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Park CH, Oh YL, Shin JH, Park YJ. The Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Ganodermanontriol from the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum through the Regulation of the CREB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:3976. [PMID: 39203053 PMCID: PMC11357533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, a member of the Basidiomycetes family, is attracting attention for its medicinal potential due to its biological activity and the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. Although it is known that extracts of this mushroom inhibit melanin production, there are few reports on a single substance associated with this effect. In this study, we identified ganodermanontriol (GT), a novel compound from G. lucidum, that effectively inhibited melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 cells. GT inhibits melanin production by suppressing the expression of cellular tyrosinase proteins and microphthalmia-related transcription factor (MITF). Furthermore, GT affects the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules, which are involved in melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. Finally, the biosynthesis of GT and other substances by G. lucidum was evaluated using HPLC analysis. Thus, this study revealed the mechanism by which GT in G. lucidum inhibits melanin production in B16F10 cells, and these findings will contribute to promoting the potential use of this mushroom in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hwon Park
- Department of Medicinal Biosciences, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Republic of Korea; (C.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 92, Bisan-ro, Eumseong-gun 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeon Shin
- Department of Medicinal Biosciences, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Republic of Korea; (C.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Young-Jin Park
- Department of Medicinal Biosciences, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Republic of Korea; (C.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.)
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2
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Takahashi M, Chong HB, Zhang S, Yang TY, Lazarov MJ, Harry S, Maynard M, Hilbert B, White RD, Murrey HE, Tsou CC, Vordermark K, Assaad J, Gohar M, Dürr BR, Richter M, Patel H, Kryukov G, Brooijmans N, Alghali ASO, Rubio K, Villanueva A, Zhang J, Ge M, Makram F, Griesshaber H, Harrison D, Koglin AS, Ojeda S, Karakyriakou B, Healy A, Popoola G, Rachmin I, Khandelwal N, Neil JR, Tien PC, Chen N, Hosp T, van den Ouweland S, Hara T, Bussema L, Dong R, Shi L, Rasmussen MQ, Domingues AC, Lawless A, Fang J, Yoda S, Nguyen LP, Reeves SM, Wakefield FN, Acker A, Clark SE, Dubash T, Kastanos J, Oh E, Fisher DE, Maheswaran S, Haber DA, Boland GM, Sade-Feldman M, Jenkins RW, Hata AN, Bardeesy NM, Suvà ML, Martin BR, Liau BB, Ott CJ, Rivera MN, Lawrence MS, Bar-Peled L. DrugMap: A quantitative pan-cancer analysis of cysteine ligandability. Cell 2024; 187:2536-2556.e30. [PMID: 38653237 PMCID: PMC11143475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cysteine-focused chemical proteomic platforms have accelerated the clinical development of covalent inhibitors for a wide range of targets in cancer. However, how different oncogenic contexts influence cysteine targeting remains unknown. To address this question, we have developed "DrugMap," an atlas of cysteine ligandability compiled across 416 cancer cell lines. We unexpectedly find that cysteine ligandability varies across cancer cell lines, and we attribute this to differences in cellular redox states, protein conformational changes, and genetic mutations. Leveraging these findings, we identify actionable cysteines in NF-κB1 and SOX10 and develop corresponding covalent ligands that block the activity of these transcription factors. We demonstrate that the NF-κB1 probe blocks DNA binding, whereas the SOX10 ligand increases SOX10-SOX10 interactions and disrupts melanoma transcriptional signaling. Our findings reveal heterogeneity in cysteine ligandability across cancers, pinpoint cell-intrinsic features driving cysteine targeting, and illustrate the use of covalent probes to disrupt oncogenic transcription-factor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Takahashi
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Harrison B Chong
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Siwen Zhang
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Tzu-Yi Yang
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Matthew J Lazarov
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Stefan Harry
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kira Vordermark
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jonathan Assaad
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Magdy Gohar
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Benedikt R Dürr
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Marianne Richter
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Himani Patel
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karla Rubio
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Antonio Villanueva
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Junbing Zhang
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Maolin Ge
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Farah Makram
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hanna Griesshaber
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Drew Harrison
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ann-Sophie Koglin
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Samuel Ojeda
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Barbara Karakyriakou
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alexander Healy
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - George Popoola
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Inbal Rachmin
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Neha Khandelwal
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Pei-Chieh Tien
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas Chen
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tobias Hosp
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sanne van den Ouweland
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Toshiro Hara
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lillian Bussema
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Martin Q Rasmussen
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Domingues
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aleigha Lawless
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jacy Fang
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Satoshi Yoda
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Linh Phuong Nguyen
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sarah Marie Reeves
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Farrah Nicole Wakefield
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Adam Acker
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Clark
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Taronish Dubash
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - John Kastanos
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eugene Oh
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Genevieve M Boland
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Moshe Sade-Feldman
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Russell W Jenkins
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aaron N Hata
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nabeel M Bardeesy
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mario L Suvà
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Brian B Liau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christopher J Ott
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Miguel N Rivera
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael S Lawrence
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Liron Bar-Peled
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Takahashi M, Chong HB, Zhang S, Lazarov MJ, Harry S, Maynard M, White R, Murrey HE, Hilbert B, Neil JR, Gohar M, Ge M, Zhang J, Durr BR, Kryukov G, Tsou CC, Brooijmans N, Alghali ASO, Rubio K, Vilanueva A, Harrison D, Koglin AS, Ojeda S, Karakyriakou B, Healy A, Assaad J, Makram F, Rachman I, Khandelwal N, Tien PC, Popoola G, Chen N, Vordermark K, Richter M, Patel H, Yang TY, Griesshaber H, Hosp T, van den Ouweland S, Hara T, Bussema L, Dong R, Shi L, Rasmussen MQ, Domingues AC, Lawless A, Fang J, Yoda S, Nguyen LP, Reeves SM, Wakefield FN, Acker A, Clark SE, Dubash T, Fisher DE, Maheswaran S, Haber DA, Boland G, Sade-Feldman M, Jenkins R, Hata A, Bardeesy N, Suva ML, Martin B, Liau B, Ott C, Rivera MN, Lawrence MS, Bar-Peled L. DrugMap: A quantitative pan-cancer analysis of cysteine ligandability. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.20.563287. [PMID: 37961514 PMCID: PMC10634688 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-focused chemical proteomic platforms have accelerated the clinical development of covalent inhibitors of a wide-range of targets in cancer. However, how different oncogenic contexts influence cysteine targeting remains unknown. To address this question, we have developed DrugMap , an atlas of cysteine ligandability compiled across 416 cancer cell lines. We unexpectedly find that cysteine ligandability varies across cancer cell lines, and we attribute this to differences in cellular redox states, protein conformational changes, and genetic mutations. Leveraging these findings, we identify actionable cysteines in NFκB1 and SOX10 and develop corresponding covalent ligands that block the activity of these transcription factors. We demonstrate that the NFκB1 probe blocks DNA binding, whereas the SOX10 ligand increases SOX10-SOX10 interactions and disrupts melanoma transcriptional signaling. Our findings reveal heterogeneity in cysteine ligandability across cancers, pinpoint cell-intrinsic features driving cysteine targeting, and illustrate the use of covalent probes to disrupt oncogenic transcription factor activity.
