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Didriksen BJ, Eshleman EM, Alenghat T. Epithelial regulation of microbiota-immune cell dynamics. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:303-313. [PMID: 38428738 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract hosts a diverse community of trillions of microorganisms, collectively termed the microbiota, which play a fundamental role in regulating tissue physiology and immunity. Recent studies have sought to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating communication between the microbiota and host immune system. Epithelial cells line the intestine and form an initial barrier separating the microbiota from underlying immune cells, and disruption of epithelial function has been associated with various conditions ranging from infection to inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer. From several studies, it is now clear that epithelial cells integrate signals from commensal microbes. Importantly, these non-hematopoietic cells also direct regulatory mechanisms that instruct the recruitment and function of microbiota-sensitive immune cells. In this review, we discuss the central role that has emerged for epithelial cells in orchestrating intestinal immunity and highlight epithelial pathways through which the microbiota can calibrate tissue-intrinsic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey J Didriksen
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily M Eshleman
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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2
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Malaisé Y, Casale E, Pettes-Duler A, Cartier C, Gaultier E, Martins Breyner N, Houdeau E, Evariste L, Lamas B. Validating Enteroid-Derived Monolayers from Murine Gut Organoids for Toxicological Testing of Inorganic Particles: Proof-of-Concept with Food-Grade Titanium Dioxide. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2635. [PMID: 38473881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human exposure to foodborne inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) is a growing concern. However, identifying potential hazards linked to NP ingestion often requires long-term exposure in animals. Owing these constraints, intestinal organoids are a promising alternative to in vivo experiments; as such, an in vitro approach should enable a rapid and reliable assessment of the effects of ingested chemicals on the gut. However, this remains to be validated for inorganic substances. In our study, a transcriptomic analysis and immunofluorescence staining were performed to compare the effects of food-grade TiO2 (fg-TiO2) on enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) from murine intestinal organoids to the known impacts of TiO2 on intestinal epithelium. After their ability to respond to a pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail was validated, EDMs were exposed to 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 µg fg-TiO2/mL for 24 h. A dose-related increase of the muc2, vilin 1, and chromogranin A gene markers of cell differentiation was observed. In addition, fg-TiO2 induced apoptosis and dose-dependent genotoxicity, while a decreased expression of genes encoding for antimicrobial peptides, and of genes related to tight junction function, was observed. These results validated the use of EDMs as a reliable model for the toxicity testing of foodborne NPs likely to affect the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Malaisé
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Eva Casale
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Pettes-Duler
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Cartier
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Gaultier
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Natalia Martins Breyner
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Houdeau
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Lauris Evariste
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Lamas
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
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Vlk AM, Prantner D, Shirey KA, Perkins DJ, Buzza MS, Thumbigere-Math V, Keegan AD, Vogel SN. M2a macrophages facilitate resolution of chemically-induced colitis in TLR4-SNP mice. mBio 2023; 14:e0120823. [PMID: 37768050 PMCID: PMC10653841 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01208-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, impacts millions of individuals worldwide and severely impairs the quality of life for patients. Dysregulation of innate immune signaling pathways reduces barrier function and exacerbates disease progression. Macrophage (Mφ) signaling pathways are potential targets for IBD therapies. While multiple treatments are available for IBD, (i) not all patients respond, (ii) responses may diminish over time, and (iii) treatments often have undesirable side effects. Genetic studies have shown that the inheritance of two co-segregating SNPs expressed in the innate immune receptor, TLR4, is associated with human IBD. Mice expressing homologous SNPs ("TLR4-SNP" mice) exhibited more severe colitis than WT mice in a DSS-induced colonic inflammation/repair model. We identified a critical role for M2a "tissue repair" Mφ in the resolution of colitis. Our findings provide insight into potential development of novel therapies targeting Mφ signaling pathways that aim to alleviate the debilitating symptoms experienced by individuals with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Vlk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Prantner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Darren J. Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marguerite S. Buzza
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Thumbigere-Math
- Division of Periodontics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Salvi PS, Shaughnessy MP, Sumigray KD, Cowles RA. Antibiotic-induced microbial depletion enhances murine small intestinal epithelial growth in a serotonin-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G80-G91. [PMID: 37158470 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00113.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of small intestinal epithelial growth by endogenous and environmental factors is critical for intestinal homeostasis and recovery from insults. Depletion of the intestinal microbiome increases epithelial proliferation in small intestinal crypts, similar to the effects observed in animal models of serotonin potentiation. Based on prior evidence that the microbiome modulates serotonin activity, we hypothesized that microbial depletion-induced epithelial proliferation is dependent on host serotonin activity. A mouse model of antibiotic-induced microbial depletion (AIMD) was employed. Serotonin potentiation was achieved through either genetic knockout of the serotonin transporter (SERT) or pharmacological SERT inhibition, and inhibition of serotonin synthesis was achieved with para-chlorophenylalanine. AIMD and serotonin potentiation increased intestinal villus height and crypt proliferation in an additive manner, but the epithelial proliferation observed after AIMD was blocked in the absence of endogenous serotonin. Using Lgr5-EGFP-reporter mice, we evaluated intestinal stem cell (ISC) quantity and proliferation. AIMD increased the number of ISCs per crypt and ISC proliferation compared with controls, and changes in ISC number and proliferation were dependent on the presence of host serotonin. Furthermore, Western blotting demonstrated that AIMD reduced epithelial SERT protein expression compared with controls. In conclusion, host serotonin activity is necessary for microbial depletion-associated changes in villus height and ISC proliferation in crypts, and microbial depletion produces a functional serotonin-potentiated state through reduced SERT protein expression. These findings provide an understanding of how changes to the microbiome contribute to intestinal pathology and can be applied therapeutically.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Antibiotic-induced microbial depletion of the murine small intestine results in a state of potentiated serotonin activity through reduced epithelial expression of the serotonin transporter. Specifically, serotonin-dependent mechanisms lead to increased intestinal surface area and intestinal stem cell proliferation. Furthermore, the absence of endogenous serotonin leads to blunting of small intestinal villi, suggesting that serotonin signaling is required for epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja S Salvi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Matthew P Shaughnessy
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Kaelyn D Sumigray
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Robert A Cowles
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
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Biallelic TLR4 deficiency in humans. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:783-790.e5. [PMID: 36462956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate functions for host defense and inflammatory responses. TLR4 recognizes LPS, a component of gram-negative bacteria as well as host-derived endogenous ligands such as S100A8 and S100A9 proteins. OBJECTIVE We sought to report phenotype and cellular function of individuals with complete TLR4 deficiency. METHODS We performed genome sequencing and investigated exome and genome sequencing databases. Cellular responses were studied on primary monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as cell lines using flow cytometry, reporter, and cytokine assays. RESULTS We identified 2 individuals in a family of Qatari origin carrying a homozygous stop codon variant p.Q188X in TLR4 presenting with a variable phenotype (asymptomatic and inflammatory bowel disease consistent with severe perianal Crohn disease). A third individual with homozygous p.Y794X was identified in a population database. In contrast to hypomorphic polymorphisms p.D299G and p.T399I, the variants p.Q188X and p.Y794X completely abrogated LPS-induced cytokine responses whereas TLR2 response was normal. TLR4 deficiency causes a neutrophil CD62L shedding defect, whereas antimicrobial activity toward intracellular Salmonella was intact. CONCLUSIONS Biallelic TLR4 deficiency in humans causes an inborn error of immunity in responding to LPS. This complements the spectrum of known primary immunodeficiencies, in particular myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) or the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) deficiency that are downstream of TLR4 and TLR2 signaling.
