, and CD40 at normal levels. These data strongly suggest that PRSS14/Epithin plays an important role in the transendothelial migration of activated macrophages in the inflammatory microenvironment, and the mode of action is similar to the events in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokjae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Yonghyun-dong, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
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Fang JD, Chou HC, Tung HH, Huang PY, Lee SL. Endogenous expression of matriptase in neural progenitor cells promotes cell migration and neuron differentiation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:5667-79. [PMID: 21149451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.153866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that type II transmembrane serine proteases play important roles in diverse cellular activities and pathological processes. Their expression and functions in the central nervous system, however, are largely unexplored. In this study, we show that the expression of one such member, matriptase (MTP), was cell type-restricted and primarily expressed in neural progenitor (NP) cells and neurons. Blocking MTP expression or MTP activity prevented NP cell traverse of reconstituted basement membrane, whereas overexpression of MTP promoted it. The NP cell mobilization induced by either vascular endothelial growth factor or hepatocyte growth factor was also impaired by knocking down MTP expression. MTP acts upstream of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in promoting NP cell mobility. In embryonic stem cell differentiation to neural cells, MTP knockdown had no effect on entry of embryonic stem cells into the neural lineage. High MTP expression or activity, however, shifts the population dynamics from NP cells toward neurons to favor neuronal differentiation. This is the first report to demonstrate the direct involvement of type II transmembrane serine protease in NP cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Da Fang
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institution, 35 Keyan Rd, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Epithin/PRSS14 proteolytically regulates angiopoietin receptor Tie2 during transendothelial migration. Blood 2010; 117:1415-24. [PMID: 21097670 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-03-275289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithin/PRSS14, a type II transmembrane serine protease, is involved in normal epithelial development and tumor progression. Here we report, as an interacting substrate of epithin, a receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 that is well known for important roles in the vessel stability. Epithin interacts with and degrades the Tie2 extracellular portion that contains the ligand-binding domain. Epithin is located in the neighbor of Tie2-expressing vessels in normal tissue. Furthermore, epithin can cleave and degrade Tie2 not only in the same cell but also from neighboring cells nearby, resulting in the degradation of the Tie2 ectodomain. The remaining Tie2 fragment was highly phosphorylated and was able to recruit a downstream effector, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Knocking down epithin expression using short hairpin RNA in thymoma cell severely impaired the migration through endothelial cells that show the actin rearrangement during the process. The diminution of epithin protein expression in 4T1 breast cancer cells caused the significant decrease in the number of transendothelial migrating cells in vitro as well as in those of metastasizing tumor nodules in vivo, Therefore, we propose that epithin, which regulates endothelial Tie2 functions, plays a critical role in the fine tuning of transendothelial migration for normal and cancer cells.
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Abstract
IRIDA (iron-refractory iron-deficiency anaemia) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder hallmarked by hypochromic microcytic anaemia, low transferrin saturation and high levels of the iron-regulated hormone hepcidin. The disease is caused by mutations in the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS6 (transmembrane protease serine 6) that prevent inactivation of HJV (haemojuvelin), an activator of hepcidin transcription. In the present paper, we describe a patient with IRIDA who carries a novel mutation (Y141C) in the SEA domain of the TMPRSS6 gene. Functional characterization of the TMPRSS6(Y141C) mutant protein in cultured cells showed that it localizes to similar subcellular compartments as wild-type TMPRSS6 and binds HJV, but fails to auto-catalytically activate itself. As a consequence, hepcidin mRNA expression is increased, causing the clinical symptoms observed in this IRIDA patient. The present study provides important mechanistic insight into how TMPRSS6 is activated.