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4
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Pan R, Hua T, Guo Q, Bai H, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Bi Y, Chen G, Wu X, Chang G. Identification of SNPs in MITF associated with beak color of duck. Front Genet 2023; 14:1161396. [PMID: 37671042 PMCID: PMC10475569 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1161396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Beak color-a pigment-related trait-is an important feature of duck breeds. Recently, little research has addressed genetic mechanism of the beak colors in poultry, whereas the process and the regulation factors of melanin deposition have been well described. Methods: To investigate the genetic mechanism of beak colors, we conducted an integrated analysis of genomic selection signatures to identify a candidate site associated with beak color. For this, we used black-billed (Yiyang I meat duck synthetic line H1, H2, H3&HF) and yellow-billed ducks (Cherry Valley ducks and white feather Putian black duck). Quantitative real-time PCR and genotyping approaches were used to verify the function of the candidate site. Results: We identified 3,895 windows containing 509 genes. After GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, nine genes were selected. Ultimately, MITF was selected by comparing the genomic differentiation (FST). After loci information selection, 41 extreme significantly different loci were selected, which are all located in intron regions of MITF and are in almost complete linkage disequilibrium. Subsequently, the site ASM874695v1:10:g.17814522T > A in MITF was selected as the marker site. Furthermore, we found that MITF expression is significantly higher in black-beaked ducks than in yellow-beaked ducks of the F2 generation (p < 0.01). After genotyping, most yellow-billed individuals are found with homozygous variant; at the same time, there are no birds with homozygous variant in black-billed populations, while the birds with homozygous and heterozygous variant share the same proportion. Conclusion: MITF plays a very critical role in the melanogenesis and melanin deposition of duck beaks, which can effectively affect the beak color. The MITF site, ASM874695v1:10:g.17814522T > A could be selected as a marker site for the duck beak color phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tian Hua
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qixin Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Bi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guobin Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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SMILE Downregulation during Melanogenesis Induces MITF Transcription in B16F10 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315094. [PMID: 36499416 PMCID: PMC9738925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
SMILE (small heterodimer partner-interacting leucine zipper protein) is a transcriptional corepressor that potently regulates various cellular processes such as metabolism and growth in numerous tissues. However, its regulatory role in skin tissue remains uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrated that SMILE expression markedly decreased in human melanoma biopsy specimens and was inversely correlated with that of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). During melanogenesis, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) induction of MITF was mediated by a decrease in SMILE expression in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Mechanistically, SMILE was regulated by α-MSH/cAMP/protein kinase A signaling and suppressed MITF promoter activity via corepressing transcriptional activity of the cAMP response element-binding protein. Moreover, SMILE overexpression significantly reduced α-MSH-induced MITF and melanogenic genes, thereby inhibiting melanin production in melanocytes. Conversely, SMILE inhibition increased the transcription of melanogenic genes and melanin contents. These results indicate that SMILE is a downstream effector of cAMP-mediated signaling and is a critical factor in the regulation of melanogenic transcription; in addition, they suggest a potential role of SMILE as a corepressor in skin pigmentation.
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Lee KW, Kim M, Lee SH, Kim KD. The Function of Autophagy as a Regulator of Melanin Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132085. [PMID: 35805169 PMCID: PMC9265842 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are melanocyte-specific organelles that protect cells from ultraviolet (UV)-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage through the production and accumulation of melanin and are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes. The relatively well-known process by which melanin is synthesized from melanocytes is known as melanogenesis. The relationship between melanogenesis and autophagy is attracting the attention of researchers because proteins associated with autophagy, such as WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, autophagy-related (ATG)7, ATG4, beclin-1, and UV-radiation resistance-associated gene, contribute to the melanogenesis signaling pathway. Additionally, there are reports that some compounds used as whitening cosmetics materials induce skin depigmentation through autophagy. Thus, the possibility that autophagy is involved in the removal of melanin has been suggested. To date, however, there is a lack of data on melanosome autophagy and its underlying mechanism. This review highlights the importance of autophagy in melanin homeostasis by providing an overview of melanogenesis, autophagy, the autophagy machinery involved in melanogenesis, and natural compounds that induce autophagy-mediated depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Lee
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Minju Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Si Hyeon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1365; Fax: +82-55-772-1359
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7
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Gelmi MC, Houtzagers LE, Strub T, Krossa I, Jager MJ. MITF in Normal Melanocytes, Cutaneous and Uveal Melanoma: A Delicate Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6001. [PMID: 35682684 PMCID: PMC9181002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is an important regulator of melanogenesis and melanocyte development. Although it has been studied extensively in cutaneous melanoma, the role of MITF in uveal melanoma (UM) has not been explored in much detail. We review the literature about the role of MITF in normal melanocytes, in cutaneous melanoma, and in UM. In normal melanocytes, MITF regulates melanocyte development, melanin synthesis, and melanocyte survival. The expression profile and the behaviour of MITF-expressing cells suggest that MITF promotes local proliferation and inhibits invasion, inflammation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition. Loss of MITF expression leads to increased invasion and inflammation and is more prevalent in malignant cells. Cutaneous melanoma cells switch between MITF-high and MITF-low states in different phases of tumour development. In UM, MITF loss is associated with loss of BAP1 protein expression, which is a marker of poor prognosis. These data indicate a dual role for MITF in benign and malignant melanocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Gelmi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.); (L.E.H.)
| | - Laurien E. Houtzagers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.); (L.E.H.)
| | - Thomas Strub
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (T.S.); (I.K.)
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2020, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Imène Krossa
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (T.S.); (I.K.)
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2020, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.); (L.E.H.)
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8
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Börner K, Teichmann SA, Quardokus EM, Gee JC, Browne K, Osumi-Sutherland D, Herr BW, Bueckle A, Paul H, Haniffa M, Jardine L, Bernard A, Ding SL, Miller JA, Lin S, Halushka MK, Boppana A, Longacre TA, Hickey J, Lin Y, Valerius MT, He Y, Pryhuber G, Sun X, Jorgensen M, Radtke AJ, Wasserfall C, Ginty F, Ho J, Sunshine J, Beuschel RT, Brusko M, Lee S, Malhotra R, Jain S, Weber G. Anatomical structures, cell types and biomarkers of the Human Reference Atlas. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:1117-1128. [PMID: 34750582 PMCID: PMC10079270 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Human Reference Atlas (HRA) aims to map all of the cells of the human body to advance biomedical research and clinical practice. This Perspective presents collaborative work by members of 16 international consortia on two essential and interlinked parts of the HRA: (1) three-dimensional representations of anatomy that are linked to (2) tables that name and interlink major anatomical structures, cell types, plus biomarkers (ASCT+B). We discuss four examples that demonstrate the practical utility of the HRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Börner
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ellen M Quardokus
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - James C Gee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristen Browne
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Osumi-Sutherland
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bruce W Herr
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andreas Bueckle
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Hrishikesh Paul
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Jardine
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | - Shin Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marc K Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Avinash Boppana
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Teri A Longacre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Todd Valerius
- Harvard Institute of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongqun He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gloria Pryhuber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marda Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrea J Radtke
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fiona Ginty
- Biology and Applied Physics, General Electric Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Jonhan Ho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel Sunshine
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca T Beuschel
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maigan Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sujin Lee
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Harvard Institute of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Griffin Weber
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Oppezzo A, Rosselli F. The underestimated role of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF) in normal and pathological haematopoiesis. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:18. [PMID: 33441180 PMCID: PMC7805242 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoiesis, the process by which a restrained population of stem cells terminally differentiates into specific types of blood cells, depends on the tightly regulated temporospatial activity of several transcription factors (TFs). The deregulation of their activity or expression is a main cause of pathological haematopoiesis, leading to bone marrow failure (BMF), anaemia and leukaemia. TFs can be induced and/or activated by different stimuli, to which they respond by regulating the expression of genes and gene networks. Most TFs are highly pleiotropic; i.e., they are capable of influencing two or more apparently unrelated phenotypic traits, and the action of a single TF in a specific setting often depends on its interaction with other TFs and signalling pathway components. The microphthalmia-associated TF (MiTF) is a prototype TF in multiple situations. MiTF has been described extensively as a key regulator of melanocyte and melanoma development because it acts mainly as an oncogene. Mitf-mutated mice show a plethora of pleiotropic phenotypes, such as microphthalmia, deafness, abnormal pigmentation, retinal degeneration, reduced mast cell numbers and osteopetrosis, revealing a greater requirement for MiTF activity in cells and tissue. A growing amount of evidence has led to the delineation of key roles for MiTF in haematopoiesis and/or in cells of haematopoietic origin, including haematopoietic stem cells, mast cells, NK cells, basophiles, B cells and osteoclasts. This review summarizes several roles of MiTF in cells of the haematopoietic system and how MiTFs can impact BM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Oppezzo
- CNRS UMR9019, Équipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Université Paris Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
| | - Filippo Rosselli
- CNRS UMR9019, Équipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Université Paris Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
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10
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Suppression of Pax3-MITF-M Axis Protects from UVB-Induced Skin Pigmentation by Tetrahydroquinoline Carboxamide. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249631. [PMID: 33348800 PMCID: PMC7766340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired box gene 3 (Pax3) and cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) directly interact with the cis-acting elements on the promoter of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform M (MITF-M) for transcriptional activation in the melanogenic process. Tyrosinase (Tyro) is a target gene of MITF-M, and functions as a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis. Tetrahydroquinoline carboxamide (THQC) was previously screened as an antimelanogenic candidate. In the current study, we evaluated the antimelanogenic activity of THQC in vivo and elucidated a possible mechanism. Topical treatment with THQC mitigated ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin pigmentation in guinea pig with decreased messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of melanogenic genes such as MITF-M and Tyro. Moreover, THQC inhibited cAMP-induced melanin production in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)- or histamine-activated B16-F0 cells, in which it suppressed the expression of the MITF-M gene at the promoter level. As a mechanism, THQC normalized the protein levels of Pax3, a transcriptional activator of the MITF-M gene, in UVB-exposed and pigmented skin, as well as in α-MSH-activated B16-F0 culture. However, THQC did not affect UVB- or α-MSH-induced phosphorylation (activation) of CREB. The results suggest that suppression of the Pax3–MITF-M axis might be a potential strategy in the treatment of skin pigmentary disorders that are at high risk under UVB radiation.
