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Németh Z, Demeter F, Dobó J, Gál P, Cervenak L. Complement MASP-1 Modifies Endothelial Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4048. [PMID: 38612857 PMCID: PMC11012537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial wound-healing processes are fundamental for the maintenance and restoration of the circulatory system and are greatly affected by the factors present in the blood. We have previously shown that the complement protein mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) induces the proinflammatory activation of endothelial cells and is able to cooperate with other proinflammatory activators. Our aim was to investigate the combined effect of mechanical wounding and MASP-1 on endothelial cells. Transcriptomic analysis showed that MASP-1 alters the expression of wound-healing-related and angiogenesis-related genes. Both wounding and MASP-1 induced Ca2+ mobilization when applied individually. However, MASP-1-induced Ca2+ mobilization was inhibited when the treatment was preceded by wounding. Mechanical wounding promoted CREB phosphorylation, and the presence of MASP-1 enhanced this effect. Wounding induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on endothelial cells, and MASP-1 pretreatment further increased VCAM-1 levels. MASP-1 played a role in the subsequent stages of angiogenesis, facilitating the breakdown of the endothelial capillary network on Matrigel®. Our findings extend our general understanding of endothelial wound healing and highlight the importance of complement MASP-1 activation in wound-healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Németh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.N.)
| | - Flóra Demeter
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.N.)
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.N.)
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Golomingi M, Kohler J, Lamers C, Pouw RB, Ricklin D, Dobó J, Gál P, Pál G, Kiss B, Dopler A, Schmidt CQ, Hardy ET, Lam W, Schroeder V. Complement inhibition can decrease the haemostatic response in a microvascular bleeding model at multiple levels. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1226832. [PMID: 37771595 PMCID: PMC10525698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1226832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Haemostasis is a crucial process by which the body stops bleeding. It is achieved by the formation of a platelet plug, which is strengthened by formation of a fibrin mesh mediated by the coagulation cascade. In proinflammatory and prothrombotic conditions, multiple interactions of the complement system and the coagulation cascade are known to aggravate thromboinflammatory processes and increase the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis. Whether those interactions also play a relevant role during the physiological process of haemostasis is not yet completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of complement components and activation during the haemostatic response to mechanical vessel injury. Methods We used a microvascular bleeding model that simulates a blood vessel, featuring human endothelial cells, perfusion with fresh human whole blood, and an inducible mechanical injury to the vessel. We studied the effects of complement inhibitors against components of the lectin (MASP-1, MASP-2), classical (C1s), alternative (FD) and common pathways (C3, C5), as well as a novel triple fusion inhibitor of all three complement pathways (TriFu). Effects on clot formation were analysed by recording of fibrin deposition and the platelet activation marker CD62P at the injury site in real time using a confocal microscope. Results With the inhibitors targeting MASP-2 or C1s, no significant reduction of fibrin formation was observed, while platelet activation was significantly reduced in the presence of the FD inhibitor. Both common pathway inhibitors targeting C3 or C5, respectively, were associated with a substantial reduction of fibrin formation, and platelet activation was also reduced in the presence of the C3 inhibitor. Triple inhibition of all three activation pathways at the C3-convertase level by TriFu reduced both fibrin formation and platelet activation. When several complement inhibitors were directly compared in two individual donors, TriFu and the inhibitors of MASP-1 and C3 had the strongest effects on clot formation. Conclusion The observed impact of complement inhibition on reducing fibrin clot formation and platelet activation suggests a role of the complement system in haemostasis, with modulators of complement initiation, amplification or effector functions showing distinct profiles. While the interactions between complement and coagulation might have evolved to support haemostasis and protect against bleeding in case of vessel injury, they can turn harmful in pathological conditions when aggravating thromboinflammation and promoting thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Golomingi
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessie Kohler
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christina Lamers
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard B. Pouw
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arthur Dopler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Q. Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elaissa Trybus Hardy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wilbur Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Verena Schroeder
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Németh BZ, Nagy ZA, Kiss B, Gellén G, Schlosser G, Demcsák A, Geisz A, Hegyi E, Sahin-Tóth M, Pál G. Substrate specificity of human chymotrypsin-like protease (CTRL) characterized by phage display-selected small-protein inhibitors. Pancreatology 2023; 23:742-749. [PMID: 37604733 PMCID: PMC10528761 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Chymotrypsin-like protease (CTRL) is one of the four chymotrypsin isoforms expressed in the human exocrine pancreas. Human genetic and experimental evidence indicate that chymotrypsins B1, B2, and C (CTRB1, CTRB2 and CTRC) are important not only for protein digestion but also for protecting the pancreas against pancreatitis by degrading potentially harmful trypsinogen. CTRL has not been reported to play a similar role, possibly due to its low abundance and/or different substrate specificity. To address this problem, we investigated the specificity of the substrate-binding groove of CTRL by evolving the substrate-like canonical loop of the Schistocerca gregaria proteinase inhibitor 2 (SGPI-2), a small-protein reversible chymotrypsin inhibitor to bind CTRL. We found that phage-associated SGPI-2 variants with strong affinity to CTRL were similar to those evolved previously against CTRB1, CTRB2 or bovine chymotrypsin A (bCTRA), indicating comparable substrate specificity. When tested as recombinant proteins, SGPI-2 variants inhibited CTRL with similar or slightly weaker affinity than bCTRA, confirming that CTRL is a typical chymotrypsin. Interestingly, an SGPI-2 variant selected with a Thr29His mutation in its reactive loop was found to inhibit CTRL strongly, but it was digested rapidly by bCTRA. Finally, CTRL was shown to degrade human anionic trypsinogen, however, at a much slower rate than CTRB2, suggesting that CTRL may not have a significant role in the pancreatic defense mechanisms against inappropriate trypsinogen activation and pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Zoltán Németh
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Attila Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Gellén
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Demcsák
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andrea Geisz
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Eszter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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Németh Z, Debreczeni ML, Kajdácsi E, Dobó J, Gál P, Cervenak L. Cooperation of Complement MASP-1 with Other Proinflammatory Factors to Enhance the Activation of Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119181. [PMID: 37298134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells play an important role in sensing danger signals and regulating inflammation. Several factors are capable of inducing a proinflammatory response (e.g., LPS, histamine, IFNγ, and bradykinin), and these factors act simultaneously during the natural course of the inflammatory reaction. We have previously shown that the complement protein mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) also induces a proinflammatory activation of the endothelial cells. Our aim was to investigate the possible cooperation between MASP-1 and other proinflammatory mediators when they are present in low doses. We used HUVECs and measured Ca2+ mobilization, IL-8, E-selectin, VCAM-1 expression, endothelial permeability, and mRNA levels of specific receptors. LPS pretreatment increased the expression of PAR2, a MASP-1 receptor, and furthermore, MASP-1 and LPS enhanced each other's effects in regulating IL-8, E-selectin, Ca2+ mobilization, and changes in permeability in a variety of ways. Cotreatment of MASP-1 and IFNγ increased the IL-8 expression of HUVECs. MASP-1 induced bradykinin and histamine receptor expression, and consequently, increased Ca2+ mobilization was found. Pretreatment with IFNγ enhanced MASP-1-induced Ca2+ mobilization. Our findings highlight that well-known proinflammatory mediators and MASP-1, even at low effective doses, can strongly synergize to enhance the inflammatory response of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Németh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta L Debreczeni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Kajdácsi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Research Group for Immunology and Haematology, Semmelweis University-Eötvös Loránd Research Network (Office for Supported Research Groups), 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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Skouboe MK, Werner M, Mogensen TH. Inborn Errors of Immunity Predisposing to Herpes Simplex Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System. Pathogens 2023; 12. [PMID: 36839582 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus infections can lead to a number of severe clinical manifestations, particularly when involving the central nervous system (CNS), causing encephalitis and meningitis. However, understanding of the host factors conferring increased susceptibility to these diseases and their complications remains incomplete. Previous studies have uncovered defects in the innate Toll-like receptor 3 pathway and production of type I interferon (IFN-I) in children and adults that predispose them to herpes simplex encephalitis. More recently, there is accumulating evidence for an important role of IFN-independent cell-autonomous intrinsic mechanisms, including small nucleolar RNAs, RNA lariat metabolism, and autophagy, in restricting herpesvirus replication and conferring protection against CNS infection. The present review first describes clinical manifestations of HSV infection with a focus on neurological complications and then summarizes the host-pathogen interactions and innate immune pathways responsible for sensing herpesviruses and triggering antiviral responses and immunity. Next, we review the current landscape of inborn errors of immunity and the underlying genetic defects and disturbances of cellular immune pathways that confer increased susceptibility to HSV infection in CNS. Ultimately, we discuss some of the present outstanding unanswered questions relating to inborn errors of immunity and HSV CNS infection together with some perspectives and future directions for research in the pathogenesis of these severe diseases in humans.
