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Gleason N, Kowluru A. Hyperglycemic Stress Induces Expression, Degradation, and Nuclear Association of Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor 2 (RhoGDIβ) in Pancreatic β-Cells. Cells 2024; 13:272. [PMID: 38334664 PMCID: PMC10854874 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Small G proteins (e.g., Rac1) play critical regulatory roles in islet β-cell function in health (physiological insulin secretion) and in metabolic stress (cell dysfunction and demise). Multiple regulatory factors for these G proteins, such as GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), have been implicated in the functional regulation of these G proteins. The current set of investigations is aimed at understanding impact of chronic hyperglycemic stress on the expression and subcellular distribution of three known isoforms of RhoGDIs (RhoGDIα, RhoGDIβ, and RhoGDIγ) in insulin-secreting β-cells. The data accrued in these studies revealed that the expression of RhoGDIβ, but not RhoGDIα or RhoGDIγ, is increased in INS-1 832/13 cells, rat islets, and human islets. Hyperglycemic stress also promoted the cleavage of RhoGDIβ, leading to its translocation to the nuclear compartment. We also report that RhoGDIα, but not RhoGDIγ, is associated with the nuclear compartment. However, unlike RhoGDIβ, hyperglycemic conditions exerted no effects on RhoGDIα's association with nuclear fraction. Based on these observations, and our earlier findings of the translocation of Rac1 to the nuclear compartment under the duress of metabolic stress, we conclude that the RhoGDIβ-Rac1 signaling module promotes signals from the cytosolic to the nucleus, culminating in accelerated β-cell dysfunction under metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Gleason
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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2
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The Dual Function of RhoGDI2 in Immunity and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044015. [PMID: 36835422 PMCID: PMC9960019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoGDI2 is a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) specific for the Rho family of small GTPases. It is highly expressed in hematopoietic cells but is also present in a large array of other cell types. RhoGDI2 has been implicated in multiple human cancers and immunity regulation, where it can display a dual role. Despite its involvement in various biological processes, we still do not have a clear understanding of its mechanistic functions. This review sheds a light on the dual opposite role of RhoGDI2 in cancer, highlights its underappreciated role in immunity and proposes ways to explain its intricate regulatory functions.
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3
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Thamilselvan V, Kowluru A. Paradoxical regulation of glucose-induced Rac1 activation and insulin secretion by RhoGDIβ in pancreatic β-cells. Small GTPases 2021; 12:114-121. [PMID: 31267831 PMCID: PMC7849774 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1635403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases (e.g., Rac1) play key roles in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in the β-cell. We investigated regulation by RhoGDIβ of glucose-induced activation of Rac1 and insulin secretion. RhoGDIβ is expressed in INS-1 832/13 cells, rodent and human islets. siRNA-mediated knockdown of RhoGDIβ in INS-1 832/13 cells significantly attenuated glucose-induced Rac1 activation without affecting its translocation and membrane association. Further, suppression of RhoGDIβ expression exerted minimal effects on GSIS at the height of inhibition of Rac1 activation, suggesting divergent effects of RhoGDIβ on Rac1 activation and insulin secretion in the glucose-stimulated β-cell. We provide the first evidence for the expression of RhoGDIβ in rodent and human β-cells, and its differential regulatory roles of this protein in G protein activation and GSIS. Abbreviations: Arf6: ADP ribosylation factor; Cdc42: Cell Division Cycle; GAP: GTPase-activating protein; GDI: GDP dissociation inhibitor; GDIα: GDP dissociation inhibitorα; GDIβ: GDP dissociation inhibitorβ; GEF: Guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GSIS: Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; Rac1: Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Thamilselvan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Diabetes, Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
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4
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Nicolaou O, Sokratous K, Makowska Z, Morell M, De Groof A, Montigny P, Hadjisavvas A, Michailidou K, Oulas A, Spyrou GM, Demetriou C, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Psarellis S, Kousios A, Lauwerys B, Kyriacou K. Proteomic analysis in lupus mice identifies Coronin-1A as a potential biomarker for lupus nephritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:147. [PMID: 32552896 PMCID: PMC7301983 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 50% of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients develop nephritis, which is among the most severe and frequent complications of the disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite intensive research, there are still no reliable lupus nephritis (LN) markers in clinical use that can assess renal damage and activity with a high sensitivity and specificity. To this end, the aim of this study was to identify new clinically relevant tissue-specific protein biomarkers and possible underlying molecular mechanisms associated with renal involvement in SLE, using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. METHODS Kidneys were harvested from female triple congenic B6.NZMsle1/sle2/sle3 lupus mice model, and the respective sex- and age-matched C57BL/6 control mice at 12, 24 and 36 weeks of age, representing pre-symptomatic, established and end-stage LN, respectively. Proteins were extracted from kidneys, purified, reduced, alkylated and digested by trypsin. Purified peptides were separated by liquid chromatography and analysed by high-resolution MS. Data were processed by the Progenesis QIp software, and functional annotation analysis was performed using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Immunofluorescence and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS methods were used to confirm prospective biomarkers in SLE mouse strains as well as human serum samples. RESULTS Proteomic profiling of kidney tissues from SLE and control mice resulted in the identification of more than 3800 unique proteins. Pathway analysis revealed a number of dysregulated molecular pathways that may be mechanistically involved in renal pathology, including phagosome and proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation pathways. Proteomic analysis supported by human transcriptomic data and pathway analysis revealed Coronin-1A, Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15, and Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2, as potential LN biomarkers. These results were further validated in other SLE mouse strains using MRM-MS. Most importantly, experiments in humans showed that measurement of Coronin-1A in human sera using MRM-MS can segregate LN patients from SLE patients without nephritis with a high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that serum Coronin-1A may serve as a promising non-invasive biomarker for LN and, upon validation in larger cohorts, may be employed in the future as a screening test for renal disease in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orthodoxia Nicolaou
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleitos Sokratous
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Bioinformatics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Present Address: OMass Therapeutics, The Schrödinger Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GE, UK
| | | | - María Morell
- Genomic Medicine Department, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Aurélie De Groof
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Montigny
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Andreas Hadjisavvas
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anastasis Oulas
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Bioinformatics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George M Spyrou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Bioinformatics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christiana Demetriou
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Genomic Medicine Department, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Savvas Psarellis
- Department of Rheumatology, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kousios
- Renal and Transplant Centre Hammersmith Hospital Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Bernard Lauwerys
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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A Review on the Function and Regulation of ARHGDIB/RhoGDI2 Expression Including the Hypothetical Role of ARHGDIB/RhoGDI2 Autoantibodies in Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Direct 2020; 6:e548. [PMID: 32548242 PMCID: PMC7213606 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenging and still unsolved problems in kidney transplantation are risk stratification and the treatment of humoral rejection. Antibody-mediated rejection is an important cause of early and chronic rejection. The impact of donor-specific HLA antibodies on antibody-mediated rejection–causing graft damage is well known, but the clinical relevance of non-HLA antibodies remains unclear. Recently, in 2 independent studies, a new correlation was found between the presence of non-HLA anti-Rho guanosine diphosphate dissociation inhibitor 2 (ARHGDIB) antibodies and increased graft failure. RhoGDI2, another name for ARHGDIB, is a negative regulator of the Rho guanosine triphosphate (RhoGTP)ases RhoA, Rac1m, and Cdc42, whose main function is regulating the actin network in a variety of cells. RhoGDI2 is mainly expressed intracellularly, and some expression is observed on the cell surface. Currently, there is no mechanism known to explain this correlation. Additionally, the reason why the antibodies are produced is unknown. In this review, we will address these questions, provide an overview of other diseases in which these antibodies are prevalent, and describe the physiological role of RhoGDI2 itself. If the mechanism and impact of RhoGDI2 antibodies in kidney graft failure are known, improved risk stratification can be provided to decrease the rate of donor kidney graft failure.