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11
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Ballesteros-Álvarez J, Dilshat R, Fock V, Möller K, Karl L, Larue L, Ögmundsdóttir MH, Steingrímsson E. MITF and TFEB cross-regulation in melanoma cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238546. [PMID: 32881934 PMCID: PMC7470386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The MITF, TFEB, TFE3 and TFEC (MiT-TFE) proteins belong to the basic helix-loop-helix family of leucine zipper transcription factors. MITF is crucial for melanocyte development and differentiation, and has been termed a lineage-specific oncogene in melanoma. The three related proteins MITF, TFEB and TFE3 have been shown to be involved in the biogenesis and function of lysosomes and autophagosomes, regulating cellular clearance pathways. Here we investigated the cross-regulatory relationship of MITF and TFEB in melanoma cells. Like MITF, the TFEB and TFE3 genes are expressed in melanoma cells as well as in melanoma tumors, albeit at lower levels. We show that the MITF and TFEB proteins, but not TFE3, directly affect each other's mRNA and protein expression. In addition, the subcellular localization of MITF and TFEB is subject to regulation by the mTOR signaling pathway, which impacts their cross-regulatory relationship at the transcriptional level. Our work shows that the relationship between MITF and TFEB is multifaceted and that the cross-regulatory interactions of these factors need to be taken into account when considering pathways regulated by these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Ballesteros-Álvarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ramile Dilshat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Valerie Fock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Katrín Möller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ludwig Karl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | | | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Yun CY, Roh E, Kim SH, Han J, Lee J, Jung DE, Kim GH, Jung SH, Cho WJ, Han SB, Kim Y. Stem Cell Factor-Inducible MITF-M Expression in Therapeutics for Acquired Skin Hyperpigmentation. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:340-352. [PMID: 31903124 PMCID: PMC6929618 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor M (MITF-M) plays important roles in the pigment production, differentiation and survival of melanocytes. Stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor KIT stimulate MITF-M activity via phosphorylation at the post-translation level. However, the phosphorylation shortens half-life of MITF-M protein over the course of minutes. Here, we investigated novel hypotheses of (i) whether SCF/KIT can regulate MITF-M activity through gene expression as the alternative process, and (ii) whether chemical inhibition of KIT activity can mitigate the acquired pigmentation in skin by targeting the expression of MITF-M. Methods: We employed melanocyte cultures in vitro and pigmented skin samples in vivo, and applied immunoblotting, RT-PCR, siRNA-based gene knockdown and confocal microscopy. Results: The protein and mRNA levels of MITF-M in epidermal melanocytes and the promoter activity of MITF-M in B16-F0 melanoma cells demonstrated that SCF/KIT could trigger the expression of MITF-M de novo, following the phosphorylation-dependent proteolysis of pre-existing MITF-M protein. SCF/KIT regulated the transcription abilities of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), CREB-regulated co-activator 1 (CRTC1) and SRY-related HMG-box 10 (SOX10) but not β-catenin at the MITF-M promoter. Meanwhile, chemical inhibition of KIT activity abolished SCF-induced melanin production in epidermal melanocyte cultures, as well as protected the skin from UV-B-induced hyperpigmentation in HRM2 mice or brownish guinea pigs, in which it down-regulated the expression of MITF-M de novo at the promoter level. Conclusion: We propose the targeting of SCF/KIT-inducible MITF-M expression as a strategy in the therapeutics for acquired pigmentary disorders.