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Németh BZ, Demcsák A, Micsonai A, Kiss B, Schlosser G, Geisz A, Hegyi E, Sahin-Tóth M, Pál G. Arg236 in human chymotrypsin B2 (CTRB2) is a key determinant of high enzyme activity, trypsinogen degradation capacity, and protection against pancreatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2022; 1870:140831. [PMID: 35934298 PMCID: PMC9426946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic chymotrypsins (CTRs) are digestive proteases that in humans include CTRB1, CTRB2, CTRC, and CTRL. The highly similar CTRB1 and CTRB2 are the products of gene duplication. A common inversion at the CTRB1-CTRB2 locus reverses the expression ratio of these isoforms in favor of CTRB2. Carriers of the inversion allele are protected against the inflammatory disorder pancreatitis presumably via their increased capacity for CTRB2-mediated degradation of harmful trypsinogen. To reveal the protective molecular determinants of CTRB2, we compared enzymatic properties of CTRB1, CTRB2, and bovine CTRA (bCTRA). By evolving substrate-like Schistocerca gregaria proteinase inhibitor 2 (SGPI-2) inhibitory loop variants against the chymotrypsins, we found that the substrate binding groove of the three enzymes had overlapping specificities. Based on the selected sequences, we produced eight SGPI-2 variants. Remarkably, CTRB2 and bCTRA bound these inhibitors with significantly higher affinity than CTRB1. Moreover, digestion of peptide substrates, beta casein, and human anionic trypsinogen unequivocally confirmed that CTRB2 is a generally better enzyme than CTRB1 while the potency of bCTRA lies between those of the human isoforms. Unexpectedly, mutation D236R alone converted CTRB1 to a CTRB2-like high activity protease. Modeling indicated that in CTRB1 Met210 partially obstructed the substrate binding groove, which was relieved by the D236R mutation. Taken together, we identify CTRB2 Arg236 as a key positive determinant, while CTRB1 Asp236 as a negative determinant for chymotrypsin activity. These findings strongly support the concept that in carriers of the CTRB1-CTRB2 inversion allele, the superior trypsinogen degradation capacity of CTRB2 protects against pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Zoltán Németh
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Demcsák
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - András Micsonai
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Geisz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Eszter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Golomingi M, Kohler J, Jenny L, Hardy ET, Dobó J, Gál P, Pál G, Kiss B, Lam WA, Schroeder V. Complement lectin pathway components MBL and MASP-1 promote haemostasis upon vessel injury in a microvascular bleeding model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948190. [PMID: 36032172 PMCID: PMC9412763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundComplement lectin pathway components, in particular mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) have been shown to interact with coagulation factors and contribute to clot formation. Here we investigated the role of MBL and MASP-1 in the haemostatic response following mechanical vessel injury in a human microfluidic bleeding model.MethodsWe studied haemostasis in a microvascular bleeding model in the presence of human endothelial cells and human whole blood under flow conditions. We monitored incorporation of proteins into the clot with fluorescently labelled antibodies and studied their effects on clot formation, platelet activation, and bleeding time with specific inhibitors. Platelet activation was also studied by flow cytometry.ResultsUpon vessel injury, MBL accumulated at the injury site in a well-defined wall-like structure. MBL showed partial colocalisation with fibrin, and strong colocalisation with von Willebrand factor and (activated) platelets. Flow cytometry ruled out direct binding of MBL to platelets, but confirmed a PAR4- and thrombin-dependent platelet-activating function of MASP-1. Inhibiting MBL during haemostasis reduced platelet activation, while inhibiting MASP-1 reduced platelet activation, fibrin deposition and prolonged bleeding time.ConclusionWe show in a microvascular human bleeding model that MBL and MASP-1 have important roles in the haemostatic response triggered by mechanical vessel injury: MBL recognises the injury site, while MASP-1 increases fibrin formation, platelet activation and shortens bleeding time. While the complement lectin pathway may be harmful in the context of pathological thrombosis, it appears to be beneficial during the physiological coagulation response by supporting the crucial haemostatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Golomingi
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessie Kohler
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Jenny
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elaissa T. Hardy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Verena Schroeder
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research, DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Verena Schroeder,
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Smolnikova MV, Tereshchenko SY. Proteins of the lectin pathway of the complement system activation: immunobiological functions, genetics and involvement in the pathogenesis of human diseases. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-pot-1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is the most ancient components in the innate immunity, mainly functioning to primarily eliminate bacterial agents intravascularly. Moreover, the complement complex proteins play a role as a bridge between the systems of innate and adaptive immunity providing adequate conditions for maturation and differentiation of B- and T-lymphocytes. The complement system consists of plasma proteins and membrane receptors. Plasma proteins interact with each other via the three described cascade pathways lectin (which is most ancient phylogenetically), alternative and classical. Lectins are proteins comprising a separate superfamily of pattern-recognizing receptors able to sense molecules of oligo- and polysaccharide nature and induce their aggregation. Among all the lectins, ficolins (FCN) (common domain fibrinogen) and collectins (common domain collagen) mannose-binding lectin (MBL), hepatic and renal collectins have exert unique functions by complexing with carbohydrate components of microbial wall. Formation of a compound complex microbial wall polysaccharides + collectin/ficolin + specific mannose-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MARP) results in the complement system activation, inflammatory reaction and bacterium elimination. Such scenario is proceeded along the lectin pathway compared to the two other pathways called classical and alternative. Examining a role of the complement system and congenital protein defects in the pathogenesis of various diseases is of topical interest because inborn deficiency of the complement components comprises at least 5% out of total primary immunodeficiency rate, whereas the aspects of their prevalence and pathogenesis remain unexplored. Relevance of investigating the complement system components for diverse populations is tremendous, taking into consideration accumulated evidence regarding an important role of the lectin pathway in viral infections. Lectins, the main proteins in the lectin pathway of the complement activation, are encoded by polymorphic genes, wherein single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) result in altered protein conformation and expression, which, in turn, affects functionality and potential to respond to a pathogen. The distribution of the lectin polymorphic gene frequencies and their haplotypes displays extremely marked population differences. According to analyzing available data, population SNP frequencies including those associated with inborn deficiencies for components of the lectin pathway have been currently scarce or unexplored. hence, here we review major lectins and their functions, their functionally significant SNPs in diverse populations and their pathogenetic importance for host defense functions.
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Heja D, Zhao D, Cody E, Cumpelik A, Lim PC, Prado-Acosta M, Palma L, Dellepiane S, Chun N, Ferrara J, Heeger PS. Mannan binding lectin promotes murine graft versus host disease by amplifying lipopolysaccharide-initiated inflammation. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:472.e1-472.e11. [PMID: 35643350 PMCID: PMC9357100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Conditioning regimens used for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) can escalate the severity of acute T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by disrupting gastrointestinal integrity and initiating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dependent innate immune cell activation. Activation of the complement cascade has been associated with murine GVHD, and previous work has shown that alternative pathway complement activation can amplify T cell immunity. Whether and how mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a component of the complement system that binds mannose as well as oligosaccharide components of LPS and lipoteichoic acid, affects GVHD is unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that MBL modulates murine GVHD and examined the mechanisms by which it does so. We adoptively transferred C3.SW bone marrow (BM) cells ± T cells into irradiated wild type (WT) or MBL-deficient C57Bl/6 (B6) recipients with or without inhibiting MBL-initiated complement activation using C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). We analyzed the clinical severity of disease expression and analyzed intestinal gene and cell infiltration. In vitro studies assessed MBL expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and compared LPS-induced responses of WT and MBL-deficient APCs. MBL-deficient recipients of donor BM ± T cells exhibited significantly less weight loss over the first 2 weeks post-transplantation weeks compared with B6 controls (P < .05), with similar donor engraftment in the 2 groups. In recipients of C3.SW BM + T cells, the clinical expression of GVHD was less severe (P < .05) and overall survival was better (P < .05) in MBL-deficient mice compared with WT mice. On day-7 post-transplantation, analyses showed that the MBL-deficient recipients exhibited less intestinal IL1b, IL17, and IL12 p40 gene expression (P < .05 for each) and fewer infiltrating intestinal CD11c+, CD11b+, and F4/80+ cells and TCRβ+, CD4+, CD4+IL17+, and CD8+ T cells (P < .05 for each). Ovalbumin or allogeneic cell immunizations induced equivalent T cell responses in MBL-deficient and WT mice, demonstrating that MBL-deficiency does not directly impact T cell immunity in the absence of irradiation conditioning. Administration of C1-INH did not alter the clinical expression of GVHD in preconditioned WT B6 recipients, suggesting that MBL amplifies clinical expression of GVHD via a complement-independent mechanism. WT, but not MBL-deficient, APCs express MBL on their surfaces. LPS-stimulated APCs from MBL-deficient mice produced less proinflammatory cytokines (P < .05) and induced weaker alloreactive T cell responses (P < .05) compared with WT APCs. Together, our data show that MBL modulates murine GVHD, likely by amplifying complement-independent, LPS-initiated gastrointestinal inflammation. The results suggest that devising strategies to block LPS/MBL ligation on APCs has the potential to reduce the clinical expression of GVHD.
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Nagy ZA, Héja D, Bencze D, Kiss B, Boros E, Szakács D, Fodor K, Wilmanns M, Kocsis A, Dobó J, Gál P, Harmat V, Pál G. Synergy of protease-binding sites within the ecotin homodimer is crucial for inhibition of MASP enzymes and for blocking lectin pathway activation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101985. [PMID: 35483450 PMCID: PMC9136129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecotin is a homodimeric serine protease inhibitor produced by many commensal and pathogenic microbes. It functions as a virulence factor, enabling survival of various pathogens in the blood. The ecotin dimer binds two protease molecules, and each ecotin protomer has two protease-binding sites: site1 occupies the substrate-binding groove, whereas site2 engages a distinct secondary region. Owing to the twofold rotational symmetry within the ecotin dimer, sites 1 and 2 of a protomer bind to different protease molecules within the tetrameric complex. Escherichia coli ecotin inhibits trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and elastase-like enzymes, including pancreatic proteases, leukocyte elastase, key enzymes of blood coagulation, the contact and complement systems, and other antimicrobial cascades. Here, we show that mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) and MASP-2, essential activators of the complement lectin pathway, and MASP-3, an essential alternative pathway activator, are all inhibited by ecotin. We decipher in detail how the preorganization of site1 and site2 within the ecotin dimer contributes to the inhibition of each MASP enzyme. In addition, using mutated and monomeric ecotin variants, we show that site1, site2, and dimerization contribute to inhibition in a surprisingly target-dependent manner. We present the first ecotin:MASP-1 and ecotin:MASP-2 crystal structures, which provide additional insights and permit structural interpretation of the observed functional results. Importantly, we reveal that monomerization completely disables the MASP-2-inhibitory, MASP-3-inhibitory, and lectin pathway-inhibitory capacity of ecotin. These findings provide new opportunities to combat dangerous multidrug-resistant pathogens through development of compounds capable of blocking ecotin dimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Attila Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Héja
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Bencze
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Szakács
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Fodor
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Harmat
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,For correspondence: Gábor Pál
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11
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Dürvanger Z, Boros E, Nagy ZA, Hegedüs R, Megyeri M, Dobó J, Gál P, Schlosser G, Ángyán AF, Gáspári Z, Perczel A, Harmat V, Mező G, Menyhárd DK, Pál G. Directed Evolution-Driven Increase of Structural Plasticity Is a Prerequisite for Binding the Complement Lectin Pathway Blocking MASP-Inhibitor Peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:969-986. [PMID: 35378038 PMCID: PMC9016712 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
MASP-1 and MASP-2
are key activator proteases of the complement
lectin pathway. The first specific mannose-binding lectin-associated
serine protease (MASP) inhibitors had been developed from the 14-amino-acid
sunflower trypsin inhibitor (SFTI) peptide by phage display, yielding
SFTI-based MASP inhibitors, SFMIs. Here, we present the crystal structure
of the MASP-1/SFMI1 complex that we analyzed in comparison to other
existing MASP-1/2 structures. Rigidified backbone structure has long
been accepted as a structural prerequisite for peptide inhibitors
of proteases. We found that a hydrophobic cluster organized around
the P2 Thr residue is essential for the structural stability of wild-type
SFTI. We also found that the same P2 Thr prevents binding of the rigid
SFTI-like peptides to the substrate-binding cleft of both MASPs as
the cleft is partially blocked by large gatekeeper enzyme loops. Directed
evolution removed this obstacle by replacing the P2 Thr with a Ser,
providing the SFMIs with high-degree structural plasticity, which
proved to be essential for MASP inhibition. To gain more insight into
the structural criteria for SFMI-based MASP-2 inhibition, we systematically
modified MASP-2-specific SFMI2 by capping its two termini and by replacing
its disulfide bridge with varying length thioether linkers. By doing
so, we also aimed to generate a versatile scaffold that is resistant
to reducing environment and has increased stability in exopeptidase-containing
biological environments. We found that the reduction-resistant disulfide-substituted l-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dap) variant possessed near-native
potency. As MASP-2 is involved in the life-threatening thrombosis
in COVID-19 patients, our synthetic, selective MASP-2 inhibitors could
be relevant coronavirus drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Dürvanger
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Attila Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rózsa Hegedüs
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Márton Megyeri
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annamária F. Ángyán
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gáspári
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös
Loránd Research Network, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Harmat
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös
Loránd Research Network, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Dóra K. Menyhárd
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös
Loránd Research Network, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Smolnikova MV, Tereshchenko SY. Prevalence of the polymorphic H-ficolin (FCN3) genes and mannosebinding lectin-associated serine protease-2 (MASP2) in indigenous populations from the Russian Arctic regions. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 25:847-854. [PMID: 35083404 PMCID: PMC8756107 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins, being the main proteins of the lectin pathway activating the complement system, are encoded
by polymorphic genes, wherein point mutations cause the protein conformation and expression to change, which
turns out to have an effect on the functionality and ability to respond to the pathogen. In the current study, largescale
data on the population genotype distribution of the genes for H-ficolin FCN3 rs28357092 and mannose-binding
lectin-associated serine protease MASP2 rs72550870 among the indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic regions
(Nenets, Dolgans and Nganasans, a mixed population and Russians: a total sample was about 1000 newborns)
have been obtained for the first time. Genotyping was carried out using RT-PCR. The frequency of the homozygous
variant del/del FCN3 rs28357092 associated with the total absence of the most powerful activator of the lectin complement
pathway, N-ficolin, was revealed; 0 % in the Nenets, 0.8 % in the Dolgans and Nganasans, and 3.5 % among
the Russians ( p < 0.01). Analysis of the prevalence of the MASP2 genotypes has shown the predominance of the
homozygous variant AA in all studied populations, which agrees with the available world data. The heterozygous
genotype AG rs72550870 associated with a reduced level of protease was found to occur rarely in the Nenets, Dolgans
and Nganasans compared to newborns of Caucasoid origin from Krasnoyarsk: 0.5 % versus 3.3 %, respectively.