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Tam JSY, Pei JV, Coller JK, Prestidge CA, Bowen JM. Structural insight and analysis of TLR4 interactions with IAXO-102, TAK-242 and SN-38: an in silico approach. In Silico Pharmacol 2022; 11:1. [PMID: 36438853 PMCID: PMC9681971 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-022-00137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has attracted interest due to its role in chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal inflammation. This structural study aimed to provide in silico rational of the recognition and potential binding of TLR4 ligands IAXO-102, TAK-242, and SN-38 (the toxic metabolite of the chemotherapeutic irinotecan hydrochloride), which could contribute to rationale development of therapeutic anti-inflammation drugs targeting TLR4 in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods In silico docking was performed between the human TLR4-MD-2 complex and ligands (IAXO-102, TAK-242, SN-38) using Autodock Vina, setting the docking grids to cover either the upper or the lower bound of TLR4. The conformation having the lowest binding energy value (kcal/mol) was processed for post-hoc analysis of the best-fit model. Hydrogen bonding was calculated by using ChimeraX. Results Binding energies of IAXO-102, TAK-242 and SN-38 at the upper bound of TLR4-MD-2 ranged between - 3.8 and - 3.1, - 6.9 and - 6.3, and - 9.0 and - 7.0, respectively. Binding energies of IAXO-102, TAK-242 and SN-38 at the lower bound ranged between - 3.9 and - 3.5, - 6.5 and - 5.8, and - 8.2 and - 6.8, respectively. Hydrogen bonding at the upper bound of TLR4/MD-2 with IAXO-102, TAK-242 and SN-38 was to aspartic acid 70, cysteine 133 and serine 120, respectively. Hydrogen bonding at the lower bound of TLR4-MD-2 with IAXO-102, TAK-242 and SN-38 was to serine 528, glycine 480 and glutamine 510, respectively. Conclusion The in silico rational presented here supports further investigation of the binding activity of IAXO-102 and TAK-242 for their potential application in the prevention of gastrointestinal inflammation caused by SN-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine S. Y. Tam
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Jinxin V. Pei
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Janet K. Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Clive A. Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Joanne M. Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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Suriguga S, Li M, Luangmonkong T, Boersema M, de Jong KP, Oosterhuis D, Gorter AR, Beljaars L, Olinga P. Distinct responses between healthy and cirrhotic human livers upon lipopolysaccharide challenge: possible implications for acute-on-chronic liver failure. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G114-G125. [PMID: 35727919 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00243.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) are at risk of developing acute hepatic decompensation and organ failures with an unraveled complex mechanism. An altered immune response toward insults in cirrhotic compared with healthy livers may contribute to the ACLF development. Therefore, we aim to investigate the differences in inflammatory responses between cirrhotic and healthy livers using human precision-cut liver slices (PCLSs) upon the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. PCLSs prepared from livers of patients with cirrhosis or healthy donors of liver transplantation were incubated ex vivo with or without LPS for up to 48 h. Viability test, qRT-PCR, and multiplex cytokine assay were performed. Regulation of the LPS receptors during incubation or with LPS challenge differed between healthy versus cirrhotic PCLSs. LPS upregulated TLR-2 in healthy PCLSs solely (P < 0.01). Culturing for 48 h induced a stronger inflammatory response in the cirrhotic than healthy PCLS. Upon LPS stimulation, cirrhotic PCLSs secreted more proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, eotaxin, and VEGF) significantly and less anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1ra) than those of healthy. In summary, cirrhotic PCLSs released more proinflammatory and less anti-inflammatory cytokines after LPS stimuli than healthy, leading to dysregulated inflammatory response. These events could possibly resemble the liver immune response in ACLF.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Precision-cut liver slices (PCLSs) model provides a unique platform to investigate the different immune responses of healthy versus cirrhotic livers in humans. Our data show that cirrhotic PCLSs exhibit excessive inflammatory response accompanied by a lower anti-inflammatory cytokine release in response to LPS; a better understanding of this alteration may guide the novel therapeutic approaches to mitigate the excessive inflammation during the onset of acute-on-chronic liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Suriguga
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China.,Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mei Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theerut Luangmonkong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koert P de Jong
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorenda Oosterhuis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A R Gorter
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Beljaars
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Phenotyping of Fecal Microbiota of Winnie, a Rodent Model of Spontaneous Chronic Colitis, Reveals Specific Metabolic, Genotoxic, and Pro-inflammatory Properties. Inflammation 2022; 45:2477-2497. [PMID: 35732858 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Winnie, a mouse carrying a missense mutation in the MUC2 mucin gene, is a valuable model for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with signs and symptoms that have multiple similarities with those observed in patients with ulcerative colitis. MUC2 mucin is present in Winnie, but is not firmly compacted in a tight inner layer. Indeed, these mice develop chronic intestinal inflammation due to the primary epithelial defect with signs of mucosal damage, including thickening of muscle and mucosal layers, goblet cell loss, increased intestinal permeability, enhanced susceptibility to luminal inflammation-inducing toxins, and alteration of innervation in the distal colon. In this study, we show that the intestinal environment of the Winnie mouse, genetically determined by MUC2 mutation, selects an intestinal microbial community characterized by specific pro-inflammatory, genotoxic, and metabolic features that could imply a direct involvement in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation. We report results obtained by using a variety of in vitro approaches for fecal microbiota functional characterization. These approaches include Caco-2 cell cultures and Caco-2/THP-1 cell co-culture models for evaluation of geno-cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory properties using a panel of 43 marker RNAs assayed by RT-qPCR, and cell-based phenotypic testing for metabolic profiling of the intestinal microbial communities by Biolog EcoPlates. While adding a further step towards understanding the etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying IBD, the results of this study provide a reliable method for phenotyping gut microbial communities, which can complement their structural characterization by providing novel functional information.
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Song Y, Zhou K, Nan X, Qin Y, Zhao K, Li W, Wang Q. A novel ML protein functions as a pattern recognition protein in antibacterial responses in Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104310. [PMID: 34762938 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2)-related lipid recognition (ML) domain is present in MD-2, MD-1, GM2-activator protein (GM2A) and Niemann-Pick disease type C2 (NPC2). ML proteins function in antibacterial signal transduction and lipid metabolism in vertebrates, but the mechanism in invertebrates is unknown. In this study, we found that ML proteins were involved in bacterial resistance in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). One member, EsML3, a soluble, bacterial-induced pattern recognition protein was upregulated in hemocytes following bacterial challenge. Recombinant EsML3 bound to Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) by interaction with peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide. EsML3 showed no direct bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal activity. Pre-incubating bacteria with rEsML3 significantly promoted in vivo bacterial clearance. EsML3 also promoted phagocytic activity and plays a role against bacterial infection. In summary, EsML3 mediates cellular immune responses by recognising invasive microorganisms, promoting bacterial clearance and phagocytosis against bacterial infection in crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaimin Zhou
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Nan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukai Qin
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Zhang L, Liu F, Xue J, Lee SA, Liu L, Riordan SM. Bacterial Species Associated With Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Their Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:801892. [PMID: 35283816 PMCID: PMC8908260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.801892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. The pathogenesis of IBD results from immune responses to microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. Various bacterial species that are associated with human IBD have been identified. However, the microbes that trigger the development of human IBD are still not clear. Here we review bacterial species that are associated with human IBD and their pathogenic mechanisms to provide an updated broad understanding of this research field. IBD is an inflammatory syndrome rather than a single disease. We propose a three-stage pathogenesis model to illustrate the roles of different IBD-associated bacterial species and gut commensal bacteria in the development of human IBD. Finally, we recommend microbe-targeted therapeutic strategies based on the three-stage pathogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Li Zhang,
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Xue
- Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Seul A. Lee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Crifo B, MacNaughton WK. Cells and mediators of inflammation as effectors of epithelial repair in the inflamed intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G169-G182. [PMID: 34878937 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00194.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal and histological healing have become the gold standards for assessing the efficacy of therapy in patients living with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Despite these being the accepted goals in therapy, the mechanisms that underlie the healing of the mucosa after an inflammatory insult are not well understood, and many patients fail to meet this therapeutic endpoint. Here we review the emerging evidence that mediators (e.g., prostaglandins, cytokines, proteases, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species) and innate immune cells (e.g., neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages), that are involved in the initiation of the inflammatory response, are also key players in the mechanisms underlying mucosal healing to resolve chronic inflammation in the colon. The dual function mediators comprise an inflammation/repair program that returns damaged tissue to homeostasis. Understanding details of the dual mechanisms of these mediators and cells may provide the basis for the development of drugs that can help to stimulate epithelial repair in patients affected by IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Crifo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Cuesta CM, Pascual M, Pérez-Moraga R, Rodríguez-Navarro I, García-García F, Ureña-Peralta JR, Guerri C. TLR4 Deficiency Affects the Microbiome and Reduces Intestinal Dysfunctions and Inflammation in Chronic Alcohol-Fed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312830. [PMID: 34884634 PMCID: PMC8657603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse causes an inflammatory response in the intestinal tract with damage to the integrity of the mucosa and epithelium, as well as dysbiosis in the gut microbiome. However, the role of gut bacteria in ethanol effects and how these microorganisms interact with the immune system are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if TLR4 alters the ethanol-induced intestinal inflammatory response, and whether the response of this receptor affects the gut microbiota profile. We analyzed the 16S rRNA sequence of the fecal samples from wild-type (WT) and TLR4-knockout (TLR4-KO) mice with and without ethanol intake for 3 months. The results demonstrated that chronic ethanol consumption reduces microbiota diversity and causes dysbiosis in WT mice. Likewise, ethanol upregulates several inflammatory genes (IL-1β, iNOS, TNF-α) and miRNAs (miR-155-5p, miR-146a-5p) and alters structural and permeability genes (INTL1, CDH1, CFTR) in the colon of WT mice. Our results further demonstrated that TLR4-KO mice exhibit a different microbiota that can protect against the ethanol-induced activation of the immune system and colon integrity dysfunctions. In short, our results reveal that TLR4 is a key factor for determining the gut microbiota, which can participate in dysbiosis and the inflammatory response induced by alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Cuesta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Prince Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (M.P.); (I.R.-N.)
| | - María Pascual
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Prince Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (M.P.); (I.R.-N.)