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13
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Rossi A, Roberto M, Panebianco M, Botticelli A, Mazzuca F, Marchetti P. Drug resistance of BRAF-mutant melanoma: Review of up-to-date mechanisms of action and promising targeted agents. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172621. [PMID: 31446019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma onset and progression are associated with a high variety of activating mutations in the MAPK-pathway, most frequently involving BRAF (35-45%) and NRAS (15-25%) genes, but also c-KIT and PTEN. Targeted therapies with BRAF and MEK inhibitors showed promising results over the past years, but it is known that most responses are temporary, and almost all of patients develop a tumor relapse within one year. Different drug-resistance mechanisms underlie the progression of disease and activation of both MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Therefore, in this article we reviewed the main studies about clinical effects of several target inhibitors, describing properly the most prominent mechanisms of both intrinsic and acquired resistance. Furthermore, suggestive strategies for overcoming drug resistance and the most recent alternative combination therapies to optimize the use of MAPK pathway inhibitors were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Oncology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Roberto
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Oncology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translation Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
| | - Martina Panebianco
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Oncology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Botticelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Oncology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Mazzuca
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Oncology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Oncology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; Oncology Unit, IDI-IRCCS of Rome, Italy
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14
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Koutlas IG, Dolan M, Lingen MW, Argyris PP. Plasmacytoid cells in salivary pleomorphic adenoma: an alternative interpretation of their immunohistochemical characteristics highlights function and capability for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2019; 128:515-529. [PMID: 31400990 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plasmacytoid cells (PLCs) in salivary pleomorphic adenoma (SPA) are regarded as modified neoplastic myoepithelia and define plasmacytoid myoepithelioma (pMYO). However, histochemically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally, PLCs fail to demonstrate frank myogenous properties. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may explain the phenotypes in SPA. Our aim was to evaluate (1) PLCs with accepted or purported myoepithelial and EMT-related markers; and (2) pMYOs for PLAG1 aberrations by using fluorescence in situ hybridization. STUDY DESIGN Eight SPAs with or without PLC-predominance and 3 pMYOs were immunohistochemically studied. RESULTS PLCs in SPA and pMYO exhibited strong, scattered to diffuse positivity for K7, rare K14 positivity and were mostly negative for α-smooth muscle actin, h-caldesmon, and p63/p40. S100 staining was strong and diffuse, whereas calponin was variable. DOG1 was negative. PLCs in pMYO and PLC-rich SPA exhibited selective or diffuse WT1 and D2-40 immunoreactivity. EMT markers SNAIL/SLUG exhibited strong and variable immunoreactivity in PLCs in contrast to weak or absent E-cadherin expression. SOX10 was diffusely and strongly positive. PLAG1 rearrangement was present in 1 pMYO. CONCLUSIONS PLCs mostly fail to express myoepithelial markers; PLCs are neoplastic cells adapting to microenvironmental changes and capable of EMT; and tumors composed solely of PLCs are apparently SPAs depleted of a ductal component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G Koutlas
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Michelle Dolan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark W Lingen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Prokopios P Argyris
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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Abstract
In this review, Goding and Arnheiter present the current understanding of MITF's role and regulation in development and disease and highlight key areas where our knowledge of MITF regulation and function is limited. All transcription factors are equal, but some are more equal than others. In the 25 yr since the gene encoding the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was first isolated, MITF has emerged as a key coordinator of many aspects of melanocyte and melanoma biology. Like all transcription factors, MITF binds to specific DNA sequences and up-regulates or down-regulates its target genes. What marks MITF as being remarkable among its peers is the sheer range of biological processes that it appears to coordinate. These include cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, invasion, senescence, metabolism, and DNA damage repair. In this article we present our current understanding of MITF's role and regulation in development and disease, as well as those of the MITF-related factors TFEB and TFE3, and highlight key areas where our knowledge of MITF regulation and function is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Heath, Bethesda, Maryland 20824, USA
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16
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Kim E, Zucconi BE, Wu M, Nocco SE, Meyers DJ, McGee JS, Venkatesh S, Cohen DL, Gonzalez EC, Ryu B, Cole PA, Alani RM. MITF Expression Predicts Therapeutic Vulnerability to p300 Inhibition in Human Melanoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2649-2661. [PMID: 30910803 PMCID: PMC6522293 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Histone modifications, largely regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases, have been recognized as major regulatory mechanisms governing human diseases, including cancer. Despite significant effort and recent advances, the mechanism by which the HAT and transcriptional coactivator p300 mediates tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we use a genetic and chemical approach to identify the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) as a critical downstream target of p300 driving human melanoma growth. Direct transcriptional control of MITF by p300-dependent histone acetylation within proximal gene regulatory regions was coupled to cellular proliferation, suggesting a significant growth regulatory axis. Further analysis revealed forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) as a key effector of the p300-MITF axis driving cell growth that is selectively activated in human melanomas. Targeted chemical inhibition of p300 acetyltransferase activity using a potent and selective catalytic p300/CBP inhibitor demonstrated significant growth inhibitory effects in melanoma cells expressing high levels of MITF. Collectively, these data confirm the critical role of the p300-MITF-FOXM1 axis in melanoma and support p300 as a promising novel epigenetic therapeutic target in human melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE: These results show that MITF is a major downstream target of p300 in human melanoma whose expression is predictive of melanoma response to small-molecule inhibition of p300 HAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Beth E. Zucconi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Muzhou Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Sarah E. Nocco
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - David J. Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 316 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jean S. McGee
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Samantha Venkatesh
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Daniel L. Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Estela C. Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Byungwoo Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Philip A. Cole
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;,Corresponding Authors: Rhoda M. Alani 617-638-5517, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 (Lead Contact), Philip A. Cole 617-525-5208, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rhoda M. Alani
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118;,Corresponding Authors: Rhoda M. Alani 617-638-5517, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 (Lead Contact), Philip A. Cole 617-525-5208, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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17
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Yun CY, Hong SD, Lee YH, Lee J, Jung DE, Kim GH, Kim SH, Jung JK, Kim KH, Lee H, Hong JT, Han SB, Kim Y. Nuclear Entry of CRTC1 as Druggable Target of Acquired Pigmentary Disorder. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:646-660. [PMID: 30809299 PMCID: PMC6376463 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: SOX10 (SRY-related HMG-box 10) and MITF-M (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor M) restrict the expression of melanogenic genes, such as TYR (tyrosinase), in melanocytes. DACE (diacetylcaffeic acid cyclohexyl ester) inhibits melanin production in α-MSH (α-melanocyte stimulating hormone)-activated B16-F0 melanoma cells. In this study, we evaluated the antimelanogenic activity of DACE in vivo and elucidated the molecular basis of its action. Methods: We employed melanocyte cultures and hyperpigmented skin samples for pigmentation assays, and applied chromatin immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, RT-PCR or siRNA-based knockdown for mechanistic analyses. Results: Topical treatment with DACE mitigated UV-B-induced hyperpigmentation in the skin with attenuated expression of MITF-M and TYR. DACE also inhibited melanin production in α-MSH- or ET-1 (endothelin 1)-activated melanocyte cultures. As a mechanism, DACE blocked the nuclear import of CRTC1 (CREB-regulated co-activator 1) in melanocytes. DACE resultantly inhibited SOX10 induction, and suppressed the transcriptional abilities of CREB/CRTC1 heterodimer and SOX10 at MITF-M promoter, thereby ameliorating facultative melanogenesis. Furthermore, this study unveiled new issues in melanocyte biology that i) KPNA1 (Impα5) escorted CRTC1 as a cargo across the nuclear envelope, ii) SOX10 was inducible in the melanogenic process, and iii) CRTC1 could direct SOX10 induction at the transcription level. Conclusion: We propose the targeting of CRTC1 as a unique strategy in the treatment of acquired pigmentary disorders.
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18
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Nguyen NT, Fisher DE. MITF and UV responses in skin: From pigmentation to addiction. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:224-236. [PMID: 30019545 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has numerous effects on skin, including DNA damage, tanning, vitamin D synthesis, carcinogenesis, and immunomodulation. Keratinocytes containing damaged DNA secrete both α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which stimulates pigment production by melanocytes, and the opioid β-endorphin, which can trigger addiction-like responses to UVR. The pigmentation (tanning) response is an adaptation that provides some delayed protection against further DNA damage and carcinogenesis, while the opioid response may be an evolutionary adaptation for promoting sun-seeking behavior to prevent vitamin D deficiency. Here, we review the pigmentation response to UVR, driven by melanocytic microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and evidence for UVR-induced melanomagenesis and addiction. We also discuss potential applications of a novel approach to generate protective pigmentation in the absence of UVR (sunless tanning) using a topical small-molecule inhibitor of the salt-inducible kinase (SIK) family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu T Nguyen
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Konieczkowski DJ, Johannessen CM, Garraway LA. A Convergence-Based Framework for Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:801-815. [PMID: 29763622 PMCID: PMC5957297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer biology and therapeutics, drug resistance remains problematic. Resistance is often multifactorial, heterogeneous, and prone to undersampling. Nonetheless, many individual mechanisms of targeted therapy resistance may coalesce into a smaller number of convergences, including pathway reactivation (downstream re-engagement of original effectors), pathway bypass (recruitment of a parallel pathway converging on the same downstream output), and pathway indifference (development of a cellular state independent of the initial therapeutic target). Similar convergences may also underpin immunotherapy resistance. Such parsimonious, convergence-based frameworks may help explain resistance across tumor types and therapeutic categories and may also suggest strategies to overcome it.