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Abstract
Glucose-induced (physiological) insulin secretion from the islet β-cell involves interplay between cationic (i.e., changes in intracellular calcium) and metabolic (i.e., generation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic second messengers) events. A large body of evidence affirms support for novel regulation, by G proteins, of specific intracellular signaling events, including actin cytoskeletal remodeling, transport of insulin-containing granules to the plasma membrane for fusion, and secretion of insulin into the circulation. This article highlights the following aspects of GPCR-G protein biology of the islet. First, it overviews our current understanding of the identity of a wide variety of G protein regulators and their modulatory roles in GPCR-G protein-effector coupling, which is requisite for optimal β-cell function under physiological conditions. Second, it describes evidence in support of novel, noncanonical, GPCR-independent mechanisms of activation of G proteins in the islet. Third, it highlights the evidence indicating that abnormalities in G protein function lead to islet β-cell dysregulation and demise under the duress of metabolic stress and diabetes. Fourth, it summarizes observations of potential beneficial effects of GPCR agonists in preventing/halting metabolic defects in the islet β-cell under various pathological conditions (e.g., metabolic stress and inflammation). Lastly, it identifies knowledge gaps and potential avenues for future research in this evolving field of translational islet biology. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:453-490, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Diabetes, Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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7
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Liu W, Wang X, Wang S, Ba X, Xu T, Wang X, Zeng X. RhoGDI2 positively regulates the Rho GTPases activation in response to the β2 outside-in signaling in T cells adhesion and migration on ICAM-1. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:431-446. [PMID: 31075185 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0718-272rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal reorganization driven by Rho GTPases plays a crucial role in the migration of T cells, which are key regulators of immunity. The molecular mechanisms that control actin cytoskeleton remodeling during T cell movement have only partially been clarified as the function of many modulators has not been evaluated in these cells. Here, we report a new function of RhoGDI2 by showing that this protein positively regulates Rho GTPase activation during T cell adhesion and migration. RhoGDI2 knockdown significantly reduced T cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, RhoGDI2 knockdown decreased the activation of Rac1 and Cdc42, 2 members of Rho GTPases, and the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Upon P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 engagement, RhoGDI2 was phosphorylated at Y24 and Y153 by kinases related to β2 integrin outside-in signaling, Src, c-Abl, and Syk, resulting in the accumulation of RhoGDI2 at the cell membrane. Subsequent phosphorylation of S31 induced the opening of RhoGDI2 and the release of Rho GTPases, whereas phosphorylation of Y153 might promote the activation of Rho GTPases by recruiting Vav1. Moreover, the disruption of lipid rafts with methyl-β-cyclodextrin blocked the interaction between integrins and RhoGDI2, reducing the level of phosphorylated RhoGDI2 and the activation of downstream Rho GTPases. Based on these observations, RhoGDI2 is a target of intergrin outside-in signaling that activates Rho GTPases during T cell adhesion and migration, and RhoGDI2-mediated signal transduction is based on the lipid rafts integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenai Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xueqing Ba
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tingshuang Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Bioscience, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xianlu Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Del Río-Iñiguez I, Vázquez-Chávez E, Cuche C, Di Bartolo V, Bouchet J, Alcover A. HIV-1 Nef Hijacks Lck and Rac1 Endosomal Traffic To Dually Modulate Signaling-Mediated and Actin Cytoskeleton-Mediated T Cell Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2624-2640. [PMID: 30282749 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal traffic of TCR and signaling molecules regulates immunological synapse formation and T cell activation. We recently showed that Rab11 endosomes regulate the subcellular localization of the tyrosine kinase Lck and of the GTPase Rac1 and control their functions in TCR signaling and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. HIV-1 infection of T cells alters their endosomal traffic, activation capacity, and actin cytoskeleton organization. The viral protein Nef is pivotal for these modifications. We hypothesized that HIV-1 Nef could jointly alter Lck and Rac1 endosomal traffic and concomitantly modulate their functions. In this study, we show that HIV-1 infection of human T cells sequesters both Lck and Rac1 in a pericentrosomal compartment in an Nef-dependent manner. Strikingly, the Nef-induced Lck compartment contains signaling-competent forms (phosphorylated on key Tyr residues) of Lck and some of its downstream effectors, TCRζ, ZAP70, SLP76, and Vav1, avoiding the proximal LAT adaptor. Importantly, Nef-induced concentration of signaling molecules was concomitant with the upregulation of several early and late T cell activation genes. Moreover, preventing the concentration of the Nef-induced Lck compartment by depleting the Rab11 effector FIP3 counteracted Nef-induced gene expression upregulation. In addition, Nef extensively sequesters Rac1 and downregulates Rac1-dependent actin cytoskeleton remodeling, thus reducing T cell spreading. Therefore, by modifying their endosomal traffic, Nef hijacks signaling and actin cytoskeleton regulators to dually modulate their functional outputs. Our data shed new light into the molecular mechanisms that modify T cell physiology during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Del Río-Iñiguez
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France.,INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France; and.,Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Elena Vázquez-Chávez
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France.,INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Céline Cuche
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France.,INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France.,INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Jérôme Bouchet
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; .,INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; .,INSERM U1221, 75015 Paris, France; and
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9
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von Klot CA, Dubrowinskaja N, Peters I, Hennenlotter J, Merseburger AS, Stenzl A, Kuczyk MA, Serth J. Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor-β in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:8190-8196. [PMID: 29250194 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor-β (ARHGDIB) is an important mediator of cell signaling. The expression of ARHGDIB is associated with tumor growth and metastasis in a variety of non-genitourinary cancers; however, the role of ARHGDIB in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not yet been evaluated. In the present study, tissue samples from 105 patients undergoing surgery for RCC were obtained. The expression levels of ARHGDIB mRNA in normal kidney tissues and in corresponding cancer tissues were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Differences in relative mRNA expression levels were assessed using paired two-sample t-tests. Expression levels were analyzed with respect to various clinical parameters, and associations were tested using a bivariate logistic regression model. Relative mRNA expression levels in healthy renal tissues compared with cancerous tissues from the same kidney were assessed using paired t-tests. Expression data were compared with respect to survival data by the Kaplan-Meier method/Cox regression analysis. The results revealed that the relative mRNA expression level of ARHGDIB was significantly higher in the lysates of RCC tumor tissues (P<0.001) when compared with healthy renal tissues in a paired analysis of 74 samples; this finding was consistent with the analysis of ARHGDIB mRNA expression levels in all RCC samples, as well as in the subset of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) samples. The relative mRNA expression level of ARHGDIB was also increased in ccRCC tissues compared with papillary RCC tissues (P<0.001). On univariate Cox regression analysis, recurrence-free survival (RFS) was significantly associated with metastasis, locally advanced disease and tumor grade (P=0.018, P=0.002 and P<0.001, respectively). Furthermore, in the subgroup of patients with ccRCC, increased ARHGDIB mRNA expression was significantly associated with a longer RFS time (P=0.001). In summary, the results indicate that ARHGDIB mRNA is highly expressed in RCC tissues in general and is positively associated with RFS in ccRCC. As ARHGDIB has a known effect on angiogenesis and immune modulation, the present study suggests that the functional analysis of ARHGDIB should be performed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Dubrowinskaja
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Peters
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, Campus Lübeck University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Campus Lübeck University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus A Kuczyk
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Serth
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Ngo ATP, Thierheimer MLD, Babur Ö, Rocheleau AD, Huang T, Pang J, Rigg RA, Mitrugno A, Theodorescu D, Burchard J, Nan X, Demir E, McCarty OJT, Aslan JE. Assessment of roles for the Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor Ly-GDI in platelet function: a spatial systems approach. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C527-C536. [PMID: 28148498 PMCID: PMC5407014 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00274.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
On activation at sites of vascular injury, platelets undergo morphological alterations essential to hemostasis via cytoskeletal reorganizations driven by the Rho GTPases Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA. Here we investigate roles for Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor proteins (RhoGDIs) in platelet function. We find that platelets express two RhoGDI family members, RhoGDI and Ly-GDI. Whereas RhoGDI localizes throughout platelets in a granule-like manner, Ly-GDI shows an asymmetric, polarized localization that largely overlaps with Rac1 and Cdc42 as well as microtubules and protein kinase C (PKC) in platelets adherent to fibrinogen. Antibody interference and platelet spreading experiments suggest a specific role for Ly-GDI in platelet function. Intracellular signaling studies based on interactome and pathways analyses also support a regulatory role for Ly-GDI, which is phosphorylated at PKC substrate motifs in a PKC-dependent manner in response to the platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI-specific agonist collagen-related peptide. Additionally, PKC inhibition diffuses the polarized organization of Ly-GDI in spread platelets relative to its colocalization with Rac1 and Cdc42. Together, our results suggest a role for Ly-GDI in the localized regulation of Rho GTPases in platelets and hypothesize a link between the PKC and Rho GTPase signaling systems in platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T P Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Marisa L D Thierheimer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; and
| | - Özgün Babur
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Anne D Rocheleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jiaqing Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Rachel A Rigg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Annachiara Mitrugno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery, Department of Pharmacology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julja Burchard
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xiaolin Nan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Emek Demir
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon;
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11
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The molecular effect of metastasis suppressors on Src signaling and tumorigenesis: new therapeutic targets. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35522-41. [PMID: 26431493 PMCID: PMC4742122 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major problem for cancer patients is the metastasis of cancer cells from the primary tumor. This involves: (1) migration through the basement membrane; (2) dissemination via the circulatory system; and (3) invasion into a secondary site. Metastasis suppressors, by definition, inhibit metastasis at any step of the metastatic cascade. Notably, Src is a non-receptor, cytoplasmic, tyrosine kinase, which becomes aberrantly activated in many cancer-types following stimulation of plasma membrane receptors (e.g., receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins). There is evidence of a prominent role of Src in tumor progression-related events such as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the development of metastasis. However, the precise molecular interactions of Src with metastasis suppressors remain unclear. Herein, we review known metastasis suppressors and summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of how these proteins inhibit metastasis through modulation of Src. Particular emphasis is bestowed on the potent metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) and its interactions with the Src signaling cascade. Recent studies demonstrated a novel mechanism through which NDRG1 plays a significant role in regulating cancer cell migration by inhibiting Src activity. Moreover, we discuss the rationale for targeting metastasis suppressor genes as a sound therapeutic modality, and we review several examples from the literature where such strategies show promise. Collectively, this review summarizes the essential interactions of metastasis suppressors with Src and their effects on progression of cancer metastasis. Moreover, interesting unresolved issues regarding these proteins as well as their potential as therapeutic targets are also discussed.