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 15 Avda. Blasco Ibanez, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Moraga
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Prince Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (R.P.-M.); (F.G.-G.)
| | - Irene Rodríguez-Navarro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Prince Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (M.P.); (I.R.-N.)
| | - Francisco García-García
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Prince Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (R.P.-M.); (F.G.-G.)
| | - Juan R. Ureña-Peralta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Prince Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (M.P.); (I.R.-N.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.U.-P.); (C.G.)
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Prince Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (M.P.); (I.R.-N.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.U.-P.); (C.G.)
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13
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Lang V, Ferencik S, Ananthasubramaniam B, Kramer A, Maier B. Susceptibility rhythm to bacterial endotoxin in myeloid clock-knockout mice. eLife 2021; 10:e62469. [PMID: 34661529 PMCID: PMC8598165 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Local circadian clocks are active in most cells of our body. However, their impact on circadian physiology is still under debate. Mortality by endotoxic (LPS) shock is highly time-of-day dependent and local circadian immune function such as the cytokine burst after LPS challenge has been assumed to be causal for the large differences in survival. Here, we investigate the roles of light and myeloid clocks on mortality by endotoxic shock. Strikingly, mice in constant darkness (DD) show a threefold increased susceptibility to LPS as compared to mice in light-dark conditions. Mortality by endotoxic shock as a function of circadian time is independent of light-dark cycles as well as myeloid CLOCK or BMAL1 as demonstrated in conditional knockout mice. Unexpectedly, despite the lack of a myeloid clock these mice still show rhythmic patterns of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, MCP-1, IL-18, and IL-10 in peripheral blood as well as time-of-day and site-dependent traffic of myeloid cells. We speculate that systemic time-cues are sufficient to orchestrate innate immune response to LPS by driving immune functions such as cell trafficking and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lang
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Ferencik
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Bharath Ananthasubramaniam
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Achim Kramer
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Bert Maier
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
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14
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Zhang P, Nguyen J, Abdulla F, Nelson AT, Beckman JD, Vercellotti GM, Belcher JD. Soluble MD-2 and Heme in Sickle Cell Disease Plasma Promote Pro-Inflammatory Signaling in Endothelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632709. [PMID: 33841413 PMCID: PMC8033004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that hemolysis in sickle cell disease (SCD) promotes inflammation via innate immune signaling through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Free heme released by hemolyzed red blood cells can bind to myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD-2) and activate TLR4 pro-inflammatory signaling on endothelium to promote vaso-occlusion and acute chest syndrome in murine models of SCD. MD-2 is co-expressed with TLR4 on cell membranes, but in inflammatory conditions, soluble MD-2 (sMD-2) is elevated in plasma. sMD-2 levels were significantly increased in human and murine sickle (SS) plasma as compared to normal (AA) plasma. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human lung microvascular endothelial cells incubated with human SS plasma had significant increases in pro-inflammatory IL-8, IL-6, and soluble VCAM-1 secretion compared to endothelial cells incubated with AA plasma. The increase in HUVEC IL-8 secretion was blocked by depletion of sMD-2 from SS plasma and enhanced by the addition of sMD-2 to AA plasma. The TLR4 signaling inhibitor, TAK-242, inhibited HUVEC IL-8 secretion in response to SS plasma by 85%. Heme-agarose pull-down assays and UV/Vis spectroscopy demonstrated that heme binds to sMD-2. Hemopexin, a high affinity heme-binding protein, inhibited HUVEC IL-8 secretion induced by SS plasma or SS and AA plasma supplemented with sMD-2. These data suggest that sMD-2 bound to heme might play an important role in pro-inflammatory signaling by endothelium in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Julia Nguyen
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Fuad Abdulla
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Alexander T Nelson
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joan D Beckman
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Gregory M Vercellotti
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - John D Belcher
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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15
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Ghanavatinejad A, Rashidi N, Mirahmadian M, Rezania S, Mosalaei M, Ghasemi J, Zarnani AH. Vitamin D3 Controls TLR4- and TLR2-Mediated Inflammatory Responses of Endometrial Cells. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2021; 86:139-148. [PMID: 33540416 DOI: 10.1159/000513590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vitamin D has potent immunoregulatory features and modulates innate and adaptive immune responses. There is a significant association between intrauterine infection-associated inflammatory responses and pregnancy complications such as abortion and preterm labor. Here, we investigated how 1,25 (OH)2 D3 could modulate inflammatory responses of endometrial cells. DESIGN This is an in vitro experimental study. Endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and whole endometrial cells (WECs) were collected from 15 apparently normal women, and the immunomodulatory effects of 1,25 (OH)2 D3 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-treated ESCs and WECs were investigated. Participants/Materials, Setting, and Methods: Women with no history of abortion, infertility, endometriosis, or sign of vaginal infection were enrolled in this study. Endometrial samples were collected by gynecologists using a Pipelle pipette in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. WECs and ESCs were collected and treated with either LPS or LTA. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in culture supernatants were quantified using the ELISA technique. TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88 expressions were assessed by RT-qPCR. TLR4 expression at the protein level was studied by the Western blot technique. RESULTS 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25 (OH)2 D3) significantly reduced TNF-α production in LPS-activated ESCs and TNF-α and IL-6 production by LTA-stimulated WECs. In contrast, 1,25 (OH)2 D3 pretreatment increased the production of IL-8 by LPS- and LTA-stimulated endometrial cells. 1,25 (OH)2 D3 pretreatment markedly reduced LPS-induced TLR4 protein expression by ESCs. LPS treatment of ESCs significantly induced MyD88 gene expression. This effect was reversed when these cells were pretreated with 1,25 (OH)2 D3 before stimulation with LPS. LIMITATIONS Because of the small size of samples, doing experiments all together on some samples was not feasible. Confirmation of the results obtained here needs well-designed in vivo studies. CONCLUSIONS 1,25 (OH)2 D3 is an immunomodulatory molecule essential for maintaining endometrial immune homeostasis by controlling potentially harmful inflammatory responses associated with female reproductive tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghanavatinejad
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Rashidi
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahroo Mirahmadian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Rezania
- Biophysics Institute, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mahdokht Mosalaei
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Ghasemi
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, .,Immunology Research Center (IRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, .,Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,
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16
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Tam JSY, Coller JK, Hughes PA, Prestidge CA, Bowen JM. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists as potential therapeutics for intestinal inflammation. Indian J Gastroenterol 2021; 40:5-21. [PMID: 33666891 PMCID: PMC7934812 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-020-01114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal inflammation is a hallmark of highly prevalent disorders, including cancer treatment-induced mucositis and ulcerative colitis. These disorders cause debilitating symptoms, have a significant impact on quality of life, and are poorly managed. The activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been proposed to have a major influence on the inflammatory signalling pathways of the intestinal tract. Inhibition of TLR4 has been postulated as an effective way to treat intestinal inflammation. However, there are a limited number of studies looking into the potential of TLR4 antagonism as a therapeutic approach for intestinal inflammation. This review surveyed available literature and reported on the in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo effects of TLR4 antagonism on different models of intestinal inflammation. Of the studies reviewed, evidence suggests that there is indeed potential for TLR4 antagonists to treat inflammation, although only a limited number of studies have investigated treating intestinal inflammation with TLR4 antagonists directly. These results warrant further research into the effect of TLR4 antagonists in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine S. Y. Tam
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Janet K. Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Patrick A. Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Clive A. Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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17
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Martin-Gallausiaux C, Malabirade A, Habier J, Wilmes P. Fusobacterium nucleatum Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Gut Epithelial Cell Innate Immunity via FomA and TLR2. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583644. [PMID: 33408714 PMCID: PMC7779620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the gut microbiota are largely uncharacterized and their impacts on host intestinal physiology remain unresolved. Here, we isolated EVs from F. nucleatum for detailed characterization. Our analyses highlight the presence of the outer membrane protein porin FomA on EVs. Besides, we evaluated the impact of EVs on human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in a non-inflammatory context. Our results show no detrimental impact on the epithelial barrier. No internalization of EVs was observed. Moreover, we demonstrate that F. nucleatum EVs trigger innate immunity of IECs by promoting NF-κB activation via the dynamin-mediated endocytosis. The NF-κB activation was found to be TLR2-dependent yet, TLR4 was dispensable. Using competitive binding assays, we establish that FomA is involved in the NF-κB response. Taken together, our data indicate that EVs induce effects similar to those observed with whole F. nucleatum bacteria on IECs. In particular, our study highlights the role of TLR2 and FomA as major modulators of the gut epithelium immune responses to F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Malabirade
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Janine Habier
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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18
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Muzzi C, Watanabe N, Twomey E, Meers GK, Reichardt HM, Bohnenberger H, Reichardt SD. The Glucocorticoid Receptor in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Alleviates Colitis and Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:1505-1518. [PMID: 33316454 PMCID: PMC8039723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease is commonly treated by administration of glucocorticoids. While the importance of intestinal epithelial cells for the pathogenesis of this disorder is widely accepted, their role as target cells for glucocorticoids has not been explored. To address this issue, we induced colonic inflammation in GRvillin mice, which carry an inducible deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor in intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS Colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer were induced by administration of dextran sulfate sodium and azoxymethane in mice. Clinical parameters, epithelial permeability and tumor development were monitored during disease progression. Colon tissue, lamina propria cells and intestinal epithelial cells were examined by gene expression analyses, flow cytometry, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The absence of the intestinal epithelial glucocorticoid receptor aggravated clinical symptoms and tissue damage, and compromised epithelial barrier integrity during colitis. Gene expression of chemokines, pattern recognition receptors and molecules controlling epithelial permeability was dysregulated in intestinal epithelial cells of GRvillin mice, leading to a reduced recruitment and a hyperactivation of leukocytes in the lamina propria of the colon. Importantly, the exaggerated inflammatory response in GRvillin mice also enhanced associated tumorigenesis, resulting in a higher number and larger size of tumors in the colon. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal an important role of intestinal epithelial cells as targets of glucocorticoid action in inflammatory bowel disease and suggest that the efficacy with which colitis is kept at bay directly affects the progression of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Muzzi
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Norika Watanabe
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eric Twomey
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Garrit K. Meers
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger M. Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sybille D. Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sybille Reichardt, PhD, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany. fax: +49 551-395843.