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20
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Abstract
Inhibition of the BRAF/MAPK pathway belongs to the standard therapies for patients with activating BRAFV600E/K mutations. However, even in well-responding tumors, anti-tumorigenic effect and clinical benefit are only transient, and the original tumors often relapse. This demonstrates that there are remaining residual tumors, which have withstood therapy-induced apoptosis and which have the potential to resume growth. Although BRAF mutant melanoma cells seem to depend on BRAF/MAPK signaling, the inhibition of this pathway triggers several events, which modulate the tumor as well as the tumor niche. After a certain adaptation period, this can turn out to be beneficial for tumor growth and metastasis-even in cases of good initial tumor response. This review sheds light on the biology of BRAF/MEK inhibitor-sensitive melanoma cells, which survive targeted therapy and will address the crosstalk signaling events occurring in BRAF mutant melanomas when the BRAF/MAPK pathway is fully blocked. The knowledge of these events is important for potential future drug combinations, which enhance the inhibitory effect of BRAF/MEK inhibition, particularly in patients not eligible for immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Meierjohann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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21
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Choi J, Xu M, Makowski MM, Zhang T, Law MH, Kovacs MA, Granzhan A, Kim WJ, Parikh H, Gartside M, Trent JM, Teulade-Fichou MP, Iles MM, Newton-Bishop JA, Bishop DT, MacGregor S, Hayward NK, Vermeulen M, Brown KM. A common intronic variant of PARP1 confers melanoma risk and mediates melanocyte growth via regulation of MITF. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1326-1335. [PMID: 28759004 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies have identified a melanoma-associated locus at 1q42.1 that encompasses a ∼100-kb region spanning the PARP1 gene. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis in multiple cell types of the melanocytic lineage consistently demonstrated that the 1q42.1 melanoma risk allele (rs3219090[G]) is correlated with higher PARP1 levels. In silico fine-mapping and functional validation identified a common intronic indel, rs144361550 (-/GGGCCC; r2 = 0.947 with rs3219090), as displaying allele-specific transcriptional activity. A proteomic screen identified RECQL as binding to rs144361550 in an allele-preferential manner. In human primary melanocytes, PARP1 promoted cell proliferation and rescued BRAFV600E-induced senescence phenotypes in a PARylation-independent manner. PARP1 also transformed TERT-immortalized melanocytes expressing BRAFV600E. PARP1-mediated senescence rescue was accompanied by transcriptional activation of the melanocyte-lineage survival oncogene MITF, highlighting a new role for PARP1 in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Choi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mai Xu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew M Makowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew H Law
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael A Kovacs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anton Granzhan
- CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University and Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Wendy J Kim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hemang Parikh
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Gartside
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Trent
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Teulade-Fichou
- CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University and Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Mark M Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Julia A Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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22
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Human Adipose Mesenchymal Cells Inhibit Melanocyte Differentiation and the Pigmentation of Human Skin via Increased Expression of TGF-β1. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2560-2569. [PMID: 28774590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that interactions between epidermal melanocytes and stromal cells play an important role in the regulation of skin pigmentation. In this study we established a pigmented dermo-epidermal skin model, melDESS, of human origin to investigate the effects of distinct stromal cells on melanogenesis. melDESS is a complex, clinically relevant skin equivalent composed of an epidermis containing both melanocytes and keratinocytes. Its dermal compartment consists either of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells, dermal fibroblasts (Fbs), or a mixture of both cell types. These skin substitutes were transplanted for 5 weeks on the backs of immuno-incompetent rats and analyzed. Gene expression and Western blot analyses showed a significantly higher expression of transforming growth factor-β1 by adipose tissue-derived stromal cells compared with dermal Fbs. In addition, we showed that melanocytes responded to the increased levels of transforming growth factor-β1 by down-regulating the expression of key melanogenic enzymes such as tyrosinase. This caused decreased melanin synthesis and, consequently, greatly reduced pigmentation of melDESS. The conclusions are of utmost clinical relevance, namely that adipose tissue-derived stromal cells derived from the hypodermis fail to appropriately interact with epidermal melanocytes, thus preventing the sustainable restoration of the patient's native skin color in bioengineered skin grafts.
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23
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Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) plays a critical and complex role in melanocyte transformation. Although several downstream targets of MITF action have been identified, the precise mechanisms by which MITF promotes melanocytic tumor progression are incompletely understood. Recent studies identified an oncogenic role for the bromodomain plant homeodomain finger transcription factor (BPTF) gene in melanoma progression, in part through activation of BCL2, a canonical target of MITF signaling. Analysis of the BPTF promoter identified a putative MITF-binding site, suggesting that MITF may regulate BPTF expression. Overexpression of MITF resulted in up-regulation of BPTF in a panel of melanoma and melanocyte cell lines. shRNA-mediated down-regulation of MITF in melanoma cells was accompanied by down-regulation of BPTF and BPTF-regulated genes (including BCL2) and resulted in reduced proliferative capacity of melanoma cells. The suppression of cell growth mediated by MITF silencing was rescued by overexpression of BPTF cDNA. Binding of MITF to the BPTF promoter was demonstrated using ChIP analysis. MITF overexpression resulted in direct transcriptional activation of BPTF, as evidenced by increased luciferase activity driven by the BPTF promoter. These results indicate that BPTF transduces key prosurvival signals driven by MITF, further supporting its important role in promoting melanoma cell survival and progression.
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24
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Wellbrock C, Arozarena I. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanoma development and MAP-kinase pathway targeted therapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:390-406. [PMID: 25818589 PMCID: PMC4692100 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm of melanocytes, and the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is essential for the existence of melanocytes. MITF's relevance for this cell lineage is maintained in melanoma, where it is an important regulator of survival and balances melanoma cell proliferation with terminal differentiation (pigmentation). The MITF gene is amplified in ~20% of melanomas and MITF mutation can predispose to melanoma development. Furthermore, the regulation of MITF expression and function is strongly linked to the BRAF/MEK/ERK/MAP-kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is deregulated in >90% of melanomas and central target of current therapies. MITF expression in melanoma is heterogeneous, and recent findings highlight the relevance of this heterogeneity for the response of melanoma to MAPK pathway targeting drugs, as well as for MITF's role in melanoma progression. This review aims to provide an updated overview on the regulation of MITF function and plasticity in melanoma with a focus on its link to MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research CentreWellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Manchester Cancer Research CentreWellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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25
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Chaoui A, Kavo A, Baral V, Watanabe Y, Lecerf L, Colley A, Mendoza-Londono R, Pingault V, Bondurand N. Subnuclear re-localization of SOX10 and p54NRB correlates with a unique neurological phenotype associated with SOX10 missense mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4933-47. [PMID: 26060192 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX10 is a transcription factor with well-known functions in neural crest and oligodendrocyte development. Mutations in SOX10 were first associated with Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease (WS4; deafness, pigmentation defects and intestinal aganglionosis). However, variable phenotypes that extend beyond the WS4 definition are now reported. The neurological phenotypes associated with some truncating mutations are suggested to be the result of escape from the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway; but, to date, no mechanism has been suggested for missense mutations, of which approximately 20 have now been reported, with about half of the latter shown to be redistributed to nuclear bodies of undetermined nature and function in vitro. Here, we report that p54NRB, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression during many cellular processes including differentiation, interacts synergistically with SOX10 to regulate several target genes. Interestingly, this paraspeckle protein, as well as two other members of the Drosophila behavior human splicing (DBHS) protein family, co-localize with SOX10 mutants in nuclear bodies, suggesting the possible paraspeckle nature of these foci or re-localization of the DBHS members to other subnuclear compartments. Remarkably, the co-transfection of wild-type and mutant SOX10 constructs led to the sequestration of wild-type protein in mutant-induced foci. In contrast to mutants presenting with additional cytoplasmic re-localization, those exclusively found in the nucleus alter synergistic activity between SOX10 and p54NRB. We propose that such a dominant negative effect may contribute to or be at the origin of the unique progressive and severe neurological phenotype observed in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Chaoui