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12
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Wang C, Wei LL, Shi LY, Pan ZF, Yu XM, Li TY, Liu CM, Ping ZP, Jiang TT, Chen ZL, Mao LG, Li ZJ, Li JC. Screening and identification of five serum proteins as novel potential biomarkers for cured pulmonary tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15615. [PMID: 26499913 PMCID: PMC4620482 DOI: 10.1038/srep15615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and efficient methods for the determination of cured tuberculosis (TB) are lacking. A total of 85 differentially expressed serum proteins were identified by iTRAQ labeling coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2D LC-MS/MS) analysis (fold change >1.50 or <0.60, P < 0.05). We validated albumin (ALB), Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2 (ARHGDIB), complement 3 (C3), ficolin-2 (FCN2), and apolipoprotein (a) (LPA) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Significantly increased ALB and LPA levels (P = 0.036 and P = 0.012, respectively) and significantly reduced ARHGDIB, C3, and FCN2 levels (P < 0.001, P = 0.035, and P = 0.018, respectively) were observed in cured TB patients compared with untreated TB patients. In addition, changes in ALB and FCN2 levels occurred after 2 months of treatment (P < 0.001 and P = 0.030, respectively). We established a cured TB model with 87.10% sensitivity, 79.49% specificity, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.876. The results indicated that ALB, ARHGDIB, C3, FCN2, and LPA levels might serve as potential biomarkers for cured TB. Our study provides experimental data for establishing objective indicators of cured TB and also proposes potential markers for evaluating the efficacy of anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Li-Liang Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Sixth Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing 312000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ying Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Fen Pan
- Department of Tuberculosis, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Ming Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Peng Ping
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Jiang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Liang Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Gen Mao
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Cheng Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
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13
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Yan C, Wang X, Liu Y, Abdulnour RE, Wu M, Gao H. Protective Role of Rho Guanosine Diphosphate Dissociation Inhibitor, Ly-GDI, in Pulmonary Alveolitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140804. [PMID: 26469087 PMCID: PMC4607448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidences indicate that Ly-GDI, an inhibitory protein of Rho GTPases, plays an essential role in regulating actin cytoskeletal alteration which is indispensible for the process such as phagocytosis. However, the role of Ly-GDI in inflammation remains largely unknown. In the current study, we found that Ly-GDI expression was significantly decreased in the IgG immune complex-injured lungs. To determine if Ly-GDI might regulate the lung inflammatory response, we constructed adenovirus vectors that could mediate ectopic expression of Ly-GDI (Adeno-Ly-GDI). In vivo mouse lung expression of Ly-GDI resulted in a significant attenuation of IgG immune complex-induced lung injury, which was due to the decreased pulmonary permeability and lung inflammatory cells, especially neutrophil accumulation. Upon IgG immune complex deposition, mice with Ly-GDI over-expression in the lungs produced significant less inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-1α) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid when compared control mice receiving airway injection of Adeno-GFP. Mechanically, IgG immune complex-induced NF-κB activity was markedly suppressed by Ly-GDI in both alveolar macrophages and lungs as measured by luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. These findings suggest that Ly-GDI is a critical regulator of inflammatory injury after deposition of IgG immune complexes and that it negatively regulates the lung NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative&Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Ximo Wang
- Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanlan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative&Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raja-Elie Abdulnour
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Hongwei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative&Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Barbati C, Alessandri C, Vomero M, Vona R, Colasanti T, Vacirca D, Camerini S, Crescenzi M, Pendolino M, Truglia S, Conti F, Garofalo T, Sorice M, Pierdominici M, Valesini G, Malorni W, Ortona E. Autoantibodies specific to D4GDI modulate Rho GTPase mediated cytoskeleton remodeling and induce autophagy in T lymphocytes. J Autoimmun 2015; 58:78-89. [PMID: 25623267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes from patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) display multiple abnormalities, including increased cell activation, abnormal cell death by apoptosis and impairment of autophagy pathway. In the present study we report the presence of specific antibodies to D4GDI, a small GTPase family inhibitor, in a significant percentage (46%) of SLE patient sera. We also found a significant association between the presence of these autoantibodies and hematologic manifestations occurring in these patients. Investigating the possible implication of anti-D4GDI autoantibodies in SLE pathogenesis or progression, we found that these antibodies were capable of binding D4GDI expressed at the lymphocyte surface and triggering a series of subcellular events, including Rho GTPase activation. These antibodies were also able to induce autophagy in T cells from both healthy donors and SLE patients, but only those negative to these antibodies. We can conclude that anti-D4GDI autoantibodies could be capable of triggering important responses in T cells such as cytoskeleton remodeling and autophagy pathway and that, in SLE patients, the chronic exposure to these specific autoantibodies could lead to the selection of autophagy-resistant T cell clones contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Barbati
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Alessandri
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Vomero
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Vona
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Tania Colasanti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Vacirca
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Camerini
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Crescenzi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Pendolino
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Truglia
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Conti
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Pierdominici
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Valesini
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele Pisana Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Ortona
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele Pisana Institute, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Yu X, Woolery AR, Luong P, Hao YH, Grammel M, Westcott N, Park J, Wang J, Bian X, Demirkan G, Hang HC, Orth K, LaBaer J. Copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click chemistry)-based detection of global pathogen-host AMPylation on self-assembled human protein microarrays. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3164-76. [PMID: 25073739 PMCID: PMC4223499 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.041103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPylation (adenylylation) is a recently discovered mechanism employed by infectious bacteria to regulate host cell signaling. However, despite significant effort, only a few host targets have been identified, limiting our understanding of how these pathogens exploit this mechanism to control host cells. Accordingly, we developed a novel nonradioactive AMPylation screening platform using high-density cell-free protein microarrays displaying human proteins produced by human translational machinery. We screened 10,000 unique human proteins with Vibrio parahaemolyticus VopS and Histophilus somni IbpAFic2, and identified many new AMPylation substrates. Two of these, Rac2, and Rac3, were confirmed in vivo as bona fide substrates during infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. We also mapped the site of AMPylation of a non-GTPase substrate, LyGDI, to threonine 51, in a region regulated by Src kinase, and demonstrated that AMPylation prevented its phosphorylation by Src. Our results greatly expanded the repertoire of potential host substrates for bacterial AMPylators, determined their recognition motif, and revealed the first pathogen-host interaction AMPylation network. This approach can be extended to identify novel substrates of AMPylators with different domains or in different species and readily adapted for other post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yu
- From the ‡The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Andrew R Woolery
- §Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA
| | - Phi Luong
- §Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA
| | - Yi Heng Hao
- §Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA
| | - Markus Grammel
- ¶The Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065, USA
| | - Nathan Westcott
- ¶The Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jin Park
- From the ‡The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- From the ‡The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Xiaofang Bian
- From the ‡The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Gokhan Demirkan
- From the ‡The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- ¶The Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065, USA
| | - Kim Orth
- §Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- From the ‡The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA;
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16
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Morin A, Cordelières FP, Cherfils J, Olofsson B. RhoGDI3 and RhoG: Vesicular trafficking and interactions with the Sec3 Exocyst subunit. Small GTPases 2014; 1:142-156. [PMID: 21686268 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.3.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoGDIs are negative regulators of small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family, which have essential cellular functions in most aspects of actin-based morphology and motility processes. They extract Rho proteins from membranes, keep them in inactive rhoGDI/Rho complexes and eventually deliver them again to specific membranes in response to cellular signals. RhoGDI3, the most divergent member of the rhoGDI family, is well suited to document the underlying molecular mechanisms, since the active and inactive forms of its cellular target, RhoG, have well-separated subcellular localizations. In this study, we investigate trafficking structures and molecular interactions involved in rhoGDI3-mediated shuttling of RhoG between the Golgi and the plasma membrane.Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and acceptor-photobleaching FRET experiments suggest that rhoGDI3 and RhoG form complexes on Golgi and vesicular structures in mammalian cells. 4D-videomicroscopy confirms this localization, and show that RhoG/rhoGDI3-labelled structures are less dynamic than RhoG and rhoGDI3-labeled vesicles, consistent with the inhibitory function of rhoGDI3. Next, we identify the Exocyst subunit Sec3 as a candidate rhoGDI3 partner in cells. RhoGDI3 relocates a subcomplex of the Exocyst (Sec3 and Sec8) from the cytoplasm to the Golgi, while Sec6 is unaffected. Remarkably, Sec3 increases the level of GTP-bound endogenous RhoG, the RhoG-dependent induction of membrane ruffles, and the formation of intercellular tunneling nanotube-like protrusions.Altogether, our study identifies a novel link between vesicular traffic and the regulation of Rho proteins by rhoGDIs. It also suggests that components of the Exocyst machinery may be involved in RhoG functions, possibly regulated by rhoGDI3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Morin
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales; Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette; CNRS; Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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17
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Cho HJ, Kim IK, Park SM, Baek KE, Nam IK, Park SH, Ryu KJ, Choi J, Ryu J, Hong SC, Jeong SH, Lee YJ, Ko GH, Kim J, Won Lee C, Soo Kang S, Yoo J. VEGF-C mediates RhoGDI2-induced gastric cancer cell metastasis and cisplatin resistance. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1553-63. [PMID: 24585459 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) expression is correlated with tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance in gastric cancer. However, the mechanisms by which RhoGDI2 promotes tumor cell survival and metastasis remain unclear. In this study, we clearly demonstrate that RhoGDI2 upregulates VEGF-C expression and RhoGDI2 expression is positively correlated with VEGF-C expression in human gastric tumor tissues as well as parental gastric cancer cell lines. VEGF-C depletion suppressed RhoGDI2-induced gastric cancer metastasis and sensitized RhoGDI2-overexpressing cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Secreted VEGF-C enhanced gastric cancer cell invasion and conferred cisplatin resistance to RhoGDI2-overexpressing cells. We also show that RhoGDI2 positively regulates Rac1 activity in gastric cancer cells. Inhibition of Rac1 expression suppressed RhoGDI2-induced VEGF-C expression, and this inhibition was associated with decreased invasiveness and increased sensitivity to cisplatin in RhoGDI2-overexpressing cells. Our results indicate that RhoGDI2 might be a potential therapeutic target for simultaneously reducing metastasis risk and enhancing chemotherapy efficacy in gastric cancer.