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19
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Holani R, Babbar A, Blyth GAD, Lopes F, Jijon H, McKay DM, Hollenberg MD, Cobo ER. Cathelicidin-mediated lipopolysaccharide signaling via intracellular TLR4 in colonic epithelial cells evokes CXCL8 production. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1785802. [PMID: 32658599 PMCID: PMC7524372 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1785802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin has a physiological role in regulating gut inflammatory homeostasis. We determined that cathelicidin synergizes with LPS to facilitate its internalization and signaling via endosomic TLR4 in colonic epithelium, evoking synthesis of the human neutrophil chemoattractant, CXCL8 (or murine homolog, CXCL1). Interaction of cathelicidin with LPS in the control of CXCL8/CXCL1 synthesis was assessed in human colon epithelial cells, murine colonoids and cathelicidin-null mice (Camp-/- ). Mechanistically, human cathelicidin (LL-37), as an extracellular complex with LPS, interacted with lipid raft-associated GM1 gangliosides to internalize and activate intracellular TLR4. Two signaling pathways converged on CXCL8/CXCL1 production: (1) a p38MAPK-dependent pathway regulated by Src-EGFR kinases; and, (2) a p38MAPK-independent, NF-κB-dependent pathway, regulated by MEK1/2-MAPK. Increased cathelicidin-dependent CXCL8 secretion in the colonic mucosa activated human blood-derived neutrophils. These cathelicidin effects occurred in vitro at concentrations well below those needed for microbicidal function. The important immunomodulatory role of cathelicidins was evident in cathelicidin-null/Camp-/- mice, which had diminished colonic CXCL1 secretion, decreased neutrophil recruitment-activation and reduced bacterial clearance when challenged with the colitis-inducing murine pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. We conclude that in addition to its known microbicidal action, cathelicidin has a unique pathogen-sensing role, facilitating LPS-mediated intestinal responses, including the production of CXCL8/CXCL1 that would contribute to an integrated tissue response to recruit neutrophils during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Holani
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anshu Babbar
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Graham A. D. Blyth
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Humberto Jijon
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Eduardo R. Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada,CONTACT Eduardo R. Cobo Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, ABT2N 4N1, Canada
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20
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Qu D, Wang L, Huo M, Song W, Lau CW, Xu J, Xu A, Yao X, Chiu JJ, Tian XY, Huang Y. Focal TLR4 activation mediates disturbed flow-induced endothelial inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:226-236. [PMID: 30785200 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Disturbed blood flow at arterial branches and curvatures modulates endothelial function and predisposes the region to endothelial inflammation and subsequent development of atherosclerotic lesions. Activation of the endothelial Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in particular TLR4, contributes to vascular inflammation. Therefore, we investigate whether TLR4 can sense disturbed flow (DF) to mediate the subsequent endothelial inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS En face staining of endothelium revealed that TLR4 expression, activation, and its downstream inflammatory markers were elevated in mouse aortic arch compared with thoracic aorta, which were absent in Tlr4mut mice. Similar results were observed in the partial carotid ligation model where TLR4 signalling was activated in response to ligation-induced flow disturbance in mouse carotid arteries, and such effect was attenuated in Tlr4mut mice. DF in vitro increased TLR4 expression and activation in human endothelial cells (ECs) and promoted monocyte-EC adhesion, which were inhibited in TLR4-knockdown ECs. Among endogenous TLR4 ligands examined as candidate mediators of DF-induced TLR4 activation, fibronectin containing the extra domain A (FN-EDA) expressed by ECs was increased by DF and was revealed to directly interact with and activate TLR4. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the indispensable role of TLR4 in DF-induced endothelial inflammation and pinpoint FN-EDA as the endogenous TLR4 activator in this scenario. This novel mechanism of vascular inflammation under DF condition may serve as a critical initiating step in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingyu Huo
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wencong Song
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Wai Lau
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Bruning EE, Coller JK, Wardill HR, Bowen JM. Site-specific contribution of Toll-like receptor 4 to intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:877-888. [PMID: 32730645 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a highly conserved protein of innate immunity, responsible for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis, as well as immune recognition of external and internal ligands. TLR4 is expressed on a variety of cell types throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including on epithelial and immune cell populations. In a healthy state, epithelial cell expression of TLR4 greatly assists in homeostasis by shaping the host microbiome, promoting immunoglobulin A production, and regulating follicle-associated epithelium permeability. In contrast, immune cell expression of TLR4 in healthy states is primarily centred on the maturation of dendritic cells in response to stimuli, as well as adequately priming the adaptive immune system to fight infection and promote immune memory. Hence, in a healthy state, there is a clear distinction in the site-specific roles of TLR4 expression. Similarly, recent research has indicated the importance of site-specific TLR4 expression in inflammation and disease, particularly the impact of epithelial-specific TLR4 on disease progression. However, the majority of evidence still remains ambiguous for cell-specific observations, with many studies failing to provide the distinction of epithelial versus immune cell expression of TLR4, preventing specific mechanistic insight and greatly impacting the translation of results. The following review provides a critical overview of the current understanding of site-specific TLR4 activity and its contribution to intestinal/immune homeostasis and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise E Bruning
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Janet K Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, The University of Groningen (University Medical Centre Groningen), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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22
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Bacterial Endotoxins and Their Role in Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows: Mucosal Vaccine Perspectives. DAIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the periparturient period there is a significant increase in the incidence of multiple metabolic and infectious diseases in dairy cows. Dairy cows are fed high-grain diets immediately after calving to support production of large amounts of milk. Mounting evidence indicates these types of diets are associated with the release of high amounts of endotoxins in the rumen fluid. If infected, the udder and uterus additionally become important sources of endotoxins during the postpartum period. There is increasing evidence that endotoxins translocate from rumen, uterus, or udder into the systemic circulation and trigger chronic low-grade inflammatory conditions associated with multiple diseases including fatty liver, mastitis, retained placenta, metritis, laminitis, displaced abomasum, milk fever, and downer cow syndrome. Interestingly, endotoxin-related diseases are triggered by a bacterial component and not by a specific bacterium. This makes prevention of these type of diseases different from classical infectious diseases. Prevention of translocation of endotoxins into the host systemic circulation needs to take priority and this could be achieved with a new approach: mucosal vaccination. In this review article, we discuss all the aforementioned issues in detail and also report some of our trials with regards to mucosal vaccination of periparturient dairy cows.