Moreover, among 323 examined Nenets, one AG carrier was identified, whereas in Russians, 16 out of 242 examined
newborns were found to be AG carriers ( p < 0.001). A homozygous variant (GG) in total absence of protease with
impaired binding of both MBL and ficolins was not detected in any of the 980 examined newborns. An additional
analysis of infectious morbidity in Arctic populations allows one to find phenotypic characteristics related to a high
functional activity of the lectin pathway of complement activation as an most important factor for the first-line of
anti-infectious defense, including such new viral diseases as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Smolnikova
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North – a separate division of the Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center” of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - S. Yu. Tereshchenko
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North – a separate division of the Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center” of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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13
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Wei M, Guo WY, Xu BY, Shi SF, Liu LJ, Zhou XJ, Lv JC, Zhu L, Zhang H. Collectin11 and Complement Activation in IgA Nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 16:1840-1850. [PMID: 34615657 PMCID: PMC8729485 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04300321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES IgA nephropathy is the most common primary GN worldwide. Previous research demonstrated that collectin11, an initiator of the complement lectin pathway, was involved in both AKI and chronic tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Here, we investigated the potential role of collectin11 in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS The deposition of collectin11 and other complement proteins was detected in glomeruli of 60 participants with IgA nephropathy by immunofluorescence. In vitro, human mesangial cells were treated with IgA1-containing immune complexes derived from participants with IgA nephropathy. Then, the expression of collectin11 in mesangial cells was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The codeposition of collectin11 with IgA1 or C3 on mesangial cells was detected by immunofluorescence and proximity ligation assays. RESULTS In total, 37% of participants with IgA nephropathy (22 of 60) showed codeposition of collectin11 with IgA in the glomerular mesangium. Using an injury model of mesangial cells, we demonstrated that IgA1-immune complexes derived from participants with IgA nephropathy increased the secretion of collectin11 in mesangial cells with the subsequent deposition of collectin11 on the cell surface via the interaction with deposited IgA1-immune complexes. In vitro, we found that collectin11 bound to IgA1-immune complexes in a dose-dependent but calcium-independent manner. Furthermore, deposited collectin11 initiated the activation of complement and accelerated the deposition of C3 on mesangial cells. CONCLUSIONS In situ-produced collectin11 by mesangial cells might play an essential role in kidney injury in a subset of patients with IgA nephropathy through the induction of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-yi Guo
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-yang Xu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Su-fang Shi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-jun Liu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-cheng Lv
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Oroszlán G, Dani R, Végh BM, Varga D, Ács AV, Pál G, Závodszky P, Farkas H, Gál P, Dobó J. Proprotein Convertase Is the Highest-Level Activator of the Alternative Complement Pathway in the Blood. J Immunol 2021; 206:2198-2205. [PMID: 33858964 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Factor D (FD) is an essential element of the alternative pathway of the complement system, and it circulates predominantly in cleaved, activated form in the blood. In resting blood, mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 3 (MASP-3) is the exclusive activator of pro-FD. Similarly to FD, MASP-3 also circulates mainly in the active form. It was not clear, however, how zymogen MASP-3 is activated. To decipher its activation mechanism, we followed the cleavage of MASP-3 in human hirudin plasma. Our data suggest that neither lectin pathway proteases nor any protease controlled by C1-inhibitor are required for MASP-3 activation. However, EDTA and the general proprotein convertase inhibitor decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone completely prevented activation of exogenous MASP-3 added to blood samples. In this study, we show that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin (PCSK) 5 and PCSK6 are able to activate MASP-3 in vitro. Unlike PCSK5, PCSK6 was detected in human serum and plasma, and previously PCSK6 had also been shown to activate corin in the circulation. In all, PCSK6 emerges as the MASP-3 activator in human blood. These findings clarify the very first step of the activation of the alternative pathway and also connect the complement and the proprotein convertase systems in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Oroszlán
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ráhel Dani
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara M Végh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Dóra Varga
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea V Ács
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Péter Závodszky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henriette Farkas
- Hungarian Angioedema Center of Reference and Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;
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15
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Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition which develops as a dysregulated immune response in the face of infection and which is associated with profound hemostatic disturbances and in the most extreme cases disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In addition, the fibrinolytic system is subject to alterations during infection and sepsis, and impaired fibrinolysis is currently considered a key player in sepsis-related microthrombus formation and DIC. However, we still lack reliable biomarkers to assess fibrinolysis in the clinical setting. Furthermore, drugs targeting the fibrinolytic system have potential value in sepsis patients with severe fibrinolytic disturbances, but these are still being tested in the preclinical stage. The present review provides an overview of key fibrinolytic changes in sepsis, reviews the current literature on potential laboratory markers of altered fibrinolysis in adult sepsis patients, and discusses future perspectives for diagnosis and treatment of fibrinolytic disturbances in sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brogaard Larsen
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Debreczeni ML, Németh Z, Kajdácsi E, Farkas H, Cervenak L. Molecular Dambusters: What Is Behind Hyperpermeability in Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60:318-47. [PMID: 33725263 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, a substantial body of evidence underlined the pivotal role of bradykinin in certain types of angioedema. The formation and breakdown of bradykinin has been studied thoroughly; however, numerous questions remained open regarding the triggering, course, and termination of angioedema attacks. Recently, it became clear that vascular endothelial cells have an integrative role in the regulation of vessel permeability. Apart from bradykinin, a great number of factors of different origin, structure, and mechanism of action are capable of modifying the integrity of vascular endothelium, and thus, may participate in the regulation of angioedema formation. Our aim in this review is to describe the most important permeability factors and the molecular mechanisms how they act on endothelial cells. Based on endothelial cell function, we also attempt to explain some of the challenging findings regarding bradykinin-mediated angioedema, where the function of bradykinin itself cannot account for the pathophysiology. By deciphering the complex scenario of vascular permeability regulation and edema formation, we may gain better scientific tools to be able to predict and treat not only bradykinin-mediated but other types of angioedema as well.
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17
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Haddad G, Lorenzen JM, Ma H, de Haan N, Seeger H, Zaghrini C, Brandt S, Kölling M, Wegmann U, Kiss B, Pál G, Gál P, Wüthrich RP, Wuhrer M, Beck LH, Salant DJ, Lambeau G, Kistler AD. Altered glycosylation of IgG4 promotes lectin complement pathway activation in anti-PLA2R1-associated membranous nephropathy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140453. [PMID: 33351779 DOI: 10.1172/jci140453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary membranous nephropathy (pMN) is a leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. In most cases, this autoimmune kidney disease is associated with autoantibodies against the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R1) expressed on kidney podocytes, but the mechanisms leading to glomerular damage remain elusive. Here, we developed a cell culture model using human podocytes and found that anti-PLA2R1-positive pMN patient sera or isolated IgG4, but not IgG4-depleted sera, induced proteolysis of the 2 essential podocyte proteins synaptopodin and NEPH1 in the presence of complement, resulting in perturbations of the podocyte cytoskeleton. Specific blockade of the lectin pathway prevented degradation of synaptopodin and NEPH1. Anti-PLA2R1 IgG4 directly bound mannose-binding lectin in a glycosylation-dependent manner. In a cohort of pMN patients, we identified increased levels of galactose-deficient IgG4, which correlated with anti-PLA2R1 titers and podocyte damage induced by patient sera. Assembly of the terminal C5b-9 complement complex and activation of the complement receptors C3aR1 or C5aR1 were required to induce proteolysis of synaptopodin and NEPH1 by 2 distinct proteolytic pathways mediated by cysteine and aspartic proteinases, respectively. Together, these results demonstrated a mechanism by which aberrantly glycosylated IgG4 activated the lectin pathway and induced podocyte injury in primary membranous nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Haddad
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan M Lorenzen
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Harald Seeger
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Zaghrini
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Simone Brandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Kölling
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Wegmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bence Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudolf P Wüthrich
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Laurence H Beck
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Salant
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Andreas D Kistler
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Frauenfeld, Switzerland
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18
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Flude BM, Nannetti G, Mitchell P, Compton N, Richards C, Heurich M, Brancale A, Ferla S, Bassetto M. Targeting the Complement Serine Protease MASP-2 as a Therapeutic Strategy for Coronavirus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:312. [PMID: 33671334 DOI: 10.3390/v13020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MASP-2, mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease 2, is a key enzyme in the lectin pathway of complement activation. Hyperactivation of this protein by human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 has been found to contribute to aberrant complement activation in patients, leading to aggravated lung injury with potentially fatal consequences. This hyperactivation is triggered in the lungs through a conserved, direct interaction between MASP-2 and coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Blocking this interaction with monoclonal antibodies and interfering directly with the catalytic activity of MASP-2, have been found to alleviate coronavirus-induced lung injury both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, a virtual library of 8736 licensed drugs and clinical agents has been screened in silico according to two parallel strategies. The first strategy aims at identifying direct inhibitors of MASP-2 catalytic activity, while the second strategy focusses on finding protein-protein interaction inhibitors (PPIs) of MASP-2 and coronaviral N proteins. Such agents could represent promising support treatment options to prevent lung injury and reduce mortality rates of infections caused by both present and future-emerging coronaviruses. Forty-six drug repurposing candidates were purchased and, for the ones selected as potential direct inhibitors of MASP-2, a preliminary in vitro assay was conducted to assess their interference with the lectin pathway of complement activation. Some of the tested agents displayed a dose-response inhibitory activity of the lectin pathway, potentially providing the basis for a viable support strategy to prevent the severe complications of coronavirus infections.