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Abstract
The Rac inhibitor EHop-016 was developed as a compound with the potential to inhibit cancer metastasis. Inhibition of the first step of metastasis, migration, is an important strategy for metastasis prevention. The small GTPase Rac acts as a pivotal binary switch that is turned "on" by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) via a myriad of cell surface receptors, to regulate cancer cell migration, survival, and proliferation. Unlike the related GTPase Ras, Racs are not usually mutated, but overexpressed or overactivated in cancer. Therefore, a rational Rac inhibitor should block the activation of Rac by its upstream effectors, GEFs, and the Rac inhibitor NSC23766 was developed using this rationale. However, this compound is ineffective at inhibiting the elevated Rac activity of metastatic breast cancer cells. Therefore, a panel of small molecule compounds were derived from NSC23766 and screened for Rac activity inhibition in metastatic cancer cells. EHop-016 was identified as a compound that blocks the interaction of Rac with the GEF Vav in metastatic human breast cancer cells with an IC50 of ~1μM. At higher concentrations (10μM), EHop-016 inhibits the related Rho GTPase Cdc42, but not Rho, and also reduces cell viability. Moreover, EHop-016 inhibits the activation of the Rac downstream effector p21-activated kinase, extension of motile actin-based structures, and cell migration. Future goals are to develop EHop-016 as a therapeutic to inhibit cancer metastasis, either individually or in combination with current anticancer compounds. The next generation of EHop-016-based Rac inhibitors is also being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
| | - Eliud Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Cornelis Vlaar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
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19
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Sebban S, Farago M, Gashai D, Ilan L, Pikarsky E, Ben-Porath I, Katzav S. Vav1 fine tunes p53 control of apoptosis versus proliferation in breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54321. [PMID: 23342133 PMCID: PMC3544807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vav1 functions as a signal transducer protein in the hematopoietic system, where it is exclusively expressed. Vav1 was recently implicated in several human cancers, including lung, pancreatic and neuroblasoma. In this study, we analyzed the expression and function of Vav1 in human breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis of primary human breast carcinomas indicated that Vav1 is expressed in 62% of 65 tumors tested and is correlated positively with estrogen receptor expression. Based on published gene profiling of 50 breast cancer cell lines, several Vav1-expressing cell lines were identified. RT-PCR confirmed Vav1 mRNA expression in several of these cell lines, yet no detectable levels of Vav1 protein were observed due to cbl-c proteasomal degradation. We used two of these lines, MCF-7 (Vav1 mRNA negative) and AU565 (Vav1 mRNA positive), to explore the effect of Vav1 expression on breast cell phenotype and function. Vav1 expression had opposite effects on function in these two lines: it reduced proliferation and enhanced cell death in MCF-7 cells but enhanced proliferation in AU565 cells. Consistent with these findings, transcriptome analysis revealed an increase in expression of proliferation-related genes in Vav1-expressing AU565 cells compared to controls, and an increase in apoptosis-related genes in Vav1-expressing MCF-7 cells compared with controls. TUNEL and γ-H2AX foci assays confirmed that expression of Vav1 increased apoptosis in MCF-7 cells but not AU565 cells and shRNA experiments revealed that p53 is required for this pro-apoptotic effect of Vav1 in these cells. These results highlight for the first time the potential role of Vav1 as an oncogenic stress activator in cancer and the p53 dependence of its pro-apoptotic effect in breast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Sebban
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marganit Farago
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Gashai
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lena Ilan
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- Deaprtment of Immunology & Cancer Research and Department of Pathology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ittai Ben-Porath
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shulamit Katzav
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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20
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Li SY, Du MJ, Wan YJ, Lan B, Liu YH, Yang Y, Zhang CZ, Cao Y. The N-terminal 20-amino acid region of guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 plays a distinguished role in T cell receptor-mediated calcium signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3777-85. [PMID: 23271736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.426221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vav1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells. It consists of multiple structural domains and plays important roles in T cell activation. The other highly conserved isoforms of Vav family, Vav2 and Vav3, are ubiquitously expressed in human tissues including lymphocytes. All three Vav proteins activate Rho family small GTPases, which are involved in a variety of biological processes during T cell activation. Intensive studies have demonstrated that Vav1 is indispensable for T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signal transduction, whereas Vav2 and Vav3 function as GEFs that overlap with Vav1 on TCR-induced cytoskeleton reorganization. T cells lacking Vav1 exhibited severe defect in TCR-mediated calcium elevation, indicating that the co-existing Vav2 and Vav3 did not compensate Vav1 in calcium signaling. What is the functional particularity of Vav1 in lymphocytes? In this study, we identified the N-terminal 20 amino acids of Vav1 in the calponin homology (CH) domain to be essential for its interaction with calmodulin (CaM) that leads to TCR-induced calcium mobilization. Substitution of the 1-20 amino acids of Vav1 with those of Vav2 or Vav3 abolished the association with CaM, and the N-terminal mutations of Vav1 failed to potentiate normal TCR-induced calcium mobilization, that in turn, suspended nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activation and IL-2 production. This study highlights the importance of the N-terminal 20 aa of Vav1 for CaM binding, and provides new insights into the distinguished and irreplaceable role of Vav1 in T cell activation and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, Peoples Republic of China
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21
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Ksionda O, Saveliev A, Köchl R, Rapley J, Faroudi M, Smith-Garvin JE, Wülfing C, Rittinger K, Carter T, Tybulewicz VLJ. Mechanism and function of Vav1 localisation in TCR signalling. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5302-14. [PMID: 22956543 PMCID: PMC3561853 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-specific binding of T cells to antigen presenting cells results in recruitment of signalling proteins to microclusters at the cell-cell interface known as the immunological synapse (IS). The Vav1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor plays a critical role in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling, leading to the activation of multiple pathways. We now show that it is recruited to microclusters and to the IS in primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we show that this recruitment depends on the SH2 and C-terminal SH3 (SH3B) domains of Vav1, and on phosphotyrosines 112 and 128 of the SLP76 adaptor protein. Biophysical measurements show that Vav1 binds directly to these residues on SLP76 and that efficient binding depends on the SH2 and SH3B domains of Vav1. Finally, we show that the same two domains are critical for the phosphorylation of Vav1 and its signalling function in TCR-induced calcium flux. We propose that Vav1 is recruited to the IS by binding to SLP76 and that this interaction is critical for the transduction of signals leading to calcium flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ksionda
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Asuthkar S, Rao JS, Gondi CS. Drugs in preclinical and early-stage clinical development for pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:143-52. [PMID: 22217246 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.651124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US and Europe, and the lethality of this cancer is demonstrated by the fact that the annual incidences are approximately equal to the annual deaths. Current therapy for PC is multimodal, involving surgery and chemotherapy. Clinical symptoms are unspecific, and consequently about 85% of patients with PC are diagnosed at advanced tumor stages without any surgical therapy options. Since the therapeutic rates for PC are so dismal, it is essential to review the clinical targets for diagnosis and treatment of this lethal cancer. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss potential treatment options for PC by identifying molecular targets including those involved in cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Targeting these molecules in combination with surgery could improve the clinical outcome for PC patients. EXPERT OPINION For a decade, gemcitabine has remained the single first-line chemotherapeutic agent for advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas; however, less than 25% of patients benefit from gemcitabine. The reason for frequent reoccurrence of PC after conventional methods such as surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy is due to the lack of understanding of the basic underlying metabolic cause of the cancer and thus consequently remains uncorrected. Our understanding of drug resistance in PC is still not clear and may be answered by focusing on new useful biomarkers and their role in chemo- and radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Asuthkar
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, One Illini Drive, Peoria, 61605, USA
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23
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PLCγ is required for RhoGDI2-mediated cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:575-80. [PMID: 21986528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) is a regulator of the Rho family GTPases. Recent work from our laboratory suggests that RhoGDI2 expression potentially enhances resistance to cisplatin as well as promotes tumor growth and malignant progression in gastric cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that phospholipase C-gamma (PLCγ) is required for RhoGDI2-mediated cisplatin resistance and cancer cell invasion in gastric cancer. The levels of phosphorylated PLCγ are markedly enhanced in RhoGDI2-overexpressing SNU-484 cells and, by contrast, repressed in RhoGDI2-depleted MKN-28 cells. Depletion of PLCγ expression or inhibition of its activity not only significantly increases cisplatin-induced apoptosis but also suppresses the invasive ability of RhoGDI2-overexpressing SNU-484 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that PLCγ plays a key role in RhoGDI2-mediated cisplatin resistance and cell invasion in gastric cancer cells.