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Bogucka K, Pompaiah M, Marini F, Binder H, Harms G, Kaulich M, Klein M, Michel C, Radsak MP, Rosigkeit S, Grimminger P, Schild H, Rajalingam K. ERK3/MAPK6 controls IL-8 production and chemotaxis. eLife 2020; 9:52511. [PMID: 32314963 PMCID: PMC7192585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK3 is a ubiquitously expressed member of the atypical mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the physiological significance of its short half-life remains unclear. By employing gastrointestinal 3D organoids, we detect that ERK3 protein levels steadily decrease during epithelial differentiation. ERK3 is not required for 3D growth of human gastric epithelium. However, ERK3 is stabilized and activated in tumorigenic cells, but deteriorates over time in primary cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ERK3 is necessary for production of several cellular factors including interleukin-8 (IL-8), in both, normal and tumorigenic cells. Particularly, ERK3 is critical for AP-1 signaling through its interaction and regulation of c-Jun protein. The secretome of ERK3-deficient cells is defective in chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Further, knockdown of ERK3 reduces metastatic potential of invasive breast cancer cells. We unveil an ERK3-mediated regulation of IL-8 and epithelial secretome for chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bogucka
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malvika Pompaiah
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gregory Harms
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Departments of Biology and Physics, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, United States
| | - Manuel Kaulich
- Gene Editing Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Michel
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, & Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P Radsak
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, & Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rosigkeit
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Grimminger
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Hirahatake KM, Bruno RS, Bolling BW, Blesso C, Alexander LM, Adams SH. Dairy Foods and Dairy Fats: New Perspectives on Pathways Implicated in Cardiometabolic Health. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:266-279. [PMID: 31555799 PMCID: PMC7442361 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-fat and nonfat dairy products have been promoted as part of a healthy dietary pattern by both US dietary guidelines and professional organizations for several decades. The basis for this recommendation stems in part from the putative negative cardiometabolic effects associated with saturated fat consumption. However, as nutrition research has shifted from a single nutrient to a whole-food/dietary pattern approach, the role of dairy foods and dairy fat in the diet-disease relationship is being reexamined. Most observational and experimental evidence does not support a detrimental relationship between full-fat dairy intake and cardiometabolic health, including risks of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, an expanded understanding of the dairy food matrix and the bioactive properties of dairy fats and other constituents suggests a neutral or potentially beneficial role in cardiometabolic health. To consider how consuming dairy foods, including full-fat dairy, is associated with cardiometabolic health, this review provides an innovative perspective on mechanisms that link dairy consumption to 3 main biological systems at the core of metabolic health, the gastrointestinal, hepatic, and vascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Hirahatake
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bradley W Bolling
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christopher Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Lacy M Alexander
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Address correspondence to SHA (e-mail: )
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Lopetuso LR, Ianiro G, Allegretti JR, Bibbò S, Gasbarrini A, Scaldaferri F, Cammarota G. Fecal transplantation for ulcerative colitis: current evidence and future applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:343-351. [PMID: 32083498 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1733964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Established evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a role in ulcerative colitis (UC). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is clearly recognized as a highly effective treatment for patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and has been investigated also in patients with UC, with promising results.Areas covered: Literature review was performed to select publications concerning current evidence on the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of UC, and on the effectiveness of FMT in this disorder.Expert opinion: The randomized controlled trials published investigating the use of FMT suggested a potential role for FMT in the treatment of mild to moderate UC. However, given several unanswered questions regarding donor selection, dose, route of administration and duration of therapy, this is not yet recommended as a viable therapy option. FMT has allowed for more in depth investigation with regards to the role the gut microbiota may be playing in UC. This knowledge is critical to identifying where FMT may appropriately fit in the UC treatment paradigm. As our understanding of the role the microbiome plays in this chronic disease, FMT, and then eventually defined microbes, will hopefully serve in a complementary role to conventional IBD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris R Lopetuso
- UOC MEDICINA INTERNA E GASTROENTEROLOGIA, Area Medicina Interna, Gastroenterologia ed Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- UOC MEDICINA INTERNA E GASTROENTEROLOGIA, Area Medicina Interna, Gastroenterologia ed Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Jessica R Allegretti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bibbò
- UOC MEDICINA INTERNA E GASTROENTEROLOGIA, Area Medicina Interna, Gastroenterologia ed Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- UOC MEDICINA INTERNA E GASTROENTEROLOGIA, Area Medicina Interna, Gastroenterologia ed Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- UOC MEDICINA INTERNA E GASTROENTEROLOGIA, Area Medicina Interna, Gastroenterologia ed Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- UOC MEDICINA INTERNA E GASTROENTEROLOGIA, Area Medicina Interna, Gastroenterologia ed Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia.,Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
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Garcia MM, Goicoechea C, Molina-Álvarez M, Pascual D. Toll-like receptor 4: A promising crossroads in the diagnosis and treatment of several pathologies. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:172975. [PMID: 32017939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed in a wide variety of cells and is the central component of the mammalian innate immune system. Since its discovery in 1997, TLR4 has been assigned an ever-increasing number of functions that extend from pathogen recognition to tissue damage identification and promotion of the intrinsic "damage repair response" in pain, intestinal, respiratory and vascular disorders. Precisely, the finding of conserved sequence homology among species along with the molecular and functional characterisation of the TLR4 gene enabled researchers to envisage a common operating system in the activation of innate immunity and the initiation of plastic changes at the onset of chronic pain. Malfunctioning in other conditions was conceived in parallel. In this respect, "pivot" proteins and pathway redundancy are not just evolutionary leftovers but essential for normal functioning or cell survival. Indeed, at present, TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and their association with certain dysfunctions and diseases are being confirmed in different pools of patients. However, despite its ability to trigger pathogen infection or alternatively tissue injury communications to immune system, TLR4 targeting might not be considered a panacea. This review article represents a compilation of what we know about TLR4 from clinics and basic research on the 20th anniversary of its discovery. Understanding how to fine-tune the interaction between TLR4 and its specific ligands may lead in the next decades to the development of promising new treatments, reducing polypharmacy and probably having an impact on drug use in numerous pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Garcia
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Carlos Goicoechea
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Miguel Molina-Álvarez
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - David Pascual
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain.
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Effect of chemical modulation of toll-like receptor 4 in an animal model of ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 76:409-418. [PMID: 31982922 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-019-02799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The partial ineffectiveness and side effects of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) current therapies drive basic research to look for new therapeutic target in order to develop new drug lead. Considering the pivotal role played by toll-like receptors (TLRs) in gut inflammation, we evaluate here the therapeutic effect of the synthetic glycolipid TLR4 antagonist FP7. METHODS The anti-inflammatory effect of FP7, active as TLR4 antagonist, was evaluated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) isolated from IBD patients, and in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis. RESULTS FP7 strongly reduced the inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro, due to its capacity to compete with LPS for the binding of TLR4/MD-2 receptor complex thus inhibiting both the MyD88- and TRIF-dependent inflammatory pathways. Colitic mice treated with FP7 exhibit reduced colonic inflammation and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that TLR4 chemical modulation can be an effective therapeutic approach to IBD. The selectivity of FP7 on TLR4 makes this molecule a promising drug lead for new small molecules-based treatments.
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28
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Wang B, Li J, Wang S, Hao Y, Zhao X, Chen J. Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorates tumour necrosis factor-induced bacterial translocation in Caco-2 cells by regulation of TLR4 expression. J Med Microbiol 2019; 67:982-991. [PMID: 29877788 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Translocation of bacteria across the intestinal barrier is important in the pathogenesis of systemic sepsis. In inflammatory conditions, commensal bacteria exploit transcytotic pathways to cross the intestinal epithelium in a TLR4-dependent manner. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorates tumour necrosis factor-induced bacterial translocation by regulation of Toll-like receptor-4 expression.Methodology. L. plantarum strains were investigated to determine their capacity to inhibit the initial adhesion of Escherichia coli B5 to Caco-2 cells. The inhibitory effects of L. plantarum on TNF-α-induced E. coli B5 translocation across Caco-2 cells were studied. Barrier function and integrity were simultaneously assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance, HRP permeability, LDH release and distribution of tight junctional proteins. Expression of TLR4 was assessed by RT-PCR.Results/Key findings. Pretreatment of monolayers with L. plantarum L2 led to a significant decrease in E. coli B5 adhesion and cell internalization (P<0.01). Exposure to TNF-α for six hours caused a significant increase in E. coli B5 translocation across Caco-2 cells, which was uncoupled from increases in paracellular permeability and disruption of tight junction proteins. Manipulations that induced bacterial translocation were associated with a marked increase in TLR4 mRNA expression and IL-8 secretion. L. plantarum L2 significantly abrogated TNF-α-induced bacterial translocation of E. coli B5, and also downregulated expression of TLR4 and IL-8 in intestinal epithelial cells.Conclusion. Live L. plantarum L2 can inhibit TNF-α-induced transcellular bacterial translocation via regulation of TLR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, PR China.,Department of Travel Health, Nanjing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211106, PR China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Hospital of Armed Police Force Corps, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China