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Pihl R, Jensen RK, Poulsen EC, Jensen L, Hansen AG, Thøgersen IB, Dobó J, Gál P, Andersen GR, Enghild JJ, Thiel S. ITIH4 acts as a protease inhibitor by a novel inhibitory mechanism. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/2/eaba7381. [PMID: 33523981 PMCID: PMC7793589 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Inter-α-inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) is a poorly characterized plasma protein that is proteolytically processed in multiple pathological conditions. However, no biological function of ITIH4 has been identified. Here, we show that ITIH4 is cleaved by several human proteases within a protease-susceptible region, enabling ITIH4 to function as a protease inhibitor. This is exemplified by its inhibition of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), MASP-2, and plasma kallikrein, which are key proteases for intravascular host defense. Mechanistically, ITIH4 acts as bait that, upon cleavage, forms a noncovalent, inhibitory complex with the executing protease that depends on the ITIH4 von Willebrand factor A domain. ITIH4 inhibits the MASPs by sterically preventing larger protein substrates from accessing their active sites, which remain accessible and fully functional toward small substrates. Thus, we demonstrate that ITIH4 functions as a protease inhibitor by a previously undescribed inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Pihl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil C Poulsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Mercurio D, Oggioni M, Fumagalli S, Lynch NJ, Roscher S, Minuta D, Perego C, Ippati S, Wallis R, Schwaeble WJ, De Simoni MG. Targeted deletions of complement lectin pathway genes improve outcome in traumatic brain injury, with MASP-2 playing a major role. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:174. [PMID: 33115535 PMCID: PMC7592565 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin pathway (LP) of complement activation is believed to contribute to brain inflammation. The study aims to identify the key components of the LP contributing to TBI outcome as possible novel pharmacological targets. We compared the long-term neurological deficits and neuropathology of wild-type mice (WT) to that of mice carrying gene deletions of key LP components after experimental TBI. WT or MASP-2 (Masp2-/-), ficolin-A (Fcna-/-), CL-11 (Colec11-/-), MASP-1/3 (Masp1-/-), MBL-C (Mbl2-/-), MBL-A (Mbl1-/-) or MBL-/- (Mbl1-/-/Mbl2-/-) deficient male C57BL/6J mice were used. Mice underwent sham surgery or TBI by controlled cortical impact. The sensorimotor response was evaluated by neuroscore and beam walk tests weekly for 4 weeks. To obtain a comparative analysis of the functional outcome each transgenic line was rated according to a health score calculated on sensorimotor performance. For selected genotypes, brains were harvested 6 weeks after injury for histopathological analysis. MASP-2-/-, MBL-/- and FCN-A-/- mice had better outcome scores compared to WT. Of these, MASP-2-/- mice had the best recovery after TBI, showing reduced sensorimotor deficits (by 33% at 3 weeks and by 36% at 4 weeks). They also showed higher neuronal density in the lesioned cortex with a 31.5% increase compared to WT. Measurement of LP functional activity in plasma from MASP-2-/- mice revealed the absence of LP functional activity using a C4b deposition assay. The LP critically contributes to the post-traumatic inflammatory pathology following TBI with the highest degree of protection achieved through the absence of the LP key enzyme MASP-2, underlining a therapeutic utility of MASP-2 targeting in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - M Oggioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - S Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - N J Lynch
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Roscher
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 9HN, Leicester, UK
| | - D Minuta
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - C Perego
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - S Ippati
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - R Wallis
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 9HN, Leicester, UK
| | - W J Schwaeble
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK
| | - M-G De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Denesyuk AI, Johnson MS, Salo-Ahen OMH, Uversky VN, Denessiouk K. NBCZone: Universal three-dimensional construction of eleven amino acids near the catalytic nucleophile and base in the superfamily of (chymo)trypsin-like serine fold proteases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:399-411. [PMID: 32151723 PMCID: PMC7124590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
(Chymo)trypsin-like serine fold proteases belong to the serine/cysteine proteases found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Their catalytic activity is carried out using a triad of amino acids, a nucleophile, a base, and an acid. For this superfamily of proteases, we propose the existence of a universal 3D structure comprising 11 amino acids near the catalytic nucleophile and base - Nucleophile-Base Catalytic Zone (NBCZone). The comparison of NBCZones among 169 eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral (chymo)trypsin-like proteases suggested the existence of 15 distinct groups determined by the combination of amino acids located at two "key" structure-functional positions 54T and 55T near the catalytic base His57T. Most eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteases fell into two major groups, [ST]A and TN. Usually, proteases of [ST]A group contain a disulfide bond between cysteines Cys42T and Cys58T of the NBCZone. In contrast, viral proteases were distributed among seven groups, and lack this disulfide bond. Furthermore, only the [ST]A group of eukaryotic proteases contains glycine at position 43T, which is instrumental for activation of these enzymes. In contrast, due to the side chains of residues at position 43T prokaryotic and viral proteases do not have the ability to carry out the structural transition of the eukaryotic zymogen-zyme type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Denesyuk
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", 142290 Pushchino, Russia; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Mark S Johnson
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Outi M H Salo-Ahen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", 142290 Pushchino, Russia; Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Konstantin Denessiouk
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Debreczeni ML, Szekacs I, Kovacs B, Saftics A, Kurunczi S, Gál P, Dobó J, Cervenak L, Horvath R. Human primary endothelial label-free biochip assay reveals unpredicted functions of plasma serine proteases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3303. [PMID: 32094469 PMCID: PMC7039951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-on-a-chip technologies are more and more important in the investigation of cellular function and in the development of novel drugs by allowing the direct screening of substances on human cells. Constituting the inner lining of vessel walls, endothelial cells are the key players in various physiological processes, moreover, they are the first to be exposed to most drugs currently used. However, to date, there is still no appropriate technology for the label-free, real-time and high-throughput monitoring of endothelial function. To this end, we developed an optical biosensor-based endothelial label-free biochip (EnLaB) assay that meets all the above requirements. Using our EnLaB platform, we screened a set of plasma serine proteases as possible endothelial cell activators, and first identified the endothelial cell activating function of three important serine proteases - namely kallikrein, C1r and mannan-binding lectin-associated serine-protease 2 (MASP-2) - and verified these results in well-established functional assays. EnLaB proved to be an effective tool for revealing novel cellular mechanisms as well as for the high-throughput screening of various compounds on endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inna Szekacs
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglarka Kovacs
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Saftics
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kurunczi
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1113, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1113, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Robert Horvath
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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23
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Nagy ZA, Szakács D, Boros E, Héja D, Vígh E, Sándor N, Józsi M, Oroszlán G, Dobó J, Gál P, Pál G. Ecotin, a microbial inhibitor of serine proteases, blocks multiple complement dependent and independent microbicidal activities of human serum. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008232. [PMID: 31860690 PMCID: PMC6944378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecotin is a serine protease inhibitor produced by hundreds of microbial species, including pathogens. Here we show, that ecotin orthologs from Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Leishmania major are potent inhibitors of MASP-1 and MASP-2, the two key activator proteases of the complement lectin pathway. Factor D is the key activator protease of another complement activation route, the alternative pathway. We show that ecotin inhibits MASP-3, which is the sole factor D activator in resting human blood. In pathway-specific ELISA tests, we found that all ecotin orthologs are potent lectin pathway inhibitors, and at high concentration, they block the alternative pathway as well. In flow cytometry experiments, we compared the extent of complement-mediated opsonization and lysis of wild-type and ecotin-knockout variants of two E. coli strains carrying different surface lipopolysaccharides. We show, that endogenous ecotin provides significant protections against these microbicidal activities for both bacteria. By using pathway specific complement inhibitors, we detected classical-, lectin- and alternative pathway-driven complement attack from normal serum, with the relative contributions of the activation routes depending on the lipopolysaccharide type. Moreover, in cell proliferation experiments we observed an additional, complement-unrelated antimicrobial activity exerted by heat-inactivated serum. While ecotin-knockout cells are highly vulnerable to these activities, endogenous ecotin of wild-type bacteria provides complete protection against the lectin pathway-related and the complement-unrelated attack, and partial protection against the alternative pathway-related damage. In all, ecotin emerges as a potent, versatile self-defense tool that blocks multiple antimicrobial activities of the serum. These findings suggest that ecotin might be a relevant antimicrobial drug target. Bloodstream infections are major cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries around the globe. As the number of multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains is growing, it is urgent to identify their virulence factors and unveil the corresponding mechanisms of action that enable the pathogen to avoid potent immune response. A microbial inhibitor of serine proteases, ecotin was previously implicated in protecting various pathogenic bacteria and eukaryotic Leishmania species against the host immune system by inhibiting leukocyte elastase. However, the interaction of ecotin with the complement system, which provides a first line defense against pathogens, remained unexplored. We found that ecotin blocks activation of the complement lectin pathway by inhibiting its key activator enzymes, MASP-1 and MASP-2. Furthermore, by inhibiting MASP-3, ecotin also disrupts a fundamental link between the lectin- and the alternative pathways. We provide evidence that E. coli cells devoid of ecotin are extremely vulnerable to complement-mediated lysis and they are also potently killed by some complement-independent antimicrobial factors of human serum. These findings could explain the observations of other research groups reporting that ecotin is crucial for the survival of pathogenic microbes in the host. Our results therefore also highlight ecotin as a potential target of future antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Attila Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Szakács