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Mochida S, Tsuzuki S, Inouye K, Fushiki T. A recombinant catalytic domain of matriptase induces detachment and apoptosis of small-intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells cultured on laminin-coated surface. J Biochem 2010; 148:721-32. [PMID: 20855298 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a type-II transmembrane serine protease that is expressed strongly in the epithelial elements of various organs. In the small intestine, it is expressed prominently at the villus tip where aged epithelial cells undergo shedding and/or apoptosis. This observation, together with the ability of matriptase to cleave laminin (a basement membrane component critical for epithelial cell attachment), prompted us to hypothesize that it plays an important part in the removal of aged epithelial cells in the small intestine. We tested this hypothesis by determining whether a recombinant catalytic domain of rat matriptase (His(6)t-S-CD) causes detachment and/or apoptosis of small-intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells. His(6)t-S-CD caused detachment of cells attached to laminin-coated plates but did not detach cells attached to fibronectin- or type-IV collagen-coated plates. Pre-treatment of laminin-coated plates with His(6)t-S-CD decreased the attachment of cells, suggesting that the recombinant matriptase caused detachment through a mechanism involving a direct effect on laminin. His(6)t-S-CD was also found to induce apoptosis in the cells cultured on laminin-coated plates, as assessed by annexin-V staining, DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity assays. These findings support our hypothesis regarding the role of matriptase in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Mochida
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Inouye K, Tsuzuki S, Yasumoto M, Kojima K, Mochida S, Fushiki T. Identification of the matriptase second CUB domain as the secondary site for interaction with hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33394-33403. [PMID: 20682770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.115816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease comprising 855 amino acid residues. The extracellular region of matriptase comprises a noncatalytic stem domain (containing two tandem repeats of complement proteases C1r/C1s-urchin embryonic growth factor-bone morphogenetic protein (CUB) domain) and a catalytic serine protease domain. The stem domain of matriptase contains site(s) for facilitating the interaction of this protease with the endogenous inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1). The present study aimed to identify these site(s). Analyses using a secreted variant of recombinant matriptase comprising the entire extracellular domain (MAT), its truncated variants, and a recombinant HAI-1 variant with an entire extracellular domain (HAI-1-58K) revealed that the second CUB domain (CUB domain II, Cys(340)-Pro(452)) likely contains the site(s) of interest. We also found that MAT undergoes cleavage between Lys(379) and Val(380) within CUB domain II and that the C-terminal residues after Val(380) are responsible for facilitating the interaction with HAI-1-58K. A synthetic peptide corresponding to Val(380)-Asp(390) markedly increased the matriptase-inhibiting activity of HAI-1-58K, whereas the peptides corresponding to Val(380)-Val(389) and Phe(382)-Asp(390) had no effect. HAI-1-58K precipitated with immobilized streptavidin resins to which a synthetic peptide Val(380)-Pro(392) with a biotinylated lysine residue at its C terminus was bound, suggesting direct interaction between CUB domain II and HAI-1. These results led to the identification of the matriptase CUB domain II, which facilitates the primary inhibitory interaction between this protease and HAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyo Inouye
- From the Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Tsuzuki
- Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City 606-8502, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasumoto
- From the Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Kojima
- From the Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City 606-8502, Japan
| | - Seiya Mochida
- Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Fushiki
- Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City 606-8502, Japan
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The cutting edge: membrane-anchored serine protease activities in the pericellular microenvironment. Biochem J 2010; 428:325-46. [PMID: 20507279 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The serine proteases of the trypsin-like (S1) family play critical roles in many key biological processes including digestion, blood coagulation, and immunity. Members of this family contain N- or C-terminal domains that serve to tether the serine protease catalytic domain directly to the plasma membrane. These membrane-anchored serine proteases are proving to be key components of the cell machinery for activation of precursor molecules in the pericellular microenvironment, playing vital functions in the maintenance of homoeostasis. Substrates activated by membrane-anchored serine proteases include peptide hormones, growth and differentiation factors, receptors, enzymes, adhesion molecules and viral coat proteins. In addition, new insights into our understanding of the physiological functions of these proteases and their involvement in human pathology have come from animal models and patient studies. The present review discusses emerging evidence for the diversity of this fascinating group of membrane serine proteases as potent modifiers of the pericellular microenvironment through proteolytic processing of diverse substrates. We also discuss the functional consequences of the activities of these proteases on mammalian physiology and disease.
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Sisay MT, Steinmetzer T, Stirnberg M, Maurer E, Hammami M, Bajorath J, Gütschow M. Identification of the First Low-Molecular-Weight Inhibitors of Matriptase-2. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5523-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihiret Tekeste Sisay
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, Limes Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Dahlmannstrasse 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marit Stirnberg
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Maurer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maya Hammami
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, Limes Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Dahlmannstrasse 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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The structural requirements of matriptase in its ectodomain release in polarized epithelial cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010; 74:1295-7. [PMID: 20530886 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase is a type-II transmembrane serine protease abundantly expressed in polarized epithelia. The ectodomain of matriptase is released from the cell surface. In the present study, we found that the post-translational cleavage between Gly149 and Ser150 and the existence of catalytic domain are critical for the ectodomain release of matriptase in stable transfection experiments using the polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cell line.