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France, DHU Ageing-Thorax-Vessel-Blood, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Anthula Kavo
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France, DHU Ageing-Thorax-Vessel-Blood, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Viviane Baral
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France, DHU Ageing-Thorax-Vessel-Blood, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Yuli Watanabe
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France, DHU Ageing-Thorax-Vessel-Blood, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Laure Lecerf
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France, DHU Ageing-Thorax-Vessel-Blood, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Alison Colley
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Hospital, Australia and
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londono
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Veronique Pingault
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France, DHU Ageing-Thorax-Vessel-Blood, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France, DHU Ageing-Thorax-Vessel-Blood, F-94000 Créteil, France,
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26
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Mehrotra A, Mehta G, Aras S, Trivedi A, de la Serna IL. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes in melanocyte differentiation and melanoma. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2015; 24:151-61. [PMID: 24940768 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2014007882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal melanocytes are pigment-producing cells derived from the neural crest that protects skin from the damaging effects of solar radiation. Malignant melanoma, a highly aggressive cancer, arises from melanocytes. SWI/SNF enzymes are multiprotein complexes that remodel chromatin structure and have extensive roles in cellular differentiation. Components of the complex have been found to be mutated or lost in several human cancers. This review focuses on studies that implicate SWI/SNF enzymes in melanocyte differentiation and in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mehrotra
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - G Mehta
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - S Aras
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - A Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - I L de la Serna
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
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27
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Hartman ML, Czyz M. MITF in melanoma: mechanisms behind its expression and activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:1249-60. [PMID: 25433395 PMCID: PMC4363485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) represents a melanocytic lineage-specific transcription factor whose role is profoundly extended in malignant melanoma. Over the last few years, the function of MITF has been tightly connected to plasticity of melanoma cells. MITF participates in executing diverse melanoma phenotypes defined by distinct gene expression profiles. Mutation-dependent alterations in MITF expression and activity have been found in a relatively small subset of melanomas. MITF activity is rather modulated by its upstream activators and suppressors operating on transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. These regulatory mechanisms also include epigenetic and microenvironmental signals. Several transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in the regulation of MITF expression and/or activity such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are broadly utilized by various types of tumors, whereas others, e.g., BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 are more specific for melanoma. Furthermore, the MITF activity can be affected by the availability of transcriptional co-partners that are often redirected by MITF from their own canonical signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the complexity of a multilevel regulation of MITF expression and activity that underlies distinct context-related phenotypes of melanoma and might explain diverse responses of melanoma patients to currently used therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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28
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Brewer MH, Ma KH, Beecham GW, Gopinath C, Baas F, Choi BO, Reilly MM, Shy ME, Züchner S, Svaren J, Antonellis A. Haplotype-specific modulation of a SOX10/CREB response element at the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4C locus SH3TC2. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5171-87. [PMID: 24833716 PMCID: PMC4168306 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain and tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (SH3TC2) gene cause autosomal recessive demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. The SH3TC2 protein has been implicated in promyelination signaling through axonal neuregulin-1 and the ERBB2 Schwann cell receptor. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of the SH3TC2 gene. We performed computational and functional analyses that revealed two cis-acting regulatory elements at SH3TC2-one at the promoter and one ∼150 kb downstream of the transcription start site. Both elements direct reporter gene expression in Schwann cells and are responsive to the transcription factor SOX10, which is essential for peripheral nervous system myelination. The downstream enhancer harbors a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that causes an ∼80% reduction in enhancer activity. The SNP resides directly within a predicted binding site for the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and we demonstrate that this regulatory element binds to CREB and is activated by CREB expression. Finally, forskolin induces Sh3tc2 expression in rat primary Schwann cells, indicating that SH3TC2 is a CREB target gene. These findings prompted us to determine if SNP genotypes at SH3TC2 are associated with differential phenotypes in the most common demyelinating peripheral neuropathy, CMT1A. Interestingly, this revealed several associations between SNP alleles and disease severity. In summary, our data indicate that SH3TC2 is regulated by the transcription factors CREB and SOX10, define a regulatory SNP at this disease-associated locus and reveal SH3TC2 as a candidate modifier locus of CMT disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ki Hwan Ma
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology (CMP) Program
| | - Gary W Beecham
- Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chetna Gopinath
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mary M Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Michael E Shy
- Department of Neurology Department of Pediatrics and Department of Physiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stephan Züchner
- Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John Svaren
- Waisman Center and Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anthony Antonellis
- Department of Human Genetics Department of Neurology and Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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29
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Hsiao JJ, Fisher DE. The roles of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and pigmentation in melanoma. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:28-34. [PMID: 25111671 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
MITF and pigmentation play important roles in both normal melanocyte and transformed melanoma cell biology. MITF is regulated by many pathways and it also regulates many targets, some of which are still being discovered and functionally validated. MITF is involved in a wide range of processes in melanocytes, including pigment synthesis and lineage survival. Pigmentation itself plays an important role as the interface between genetic and environmental factors that contribute to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Hsiao
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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30
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Wei B, Zhang YP, Yan HZ, Xu Y, Du TM. Cilostazol promotes production of melanin by activating the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 443:617-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Overexpression of meloe gene in melanomas is controlled both by specific transcription factors and hypomethylation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75421. [PMID: 24086527 PMCID: PMC3783405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanoma antigens MELOE-1 and MELOE-2 are encoded by a messenger, called meloe, overexpressed in melanomas compared with other tumour cell types and healthy tissues. They are both able to elicit melanoma-specific T cell responses in melanoma patients, and MELOE-1-specific CD8 T cells have been involved in melanoma immunosurveillance. With the aim to develop immunotherapies targeting this antigen, we investigated the transcriptional mechanisms leading to the preferential expression of meloe messenger in the melanocytic lineage. We defined the minimal promoter region of meloe gene and identified binding motifs for a set of transcription factors. Using mutagenesis, co-transfection experiments and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we showed that transcription factors involved in meloe promoter activity in melanomas were the melanocytic specific SOX9 and SOX10 proteins together with the activated P-CREB protein. Furthermore, we showed that meloe promoter was hypomethylated in melanomas and melanocytes, and hypermethylated in colon cancer cell lines and mesotheliomas, thus explaining the absence of P-CREB binding in these cell lines. This was a second key to explain the overerexpression of meloe messenger in the melanocytic lineage. To our knowledge, such a dual transcriptional control conferring tissue-specificity has never been described for the expression of tumour antigens.