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Héja
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eszter Vígh
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Sándor
- Department of Immunology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Oroszlán
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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24
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Jenny L, Noser D, Larsen JB, Dobó J, Gál P, Pál G, Schroeder V. MASP-1 of the complement system alters fibrinolytic behaviour of blood clots. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:1-9. [PMID: 31325724 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lectin pathway serine protease mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 1 (MASP-1) has been demonstrated to be a major link between complement and coagulation, yet little is known about its interactions with the fibrinolytic system. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of MASP-1 on fibrin clot lysis in different experimental settings. METHODS Rotational thrombelastometry was used to evaluate the effect of MASP-1 on the lysis of clots formed in whole blood under static conditions. Whole blood clots were also formed in the presence and absence of MASP-1 under flow conditions in the Chandler loop and their lysis was analysed separately by fluorescence release of incorporated labelled fibrin. Real-time observation by laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to investigate the lysis of plasma clots where MASP-1 was present either during clot formation or lysis. Cleavage of tPA or plasminogen by MASP-1 was analysed by gel electrophoresis. We performed a turbidimetric clot lysis assay in the presence and absence of the MASP-1 inhibitor SGMI-1 (Schistocerca gregaria protease inhibitor (SGPI)-based MASP inhibitor-1) to evaluate the effect of endogenous MASP-1 in normal plasma and plasma samples from sepsis patients. RESULTS In the thrombelastometric experiments, where MASP-1 was present during the entire clotting and lysis process, MASP-1 had a significant profibrinolytic effect and accelerated clot lysis. When clots were formed in the presence of MASP-1 under flow in the Chandler loop, the effects on fibrinolysis were heterogenous with impaired fibrinolysis in some individuals (n = 5) and no (n = 3) or even the opposite effect (n = 2) in others. In plasma clot lysis observed by confocal microscopy, lysis was prolonged when MASP-1 was added to the lysis solution, yet there was no difference in lysis time when MASP-1 was present during clot formation. When MASP-1 was incubated with tPA or plasminogen, respectively, cleavage of single-chain tPA into two-chain tPA and a slight reduction of plasminogen were observed. SGMI-1 significantly prolonged clot lysis in the turbidimetric clot lysis assay suggesting that MASP-1 accelerated lysis in plasma samples. CONCLUSION MASP-1 is able to alter the susceptibility of blood clots to the fibrinolytic system. MASP-1 has complex, mostly promoting effects on fibrinolysis with high inter-individual variation. Interactions of MASP-1 with the fibrinolytic system may be relevant in the development and therapy of cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Jenny
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Danilo Noser
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Verena Schroeder
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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25
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Zhang H, Wei Y, Zhang F, Liu Y, Wang H, Li Y, Li G. Polymorphisms of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 1 (MASP1) and its relationship with milk performance traits and complement activity in Chinese Holstein cattle. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:346-351. [PMID: 31060014 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease1 (MASP1) is the central enzyme in the innate immune system, which has biological functions of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Moreover, MASP1 represents a candidate gene reflecting the complement activity. This study is to investigate the entire exons of MASP1 in Chinese Holstein cattle with DNA sequencing to identify novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). METHODS Novel SNPs were identified through gene sequencing and genotyped by the PCR Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Created Restriction Site PCR (CRS-PCR). The relationship between the milk performance traits and complement activity in Chinese Holstein cattle was analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure with the SAS software (version 8.0). RESULTS Two novel SNPs (i.e., g.5766A > G and g.51228A > C) were detected. The SNP g.5766A > G was located in the first intron and the SNP g.51228A > C was located in the 3'-untranslated regions of MASP1. The polymorphism at g.5766A > G was correlated with protein percentage (P < 0.05). Moreover, the polymorphism at g.51228A > C had only two genotypes, and this SNP had no significant correlation with CH50, ACH50, fat percentage, protein percentage, 305-day milk yields, or SCS scores. CONCLUSION MASP1, reflecting the complement activity, may not be significantly related to mastitis. However, MASP1 could be implemented in the breeding program to improve the production performance of Chinese Holstein cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Heze Medical College, Heze 274000, Shandong Province, P. R. China; Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250131, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, Heze Medical College, Heze 274000, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Fengying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Heze Medical College, Heze 274000, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Heze Medical College, Heze 274000, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Heze Medical College, Heze 274000, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Heze Medical College, Heze 274000, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Heze Medical College, Heze 274000, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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26
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Debreczeni ML, Németh Z, Kajdácsi E, Schwaner E, Makó V, Masszi A, Doleschall Z, Rigó J, Walter FR, Deli MA, Pál G, Dobó J, Gál P, Cervenak L. MASP-1 Increases Endothelial Permeability. Front Immunol 2019; 10:991. [PMID: 31130964 PMCID: PMC6509239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathologically increased vascular permeability is an important dysfunction in the pathomechanism of life-threatening conditions, such as sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion, or hereditary angioedema (HAE), diseases accompanied by uncontrolled activation of the complement system. HAE for example is caused by the deficiency of C1-inhibitor (the main regulator of early complement activation), which leads to edematous attacks threatening with circulatory collapse. We have previously reported that endothelial cells become activated during HAE attacks. A natural target of C1-inhibitor is mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), a multifunctional serine protease, which plays a key role in the activation of complement lectin pathway. We have previously shown that MASP-1 induces the pro-inflammatory activation of endothelial cells and in this study we investigated whether MASP-1 can directly affect endothelial permeability. All experiments were performed on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Real-time micro electric sensing revealed that MASP-1 decreases the impedance of HUVEC monolayers and in a recently developed permeability test (XperT), MASP-1 dose-dependently increased endothelial paracellular transport. We show that protease activated receptor-1 mediated intracellular Ca2+-mobilization, Rho-kinase activation dependent myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, cytoskeletal actin rearrangement, and disruption of interendothelial junctions are underlying this phenomenon. Furthermore, in a whole-transcriptome microarray analysis MASP-1 significantly changed the expression of 25 permeability-related genes in HUVECs-for example it up-regulated bradykinin B2 receptor expression. According to our results, MASP-1 has potent permeability increasing effects. During infections or injuries MASP-1 may help eliminate the microbes and/or tissue debris by enhancing the extravasation of soluble and cellular components of the immune system, however, it may also play a role in the pathomechanism of diseases, where edema formation and complement lectin pathway activation are simultaneously present. Our findings also raise the possibility that MASP-1 may be a promising target of anti-edema drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta L. Debreczeni
- Research Laboratory, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Németh
- Research Laboratory, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Kajdácsi
- Research Laboratory, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Endre Schwaner
- Research Laboratory, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Makó
- MTA-SE Research Group of Immunology and Hematology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Masszi
- Research Laboratory, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Doleschall
- Department of Pathogenetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Rigó
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina R. Walter
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária A. Deli
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Dobó
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- Research Laboratory, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Szakács D, Kocsis A, Szász R, Gál P, Pál G. Novel MASP-2 inhibitors developed via directed evolution of human TFPI1 are potent lectin pathway inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8227-8237. [PMID: 30952698 PMCID: PMC6527154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin pathway (LP) of the complement system is an important antimicrobial defense mechanism, but it also contributes significantly to ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) associated with myocardial infarct, stroke, and several other clinical conditions. Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteinase 2 (MASP-2) is essential for LP activation, and therefore, it is a potential drug target. We have previously developed the first two generations of MASP-2 inhibitors by in vitro evolution of two unrelated canonical serine proteinase inhibitors. These inhibitors were selective LP inhibitors, but their nonhuman origin rendered them suboptimal lead molecules for drug development. Here, we present our third-generation MASP-2 inhibitors that were developed based on a human inhibitor scaffold. We subjected the second Kunitz domain of human tissue factor pathway inhibitor 1 (TFPI1 D2) to directed evolution using phage display to yield inhibitors against human and rat MASP-2. These novel TFPI1-based MASP-2 inhibitor (TFMI-2) variants are potent and selective LP inhibitors in both human and rat serum. Directed evolution of the first Kunitz domain of TFPI1 had already yielded the potent kallikrein inhibitor, Kalbitor® (ecallantide), which is an FDA-approved drug to treat acute attacks of hereditary angioedema. Like hereditary angioedema, acute IRI is also related to the uncontrolled activation of a specific plasma serine proteinase. Therefore, TFMI-2 variants are promising lead molecules for drug development against IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Szakács
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest
| | - Róbert Szász
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest; EvolVeritas Biotechnology Ltd., Somogyi Béla u. 17, H-6600 Szentes, Hungary.