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Kim SB, Lee D, Jeong JW, Kim C, Park D, Kim MG. Soluble epithin/PRSS14 secreted from cancer cells contains active angiogenic potential. Mol Cells 2010; 29:617-23. [PMID: 20652801 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithin (PRSS14/matriptase/ST14), a type II membrane protein, is involved in progression of epithelial cancers and metastasis as well as in the normal epidermal barrier function. When activated, it translocates into the cell-cell contacts and sheds into media. In order to understand the specific mechanism during tumor progression, we tested the angiogenic potential of secreted form of epithin. Epithin produced from the cancer cells shed more in hypoxia and induced motility of endothelial cells. Epithin enhanced the migration and invasion of mouse and bovine endothelial cells without cell proliferation. Furthermore, soluble epithin induced endothelial differentiation in the assay of the human endothelial microvessel-like tube formation and in that of the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. The knock-down of epithin in the 427 thymoma cell line abolished the protease activity of secreted epithin fraction, reduced the invasion of endothelial cells through matrigel, and tube formation activity. Only specific antibodies abolished the migration of endothelial cell and the vessel morphogenesis, suggesting that epithin specifically functions in these systems. Therefore, we propose that the secreted epithin in the hypoxic cancer microenvironment plays a role as a proangiogenic factor, and can be modulated with specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bum Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea
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Lee HS, Kim C, Kim SB, Kim MG, Park D. Epithin, a target of transforming growth factor-β signaling, mediates epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 395:553-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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The role of asparagine-linked glycosylation site on the catalytic domain of matriptase in its zymogen activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:156-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Matriptase/epithin participates in mammary epithelial cell growth and morphogenesis through HGF activation. Mech Dev 2010; 127:82-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Inouye K, Yasumoto M, Tsuzuki S, Mochida S, Fushiki T. The optimal activity of a pseudozymogen form of recombinant matriptase under the mildly acidic pH and low ionic strength conditions. J Biochem 2009; 147:485-92. [PMID: 19919953 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a transmembrane serine protease that is strongly expressed in epithelial cells. The single-chain zymogen of matriptase is considered to have inherent activity, leading to its own activation (i.e. conversion to the disulphide-linked-two-chain form by cleavage after Thr-Lys-Gln-Ala-Arg614). Also, there is growing evidence that the activation of zymogen occurs at the cell surface and in relation to the acidification and lowering of ionic strength within cell-surface microenvironments. The present study aimed to provide evidence for the involvement of zymogen activity in its activation in physiologically relevant cellular contexts. For this purpose, the activity of a pseudozymogen form of recombinant matriptase (HL-matriptase zymogen) was examined using acetyl-l-Lys-l-Thr-l-Lys-l-Gln-l-Leu-l-Arg-4-methyl-coumaryl-7-amide as a substrate. HL-matriptase zymogen exhibited optimal activity toward the substrate pH approximately 6.0. The substrate hydrolysis at the pH value was hardly detected when NaCl was present at a concentration of 145 mM. In a buffer of pH 6.0 containing 5 mM NaCl, the activity of HL-matriptase zymogen was only approximately 30-times lower than that of the respective two-chain form. These findings suggest that the in vivo activation of matriptase zymogen occurs via a mechanism involving the zymogen activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyo Inouye
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City 606-8502, Japan.