| | - Shuiming Wang
- Department of Travel Health, Nanjing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211106, PR China
| | - Yu Hao
- Department of Travel Health, Nanjing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211106, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Department of Travel Health, Nanjing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211106, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, PR China
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29
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Korneev KV, Sviriaeva EN, Mitkin NA, Gorbacheva AM, Uvarova AN, Ustiugova AS, Polanovsky OL, Kulakovskiy IV, Afanasyeva MA, Schwartz AM, Kuprash DV. Minor C allele of the SNP rs7873784 associated with rheumatoid arthritis and type-2 diabetes mellitus binds PU.1 and enhances TLR4 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165626. [PMID: 31785408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an innate immunity receptor predominantly expressed on myeloid cells and involved in the development of various diseases, many of them with complex genetics. Here we present data on functionality of single nucleotide polymorphism rs7873784 located in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of TLR4 gene and associated with various pathologies involving chronic inflammation. We demonstrate that TLR4 3'-UTR strongly enhanced the activity of TLR4 promoter in U937 human monocytic cell line while minor rs7873784(C) allele created a binding site for transcription factor PU.1 (encoded by SPI1 gene), a known regulator of TLR4 expression. Increased binding of PU.1 further augmented the TLR4 transcription while PU.1 knockdown or complete disruption of the PU.1 binding site abrogated the effect. We hypothesize that additional functional PU.1 site may increase TLR4 expression in individuals carrying minor C variant of rs7873784 and modulate the development of certain pathologies, such as rheumatoid arthritis and type-2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Korneev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Sviriaeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita A Mitkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa M Gorbacheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aksinya N Uvarova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina S Ustiugova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg L Polanovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V Kulakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Marina A Afanasyeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton M Schwartz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kuprash
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
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P. McKernan D. Toll-like receptors and immune cell crosstalk in the intestinal epithelium. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2019.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Calatayud M, Dezutter O, Hernandez-Sanabria E, Hidalgo-Martinez S, Meysman FJR, Van de Wiele T. Development of a host-microbiome model of the small intestine. FASEB J 2018; 33:3985-3996. [PMID: 30521380 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801414r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium plays an essential role in the balance between tolerant and protective immune responses to infectious agents. In vitro models do not typically consider the innate immune response and gut microbiome in detail, so these models do not fully mimic the physiologic aspects of the small intestine. We developed and characterized a long-term in vitro model containing enterocyte, goblet, and immune-like cells exposed to a synthetic microbial community representative of commensal inhabitants of the small intestine. This model showed differential responses toward a synthetic microbial community of commensal bacterial inhabitants of the small intestine in the absence or presence of LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4. Simultaneous exposure to LPS and microbiota induced impaired epithelial barrier function; increased production of IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16; and augmented differentiation and adhesion of macrophage-like cells and the overexpression of dual oxidase 2 and TLR-2 and -4 mRNA. In addition, the model demonstrated the ability to assess the adhesion of specific bacterial strains from the synthetic microbial community-more specifically, Veillonella parvula-to the simulated epithelium. This novel in vitro model may assist in overcoming sampling and retrieval difficulties when studying host-microbiome interactions in the small intestine.-Calatayud, M., Dezutter, O., Hernandez-Sanabria, E., Hidalgo-Martinez, S., Meysman, F. J. R., Van de Wiele, T. Development of a host-microbiome model of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calatayud
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Dezutter
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Silvia Hidalgo-Martinez
- Department of Biology, Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and
| | - Filip J R Meysman
- Department of Biology, Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and.,Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Governa P, Marchi M, Cocetta V, De Leo B, Saunders PTK, Catanzaro D, Miraldi E, Montopoli M, Biagi M. Effects of Boswellia Serrata Roxb. and Curcuma longa L. in an In Vitro Intestinal Inflammation Model Using Immune Cells and Caco-2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040126. [PMID: 30463367 PMCID: PMC6316569 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases, which consist of chronic inflammatory conditions of the colon and the small intestine, are considered a global disease of our modern society. Recently, the interest toward the use of herbal therapies for the management of inflammatory bowel diseases has increased because of their effectiveness and favourable safety profile, compared to conventional drugs. Boswellia serrata Roxb. and Curcuma longa L. are amongst the most promising herbal drugs, however, their clinical use in inflammatory bowel diseases is limited and little is known on their mechanism of action. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of two phytochemically characterized extracts of B. serrata and C. longa in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation. Their impact on cytokine release and reactive oxygen species production, as well as the maintenance of the intestinal barrier function and on intestinal mucosa immune cells infiltration, has been evaluated. The extracts showed a good protective effect on the intestinal epithelium at 1 µg/mL, with TEER values increasing by approximately 1.5 fold, compared to LPS-stimulated cells. C. longa showed an anti-inflammatory mechanism of action, reducing IL-8, TNF-α and IL-6 production by approximately 30%, 25% and 40%, respectively, compared to the inflammatory stimuli. B. serrata action was linked to its antioxidant effect, with ROS production being reduced by 25%, compared to H2O2-stimulated Caco-2 cells. C. longa and B. serrata resulted to be promising agents for the management of inflammatory bowel diseases by modulating in vitro parameters which have been identified in the clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Governa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hearth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy⁻Department of Excellence 2018⁻2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Marchi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hearth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo Egidio Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Bianca De Leo
- MRC Centres for Inflammation Research and Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Daniela Catanzaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo Egidio Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Miraldi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hearth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo Egidio Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padua, Italy.
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy.
| | - Marco Biagi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hearth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Zaki OS, Safar MM, Ain-Shoka AA, Rashed LA. A Novel Role of a Chemotherapeutic Agent in a Rat Model of Endotoxemia: Modulation of the STAT-3 Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 41:20-32. [PMID: 28871508 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a life-threatening disease accompanied by multiple organ failure. This study investigated the curative effects of imatinib (IMA) against hepatic, renal, and pulmonary responses caused by a single administration of LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats. Treatment with IMA (15 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min after LPS antagonized the LPS-induced boost of liver enzymes (ALT, AST), kidney functions (BUN, sCr) as well as the elevated pulmonary vascular permeability and edema. IMA declined tissue contents of NF-κB, STAT-3, P38-MAPK, TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS. It also amplified the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 as well as the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a cardinal indicator of the anti-apoptotic effect. Meanwhile, the rats exhibited marked reduction of the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and neutrophil count; however, they revealed prominent augmentation of the BALF content IL-10. In conclusion, these findings suggest that IMA is endowed with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties and hence may provide a novel agent for the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia S Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for technology & information (MTI), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Marwa M Safar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afaf A Ain-Shoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Song H, Jung BK, Cho J, Chai JY. Worm expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi from C57BL/6 mice: role of metacercarial exosomes in upregulating TLR2 and MUC2 expression in intestinal tissues. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3309-3314. [PMID: 30019213 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gymnophalloides seoi worms were rapidly expelled from C57BL/6 mice within days 3-6 post-infection probably due to operation of mucosal innate immunity. To understand better the mucosal immunity related to worm expulsion from the host, we isolated exosomes of G. seoi metacercariae and investigated their role in induction of mRNA and protein expression of several Toll-like receptors and mucin-related factors in vitro. G. seoi-secreted exosomes were collected using differential ultracentrifugation, and cellular internalization of the exosomes into HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells was visualized by confocal microscopy. The expression of TLR2 and MUC2 in HT-29 cells was up-regulated in stimulation with the exosomes. We suggest that G. seoi-secreted exosomes offer a new point of view in the mechanism of worm expulsion from the host through enhancement of TLR2 and MUC2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemi Song
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Seoul, 07649, South Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Seoul, 07649, South Korea
| | - Jaeeun Cho
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Seoul, 07649, South Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Seoul, 07649, South Korea.