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Jarlhelt I, Genster N, Kirketerp-Møller N, Skjoedt MO, Garred P. The ficolin response to LPS challenge in mice. Mol Immunol 2019; 108:121-127. [PMID: 30818229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ficolins belong to an important family of pattern recognition molecules, which contributes to complement activation via the lectin pathway. How the ficolins respond to inflammatory stimuli remains only partly understood. In the present study, we investigated the ficolin A and ficolin B expression and protein distribution patterns in a mouse model of LPS-induced inflammation. The time- and tissue-specific expression of ficolin A and B was determined by real time PCR. Furthermore, ficolin protein levels in serum and bone marrow extracts from LPS challenged mice were determined by novel in-house developed sandwich ELISAs. Ficolin A was mainly expressed in liver and spleen. However, our data also suggested that ficolin A is expressed in bone marrow, which is the main site of ficolin B expression. The level of ficolin A and B expression was increased after stimulation with LPS in the investigated tissues. This was followed by a downregulation of expression, causing mRNA levels to return to baseline 24 h post LPS challenge. Protein levels appeared to follow the same pattern as the expression profiles, with an exception of ficolin B levels in serum, which kept increasing for 24 h. Ficolin A was likewise significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice infected with the fungi A. fumigatus, pointing towards a similar effect of the ficolins in non-sterile mouse models of inflammation. The results demonstrate that LPS-induced inflammation can induce a significant ficolin response, suggesting that the murine ficolins are acute phase reactants with increase in both mRNA expression and protein levels during systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Jarlhelt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Kirketerp-Møller
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Boros E, Sebák F, Héja D, Szakács D, Zboray K, Schlosser G, Micsonai A, Kardos J, Bodor A, Pál G. Directed Evolution of Canonical Loops and Their Swapping between Unrelated Serine Proteinase Inhibitors Disprove the Interscaffolding Additivity Model. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:557-575. [PMID: 30543823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reversible serine proteinase inhibitors comprise 18 unrelated families. Each family has a distinct representative structure but contains a surface loop that adopts the same, canonical conformation in the enzyme-inhibitor complex. The Laskowski mechanism universally applies for the action of all canonical inhibitors independent of their scaffold, but it has two nontrivial extrapolations. Intrascaffolding additivity states that all enzyme-contacting loop residues act independently of each other, while interscaffolding additivity claims that these residues act independently of the scaffold. These theories have great importance for engineering proteinase inhibitors but have not been comprehensively challenged. Therefore, we tested the interscaffolding additivity theory by hard-randomizing all enzyme-contacting canonical loop positions of a Kazal- and a Pacifastin-scaffold inhibitor, displaying the variants on M13 phage, and selecting the libraries on trypsin and chymotrypsin. Directed evolution delivered different patterns on both scaffolds against both enzymes, which contradicts interscaffolding additivity. To quantitatively assess the extent of non-additivity, we measured the affinities of the optimal binding loop variants and their binding loop-swapped versions. While optimal variants have picomolar affinities, swapping the evolved loops results in up to 200,000-fold affinity loss. To decipher the underlying causes, we characterized the stability, overall structure and dynamics of the inhibitors with differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamic simulations. These studies revealed that the foreign loop destabilizes the lower-stability Pacifastin scaffold, while the higher-stability Kazal scaffold distorts the foreign loop. Our findings disprove interscaffolding additivity and show that loop and scaffold form one integrated unit that needs to be coevolved to provide high-affinity inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fanni Sebák
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Héja
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Szakács
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Zboray
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Micsonai
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Kardos
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Bodor
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Dobó J, Kocsis A, Gál P. Be on Target: Strategies of Targeting Alternative and Lectin Pathway Components in Complement-Mediated Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1851. [PMID: 30135690 PMCID: PMC6092519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has moved into the focus of drug development efforts in the last decade, since its inappropriate or uncontrolled activation has been recognized in many diseases. Some of them are primarily complement-mediated rare diseases, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, C3 glomerulonephritis, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Complement also plays a role in various multifactorial diseases that affect millions of people worldwide, such as ischemia reperfusion injury (myocardial infarction, stroke), age-related macular degeneration, and several neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the potential advantages of targeting various complement proteins with special emphasis on the components of the lectin (LP) and the alternative pathways (AP). The serine proteases (MASP-1/2/3, factor D, factor B), which are responsible for the activation of the cascade, are straightforward targets of inhibition, but the pattern recognition molecules (mannose-binding lectin, other collectins, and ficolins), the regulatory components (factor H, factor I, properdin), and C3 are also subjects of drug development. Recent discoveries about cross-talks between the LP and AP offer new approaches for clinical intervention. Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are not just responsible for LP activation, but they are also indispensable for efficient AP activation. Activated MASP-3 has recently been shown to be the enzyme that continuously supplies factor D (FD) for the AP by cleaving pro-factor D (pro-FD). In this aspect, MASP-3 emerges as a novel feasible target for the regulation of AP activity. MASP-1 was shown to be required for AP activity on various surfaces, first of all on LPS of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Kjældgaard AL, Pilely K, Olsen KS, Pedersen SW, Lauritsen AØ, Møller K, Garred P. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The complement and inflammatory hypothesis. Mol Immunol 2018; 102:14-25. [PMID: 29933890 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, neurodegenerative motor neuron disease. The aetiology of ALS remains an enigma which hinders the design of an effective treatment to prevent, postpone, or reverse the pathophysiological changes occurring during the aggressive progression of this disease. During the last decade, basic research within the innate immune system, and in particular the complement system, has revealed new, important roles of the innate immune system during development, homeostasis, and ageing within as well as outside the central nervous system. Several lines of evidence indicate that aberrant activation of the complement system locally in the central nervous system as well as systemically may be involved in the pathophysiology of ALS. This exciting new knowledge could point towards the innate immune system as a potential target of medical intervention in ALS. Recently, the historic perception of ALS as a central neurodegenerative disease has been challenged due to the significant amount of evidence of a dying-back mechanism causing the selective destruction of the motor neurons, indicating that disease onset occurs outside the borders of the blood-brain-barrier. This review addresses the function of the innate immune system during ALS. We emphasize the role of the complement system and specifically suggest the involvement of ficolin-3 from the lectin pathway in the pathophysiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lene Kjældgaard
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Diagnostic Centre, Section 7631; Department of Neuroanaesthesiology.
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Diagnostic Centre, Section 7631
| | | | - Stephen Wørlich Pedersen
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Diagnostic Centre, Section 7631
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Paréj K, Kocsis A, Enyingi C, Dani R, Oroszlán G, Beinrohr L, Dobó J, Závodszky P, Pál G, Gál P. Cutting Edge: A New Player in the Alternative Complement Pathway, MASP-1 Is Essential for LPS-Induced, but Not for Zymosan-Induced, Alternative Pathway Activation. J Immunol 2018; 200:2247-2252. [PMID: 29475986 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a sophisticated network of proteases. In this article, we describe an unexpected link between two linear activation routes of the complement system: the lectin pathway (LP) and the alternative pathway (AP). Mannose-lectin binding-associated serine protease (MASP)-1 is known to be the initiator protease of the LP. Using a specific and potent inhibitor of MASP-1, SGMI-1, as well as other MASP-1 inhibitors with different mechanisms of action, we demonstrated that, in addition to its functions in the LP, MASP-1 is essential for bacterial LPS-induced AP activation, whereas it has little effect on zymosan-induced AP activation. We have shown that MASP-1 inhibition prevents AP activation, as well as attenuates the already initiated AP activity on the LPS surface. This newly recognized function of MASP-1 can be important for the defense against certain bacterial infections. Our results also emphasize that the mechanism of AP activation depends on the activator surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Paréj
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Csenge Enyingi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Ráhel Dani
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Gábor Oroszlán
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - László Beinrohr
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Péter Závodszky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; and
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Jenny L, Dobó J, Gál P, Pál G, Lam WA, Schroeder V. MASP-1 of the complement system enhances clot formation in a microvascular whole blood flow model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191292. [PMID: 29324883 PMCID: PMC5764403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement and coagulation systems closely interact with each other. These interactions are believed to contribute to the proinflammatory and prothrombotic environment involved in the development of thrombotic complications in many diseases. Complement MASP-1 (mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1) activates coagulation factors and promotes clot formation. However, this was mainly shown in purified or plasma-based static systems. Here we describe the role of MASP-1 and complement activation in fibrin clot formation in a microvascular, whole blood flow model. This microfluidic system simulates blood flow through microvessels at physiological flow and shear rates and represents the closest model system to human physiology so far. It features parallel microchannels cultured with endothelial cells in a transparent microfluidic chip allowing real-time evaluation of clot formation by confocal microscopy. To test their effects on clot formation, we added the following activators or inhibitors (individually or in combination) to whole blood and performed perfusion experiments: rMASP-1cf (recombinant active form of MASP-1), complement activator zymosan, selective MASP-1 inhibitor SGMI-1 (based on the Schistocerca gregaria protease inhibitor scaffold), classical pathway inhibitor rSALO (recombinant salivary anti-complement from Lutzomyia longipalpis). Addition of rMASP-1cf resulted in accelerated fibrin clot formation while addition of SGMI-1 delayed it. Complement activation by zymosan led to increased clot formation and this effect was partially reversed by addition of rSALO and almost abolished in combination with SGMI-1. We show for the first time a strong influence of MASP-1, complement activation and pathway-specific inhibition on coagulation in a microvascular flow system that is closest to human physiology, further underpinning the in vivo relevance of coagulation and complement interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Jenny
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Verena Schroeder
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Banda NK, Acharya S, Scheinman RI, Mehta G, Takahashi M, Endo Y, Zhou W, Farrar CA, Sacks SH, Fujita T, Sekine H, Holers VM. Deconstructing the Lectin Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Inflammatory Arthritis: Essential Role of the Lectin Ficolin B and Mannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine Protease 2. J Immunol 2017; 199:1835-1845. [PMID: 28739878 PMCID: PMC5568486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Complement plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Although the alternative pathway (AP) is known to play a key pathogenic role in models of rheumatoid arthritis, the importance of the lectin pathway (LP) pattern recognition molecules such as ficolin (FCN) A, FCN B, and collectin (CL)-11, as well as the activating enzyme mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2), are less well understood. We show in this article that FCN A-/- and CL-11-/- mice are fully susceptible to collagen Ab-induced arthritis (CAIA). In contrast, FCN B-/- and MASP-2-/-/sMAp-/- mice are substantially protected, with clinical disease activity decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 47 and 70%, respectively. Histopathology scores, C3, factor D, FCN B deposition, and infiltration of synovial macrophages and neutrophils were similarly decreased in FCN B-/- and MASP-2-/-/sMAp-/- mice. Our data support that FCN B plays an important role in the development of CAIA, likely through ligand recognition in the joint and MASP activation, and that MASP-2 also contributes to the development of CAIA, likely in a C4-independent manner. Decreased AP activity in the sera from FCN B-/- and MASP-2-/-/sMAp-/- mice with arthritis on adherent anti-collagen Abs also support the hypothesis that pathogenic Abs, as well as additional inflammation-related ligands, are recognized by the LP and operate in vivo to activate complement. Finally, we also speculate that the residual disease seen in our studies is driven by the AP and/or the C2/C4 bypass pathway via the direct cleavage of C3 through an LP-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal K Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045;
| | - Sumitra Acharya
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Robert I Scheinman
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Gaurav Mehta
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Minoru Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Hikarigaoka, Japan 960-1295; and
| | - Yuichi Endo
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Hikarigaoka, Japan 960-1295; and
| | - Wuding Zhou
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Strand, London SE19 RT, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad A Farrar
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Strand, London SE19 RT, United Kingdom
| | - Steven H Sacks
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Strand, London SE19 RT, United Kingdom
| | - Teizo Fujita
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Hikarigaoka, Japan 960-1295; and
| | - Hideharu Sekine
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Hikarigaoka, Japan 960-1295; and