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Ramsay AJ, Quesada V, Sanchez M, Garabaya C, Sardà MP, Baiget M, Remacha A, Velasco G, López-Otín C. Matriptase-2 mutations in iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia patients provide new insights into protease activation mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:3673-83. [PMID: 19592582 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations leading to abrogation of matriptase-2 proteolytic activity in humans are associated with an iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) due to elevated hepcidin levels. Here we describe two novel heterozygous mutations within the matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6) gene of monozygotic twin girls exhibiting an IRIDA phenotype. The first is the frameshift mutation (P686fs) caused by the insertion of the four nucleotides CCCC in exon 16 (2172_2173insCCCC) that is predicted to terminate translation before the catalytic serine. The second mutation is the di-nucleotide substitution c.467C>A and c.468C>T in exon 3 that causes the missense mutation A118D in the SEA domain of the extracellular stem region of matriptase-2. Functional analysis of both variant matriptase-2 proteases has revealed that they lead to ineffective suppression of hepcidin transcription. We also demonstrate that the A118D SEA domain mutation causes an intra-molecular structural imbalance that impairs matriptase-2 activation. Collectively, these results extend the pattern of TMPRSS6 mutations associated with IRIDA and functionally demonstrate that mutations affecting protease regions other than the catalytic domain may have a profound impact in the regulatory role of matriptase-2 during iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ramsay
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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42
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Miyake Y, Yasumoto M, Tsuzuki S, Fushiki T, Inouye K. Activation of a membrane-bound serine protease matriptase on the cell surface. J Biochem 2009; 146:273-82. [PMID: 19398443 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease. The activation (i.e. conversion of the single-chain pro-form to the disulphide-linked-two-chain active form) of this enzyme is known to occur via a mechanism requiring its catalytic triad. We reported previously that the activated enzyme was produced in the conditioned medium when full-length rat matriptase was expressed in monkey kidney COS-1 cells. The present study aimed to address when and where the matriptase activation occurs. COS-1 cells expressing matriptase were labelled with a membrane-impermeable biotin derivative and then solubilized with Triton. Both activated and non-activated matriptase molecules were detected in the avidin precipitants of Triton extracts, whereas only the non-activated molecules were detected in the flow-through fraction of avidin-precipitation procedure. Single-chain matriptase has been thought to have an inherent activity. Indeed, a secreted single-chain variant of recombinant matriptase bearing mutation at the activation-cleavage site was found to exhibit the activity in hydrolyzing a synthetic peptide substrate at pH 7.5. However, the variant had little activity at pH 5.5, as found in the lumen of post-Golgi secretory vesicles. Altogether, it is concluded that the activation of matriptase may occur when the enzyme reaches the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Miyake
- Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Japan
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43
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Ramsay AJ, Hooper JD, Folgueras AR, Velasco G, López-Otín C. Matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6): a proteolytic regulator of iron homeostasis. Haematologica 2009; 94:840-9. [PMID: 19377077 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2008.001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the body's levels of iron within precise boundaries is essential for normal physiological function. Alterations of these levels below or above the healthy limit lead to a systemic deficiency or overload in iron. The type-two transmembrane serine protease (TTSP), matriptase-2 (also known as TMPRSS6), is attracting significant amounts of interest due to its recently described role in iron homeostasis. The finding of this regulatory role for matriptase-2 was originally derived from the observation that mice deficient in this protease present with anemia due to elevated levels of hepcidin and impaired intestinal iron absorption. Further in vitro analysis has demonstrated that matriptase-2 functions to suppress bone morphogenetic protein stimulation of hepcidin transcription through cell surface proteolytic processing of the bone morphogenetic protein co-receptor hemojuvelin. Consistently, the anemic phenotype of matriptase-2 knockout mice is mirrored in humans with matripase-2 mutations. Currently, 14 patients with iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) have been reported to harbor various genetic mutations that abrogate matriptase-2 proteolytic activity. In this review, after overviewing the membrane anchored serine proteases, in particular the TTSP family, we summarize the identification and characterization of matriptase-2 and describe its functional relevance in iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ramsay
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Désilets A, Béliveau F, Vandal G, McDuff FO, Lavigne P, Leduc R. Mutation G827R in matriptase causing autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis yields an inactive protease. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10535-42. [PMID: 18263585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707012200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a member of the novel family of type II transmembrane serine proteases. It was recently shown that a rare genetic disorder, autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis, is caused by a mutation in the coding region of matriptase. However, the biochemical and functional consequences of the G827R mutation in the catalytic domain of the enzyme have not been reported. Here we expressed the G827R-matriptase mutant in bacterial cells and found that it did not undergo autocatalytic cleavage from its zymogen to its active form as did the wild-type matriptase. Enzymatic activity measurements showed that the G827R mutant was catalytically inactive. When expressed in HEK293 cells, G827R-matriptase remained inactive but was shed as a soluble form, suggesting that another protease cleaved the full-length mature form of matriptase. Molecular modeling based on the crystal structure of matriptase showed that replacing Gly(827) by Arg blocks access to the binding/catalytic cleft of the enzyme thereby preventing autocatalysis of the zymogen form. Our study, thus, provides direct evidence that the G827R mutation in patients with autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis leads to the expression of an inactive protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Désilets
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Basel-Vanagaite L, Attia R, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Rainshtein L, Ben Amitai D, Lurie R, Pasmanik-Chor M, Indelman M, Zvulunov A, Saban S, Magal N, Sprecher E, Shohat M. Autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis caused by a mutation in ST14, encoding type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:467-77. [PMID: 17273967 PMCID: PMC1821100 DOI: 10.1086/512487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we describe a novel autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis syndrome, characterized by congenital ichthyosis associated with abnormal hair. Using homozygosity mapping, we mapped the disease locus to 11q24.3-q25. We screened the ST14 gene, which encodes matriptase, since transplantation of skin from matriptase(-/-)-knockout mice onto adult athymic nude mice has been shown elsewhere to result in an ichthyosislike phenotype associated with almost complete absence of erupted pelage hairs. Mutation analysis revealed a missense mutation, G827R, in the highly conserved peptidase S1-S6 domain. Marked skin hyperkeratosis due to impaired degradation of the stratum corneum corneodesmosomes was observed in the affected individuals, which suggests that matriptase plays a significant role in epidermal desquamation.