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24
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Cho HJ, Baek KE, Park SM, Kim IK, Nam IK, Choi YL, Park SH, Im MJ, Choi J, Ryu J, Kim JW, Lee CW, Kang SS, Yoo J. RhoGDI2 confers gastric cancer cells resistance against cisplatin-induced apoptosis by upregulation of Bcl-2 expression. Cancer Lett 2011; 311:48-56. [PMID: 21752536 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI)2 has been identified as a regulator of Rho family GTPase. Recently, we suggested that RhoGDI2 could promote tumor growth and malignant progression in gastric cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that RhoGDI2 contributes to another important feature of aggressive cancers, i.e., resistance to chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. Forced expression of RhoGDI2 attenuated cisplatin-induced apoptosis, whereas RhoGDI2 depletion showed opposite effects in vitro. Moreover, the increased anti-apoptotic effect of RhoGDI2 on cisplatin was further validated in RhoGDI2-overexpressing SNU-484 xenograft model in nude mice. Furthermore, we identified Bcl-2 as a major determinant of RhoGDI2-mediated cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells. Depletion of Bcl-2 expression significantly increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis in RhoGDI2-overexpressing gastric cancer cells, whereas overexpression of Bcl-2 blocked cisplatin-induced apoptosis in RhoGDI2-depleted gastric cancer cells. Overall, these findings establish RhoGDI2 as an important therapeutic target for simultaneously enhancing chemotherapy efficacy and reducing metastasis risk in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jun Cho
- Department of Microbiology/Research Institute of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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25
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Mehta P, Wavreille AS, Justiniano SE, Marsh RL, Yu J, Burry RW, Jarjoura D, Eubank T, Caligiuri MA, Butchar JP, Tridandapani S. LyGDI, a novel SHIP-interacting protein, is a negative regulator of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21175. [PMID: 21695085 PMCID: PMC3114867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SHIP and SHIP-2 are inositol phosphatases that regulate FcγR-mediated phagocytosis through catalytic as well as non-catalytic mechanisms. In this study we have used two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) analysis to identify downstream signaling proteins that uniquely associate with SHIP or SHIP-2 upon FcγR clustering in human monocytes. We identified LyGDI as a binding partner of SHIP, associating inducibly with the SHIP/Grb2/Shc complex. Immunodepletion and competition experiments with recombinant SHIP domains revealed that Grb2 and the proline-rich domain of SHIP were necessary for SHIP-LyGDI association. Functional studies in primary human monocytes showed that LyGDI sequesters Rac in the cytosol, preventing it from localizing to the membrane. Consistent with this, suppression of LyGDI expression resulted in significantly enhanced FcγR-mediated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Mehta
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anne-Sophie Wavreille
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Justiniano
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Marsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Burry
- Campus Microscopy and Imaging Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David Jarjoura
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Timothy Eubank
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Caligiuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Butchar
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Susheela Tridandapani
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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26
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Guanine nucleotide exchange factors for RhoGTPases: good therapeutic targets for cancer therapy? Cell Signal 2010; 23:969-79. [PMID: 21044680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are a family of small proteins which function as molecular switches in a variety of signaling pathways following stimulation of cell surface receptors. RhoGTPases regulate numerous cellular processes including cytoskeleton organization, gene transcription, cell proliferation, migration, growth and cell survival. Because of their central role in regulating processes that are dysregulated in cancer, it seems reasonable that defects in the RhoGTPase pathway may be involved in the development of cancer. RhoGTPase activity is regulated by a number of protein families: guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). This review discusses the participation of RhoGTPases and their regulators, especially GEFs in human cancers. In particular, we focus on the involvement of the RhoGTPase GEF, Vav1, a hematopoietic specific signal transducer which is involved in human neuroblastoma, pancreatic ductal carcinoma and lung cancer. Finally, we summarize recent advances in the design and application of a number of molecules that specifically target individual RhoGTPases or their regulators or effectors, and discuss their potential for cancer therapy.
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27
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Kuznetsova E, Seddas-Dozolme PMA, Arnould C, Tollot M, van Tuinen D, Borisov A, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Symbiosis-related pea genes modulate fungal and plant gene expression during the arbuscule stage of mycorrhiza with Glomus intraradices. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:427-43. [PMID: 20094894 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhiza association results from a successful interaction between genomes of the plant and fungal symbiotic partners. In this study, we analyzed the effect of inactivation of late-stage symbiosis-related pea genes on symbiosis-associated fungal and plant molecular responses in order to gain insight into their role in the functional mycorrhizal association. The expression of a subset of ten fungal and eight plant genes, previously reported to be activated during mycorrhiza development, was compared in Glomus intraradices-inoculated wild-type and isogenic genotypes of pea mutated for the PsSym36, PsSym33, and PsSym40 genes where arbuscule formation is inhibited or fungal turnover modulated, respectively. Microdissection was used to corroborate arbuscule-related fungal gene expression. Molecular responses varied between pea genotypes and with fungal development. Most of the fungal genes were downregulated when arbuscule formation was defective, and several were upregulated with more rapid fungal development. Some of the plant genes were also affected by inactivation of the PsSym36, PsSym33, and PsSym40 loci, but in a more time-dependent way during root colonization by G. intraradices. Results indicate a role of the late-stage symbiosis-related pea genes not only in mycorrhiza development but also in the symbiotic functioning of arbuscule-containing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kuznetsova
- UMR 1088 INRA/5184 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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28
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Thanthrige-Don N, Parvizi P, Sarson AJ, Shack LA, Burgess SC, Sharif S. Proteomic analysis of host responses to Marek's disease virus infection in spleens of genetically resistant and susceptible chickens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:699-704. [PMID: 20138080 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to Marek's disease (MD) in chickens is genetically regulated and there are lines of chickens with differential susceptibility or resistance to this disease. The present study was designed to study comparative changes in the spleen proteomes of MD-susceptible B19 and MD-resistant B21 chickens in response to MDV infection. Spleen proteomes were examined at 4, 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection (d.p.i.) using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequently the protein spots were identified by one-dimensional liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (1D LC ESI MS/MS). On average, there were 520+/-27 distinct protein spots on each gel and 1.6+/-0.7% of the spots differed quantitatively in their expression (p< or =0.05 and fold change > or =2) between infected B19 and B21 chickens. There was one spot at 4d.p.i. and three spots each at the rest of the time points, which had a qualitative difference in expression. Most of the differentially expressed proteins at 4 and 7d.p.i. displayed increased expression in B21 chickens; conversely the differentially expressed proteins at 14 and 21d.p.i. showed an increase in expression in B19 chickens. The differentially expressed proteins identified in the present study included antioxidants, molecular chaperones, proteins involved in the formation of cytoskeleton, protein degradation and antigen presentation, signal transduction, protein translation and elongation, RNA processing and cell proliferation. These findings shed light on some of the underlying processes of genetic resistance or susceptibility to MD.