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Dobó J, Pál G, Cervenak L, Gál P. The emerging roles of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASPs) in the lectin pathway of complement and beyond. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:98-111. [PMID: 27782318 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are the enzymatic constituents of the lectin pathway of the complement system. They are complexed with large pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) such as MBL, other collectins, and ficolins. The main function of two of the three MASPs has crystallized lately: MASP-1 autoactivates first, then it activates MASP-2, and finally both participate in the formation of the C4b2a convertase. In addition to this, both enzymes are involved in several other processes which are subject to intense research nowadays. Notably, MASP-1, as a promiscuous enzyme, has been implicated in the coagulation cascade, in the kinin generating contact system, and in cellular activation through protease-activated receptor (PAR) cleavage on endothelial cells. The third protease MASP-3 has emerged recently as the protease responsible for pro-factor D activation in resting blood, providing a fundamental link between two complement pathways. At present all three MASPs have at least one well-defined role and several other possible functions were implicated. Defect or more likely over-activation of MASPs may culminate into diseases such as ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI); hence, MASPs are all potential targets of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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37
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Yaseen S, Demopulos G, Dudler T, Yabuki M, Wood CL, Cummings WJ, Tjoelker LW, Fujita T, Sacks S, Garred P, Andrew P, Sim RB, Lachmann PJ, Wallis R, Lynch N, Schwaeble WJ. Lectin pathway effector enzyme mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 can activate native complement C3 in absence of C4 and/or C2. FASEB J 2017; 31:2210-2219. [PMID: 28188176 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601306r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All 3 activation pathways of complement-the classic pathway (CP), the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway (LP)- converge into a common central event: the cleavage and activation of the abundant third complement component, C3, via formation of C3-activating enzymes (C3 convertases). The fourth complement component, C4, and the second component, C2, are indispensable constituents of the C3 convertase complex, C4bC2a, which is formed by both the CP and the LP. Whereas in the absence of C4, CP can no longer activate C3, LP retains a residual but physiologically critical capacity to convert native C3 into its activation fragments, C3a and C3b. This residual C4 and/or C2 bypass route is dependent on LP-specific mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2. By using various serum sources with defined complement deficiencies, we demonstrate that, under physiologic conditions LP-specific C4 and/or C2 bypass activation of C3 is mediated by direct cleavage of native C3 by mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 bound to LP-activation complexes captured on ligand-coated surfaces.-Yaseen, S., Demopulos, G., Dudler, T., Yabuki, M., Wood, C. L., Cummings, W. J., Tjoelker, L. W., Fujita, T., Sacks, S., Garred, P., Andrew, P., Sim, R. B., Lachmann, P. J., Wallis, R., Lynch, N., Schwaeble, W. J. Lectin pathway effector enzyme mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 can activate native complement C3 in absence of C4 and/or C2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadam Yaseen
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Omeros Corporation, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Teizo Fujita
- Fukushima Prefectural General Hygiene Institute, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Steven Sacks
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andrew
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B Sim
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Lachmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Wallis
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lynch
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm J Schwaeble
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom;
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38
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Boros E, Szabó A, Zboray K, Héja D, Pál G, Sahin-Tóth M. Overlapping Specificity of Duplicated Human Pancreatic Elastase 3 Isoforms and Archetypal Porcine Elastase 1 Provides Clues to Evolution of Digestive Enzymes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2690-2702. [PMID: 28062577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymotrypsin-like elastases (CELAs) are pancreatic serine proteinases that digest dietary proteins. CELAs are typically expressed in multiple isoforms that can vary among different species. The human pancreas does not express CELA1 but secretes two CELA3 isoforms, CELA3A and CELA3B. The reasons for the CELA3 duplication and the substrate preferences of the duplicated isoforms are unclear. Here, we tested whether CELA3A and CELA3B evolved unique substrate specificities to compensate for the loss of CELA1. We constructed a phage library displaying variants of the substrate-like Schistocerca gregaria proteinase inhibitor 2 (SGPI-2) to select reversible high affinity inhibitors of human CELA3A, CELA3B, and porcine CELA1. Based on the reactive loop sequences of the phage display-selected inhibitors, we recombinantly expressed and purified 12 SGPI-2 variants and determined their binding affinities. We found that the primary specificity of CELA3A, CELA3B, and CELA1 was similar; all preferred aliphatic side chains at the so-called P1 position, the amino acid residue located directly N-terminal to the scissile peptide bond. P1 Met was an interesting exception that was preferred by CELA1 but weakly recognized by the CELA3 isoforms. The extended substrate specificity of CELA3A and CELA3B was comparable, whereas CELA1 exhibited unique interactions at several subsites. These observations indicated that the CELA1 and CELA3 paralogs have some different but also overlapping specificities and that the duplicated CELA3A and CELA3B isoforms did not evolve distinct substrate preferences. Thus, increased gene dosage rather than specificity divergence of the CELA3 isoforms may compensate for the loss of CELA1 digestive activity in the human pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary and.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Katalin Zboray
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary and
| | - Dávid Héja
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary and
| | - Gábor Pál
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary and
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 .,the Center for Exocrine Disorders
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Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectin-10, collectin-11, and the ficolins (ficolin-1, ficolin-2, and ficolin-3) are soluble pattern recognition molecules in the lectin complement pathway. These proteins act as mediators of host defense and participate in maintenance of tissue homeostasis. They bind to conserved pathogen-specific structures and altered self-antigens and form complexes with the pentraxins to modulate innate immune functions. All molecules exhibit distinct expression in different tissue compartments, but all are found to a varying degree in the circulation. A common feature of these molecules is their ability to interact with a set of serine proteases named MASPs (MASP-1, MASP-2, and MASP-3). MASP-1 and -2 trigger the activation of the lectin pathway and MASP-3 may be involved in the activation of the alternative pathway of complement. Furthermore, MASPs mediate processes related to coagulation, bradykinin release, and endothelial and platelet activation. Variant alleles affecting expression and structure of the proteins have been associated with a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases, most commonly as disease modifiers. Notably, the severe 3MC (Malpuech, Michels, Mingarelli, and Carnevale) embryonic development syndrome originates from rare mutations affecting either collectin-11 or MASP-3, indicating a broader functionality of the complement system than previously anticipated. This review summarizes the characteristics of the molecules in the lectin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rafael Bayarri-Olmos
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ying Jie Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kim HJ, Ahn SJ, Woo SJ, Hong HK, Suh EJ, Ahn J, Park JH, Ryoo NK, Lee JE, Kim KW, Park KH, Lee C. Proteomics-based identification and validation of novel plasma biomarkers phospholipid transfer protein and mannan-binding lectin serine protease-1 in age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32548. [PMID: 27605007 PMCID: PMC5015054 DOI: 10.1038/srep32548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of severe, progressive visual loss among the elderly. There are currently no established serological markers for the diagnosis of AMD. In this study, we carried out a large-scale quantitative proteomics analysis to identify plasma proteins that could serve as potential AMD biomarkers. We found that the plasma levels of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and mannan-binding lectin serine protease (MASP)-1 were increased in AMD patients relative to controls. The receiver operating characteristic curve based on data from an independent set of AMD patients and healthy controls had an area under the curve of 0.936 for PLTP and 0.716 for MASP-1, revealing excellent discrimination between the two groups. A proteogenomic combination model that incorporated PLTP and MASP-1 along with two known risk genotypes of age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 and complement factor H genes further enhanced discriminatory power. Additionally, PLTP and MASP-1 mRNA and protein expression levels were upregulated in retinal pigment epithelial cells upon exposure to oxidative stress in vitro. These results indicate that PLTP and MASP-1 can serve as plasma biomarkers for the early diagnosis and treatment of AMD, which is critical for preventing AMD-related blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Joon Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hye Kyoung Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eui Jin Suh
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Na-Kyung Ryoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
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Dobó J, Szakács D, Oroszlán G, Kortvely E, Kiss B, Boros E, Szász R, Závodszky P, Gál P, Pál G. MASP-3 is the exclusive pro-factor D activator in resting blood: the lectin and the alternative complement pathways are fundamentally linked. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31877. [PMID: 27535802 DOI: 10.1038/srep31877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
MASP-3 was discovered 15 years ago as the third mannan-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease of the complement lectin pathway. Lacking any verified substrate its role remained ambiguous. MASP-3 was shown to compete with a key lectin pathway enzyme MASP-2 for MBL binding, and was therefore considered to be a negative complement regulator. Later, knock-out mice experiments suggested that MASP-1 and/or MASP-3 play important roles in complement pro-factor D (pro-FD) maturation. However, studies on a MASP-1/MASP-3-deficient human patient produced contradicting results. In normal resting blood unperturbed by ongoing coagulation or complement activation, factor D is present predominantly in its active form, suggesting that resting blood contains at least one pro-FD activating proteinase that is not a direct initiator of coagulation or complement activation. We have recently showed that all three MASPs can activate pro-FD in vitro. In resting blood, however, using our previously evolved MASP-1 and MASP-2 inhibitors we proved that neither MASP-1 nor MASP-2 activates pro-FD. Other plasma proteinases, particularly MASP-3, remained candidates for that function. For this study we evolved a specific MASP-3 inhibitor and unambiguously proved that activated MASP-3 is the exclusive pro-FD activator in resting blood, which demonstrates a fundamental link between the lectin and alternative pathways.
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42
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Pilely K, Rosbjerg A, Genster N, Gal P, Pál G, Halvorsen B, Holm S, Aukrust P, Bakke SS, Sporsheim B, Nervik I, Niyonzima N, Bartels ED, Stahl GL, Mollnes TE, Espevik T, Garred P. Cholesterol Crystals Activate the Lectin Complement Pathway via Ficolin-2 and Mannose-Binding Lectin: Implications for the Progression of Atherosclerosis. J Immunol 2016; 196:5064-74. [PMID: 27183610 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals (CC) play an essential role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. CC activate the classical and the alternative complement pathways, but the role of the lectin pathway is unknown. We hypothesized that the pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) from the lectin pathway bind CC and function as an upstream innate inflammatory signal in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. We investigated the binding of the PRMs mannose-binding lectin (MBL), ficolin-1, ficolin-2, and ficolin-3, the associated serine proteases, and complement activation products to CC in vitro using recombinant proteins, specific inhibitors, as well as deficient and normal sera. Additionally, we examined the deposition of ficolin-2 and MBL in human carotid plaques by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that the lectin pathway was activated on CC by binding of ficolin-2 and MBL in vitro, resulting in activation and deposition of complement activation products. MBL bound to CC in a calcium-dependent manner whereas ficolin-2 binding was calcium-independent. No binding was observed for ficolin-1 or ficolin-3. MBL and ficolin-2 were present in human carotid plaques, and binding of MBL to CC was confirmed in vivo by immunohistochemistry, showing localization of MBL around CC clefts. Moreover, we demonstrated that IgM, but not IgG, bound to CC in vitro and that C1q binding was facilitated by IgM. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PRMs from the lectin pathway recognize CC and provides evidence for an important role for this pathway in the inflammatory response induced by CC in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Peter Gal
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, 2609 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Siril Skaret Bakke
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Nervik
- Section for Children's and Women's Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Niyonzima
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emil D Bartels
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Gregory L Stahl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8038 Bodø, Norway; and K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark;
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Jani PK, Schwaner E, Kajdácsi E, Debreczeni ML, Ungai-Salánki R, Dobó J, Doleschall Z, Rigó J Jr, Geiszt M, Szabó B, Gál P, Cervenak L. Complement MASP-1 enhances adhesion between endothelial cells and neutrophils by up-regulating E-selectin expression. Mol Immunol 2016; 75:38-47. [PMID: 27219453 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The complement system and neutrophil granulocytes are indispensable in the immune response against extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. Endothelial cells also participate in antimicrobial immunity largely by regulating the homing of leukocytes through their cytokine production and their pattern of cell surface adhesion molecules. We have previously shown that mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), a complement lectin pathway enzyme, is able to activate endothelial cells by cleaving protease activated receptors, which leads to cytokine production and enables neutrophil chemotaxis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate how recombinant MASP-1 (rMASP-1) can modify the pattern of P-selectin, E-selectin, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and VCAM-1 adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and whether these changes can enhance the adherence between endothelial cells and neutrophil granulocyte model cells (differentiated PLB-985). We found that HUVECs activated by rMASP-1 decreased the expression of ICAM-2 and increased that of E-selectin, whereas ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and P-selectin expression remained unchanged. Furthermore, these changes resulted in increased adherence between differentiated PLB-985 cells and endothelial cells. Our finding suggests that complement MASP-1 can increase adhesion between neutrophils and endothelial cells in a direct fashion. This is in agreement with our previous finding that MASP-1 increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6 and IL-8) and chemotaxis, and may thereby boost neutrophil functions. This newly described cooperation between complement lectin pathway and neutrophils via endothelial cells may be an effective tool to enhance the antimicrobial immune response.