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Seitz I, Hess S, Schulz H, Eckl R, Busch G, Montens HP, Brandl R, Seidl S, Schömig A, Ott I. Membrane-type serine protease-1/matriptase induces interleukin-6 and -8 in endothelial cells by activation of protease-activated receptor-2: potential implications in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:769-75. [PMID: 17255532 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000258862.61067.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serine protease MT-SP1/matriptase plays an important role in cell migration and matrix degradation. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) have been identified as in vitro substrates of MT-SP1/matriptase. Because PAR-2 is expressed in endothelial cells and contributes to inflammatory processes, we sought to investigate the effects of MT-SP1/matriptase on endothelial cytokine expression and analyzed MT-SP1/matriptase expression in vascular cells and atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS In endothelial cells, recombinant MT-SP1/matriptase dose-dependently induced interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression dependent on its proteolytic activity. MT-SP1/matriptase time-dependently induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and p42/44 MAPK. Inhibitor experiments revealed that p38 MAPK and PKCalpha were necessary for IL-8 induction. PAR-2 downregulation abolished and PAR-2 overexpression augmented MT-SP1/matriptase-induced IL-8 expression as evidence for PAR-2 signaling. In human atherectomies, MT-SP1/matriptase was expressed in blood cells adherent to the endothelium. Concordantly, basal MT-SP1/matriptase expression was detected in isolated monocytes. Coincubation of monocytes and endothelial cells resulted in an increased IL-8 release, which was reduced after downregulation of endothelial PAR-2 and monocytic MT-SP1/matriptase. CONCLUSION MT-SP1/matriptase induces release of proinflammatory cytokines in endothelial cells through activation of PAR-2. MT-SP1/matriptase is expressed in monocytes, thus, interaction of monocytic MT-SP1/matriptase with endothelial PAR-2 may contribute to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Seitz
- Deutsches Herzzentrum und 1. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, 80636 München, Germany
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Okumura Y, Hayama M, Takahashi E, Fujiuchi M, Shimabukuro A, Yano M, Kido H. Serase-1B, a new splice variant of polyserase-1/TMPRSS9, activates urokinase-type plasminogen activator and the proteolytic activation is negatively regulated by glycosaminoglycans. Biochem J 2006; 400:551-61. [PMID: 16872279 PMCID: PMC1698595 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyserase-1 (polyserine protease-1)/TMPRSS9 (transmembrane serine protease 9) is a type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) that possesses unique three tandem serine protease domains. However, the physiological function of each protease domain remains poorly understood. We discovered a new splice variant of polyserase-1, termed Serase-1B, which contains 34 extra amino acids consisting a SEA module (a domain found in sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase and agrin) adjacent to the transmembrane domain and the first protease domain with a mucin-like box at the C-terminus. The tissue distribution of this enzyme by RT (reverse transcription)-PCR analysis revealed high expression in the liver, small intestine, pancreas, testis and peripheral blood CD14+ and CD8+ cells. To investigate the role of Serase-1B, a full-length form recombinant protein was produced. Interestingly, recombinant Serase-1B was partly secreted as a soluble inactive precursor and it was also activated by trypsin. This activated enzyme selectively cleaved synthetic peptides for trypsin and activated protein C, and it was inhibited by several natural serine protease inhibitors, such as aprotinin, alpha2-antiplasmin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. In addition, Serase-1B efficiently converted pro-uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) into active uPA and this activation was strongly inhibited by these natural inhibitors. Furthermore, this activation was also negatively regulated by glycosaminoglycans. Our results indicate that Serase-1B is a novel member of TTSPs that might be involved in uPA/plasmin-mediated proteolysis and possibly implicated in biological events such as fibrinolysis and tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuushi Okumura
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaki Hayama
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- †Department of Otolaryngology and Sensory Organ Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- ‡Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tokushima, 2-50-1 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Etsuhisa Takahashi
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mieko Fujiuchi
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Aki Shimabukuro
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mihiro Yano