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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Digested Early Preterm Human Milk Suppresses Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Inflammation and Cytotoxicity in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66:e153-e157. [PMID: 29470288 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the effect of digested whole human milk (HM; first sample available after birth from mothers of premature infants) on inflammation, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharides or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to mimic the potential in vivo insults facing the premature infant's gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Fully differentiated Caco-2 cells were exposed to digested HM (n = 10; samples from 10 different individuals) before stimulation with lipopolysaccharides, TNF, or no stimulation overnight. Inflammation was determined by production of interleukin-8, oxidative stress by levels of F2-isoprostane, and cytotoxicity by released lactate dehydrogenase. RESULTS HM significantly suppressed interleukin-8 production and cytotoxicity in TNF-stimulated cells, while also suppressing cell death under baseline conditions. Individual HM samples differed widely in their ability to modulate cellular responses. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study provide evidence that digested HM can reduce both an exaggerated inflammatory response and intestinal damage that contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Mendis M, Leclerc E, Simsek S. Arabinoxylan hydrolyzates as immunomodulators in Caco-2 and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines. Food Funct 2018; 8:220-231. [PMID: 27966731 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00866f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of plant derived polysaccharides as health promoters has gained immense interest in the past few years. Arabinoxylan (AX) is the predominant non-starch polysaccharide in cereals and grasses including wheat. The current research aimed to investigate the structure-function relationship of arabinoxylan hydrolyzates (AXH), obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis of AX using xylanase and arabinofuranosidase as immunomodulators in two colon cancer cell lines: Caco-2 and HT-29. Fine structural details had a strong correlation with the immunological properties of the wheat AXH. As a general trend, as the presence of arabinose substitution increased in the AXH, the production of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and TNF-α, decreased in both cell lines. Thus, AXH with a higher degree of arabinose substitution might be better adept in lowering inflammation in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihiri Mendis
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Department 7670, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
| | - Estelle Leclerc
- North Dakota State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Senay Simsek
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Department 7670, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
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de Andrade LS, Ramos CI, Cuppari L. The cross-talk between the kidney and the gut: implications for chronic kidney disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-017-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chan JKL, Yuen D, Too PHM, Sun Y, Willard B, Man D, Tam C. Keratin 6a reorganization for ubiquitin-proteasomal processing is a direct antimicrobial response. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:731-744. [PMID: 29191848 PMCID: PMC5800800 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201704186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chan et al. show that epithelial cells respond to bacterial components in the environment by releasing subunits of the keratin 6a (K6a) filament network to the cytosol for degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. This generates antimicrobial peptides from K6a that are important for innate defense of the mucosal surface. Skin and mucosal epithelia deploy antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to eliminate harmful microbes. We reported that the intermediate filament keratin 6a (K6a) is constitutively processed into antimicrobial fragments in corneal epithelial cells. In this study, we show that K6a network remodeling is a host defense response that directly up-regulates production of keratin-derived AMPs (KAMPs) by the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). Bacterial ligands trigger K6a phosphorylation at S19, S22, S37, and S60, leading to network disassembly. Mutagenic analysis of K6a confirmed that the site-specific phosphorylation augmented its solubility. K6a in the cytosol is ubiquitinated by cullin-RING E3 ligases for subsequent proteasomal processing. Without an appreciable increase in K6a gene expression and proteasome activity, a higher level of cytosolic K6a results in enhanced KAMP production. Although proteasome-mediated proteolysis is known to produce antigenic peptides in adaptive immunity, our findings demonstrate its new role in producing AMPs for innate immune defense. Manipulating K6a phosphorylation or UPS activity may provide opportunities to harness the innate immunity of epithelia against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K L Chan
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Ophthalmology, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Don Yuen
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Priscilla Hiu-Mei Too
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - David Man
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Connie Tam
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH .,Department of Ophthalmology, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Lei-Leston AC, Murphy AG, Maloy KJ. Epithelial Cell Inflammasomes in Intestinal Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1168. [PMID: 28979266 PMCID: PMC5611393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as NOD-like receptors (NLRs), sense conserved microbial signatures, and host danger signals leading to the coordination of appropriate immune responses. Upon activation, a subset of NLR initiate the assembly of a multimeric protein complex known as the inflammasome, which processes pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediates a specialized form of cell death known as pyroptosis. The identification of inflammasome-associated genes as inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility genes implicates a role for the inflammasome in intestinal inflammation. Despite the fact that the functional importance of inflammasomes within immune cells has been well established, the contribution of inflammasome expression in non-hematopoietic cells remains comparatively understudied. Given that intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) act as a barrier between the host and the intestinal microbiota, inflammasome expression by these cells is likely important for intestinal immune homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammasome plays a key role in shaping epithelial responses at the host-lumen interface with many inflammasome components highly expressed by IEC. Recent studies have exposed functional roles of IEC inflammasomes in mucosal immune defense, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. In this review, we present the main features of the predominant inflammasomes and their effector mechanisms contributing to intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. We also discuss existing controversies in the field and open questions related to their implications in disease. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of intestinal inflammasome signaling could hold therapeutic potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Lei-Leston
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison G Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lin H, Honglang L, Weifeng L, Junmin C, Jiantao Y, Junjing G. The mechanism of alopolysaccharide protecting ulceralive colitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:145-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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All-Trans Retinoic Acid Modulates TLR4/NF- κB Signaling Pathway Targeting TNF- α and Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 Expression in Colonic Mucosa during Ulcerative Colitis and Colitis Associated Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7353252. [PMID: 28408791 PMCID: PMC5376956 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7353252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colitis associated cancer (CAC) is the colorectal cancer (CRC) subtype that is associated with bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis (UC). The data on role of NF-κB signaling in development and progression of CAC were derived from preclinical studies, whereas data from human are rare. The aim of this work was to study the contribution of NF-κB pathway during UC and CAC, as well as the immunomodulatory effect of all-trans retinoic acid (AtRA). We analyzed the expression of NOS2, TNF-α, TLR4, and NF-κB, in colonic mucosa. We also studied NO/TNF-α modulation by LPS in colonic mucosa pretreated with AtRA. A marked increase in TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, and NOS2 expression was reported in colonic mucosa. The relationship between LPS/TLR4 and TNF-α/NO production, as well as the role of NF-κB signaling, was confirmed by ex vivo experiments and the role of LPS/TLR4 in NOS2/TNF-α induction through NF-κB pathway was suggested. AtRA downregulates NOS2 and TNF-α expression. Collectively, our study indicates that AtRA modulates in situ LPS/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway targeting NOS2 and TNF-α expression. Therefore, we suggest that AtRA has a potential value in new strategies to improve the current therapy, as well as in the clinical prevention of CAC development and progression.
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Epithelial-specific Toll-like Receptor (TLR)5 Activation Mediates Barrier Dysfunction in Experimental Ileitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:392-403. [PMID: 28146004 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large body of evidence supports a central role of TLR5 and its natural ligand, flagellin, in Crohn's disease (CD), with the precise mechanism(s) still unresolved. METHODS We investigated the role of flagellin/TLR5 in SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) mice, a spontaneous model of Crohn's disease-like ileitis. RESULTS Ileal Tlr5 and serum antiflagellin IgG antibodies were increased in SAMP before the onset of inflammation and during established disease; these trends were abrogated in the absence of colonizing commensal bacteria. Irradiated SAMP receiving either wild-type (AKR) or SAMP bone marrow (BM) developed severe ileitis and displayed increased ileal Tlr5 compared with AKR recipients of either SAMP or AKR bone marrow, neither of which conferred ileitis, suggesting that elevated TLR5 in native SAMP is derived primarily from a nonhematopoietic (e.g., epithelial) source. Indeed, ileal epithelial TLR5 in preinflamed SAMP was increased compared with age-matched AKR and germ-free SAMP. TLR5-specific ex vivo activation of SAMP ileal tissues decreased epithelial barrier resistance, indicative of increased permeability, and was accompanied by altered expression of the tight junction proteins, claudin-3, occludin, and zonula occludens-1. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that aberrant, elevated TLR5 expression is present in the ileal epithelium of SAMP mice, is augmented in the presence of the gut microbiome, and that TLR5 activation in response to bacterial flagellin results in a deficiency to maintain appropriate epithelial barrier integrity. Together, these findings represent a potential mechanistic pathway leading to the exacerbation and perpetuation of chronic gut inflammation in experimental ileitis and possibly, in patients with Crohn's disease.
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Beatty JK, Akierman SV, Motta JP, Muise S, Workentine ML, Harrison JJ, Bhargava A, Beck PL, Rioux KP, McKnight GW, Wallace JL, Buret AG. Giardia duodenalis induces pathogenic dysbiosis of human intestinal microbiota biofilms. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:311-326. [PMID: 28237889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a prevalent cause of acute diarrheal disease worldwide. However, recent outbreaks in Italy and Norway have revealed a link between giardiasis and the subsequent development of chronic post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. While the mechanisms underlying the causation of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome remain obscure, recent findings suggest that alterations in gut microbiota communities are linked to the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. In the present study, we use a laboratory biofilm system to culture and enrich mucosal microbiota from human intestinal biopsies. Subsequently, we show that co-culture with Giardia induces disturbances in biofilm species composition and biofilm structure resulting in microbiota communities that are intrinsically dysbiotic - even after the clearance of Giardia. These microbiota abnormalities were mediated in part by secretory-excretory Giardia cysteine proteases. Using in vitro cell culture and germ-free murine infection models, we show that Giardia-induced disruptions of microbiota promote bacterial invasion, resulting in epithelial apoptosis, tight junctional disruption, and bacterial translocation across an intestinal epithelial barrier. Additionally, these dysbiotic microbiota communities resulted in increased activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway, and overproduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta in humanized germ-free mice. Previous studies that have sought explanations and risk factors for the development of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome have focused on features of enteropathogens and attributes of the infected host. We propose that polymicrobial interactions involving Giardia and gut microbiota may cause persistent dysbiosis, offering a new interpretation of the reasons why those afflicted with giardiasis are predisposed to gastrointestinal disorders post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Beatty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sarah V Akierman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Stacy Muise
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Matthew L Workentine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Joe J Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Amol Bhargava
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul L Beck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kevin P Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gordon Webb McKnight
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - John L Wallace
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Andre G Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Cui B, Lu S, Lai L, Xie Y, He J, Xue Y, Xiao P, Pan T, Chen L, Liu Y, Cao X, Wang Q. Protective function of interleukin 27 in colitis-associated cancer via suppression of inflammatory cytokines in intestinal epithelial cells. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1268309. [PMID: 28344880 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1268309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that inflammation contributes to a variety of cancer formation, among them, colitis-associated cancer (CAC) represents a typical inflammation-related cancer. Interleukin 27 (IL-27) has been demonstrated to play an important role in inflammation-related disease. The effect of IL-27 in intestinal inflammation is controversial and its role in CAC is not elucidated yet. In our present study, we found that IL-27 has protective function in murine model of CAC through suppression of inflammatory cytokines in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). IL-27Rα (WSX-1) deficiency promotes the CAC development in mice, which is driven by enhanced tumor cell proliferation, more intensive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) accumulation in colon lamina propria and higher level of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in IECs. The levels of IL-6, TNF-α, GM-CSF and CXCL1 triggered in vitro by toll-like receptor ligands are significantly upregulated in IECs from WSX-1 KO mice. Removal of commensal microorganism through antibiotic treatment in mice to eliminate TLR ligands deprives the protective function of IL-27 on CAC tumor growth. Thus, IL-27 suppresses CAC formation through an anti-inflammation mechanism targeting IECs and in turn resists the tumorigenesis. Hence, our study explained how IL-27 exerts its anti-inflammatory function on epithelial cells to fight against chronic-inflammation-associated cancer, which might provide new insights on the potential therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijun Cui
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Shen Lu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Lai
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Xie
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia He
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xue
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Luoquan Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
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Yokoyama N, Ohta H, Yamazaki J, Kagawa Y, Ichii O, Khoirun N, Morita T, Osuga T, Lim SY, Sasaki N, Morishita K, Nakamura K, Takiguchi M. Localization of Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 mRNA in the Colorectal Mucosa of Miniature Dachshunds with Inflammatory Colorectal Polyps. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:183-190. [PMID: 28089357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) are characterized by the formation of multiple or solitary polyps with marked neutrophil infiltration in the colorectal area, and are speculated to be a novel form of breed-specific canine idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In human IBD, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in the colorectal mucosa of dogs with ICRPs by in-situ hybridization using an RNAscope assay. Samples of inflamed colorectal mucosa (n = 5) and non-inflamed mucosa (n = 5) from miniature dachshunds (MDs) with ICRPs and colonic mucosa from healthy beagles (n = 5) were examined. TLR2 and TLR4 hybridization signals were localized to the colorectal epithelium, inflammatory cells and fibroblasts in the inflamed colorectal mucosa of affected dogs. The signals were significantly greater in inflamed colorectal epithelium compared with non-inflamed epithelium of MDs with ICRPs and healthy beagles (P <0.05). These results suggest that increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in the inflamed colorectal mucosa results from not only inflammatory cell infiltration, but also the upregulation of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in the colonic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - J Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Y Kagawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Sapporo, Japan
| | - O Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - N Khoirun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Osuga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - S Y Lim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - N Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - K Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Sapporo, Japan.