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Oroszlán G, Kortvely E, Szakács D, Kocsis A, Dammeier S, Zeck A, Ueffing M, Závodszky P, Pál G, Gál P, Dobó J. MASP-1 and MASP-2 Do Not Activate Pro-Factor D in Resting Human Blood, whereas MASP-3 Is a Potential Activator: Kinetic Analysis Involving Specific MASP-1 and MASP-2 Inhibitors. J Immunol 2015; 196:857-65. [PMID: 26673137 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It had been thought that complement factor D (FD) is activated at the site of synthesis, and only FD lacking a propeptide is present in blood. The serum of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP)-1/3(-/-) mice contains pro-FD and has markedly reduced alternative pathway activity. It was suggested that MASP-1 and MASP-3 directly activate pro-FD; however, other experiments contradicted this view. We decided to clarify the involvement of MASPs in pro-FD activation in normal, as opposed to deficient, human plasma and serum. Human pro-FD containing an APPRGR propeptide was produced in insect cells. We measured its activation kinetics using purified active MASP-1, MASP-2, MASP-3, as well as thrombin. We found all these enzymes to be efficient activators, whereas MASP proenzymes lacked such activity. Pro-FD cleavage in serum or plasma was quantified by a novel assay using fluorescently labeled pro-FD. Labeled pro-FD was processed with t1/2s of ∼ 3 and 5 h in serum and plasma, respectively, showing that proteolytic activity capable of activating pro-FD exists in blood even in the absence of active coagulation enzymes. Our previously developed selective MASP-1 and MASP-2 inhibitors did not reduce pro-FD activation at reasonable concentration. In contrast, at very high concentration, the MASP-2 inhibitor, which is also a poor MASP-3 inhibitor, slowed down the activation. When recombinant MASPs were added to plasma, only MASP-3 could reduce the half-life of pro-FD. Combining our quantitative data, MASP-1 and MASP-2 can be ruled out as direct pro-FD activators in resting blood; however, active MASP-3 is a very likely physiological activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Oroszlán
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elod Kortvely
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dávid Szakács
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sascha Dammeier
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Medical Proteome Center, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - Anne Zeck
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Department of Bioanalytics, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Medical Proteome Center, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - Péter Závodszky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
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Abstract
Complement is a key component of immunity with crucial inflammatory and opsonic properties; inappropriate activation of complement triggers or exacerbates inflammatory disease. Complement dysregulation is a core feature of some diseases and contributes to pathology in many others. Approved agents have been developed for and are highly effective in some orphan applications, but their progress to use in more common diseases has been slow. Numerous challenges, such as target concentration or high turnover, limit the efficacy of these agents in humans. Numerous novel agents targeting different parts of the complement system in different ways are now emerging from pre-clinical studies and are entering Phase I/II trials; these agents bring the potential for more-effective and more-specific anti-complement therapies in disease. Other agents, both biologic and small molecule, are in Phase II or III trials for both rare and common diseases — administration routes include localized (for example, intravitreal) and systemic routes. There is an urgent need to develop biomarkers and imaging methods that enable monitoring of the effects and efficacy of anti-complement agents.
The complement cascade, a key regulator of innate immunity, is a rich source of potential therapeutic targets for diseases including autoimmune, inflammatory and degenerative disorders. Morgan and Harris discuss the progress made in modulating the complement system and the existing challenges, including dosing, localization of the drug to the target and how to interfere with protein–protein interactions. The complement system is a key innate immune defence against infection and an important driver of inflammation; however, these very properties can also cause harm. Inappropriate or uncontrolled activation of complement can cause local and/or systemic inflammation, tissue damage and disease. Complement provides numerous options for drug development as it is a proteolytic cascade that involves nine specific proteases, unique multimolecular activation and lytic complexes, an arsenal of natural inhibitors, and numerous receptors that bind to activation fragments. Drug design is facilitated by the increasingly detailed structural understanding of the molecules involved in the complement system. Only two anti-complement drugs are currently on the market, but many more are being developed for diseases that include infectious, inflammatory, degenerative, traumatic and neoplastic disorders. In this Review, we describe the history, current landscape and future directions for anti-complement therapies.
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Hansen CB, Csuka D, Munthe-Fog L, Varga L, Farkas H, Hansen KM, Koch C, Skjødt K, Garred P, Skjoedt MO. The Levels of the Lectin Pathway Serine Protease MASP-1 and Its Complex Formation with C1 Inhibitor Are Linked to the Severity of Hereditary Angioedema. J I 2015; 195:3596-604. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pągowska-Klimek I, Świerzko AS, Michalski M, Moll M, Szala-Poździej A, Sokołowska A, Krajewski WR, Cedzyński M. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) insufficiency protects against the development of systemic inflammatory response after pediatric cardiac surgery. Immunobiology 2015; 221:175-81. [PMID: 26382056 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated MBL2 and MASP2 genotypes, serum MBL (mannose-binding lectin) levels and activities of its complexes with associated serine proteases (MASP-1, MASP -2), in relation to complications following cardiac surgery in 195 children. The incidence of SIRS was lower in patients carrying MBL2 A/O and O/O genotypes (p=0.024). Children with MBL levels <500ng/ml had a lower risk of SIRS (p=0.014) and fever (p=0.044). Median MBL concentration was higher in patients who developed SIRS (p=0.048) but lower in those with post-operative infections (p=0.046). MBL-MASP-2 activities <100mU/ml protected from SIRS (p=0.007), low cardiac output syndrome (p=0.03) and multiorgan failure (p=0.012). In contrast, MBL2 YA/YA genotypes were associated with SIRS (p=0.018), low cardiac output syndrome (p=0.018), fever (p=0.018) and high inotropic score (VIS>30) (p=0.021). Thus, low MBL concentrations and associated genotypes may protect patients from systemic inflammation while high MBL serum levels and corresponding genotypes are risk factors of postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Pągowska-Klimek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna S Świerzko
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Michalski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Moll
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Polish Mothers's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szala-Poździej
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Sokołowska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech R Krajewski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Cedzyński
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
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Arooj M, Sakkiah S, Cao GP, Kim S, Arulalapperumal V, Lee KW. Finding off-targets, biological pathways, and target diseases for chymase inhibitors via structure-based systems biology approach. Proteins 2015; 83:1209-24. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahreen Arooj
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI); Curtin University Australia
| | - Sugunadevi Sakkiah
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program); Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science(RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU); 501 Jinju-daero Gazha-dong Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Guang Ping Cao
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program); Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science(RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU); 501 Jinju-daero Gazha-dong Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Songmi Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program); Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science(RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU); 501 Jinju-daero Gazha-dong Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Venkatesh Arulalapperumal
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program); Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science(RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU); 501 Jinju-daero Gazha-dong Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program); Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science(RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU); 501 Jinju-daero Gazha-dong Jinju 660-701 Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Biocatalysts, especially enzymes, have the ability to catalyze reactions with high product selectivity, utilize a broad range of substrates, and maintain activity at low temperature and pressure. Therefore, they represent a renewable, environmentally friendly alternative to conventional catalysts. Most current industrial-scale chemical production processes using biocatalysts employ soluble enzymes or whole cells expressing intracellular enzymes. Cell surface display systems differ by presenting heterologous enzymes extracellularly, overcoming some of the limitations associated with enzyme purification and substrate transport. Additionally, coupled with directed evolution, cell surface display is a powerful platform for engineering enzymes with enhanced properties. In this review, we will introduce the molecular and cellular principles of cell surface display and discuss how it has been applied to engineer enzymes with improved properties as well as to develop surface-engineered microbes as whole-cell biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason R. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eshita Khera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Beltrame MH, Boldt ABW, Catarino SJ, Mendes HC, Boschmann SE, Goeldner I, Messias-Reason I. MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) and infectious diseases. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:85-100. [PMID: 25862418 PMCID: PMC7112674 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MASP-1 and MASP-2 are central players of the lectin pathway of complement. MASP1 and MASP2 gene polymorphisms regulate protein serum levels and activity. MASP deficiencies are associated with increased infection susceptibility. MASP polymorphisms and serum levels are associated with disease progression.
The lectin pathway of the complement system has a pivotal role in the defense against infectious organisms. After binding of mannan-binding lectin (MBL), ficolins or collectin 11 to carbohydrates or acetylated residues on pathogen surfaces, dimers of MBL-associated serine proteases 1 and 2 (MASP-1 and MASP-2) activate a proteolytic cascade, which culminates in the formation of the membrane attack complex and pathogen lysis. Alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding MASP-1 results in two other products, MASP-3 and MAp44, which regulate activation of the cascade. A similar mechanism allows the gene encoding MASP-2 to produce the truncated MAp19 protein. Polymorphisms in MASP1 and MASP2 genes are associated with protein serum levels and functional activity. Since the first report of a MASP deficiency in 2003, deficiencies in lectin pathway proteins have been associated with recurrent infections and several polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility or protection to infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the findings on the role of MASP polymorphisms and serum levels in bacterial, viral and protozoan infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia H Beltrame
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Angelica B W Boldt
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra J Catarino
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Hellen C Mendes
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Stefanie E Boschmann
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Isabela Goeldner
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Iara Messias-Reason
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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