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- *Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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List K, Bugge TH, Szabo R. Matriptase: potent proteolysis on the cell surface. Mol Med 2006; 12:1-7. [PMID: 16838070 PMCID: PMC1514551 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00022.list] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease expressed in most human epithelia, where it is coexpressed with its cognate transmembrane inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1. Activation of the matriptase zymogen requires sequential N-terminal cleavage, activation site autocleavage, and transient association with HAI-1. Matriptase has an essential physiological role in profilaggrin processing, corneocyte maturation, and lipid matrix formation associated with terminal differentiation of the oral epithelium and the epidermis, and is also critical for hair follicle growth. Matriptase and HAI expression are frequently dysregulated in human cancer, and matriptase expression that is unopposed by HAI-1 potently promotes carcinogenesis and metastatic dissemination in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin List
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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49
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Kilpatrick LM, Harris RL, Owen KA, Bass R, Ghorayeb C, Bar-Or A, Ellis V. Initiation of plasminogen activation on the surface of monocytes expressing the type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase. Blood 2006; 108:2616-23. [PMID: 16794252 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-02-001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) activates plasminogen with high efficiency when bound to its cellular receptor uPAR, but only after a prolonged lag phase during which generated plasmin activates pro-uPA. How the activity of this proteolytic system might be rapidly initiated is unknown. We have now found that 2 monocytic cell lines display distinct patterns of plasminogen activation. U937 cells, but not THP-1 cells, displayed the expected lag phase, suggesting a constitutive initiation mechanism on the latter. This was shown to be due to the plasmin-independent activation of uPAR-bound pro-uPA by a cell surface-associated protease and to correlate with the expression of matriptase, a type II transmembrane serine protease that was highly expressed in THP-1 cells but undetectable in U937 cells. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that matriptase is a relatively poor activator of pro-uPA in solution, approximately 100-fold less efficient than plasmin (k(cat)/K(m) 1.16 x 10(5) M(-1)s(-1) cf 1.21 x 10(7) M(-1)s(-1)). However, down-regulation of matriptase expression in THP-1 cells by siRNA reduced the activation of cell-associated pro-uPA and the subsequent rapid initiation of plasminogen activation by 76% to 93%. Matriptase was also found to be expressed by peripheral blood monocytes and may therefore be a specific mechanism for the rapid initiation and regulation of plasminogen activation by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette M Kilpatrick
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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Andreasen D, Vuagniaux G, Fowler-Jaeger N, Hummler E, Rossier BC. Activation of epithelial sodium channels by mouse channel activating proteases (mCAP) expressed in Xenopus oocytes requires catalytic activity of mCAP3 and mCAP2 but not mCAP1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:968-76. [PMID: 16524950 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse channel activating proteases 1, 2, and 3 (mCAP1, mCAP2, and mCAP3) were described recently as regulators of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). The mCAP are membrane-bound serine proteases that are synthesized as inactive proenzymes. To mature into active proteases, they undergo intramolecular cleavage by auto- and/or heterocatalytic processing. Specific antibodies against each mCAP were developed to distinguish between proenzyme and active protease by Western blot analysis. Various point mutations were introduced in the catalytic or protein-protein interacting domains of mCAP and wild-type and mutant enzymes were expressed in the Xenopus oocyte expression system to test for ability to activate ENaC. In mCAP3, an intact catalytic triad was necessary for activation of ENaC but not for intramolecular cleavage of the protease. This suggests a heterocatalytic mechanism. Mutating the catalytic triad of mCAP2 not only abolished ENaC activation completely but also impeded cleavage of the protease. Processing of mCAP2 therefore seems to be autocatalytic. Furthermore, mutations in conserved residues of mCAP2 located in two protein-protein interacting domains significantly modulated ENaC activation. Surprisingly, mCAP1 catalytically inactive mutants were still able to fully activate ENaC, and no evidence of mCAP1 intramolecular cleavage was seen. The presence of an intact glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, however, was required. It is concluded that auto- and heterocatalytic requirements are specific for each CAP and that endogenous partners are a necessity for activation of ENaC by mCAP in the Xenopus oocyte expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Andreasen
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland
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