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Chitosan Modulates Inflammatory Responses in Rats Infected with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7432845. [PMID: 28100936 PMCID: PMC5215628 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7432845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan (COS) on gastrointestinal pathogen resistance in mice model. For two weeks, a control group of ICR mice received a basal diet whilst the intervention group received the basal diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg COS. After two weeks, the mice fed the supplemented diet had a lower body weight. Then enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) was administered to the mice through oral gavage, with each mouse receiving 108 CFU. At day 7 after infection, the bacterial load in the jejunum and faeces was significantly lower in the COS group than that in the control group. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, and TNF-α were significantly lower in the group of mice receiving the COS diet; also the jejunal production of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) was suppressed in the COS group. These results indicate the intervention influenced inflammation and controlled E. coli infection.
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Li J, Sapper TN, Mah E, Moller MV, Kim JB, Chitchumroonchokchai C, McDonald JD, Bruno RS. Green tea extract treatment reduces NFκB activation in mice with diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by lowering TNFR1 and TLR4 expression and ligand availability. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 41:34-41. [PMID: 28038359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NFκB-mediated inflammation contributes to liver injury during nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We hypothesized that antiinflammatory activities of green tea extract (GTE) during NASH would lower tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1)- and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-mediated NFκB activation. Male C57BL6/J mice (6 weeks old) were fed a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet for 12 weeks to induce NASH. They were then randomized to continue on these diets supplemented with 0 or 2% GTE (n=10/group) for an additional 8 weeks prior to evaluating NASH, NFκB inflammation and TNFR1 and TLR4 receptor complexes and their respective ligands, TNFα and endotoxin. HF feeding increased (P<.05) serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and histological evidence of NASH compared with LF controls. HF-mediated increases in NFκB p65 phosphorylation were also accompanied by increased serum TNFα and endotoxin concentrations, mRNA expression of hepatic TNFR1 and TLR4 and MyD88 protein levels. GTE in LF mice had no effect (P>.05) on liver histology or inflammatory responses. However, GTE in HF mice decreased biochemical and histological parameters of NASH and lowered hepatic p65 phosphorylation in association with decreased serum TNFα, mRNA expression of TNFR1 and TLR4 and MyD88 protein. GTE in HF-fed mice also lowered serum endotoxin and up-regulated mRNA expression of duodenal occludin and zonula occluden-1 and ileal occludin and claudin-1 that were otherwise lowered in expression by HF feeding. These data suggest that dietary GTE treatment reduces hepatic inflammation in NASH by decreasing proinflammatory signaling through TNFR1 and TLR4 that otherwise increases NFκB activation and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Li
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Teryn N Sapper
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eunice Mah
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biofortis, Inc., Addison, IL 60101, USA
| | - Meredith V Moller
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joshua B Kim
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Joshua D McDonald
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Moon Y. Microbiome-Linked Crosstalk in the Gastrointestinal Exposome towards Host Health and Disease. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2016; 19:221-228. [PMID: 28090466 PMCID: PMC5234420 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2016.19.4.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal exposome represents the integration of all xenobiotic components and host-derived endogenous components affecting the host health, disease progression and ultimately clinical outcomes during the lifespan. The human gut microbiome as a dynamic exposome of commensalism continuously interacts with other exogenous exposome as well as host sentineling components including the immune and neuroendocrine circuit. The composition and diversity of the microbiome are established on the basis of the luminal environment (physical, chemical and biological exposome) and host surveillance at each part of the gastrointestinal lining. Whereas the chemical exposome derived from nutrients and other xenobiotics can influence the dynamics of microbiome community (the stability, diversity, or resilience), the microbiomes reciprocally alter the bioavailability and activities of the chemical exposome in the mucosa. In particular, xenobiotic metabolites by the gut microbial enzymes can be either beneficial or detrimental to the host health although xenobiotics can alter the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome. The integration of the mucosal crosstalk in the exposome determines the fate of microbiome community and host response to the etiologic factors of disease. Therefore, the network between microbiome and other mucosal exposome would provide new insights into the clinical intervention against the mucosal or systemic disorders via regulation of the gut-associated immunological, metabolic, or neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea.; Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.; Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Busan, Korea
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Abreu MT, Thomas LS, Arnold ET, Lukasek K, Michelsen KS, Arditi M. TLR signaling at the intestinal epithelial interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519030090050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium provides a critical interface between lumenal bacteria and the mucosal immune system. Whereas normal commensal flora do not trigger acute inflammation, pathogenic bacteria trigger a potent inflammatory response. Our studies emanate from the hypothesis that the intestinal epithelium is normally hyporesponsive to commensal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as LPS. Our data demonstrate that normal human colonic epithelial cells and lamina propria cells express low levels of TLR4 and its co-receptor MD-2. This expression pattern is mirrored by intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines. Co-expression of TLR4 and MD-2 is necessary and sufficient for LPS responsiveness in IEC. Moreover, LPS sensing occurs along the basolateral membrane of polarized IEC in culture. Expression of MD-2 is regulated by IFN-γ. Cloning of the MD-2 promoter demonstrates that promoter activity is increased by IFN-γ and blocked by the STAT inhibitor SOCS3. We conclude from our studies that the intestinal epithelium down-regulates expression of TLR4 and MD-2 and is LPS unresponsive. The Th1 cytokine IFN-γ up-regulates expression of MD-2 in a STAT-dependent fashion. The results of our studies have important implications for understanding human inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T. Abreu
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA,
| | - Lisa S. Thomas
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Arnold
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katie Lukasek
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kathrin S. Michelsen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute
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Eckel EF, Ametaj BN. Invited review: Role of bacterial endotoxins in the etiopathogenesis of periparturient diseases of transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5967-5990. [PMID: 27209132 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dairy industry continues to suffer severe economic losses due to the increased disease incidence cows experience during the transition period. It has long been the classical view that the major contributing factor to the development of these periparturient diseases is the considerable increase in nutritional demands for milk production. This classical view, however, fails to account for the substantial correlation between both metabolic and infectious diseases and the detrimental effects that can occur with the provision of high-energy diets to support these nutritional demands. Currently, increasing evidence implicates bacterial endotoxins in the etiopathology of most periparturient diseases. Bacterial endotoxins are components of the outer cell wall of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria that are highly immunostimulatory and can trigger proinflammatory immune responses. The ability of endotoxins to translocate from the mucosal tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, mammary gland, and uterus, into the systemic circulation has been observed. Once they have entered the circulation, endotoxins potentially contribute to disease either directly, through eliciting an inflammatory response, or indirectly through other factors such as the overreaction of the natural protective mechanisms of the host. Although the evidence implicating a role of endotoxins in the pathogenesis of transition diseases continues to grow, our current knowledge of the host response to mucosal endotoxin exposure and pathogenic mechanisms remain largely unknown. Developing our understanding of the connection between endotoxemia and dairy cattle disease holds significant potential for the future development of preventative measures that could benefit the productivity of the dairy industry as well as animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Eckel
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Burim N Ametaj
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
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