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29
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Finetti F, Savino MT, Baldari CT. Positive and negative regulation of antigen receptor signaling by the Shc family of protein adapters. Immunol Rev 2010; 232:115-34. [PMID: 19909360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Shc adapter family includes four members that are expressed as multiple isoforms and participate in signaling by a variety of cell-surface receptors. The biological relevance of Shc proteins as well as their variegated function, which relies on their highly conserved modular structure, is underscored by the distinct and dramatic phenotypic alterations resulting from deletion of individual Shc isoforms both in the mouse and in two model organisms, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. The p52 isoform of ShcA couples antigen and cytokine receptors to Ras activation in both lymphoid and myeloid cells. However, the recognition of the spectrum of activities of p52ShcA in the immune system has been steadily expanding in recent years to other fundamental processes both at the cell and organism levels. Two other Shc family members, p66ShcA and p52ShcC/Rai, have been identified recently in T and B lymphocytes, where they antagonize survival and attenuate antigen receptor signaling. These developments reveal an unexpected and complex interplay of multiple Shc proteins in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finetti
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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30
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Lazer G, Pe'er L, Farago M, Machida K, Mayer BJ, Katzav S. Tyrosine residues at the carboxyl terminus of Vav1 play an important role in regulation of its biological activity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:23075-85. [PMID: 20457609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.094508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav1 is an essential signal transducer protein in the hematopoietic system, where it is expressed physiologically. It is also involved in several human malignancies. Tyrosine phosphorylation at the Vav1 amino terminus plays a central role in regulating its activity; however, the role of carboxyl terminal tyrosine residues is unknown. We found that mutation of either Tyr-826 (Y826F) or Tyr-841 (Y841F) to phenylalanine led to loss of Vav1 GEF activity. When these Vav1 mutants were ectopically expressed in pancreatic cancer cells lacking Vav1, they failed to induce growth in agar, indicating loss of transforming potential. Furthermore, although Y841F had no effect on Vav1-stimulated nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity, Y826F doubled NFAT activity when compared with Vav1, suggesting that Tyr-826 mediates an autoinhibitory effect on NFAT activity. SH2 profiling revealed that Shc, Csk, Abl, and Sap associate with Tyr-826, whereas SH2-B, Src, Brk, GTPase-activating protein, and phospholipase C-gamma associate with Tyr-841. Although the mutations in the Tyr-826 and Tyr-841 did not affect the binding of the carboxyl SH3 of Vav1 to other proteins, binding to several of the proteins identified by the SH2 profiling was lost. Of interest is Csk, which associates with wild-type Vav1 and Y841F, yet it fails to associate with Y826F, suggesting that loss of binding between Y826F and Csk might relieve an autoinhibitory effect, leading to increased NFAT. Our data indicate that GEF activity is critical for the function of Vav1 as a transforming protein but not for NFAT stimulation. The association of Vav1 with other proteins, detected by SH2 profiling, might affect other Vav1-dependent activities, such as NFAT stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Lazer
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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31
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Harding MA, Theodorescu D. RhoGDI signaling provides targets for cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1252-9. [PMID: 20347589 PMCID: PMC11207191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rho GDP-Dissociation Inhibitors (RhoGDIs) are important regulators of the Rho family of small GTPases. The expression of RhoGDIs is altered in a variety of cancers and they have been shown to mediate several processes during tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Using examples of RhoGDI-mediated signaling and expression patterns in endothelial cells as well as pancreatic, breast, and bladder cancer, the multitude of potential cancer therapeutic targets presented by a better understanding of their function is illustrated. Several novel therapeutic strategies are proposed for intervening in RhoGDI signaling, and potential complications arising from their implementation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Harding
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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32
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Cho HJ, Baek KE, Yoo J. RhoGDI2 as a therapeutic target in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:67-75. [PMID: 20001211 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903449251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) has been identified as a regulator of Rho GTPases that play important roles in the development of numerous aspects of the malignant phenotype, including cell cycle progression, resistance to apoptotic stimuli, neovascularization, tumor cell motility, invasiveness, and metastasis. Although RhoGDI2 has been known to be expressed only in hematopoietic tissues, recent studies suggest that this protein is also aberrantly expressed in several human cancers and contributes to aggressive phenotypes, such as invasion and metastasis. Hence, RhoGDI2 appears to be a target of interest for therapeutic manipulation. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Here, we summarize the role of RhoGDI2 in human cancers, specifically metastasis-related processes, and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN RhoGDI2 modulates the invasiveness and metastatic ability of cancer cells through regulation of Rac1 activity. TAKE HOME MESSAGE RhoGDI2 may be a useful marker for tumor progression in human cancers, and interruption of the RhoGDI2-mediated cancer cell invasion and metastasis by an interfacial inhibitor may be a powerful therapeutic approach to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jun Cho
- Gyeongsang National University, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Life Science, Department of Microbiology, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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33
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Smith MJ, Hardy WR, Li GY, Goudreault M, Hersch S, Metalnikov P, Starostine A, Pawson T, Ikura M. The PTB domain of ShcA couples receptor activation to the cytoskeletal regulator IQGAP1. EMBO J 2010; 29:884-96. [PMID: 20075861 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptor proteins respond to stimuli and recruit downstream complexes using interactions conferred by associated protein domains and linear motifs. The ShcA adaptor contains two phosphotyrosine recognition modules responsible for binding activated receptors, resulting in the subsequent recruitment of Grb2 and activation of Ras/MAPK. However, there is evidence that Grb2-independent signalling from ShcA has an important role in development. Using mass spectrometry, we identified the multidomain scaffold IQGAP1 as a ShcA-interacting protein. IQGAP1 and ShcA co-precipitate and are co-recruited to membrane ruffles induced by activated receptors of the ErbB family, and a reduction in ShcA protein levels inhibits the formation of lamellipodia. We used NMR to characterize a direct, non-canonical ShcA PTB domain interaction with a helical fragment from the IQGAP1 N-terminal region that is pTyr-independent. This interaction is mutually exclusive with binding to a more conventional PTB domain peptide ligand from PTP-PEST. ShcA-mediated recruitment of IQGAP1 may have an important role in cytoskeletal reorganization downstream of activated receptors at the cell surface.
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Huang CY, Yang LC, Liu KY, Chang IC, Liao PH, Chou JIY, Chou MY, Lin WW, Yang JJ. ZAK negatively regulates RhoGDIbeta-induced Rac1-mediated hypertrophic growth and cell migration. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:56. [PMID: 19538723 PMCID: PMC2703632 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoGDIbeta, a Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor, induced hypertrophic growth and cell migration in a cultured cardiomyoblast cell line, H9c2. We demonstrated that RhoGDIbeta plays a previously undefined role in regulating Rac1 expression through transcription to induce hypertrophic growth and cell migration and that these functions are blocked by the expression of a dominant-negative form of Rac1. We also demonstrated that knockdown of RhoGDIbeta expression by RNA interference blocked RhoGDIbeta-induced Rac1 expression and cell migration. We demonstrated that the co-expression of ZAK and RhoGDIbeta in cells resulted in an inhibition in the activity of ZAK to induce ANF expression. Knockdown of ZAK expression in ZAK-RhoGDIbeta-expressing cells by ZAK-specific RNA interference restored the activities of RhoGDIbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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35
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Cho HJ, Baek KE, Park SM, Kim IK, Choi YL, Cho HJ, Nam IK, Hwang EM, Park JY, Han JY, Kang SS, Kim DC, Lee WS, Lee MN, Oh GT, Kim JW, Lee CW, Yoo J. RhoGDI2 expression is associated with tumor growth and malignant progression of gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2612-9. [PMID: 19351766 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) has been identified as a regulator of Rho family GTPase. However, there is currently no direct evidence suggesting whether RhoGDI2 activates or inhibits Rho family GTPase in vivo (and which type), and the role of RhoGDI2 in tumor remains controversial. Here, we assessed the effects of RhoGDI2 expression on gastric tumor growth and metastasis progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Proteomic analysis was done to investigate the tumor-specific protein expression in gastric cancer and RhoGDI2 was selected for further study. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect RhoGDI2 expression in clinical samples of primary gastric tumor tissues which have different pathologic stages. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches were done to examine the malignant phenotypes of the RhoGDI2-expressing or RhoGDI2-depleting cells. RESULTS RhoGDI2 expression was correlated positively with tumor progression and metastasis potential in human gastric tumor tissues, as well as cell lines. The forced expression of RhoGDI2 caused a significant increase in gastric cancer cell invasion in vitro, and tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in vivo, whereas RhoGDI2 depletion evidenced opposite effects. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that RhoGDI2 is involved in gastric tumor growth and metastasis, and that RhoGDI2 may be a useful marker for tumor progression of human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jun Cho
- Department of Microbiology/Research Institute of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Physiology, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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36
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Src phosphorylation of RhoGDI2 regulates its metastasis suppressor function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5807-12. [PMID: 19321744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810094106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoGDI2 is a suppressor of metastasis in human bladder cancer. Although diminished RhoGDI2 expression in tumors is associated with decreased patient survival, normal expression in some metastatic tumors led us to wonder whether other mechanisms regulate RhoGDI2 function. Protein interaction analysis identified Src as a novel RhoGDI2 interaction partner. Gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry of human tumors revealed that Src levels diminish as a function of bladder cancer stage. In addition, diminished Src levels and RhoGDI2 levels appear mutually exclusive in individual tumors, indicating that both genes are likely involved in the same signaling pathway leading to metastasis suppression. Studies confirmed that activated Src kinase binds and phosphorylates RhoGDI2 in vitro and vivo. Mutagenesis revealed that Tyr-153 and, to a lesser degree, Tyr-24 were the primary Src phosphorylation sites. Phosphorylation decreased the amount of Rac1 in RhoGDI2 complexes and increased RhoGDI2 association with cell membranes. Stable expression of phosphomimetic Tyr-153 RhoGDI2 in metastatic human bladder cancer cell lines had no effect on primary tumor growth but suppressed metastasis more potently than WT RhoGDI2. These data suggest that phosphorylation by Src enhances RhoGDI2 metastasis suppression and that loss of Src relieves metastasis suppression in tumor cells that maintain RhoGDI2 expression. Our findings also suggest caution in using Src inhibitors in the hope of delaying progression in patients with bladder cancer.