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32
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Mayanil CS. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of neural crest induction during neurulation. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:361-72. [PMID: 24051984 DOI: 10.1159/000354749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurulation is one of the many important events in mammalian development. It is the stage of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos during which the neural tube is transformed into the primitive structures that will later develop into the central nervous system. Recent transcriptome analysis during neurulation and early organogenesis in humans and mice has identified the global dynamics of gene expression changes across developmental time. This has revealed a richer understanding of gene regulation and provides hints at the transcriptional regulatory networks that underlie these processes. Similarly, epigenome analysis, which collectively constitutes histone modifications, transcription factor binding, and other structural features associated with gene regulation, has given a renewed appreciation to the subtle mechanisms involving the process of neurulation. More specifically, the histone demethylases KDM4A and KDM6B have recently been shown to be key histone H3K4 and H3K27 modifiers that regulate neural crest specification and neural tube closure. Additionally, miRNAs have recently been shown to influence transcription of genes directly or by altering the levels of epigenetic modifiers and thus regulate gene expression. This mini review briefly summarizes the literature, highlighting the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of key genes involved in neural crest induction and neural crest specification by transcription factors and miRNAs. Understanding how these mechanisms work individually and in clusters will shed light on pathways in the context of diseases associated with neural crest cell derivatives such as melanoma, cardiovascular defects and neuronal craniofacial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Mayanil
- Developmental Biology Program, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill., USA
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33
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Harris ML, Buac K, Shakhova O, Hakami RM, Wegner M, Sommer L, Pavan WJ. A dual role for SOX10 in the maintenance of the postnatal melanocyte lineage and the differentiation of melanocyte stem cell progenitors. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003644. [PMID: 23935512 PMCID: PMC3723529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the transcription factor, Sox10, drives the survival and differentiation of the melanocyte lineage. However, the role that Sox10 plays in postnatal melanocytes is not established. We show in vivo that melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) and more differentiated melanocytes express SOX10 but that McSCs remain undifferentiated. Sox10 knockout (Sox10(fl); Tg(Tyr::CreER)) results in loss of both McSCs and differentiated melanocytes, while overexpression of Sox10 (Tg(DctSox10)) causes premature differentiation and loss of McSCs, leading to hair graying. This suggests that levels of SOX10 are key to normal McSC function and Sox10 must be downregulated for McSC establishment and maintenance. We examined whether the mechanism of Tg(DctSox10) hair graying is through increased expression of Mitf, a target of SOX10, by asking if haploinsufficiency for Mitf (Mitf(vga9) ) can rescue hair graying in Tg(DctSox10) animals. Surprisingly, Mitf(vga9) does not mitigate but exacerbates Tg(DctSox10) hair graying suggesting that MITF participates in the negative regulation of Sox10 in McSCs. These observations demonstrate that while SOX10 is necessary to maintain the postnatal melanocyte lineage it is simultaneously prevented from driving differentiation in the McSCs. This data illustrates how tissue-specific stem cells can arise from lineage-specified precursors through the regulation of the very transcription factors important in defining that lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Harris
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristina Buac
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Olga Shakhova
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramin M. Hakami
- School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lee AY, Noh M. The regulation of epidermal melanogenesis via cAMP and/or PKC signaling pathways: insights for the development of hypopigmenting agents. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:792-801. [PMID: 23604723 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal pigmentation, particularly hyperpigmentation, is major issue of concern for people with colored skin. Several hypopigmenting agents, which exert their action by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and/or transcription, have been used for treatment. However, results have been discouraging. To manage abnormal pigmentation properly, the mechanisms of melanogenesis should be understood. Endogenous and exogenous factors affect melanogenesis via intracellular machineries. cAMP and PKC are critical factors of important transduction pathways and cross-talk between them could amplify the melanogenic effect. Here, factors involved in melanogenesis regulation via cAMP and/or PKC pathways are reviewed with their action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Seoul, Graduate School of Medicine, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-773, South Korea.
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Shoag J, Haq R, Zhang M, Liu L, Rowe GC, Jiang A, Koulisis N, Farrel C, Amos CI, Wei Q, Lee JE, Zhang J, Kupper TS, Qureshi AA, Cui R, Han J, Fisher DE, Arany Z. PGC-1 coactivators regulate MITF and the tanning response. Mol Cell 2012. [PMID: 23201126 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The production of pigment by melanocytes tans the skin and protects against skin cancers. UV-exposed keratinocytes secrete α-MSH, which then activates melanin formation in melanocytes by inducing the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). We show that PPAR-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and PGC-1β are critical components of this melanogenic system in melanocytes. α-MSH signaling strongly induces PGC-1α expression and stabilizes both PGC-1α and PGC-1β proteins. The PGC-1s in turn activate the MITF promoter, and their expression correlates strongly with that of MITF in human melanoma cell lines and biopsy specimens. Inhibition of PGC-1α and PGC-1β blocks the α-MSH-mediated induction of MITF and melanogenic genes. Conversely, overexpression of PGC-1α induces pigment formation in cell culture and transgenic animals. Finally, polymorphism studies reveal expression quantitative trait loci in the PGC-1β gene that correlate with tanning ability and protection from melanoma in humans. These data identify PGC-1 coactivators as regulators of human tanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shoag
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bellei B, Pitisci A, Izzo E, Picardo M. Inhibition of melanogenesis by the pyridinyl imidazole class of compounds: possible involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33021. [PMID: 22427932 PMCID: PMC3302780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While investigating the role of p38 MAPK in regulating melanogenesis, we found that pyridinyl imidazole inhibitors class compounds as well as the analog compound SB202474, which does not inhibit p38 MAPK, suppressed both α-MSH-induced melanogenesis and spontaneous melanin synthesis. In this study, we demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of the pyridinyl imidazoles correlates with inhibition of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity. Imidazole-treated cells showed a reduction in the level of Tcf/Lef target genes involved in the β-catenin signaling network, including ubiquitous genes such as Axin2, Lef1, and Wisp1 as well as cell lineage-restricted genes such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and dopachrome tautomerase. Although over-expression of the Wnt signaling pathway effector β-catenin slightly restored the melanogenic program, the lack of complete reversion suggested that the imidazoles interfered with β-catenin-dependent transcriptional activity rather than with β-catenin expression. Accordingly, we did not observe any significant change in β-catenin protein expression. The independence of p38 MAPK activity from the repression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was confirmed by small interfering RNA knockdown of p38 MAPK expression, which by contrast, stimulated β-catenin-driven gene expression. Our data demonstrate that the small molecule pyridinyl imidazoles possess two distinct and opposite mechanisms that modulate β-catenin dependent transcription: a p38 inhibition-dependent effect that stimulates the Wnt pathway by increasing β-catenin protein expression and an off-target mechanism that inhibits the pathway by repressing β-catenin protein functionality. The p38-independent effect seems to be dominant and, at least in B16-F0 cells, results in a strong block of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.