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37
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Seddas PMA, Arias CM, Arnould C, van Tuinen D, Godfroy O, Benhassou HA, Gouzy J, Morandi D, Dessaint F, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Symbiosis-related plant genes modulate molecular responses in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus during early root interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:341-351. [PMID: 19245328 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-3-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To gain further insight into the role of the plant genome in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) establishment, we investigated whether symbiosis-related plant genes affect fungal gene expression in germinating spores and at the appressoria stage of root interactions. Glomus intraradices genes were identified in expressed sequence tag libraries of mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula roots by in silico expression analyses. Transcripts of a subset of genes, with predicted functions in transcription, protein synthesis, primary or secondary metabolism, or of unknown function, were monitored in spores and germinating spores and during interactions with roots of wild-type or mycorrhiza-defective (Myc-) mutants of M. truncatula. Not all the fungal genes were active in quiescent spores but all were expressed when G. intraradices spores germinated in wild-type M. truncatula root exudates or when appressoria or arbuscules were formed in association with wild-type M. truncatula roots. Most of the fungal genes were upregulated or induced at the stage of appressorium development. Inactivation of the M. truncatula genes DMI1, DMI2/MtSYM2, or DMI3/MtSYM13 was associated with altered fungal gene expression (nonactivation or inhibition), modified appressorium structure, and plant cell wall responses, providing first evidence that cell processes modified by symbiosis-related plant genes impact on root interactions by directly modulating AM fungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale M A Seddas
- UMR 1088 INRA/5184 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
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Huang CY, Yang LC, Liu KY, Liao PH, Chou JIY, Chou MY, Lin WW, Yang JJ. RhoGDIbeta-induced hypertrophic growth in H9c2 cells is negatively regulated by ZAK. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:11. [PMID: 19272173 PMCID: PMC2653512 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that overexpression of RhoGDIβ, a Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor, induced hypertrophic growth and suppressed cell cycle progression in a cultured cardiomyoblast cell line. Knockdown of RhoGDIβ expression by RNA interference blocked hypertrophic growth. We further demonstrated that RhoGDIβ physically interacts with ZAK and is phosphorylated by ZAK in vitro, and this phosphorylation negatively regulates RhoGDIβ functions. Moreover, the ZAK-RhoGDIβ interaction may maintain ZAK in an inactive hypophosphorylated form. These two proteins could negatively regulate one another such that ZAK suppresses RhoGDIβ functions through phosphorylation and RhoGDIβ counteracts the effects of ZAK by physical interaction. Knockdown of ZAK expression in ZAK- and RhoGDIβ-expressing cells by ZAK-specific RNA interference restored the full functions of RhoGDIβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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39
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Kondoh K, Nakata Y, Yamaoka T, Itakura M, Hayashi M, Yamada K, Hata JI, Yamada T. Altered cellular immunity in transgenic mice with T cell-specific expression of human D4-guanine diphosphate-dissociation inhibitor (D4-GDI). Int Immunol 2008; 20:1299-311. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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40
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Lazer G, Pe'er L, Schapira V, Richard S, Katzav S. The association of Sam68 with Vav1 contributes to tumorigenesis. Cell Signal 2007; 19:2479-86. [PMID: 17855053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vav1 functions in the hematopoietic system as a specific GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. An intact C-terminal SH3 domain of Vav1 (Vav1SH3C) was shown to be necessary for Vav1-induced transformation, yet the associating protein(s) necessary for this activity have not yet been identified. Using a proteomics approach, we identified Sam68 as a Vav1SH3C-associating protein. Sam68 (Src-associated in mitosis of 68 kD) belongs to the heteronuclear ribonucleoprotein particle K (hnRNP-K) homology (KH) domain family of RNA-binding proteins. The Vav1/Sam68 interaction was observed in vitro and in vivo. Mutants of Vav1SH3C previously shown to lose their transforming potential did not associate with Sam68. Co-expression of Vav1 and Sam68 in Jurkat T cells led to increased localization of Vav1 in the nucleus and changes in cell morphology. We then tested the contribution of Sam68 to known functions of Vav1, such as focus-forming in NIH3T3 fibroblasts and NFAT stimulation in T cells. Co-expression of oncogenic Vav1 with Sam68 in NIH3T3 fibroblasts resulted in a dose-dependent increase in foci, yet no further enhancement of NFAT activity was observed in Jurkat T cells, as compared to cells overexpressing only Vav1 or Sam68. Our results strongly suggest that Sam68 contributes to transformation by oncogenic Vav1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Lazer
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Center for Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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41
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Schunke D, Span P, Ronneburg H, Dittmer A, Vetter M, Holzhausen HJ, Kantelhardt E, Krenkel S, Müller V, Sweep FC, Thomssen C, Dittmer J. Cyclooxygenase-2Is a Target Gene of Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor β in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10694-702. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Katzav S. Flesh and blood: The story of Vav1, a gene that signals in hematopoietic cells but can be transforming in human malignancies. Cancer Lett 2007; 255:241-54. [PMID: 17590270 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer results from the interaction of multiple aberrations including activation of dominant oncogenes and upregulation of signal transduction pathways. Identification of the genes involved in malignant transformation is a pre-requisite for understanding cancer and improving its diagnosis and treatment. Quite a few of the genes that have been implicated in cancer are mutant or aberrantly expressed versions of genes that are important mediators of the normal growth that occurs during development. An important example of this is Vav1, a cytoplasmic signal transducer protein initially identified as an oncogene. Physiological expression of Vav1 is restricted to the hematopoietic system, where its best-known function is as a GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor for Rho/Rac GTPases, an activity strictly controlled by tyrosine phosphorylation. Vav1 was shown to regulate cytoskeletal rearrangement during activation of hematopoietic cells. Vav1 can also mediate other cellular functions including activation of the JNK, ERK, Ras, NF-kB, and NFAT pathways, in addition to association with numerous adapter proteins such as Shc, NCK, SLP-76, GRB2, and Crk. Although the oncogenic form of Vav1 has not been detected in clinical human tumors, its wild-type form has recently been implicated in mammalian malignancies such as neuroblastoma, melanoma, pancreatic tumors and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This review addresses the physiological function of wild-type Vav1, its mode of activation as an oncogene, and its emerging role as a transforming protein in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Katzav
- The Hubert H. Humphrey center for Experimental Medicine & Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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43
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Zhou Z, Yin J, Dou Z, Tang J, Zhang C, Cao Y. The calponin homology domain of Vav1 associates with calmodulin and is prerequisite to T cell antigen receptor-induced calcium release in Jurkat T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23737-44. [PMID: 17550897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702975200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vav1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells and plays important roles in T cell development and activation. Vav1 consists of multiple structural domains so as to facilitate both its guanine nucleotide exchange activity and scaffold function following T cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement. Previous studies demonstrated that the calponin homology (CH) domain of Vav1 is required for TCR-stimulated calcium mobilization and thus downstream activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells. However, it remained obscure how Vav1 functions in regulating calcium flux. In an effort to explore molecules interacting with Vav1, we found that calmodulin bound to Vav1 in a calcium-dependent and TCR activation-independent manner. The binding site was mapped to the CH domain of Vav1. Reconstitution of vav1-null Jurkat T cells (J.Vav1) with CH-deleted Vav1 exhibited a severe deficiency in calcium release to the same extent as that of Jurkat cells treated with the calmodulin inhibitor or J.Vav1 cells. The defect persisted even when phospholipase-Cgamma1 was fully activated, indicating a prerequisite role of Vav1 CH domain in calcium signaling. The results suggest that Vav1 and calmodulin function cooperatively to potentiate TCR-induced calcium release. This study unveiled a mechanism by which the Vav1 CH domain is involved in calcium signaling and provides insight into our understanding of the role of Vav1 in T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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44
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Rautajoki KJ, Marttila EM, Nyman TA, Lahesmaa R. Interleukin-4 Inhibits Caspase-3 by Regulating Several Proteins in the Fas Pathway during Initial Stages of Human T Helper 2 Cell Differentiation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:238-51. [PMID: 17114647 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600290-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is the main cytokine that polarizes activated naïve CD4+ T cells in the T helper 2 (Th2) direction. IL-4 also regulates the subsequent stages of Th2 cell-mediated diseases, such as allergies. We conducted a proteomics study to identify IL-4-induced differences during the initial stages of T helper cell differentiation. Primary CD4+ T lymphocytes were isolated from human cord blood, activated through CD3 and CD28, and cultured in the presence or absence of IL-4. Soluble proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and visualized by staining with autoradiography, which indicated that at least 20 proteins might be regulated by IL-4. From this minimum of 20 stained proteins, altogether 35 proteins were identified using tandem mass spectrometry. Interestingly the fragmented form of GDP dissociation inhibitor expressed in lymphocytes/Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (Ly-GDI), a known target of Caspase-3, was observed to be down-regulated in IL-4-treated cells. It was shown in further studies that IL-4 decreases Caspase-3 activity and cell death in these cells. Neutralizing Fas-Fas ligand interaction led to decreased Caspase-3 activity and lowered Ly-GDI fragmentation. We further characterized the effects of IL-4 on the expression of main regulators in the Fas-mediated pathway. We demonstrated that IL-4 decreases expression of Fas receptor and increases expression of Bid, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. Importantly IL-4 significantly up-regulated the short form of c-FLIP, although the levels of c-FLIP long were unaltered after IL-4 induction. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-4 inhibits caspase activity during the initial stages of human Th2 cell differentiation by regulating expression of several key players in the Fas-induced pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi J Rautajoki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi, Tykistökatu 6A, 5th floor, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland.
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Zhang LX, Zhao LF, Zhang AS, Chen XG, Xu CS. Expression patterns and action analysis of genes associated with physiological responses during rat liver regeneration: cellular immune response. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7514-21. [PMID: 17167843 PMCID: PMC4087600 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i46.7514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the cellular immune response during rat liver regeneration (LR) at a transcriptional level. METHODS Genes associated with the cellular immune response were obtained by collecting the data from databases and retrieving articles. Gene expression changes during LR were detected by rat genome 230 2.0 array. RESULTS A total of 127 genes were found to be associated with LR. The number of initially and totally expressing genes in the initial phase of LR [0.5-4 h after partial hepatectomy (PH)], transition from G(0)-G(1) (4-6 h after PH), cell proliferation (6-66 h after PH), cell differentiation and structure-function reconstruction (66-168 h after PH) was 54, 11, 34, 3 and 54, 49, 70, 49 respectively, illustrating that the associated genes were mainly triggered at the initiation of LR, and worked at different phases. According to their expression similarity, these genes were classified into 41 up-regulated, 21 predominantly up-regulated, 41 down-regulated, 14 predominantly down-regulated, 10 similarly up-regulated and down-regulated genes, respectively. The total up- and down-regulated expression times were 419 and 274, respectively, demonstrating that the expression of most genes was increased while the expression of a small number of genes was decreased. Their time relevance was classified into 14 groups, showing that the cellular physiological and biochemical activities were staggered during LR. According to the gene expression patterns, they were classified into 21 types, showing the activities were diverse and complicated during LR. CONCLUSION Antigen processing and presentation are enhanced mainly in the forepart, prophase and anaphase of LR. T-cell activation and antigen elimination are enhanced mainly in the forepart and prophase of LR. A total of 127 genes associated with LR play an important role in cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Xing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan Province, China
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46
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Schapira V, Lazer G, Katzav S. Osteopontin is an oncogenic Vav1- but not wild-type Vav1-responsive gene: implications for fibroblast transformation. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6183-91. [PMID: 16778192 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian wild-type Vav1 (wtVav1) encodes a specific GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor that is exclusively expressed in the hematopoietic system. Despite numerous studies, the mechanism underlying transformation of fibroblasts by oncogenic Vav1 (oncVav1) is not well defined. We identified osteopontin, a marker for tumor aggressiveness, as an oncVav1-inducible gene. Osteopontin is highly expressed in oncVav1-transformed NIH3T3 cells (NIH/oncVav1) but is barely detected in NIH3T3 expressing wtVav1 (NIH/wtVav1) even following epidermal growth factor stimulation, which normally induces osteopontin. Depleting oncVav1 in NIH/oncVav1 using small interfering RNA led to a considerable decrease in osteopontin, whereas reducing osteopontin expression did not affect oncVav1 expression, suggesting that oncVav1 operates upstream of osteopontin. Vav1-depleted NIH/oncVav1 cells, but not osteopontin-depleted NIH/oncVav1 cells, exhibited impaired extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase phosphorylation. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in NIH/oncVav1 cells led to a decrease in osteopontin expression, implying that the elevated osteopontin expression in these cells is dependent on ERK phosphorylation. Vav1-depleted or osteopontin-depleted NIH/oncVav1 cells lost their tumorigenic properties as judged by the soft agar and invasion assays, although loss of osteopontin expression had a less dramatic effect. Suppression of Vav1 expression in NIH/oncVav1 cells led to reversion to "normal" morphology, whereas when only osteopontin expression was diminished cells retained their transformed morphology. This work strongly supports a role for oncVav1 as a master oncogene and provides clues to the molecular mechanism underlying oncVav1 transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Schapira
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Center for Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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47
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Abstract
D4-GDI is a Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor that is widely expressed in hematopoietic cells. Its possible expression and function in breast cancer cells has not been described. Here, we found that D4-GDI is expressed in a panel of breast cancer cell lines, but not in benign-derived mammary epithelial cells. Knockdown of D4-GDI expression in MDA-MB-231 cells by RNA interference blocks cell motility and invasion. The cells lacking D4-GDI grown on Matrigel revert to a normal breast epithelial phenotype characterized by the formation of cavitary structures. Silencing D4-GDI expression inhibits beta1-integrin expression and cell-matrix adhesion. Reintroduction of D4-GDI fully restored both beta1-integrin expression and cellular invasion. Knockdown of D4-GDI in BT549 cells results in a similar effect. These results show that D4-GDI modulates breast cancer cell invasive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhang
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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48
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Cougoule C, Hoshino S, Dart A, Lim J, Caron E. Dissociation of recruitment and activation of the small G-protein Rac during Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8756-64. [PMID: 16434390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513731200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-family proteins play a central role in most actin-dependent processes, including the control and maintenance of cell shape, adhesion, motility, and phagocytosis. Activation of these GTP-binding proteins is tightly regulated spatially and temporally; however, very little is known of the mechanisms involved in their recruitment and activation in vivo. Because of its inducible, restricted signaling, phagocytosis offers an ideal physiological system to delineate the pathways linking surface receptors to actin remodeling via Rho GTPases. In this study, we investigated the involvement of early regulators of Fcgamma receptor signaling in Rac recruitment and activation. Using a combination of receptor mutagenesis, cellular, molecular, and pharmacological approaches, we show that Src family and Syk kinases control Rac and Vav function during phagocytosis. Importantly, both the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif within Fcgamma receptor cytoplasmic domain and Src kinase control the recruitment of Vav and Rac. However, Syk activity is dispensable for Vav and Rac recruitment. Moreover, we show that Rac and Cdc42 activities coordinate F-actin accumulation at nascent phagosomes. Our results provide new insights in the understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation of Rho-family GTPase function, and of Rac in particular, during phagocytosis. We believe they will contribute to a better understanding of more complex cellular processes, such as cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cougoule
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, and Division of Cell and Molecular Cell biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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49
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Dovas A, Couchman J. RhoGDI: multiple functions in the regulation of Rho family GTPase activities. Biochem J 2005; 390:1-9. [PMID: 16083425 PMCID: PMC1184558 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
RhoGDI (Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor) was identified as a down-regulator of Rho family GTPases typified by its ability to prevent nucleotide exchange and membrane association. Structural studies on GTPase-RhoGDI complexes, in combination with biochemical and cell biological results, have provided insight as to how RhoGDI exerts its effects on nucleotide binding, the membrane association-dissociation cycling of the GTPase and how these activities are controlled. Despite the initial negative roles attributed to RhoGDI, recent evidence has come to suggest that it may also act as a positive regulator necessary for the correct targeting and regulation of Rho activities by conferring cues for spatial restriction, guidance and availability to effectors. These potential functions are discussed in the context of RhoGDI-associated multimolecular complexes, the newly emerged shuttling capability and the importance of the particular membrane microenvironment that represents the site of action for GTPases. All these results point to a wider role for RhoGDI than initially perceived, making it a binding partner that can tightly control Rho GTPases, but which also allows them to reach their full spectrum of activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios Dovas
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - John R. Couchman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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50
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DerMardirossian C, Bokoch GM. GDIs: central regulatory molecules in Rho GTPase activation. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 15:356-63. [PMID: 15921909 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) are pivotal regulators of Rho GTPase function. GDIs control the access of Rho GTPases to regulatory guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins, to effector targets and to membranes where such effectors reside. We discuss here our current understanding of how Rho GTPase-GDI complexes are regulated by various proteins, lipids and enzymes that exert GDI displacement activity. We propose that phosphorylation mediated by diverse kinases might provide a means of controlling and coordinating Rho GTPase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline DerMardirossian
- Departments of Immunology and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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