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Lee JH, Cho B, Jun HJ, Seo WD, Kim DW, Cho KJ, Lee SJ. Momilactione B inhibits protein kinase A signaling and reduces tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2 expression in melanocytes. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:805-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhao X, Fiske B, Kawakami A, Li J, Fisher DE. Regulation of MITF stability by the USP13 deubiquitinase. Nat Commun 2011; 2:414. [PMID: 21811243 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is essential for melanocyte development. Mutation-induced MAPK pathway activation is common in melanoma and induces MITF phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and proteolysis. Little is known about the enzymes involved in MITF ubiquitination/deubiquitination. Here we report the identification of a deubiquitinating enzyme, named ubiquitin-specific protease 13 (USP13) that appears to be responsible for MITF deubiquitination, utilizing a short hairpin RNA library against known deubiquitinating enzymes. Through deubiquitination, USP13 stabilizes and upregulates MITF protein levels. Conversely, suppression of USP13 (through knockdown) leads to dramatic loss of MITF protein, but not messenger RNA. Through its effects on MITF deubiquitination, USP13 was observed to modulate expression of MITF downstream target genes and, thereby, to be essential for melanoma growth in soft agar and in nude mice. These observations suggest that as a potentially drugable protease, USP13 might be a viable therapeutic target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansi Zhao
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center & Melanoma Program, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Bellei B, Pitisci A, Catricalà C, Larue L, Picardo M. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is stimulated by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in melanoma and melanocyte cells: implication in cell differentiation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:309-25. [PMID: 21040502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays important roles in many developmental processes including neural crest-derived melanocyte development and migration. However, the effective contribution of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in melanogenesis in adult human melanocytes has not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that in melanoma cells and in normal human melanocytes, melanogenesis stimulation by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) induces phosphorylation of β-catenin-Ser675 and stabilization of β-catenin protein. Activation of protein kinase A by α-MSH attenuates glycogen synthase kinase-3β, which regulates ubiquitin-dependent degradation of β-catenin, suggesting a coordinated mechanism of β-catenin activity stimulation. Consistent with increased nuclear β-catenin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) elevation facilitates β-catenin-dependent transactivation of many Wnt target genes. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated an increased association of β-catenin with the proximal promoter of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, the master regulator of pigmentation. These results demonstrate the existence of cross talk between the cAMP and Wnt pathways in melanocytes, suggesting that β-catenin could play a key role in the physiological regulation of epidermal melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopatology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Shah M, Bhoumik A, Goel V, Dewing A, Breitwieser W, Kluger H, Krajewski S, Krajewska M, DeHart J, Lau E, Kallenberg DM, Jeong H, Eroshkin A, Bennett DC, Chin L, Bosenberg M, Jones N, Ronai ZA. A role for ATF2 in regulating MITF and melanoma development. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001258. [PMID: 21203491 PMCID: PMC3009656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ATF2 has been shown to attenuate melanoma susceptibility to apoptosis and to promote its ability to form tumors in xenograft models. To directly assess ATF2's role in melanoma development, we crossed a mouse melanoma model (Nras(Q61K)::Ink4a⁻/⁻) with mice expressing a transcriptionally inactive form of ATF2 in melanocytes. In contrast to 7/21 of the Nras(Q61K)::Ink4a⁻/⁻ mice, only 1/21 mice expressing mutant ATF2 in melanocytes developed melanoma. Gene expression profiling identified higher MITF expression in primary melanocytes expressing transcriptionally inactive ATF2. MITF downregulation by ATF2 was confirmed in the skin of Atf2⁻/⁻ mice, in primary human melanocytes, and in 50% of human melanoma cell lines. Inhibition of MITF transcription by MITF was shown to be mediated by ATF2-JunB-dependent suppression of SOX10 transcription. Remarkably, oncogenic BRAF (V600E)-dependent focus formation of melanocytes on soft agar was inhibited by ATF2 knockdown and partially rescued upon shMITF co-expression. On melanoma tissue microarrays, a high nuclear ATF2 to MITF ratio in primary specimens was associated with metastatic disease and poor prognosis. Our findings establish the importance of transcriptionally active ATF2 in melanoma development through fine-tuning of MITF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Shah
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anindita Bhoumik
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vikas Goel
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Antimone Dewing
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Breitwieser
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Kluger
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stan Krajewski
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Maryla Krajewska
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason DeHart
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Lau
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Kallenberg
- Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hyeongnam Jeong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexey Eroshkin
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dorothy C. Bennett
- Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lynda Chin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Pathology Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nic Jones
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ze'ev A. Ronai
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Harris ML, Baxter LL, Loftus SK, Pavan WJ. Sox proteins in melanocyte development and melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:496-513. [PMID: 20444197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over 10 years have passed since the first Sox gene was implicated in melanocyte development. Since then, we have discovered that SOX5, SOX9, SOX10 and SOX18 all participate as transcription factors that affect key melanocytic genes in both regulatory and modulatory fashions. Both SOX9 and SOX10 play major roles in the establishment and normal function of the melanocyte; SOX10 has been shown to heavily influence melanocyte development and SOX9 has been implicated in melanogenesis in the adult. Despite these advances, the precise cellular and molecular details of how these SOX proteins are regulated and interact during all stages of the melanocyte life cycle remain unknown. Improper regulation of SOX9 or SOX10 is also associated with cancerous transformation, and thus understanding the normal function of SOX proteins in the melanocyte will be key to revealing how these proteins contribute to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Harris
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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42
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Effects of the isoflavone puerarin and its glycosides on melanogenesis in B16 melanocytes. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Murphy DM, Buckley PG, Bryan K, Das S, Alcock L, Foley NH, Prenter S, Bray I, Watters KM, Higgins D, Stallings RL. Global MYCN transcription factor binding analysis in neuroblastoma reveals association with distinct E-box motifs and regions of DNA hypermethylation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8154. [PMID: 19997598 PMCID: PMC2781550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma, a cancer derived from precursor cells of the sympathetic nervous system, is a major cause of childhood cancer related deaths. The single most important prognostic indicator of poor clinical outcome in this disease is genomic amplification of MYCN, a member of a family of oncogenic transcription factors. Methodology We applied MYCN chromatin immunoprecipitation to microarrays (ChIP-chip) using MYCN amplified/non-amplified cell lines as well as a conditional knockdown cell line to determine the distribution of MYCN binding sites within all annotated promoter regions. Conclusion Assessment of E-box usage within consistently positive MYCN binding sites revealed a predominance for the CATGTG motif (p<0.0016), with significant enrichment of additional motifs CATTTG, CATCTG, CAACTG in the MYCN amplified state. For cell lines over-expressing MYCN, gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment for the binding of MYCN at promoter regions of numerous molecular functional groups including DNA helicases and mRNA transcriptional regulation. In order to evaluate MYCN binding with respect to other genomic features, we determined the methylation status of all annotated CpG islands and promoter sequences using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP). The integration of MYCN ChIP-chip and MeDIP data revealed a highly significant positive correlation between MYCN binding and DNA hypermethylation. This association was also detected in regions of hemizygous loss, indicating that the observed association occurs on the same homologue. In summary, these findings suggest that MYCN binding occurs more commonly at CATGTG as opposed to the classic CACGTG E-box motif, and that disease associated over expression of MYCN leads to aberrant binding to additional weaker affinity E-box motifs in neuroblastoma. The co-localization of MYCN binding and DNA hypermethylation further supports the dual role of MYCN, namely that of a classical transcription factor affecting the activity of individual genes, and that of a mediator of global chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. Murphy
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick G. Buckley
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenneth Bryan
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sudipto Das
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leah Alcock
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh H. Foley
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Prenter
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isabella Bray
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen M. Watters
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Desmond Higgins
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raymond L. Stallings
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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A genomic screen identifies TYRO3 as a MITF regulator in melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:17025-30. [PMID: 19805117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909292106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of cutaneous carcinoma, accounting for 75% of all deaths caused by skin cancers. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master gene regulating melanocyte development and functions as a "lineage addiction" oncogene in malignant melanoma. We have identified the receptor protein tyrosine kinase TYRO3 as an upstream regulator of MITF expression by a genome-wide gain-of-function cDNA screen and show that TYRO3 induces MITF-M expression in a SOX10-dependent manner in melanoma cells. Expression of TYRO3 is significantly elevated in human primary melanoma tissue samples and melanoma cell lines and correlates with MITF-M mRNA levels. TYRO3 overexpression bypasses BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence in primary melanocytes, inducing transformation of non-tumorigenic cell lines. Furthermore, TYRO3 knockdown represses cellular proliferation and colony formation in melanoma cells, and sensitizes them to chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis; TYRO3 knockdown in melanoma cells also inhibits tumorigenesis in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that TYRO3 may serve as a target for the development of therapeutic agents for melanoma.
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Abstract
Transcriptional regulation in melanoma is a complex process that tends to hijack the normal melanocyte signaling pathways involved in melanocyte development, pigmentation, and survival. At the center of these often overlapping networks of transcriptional activation and repression is microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a melanocyte lineage marker that increases pigment production and exhibits diverse effects on cell survival, proliferation, and cell cycle arrest. The particular conditions that allow MITF to produce these potentially contradictory roles have not yet been fully elucidated, but analysis of the pathways involved provides opportunities to learn about new therapeutic strategies.
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Thingnes J, Oyehaug L, Hovig E, Omholt SW. The mathematics of tanning. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2009; 3:60. [PMID: 19505344 PMCID: PMC2714304 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-3-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pigment melanin is produced by specialized cells, called melanocytes. In healthy skin, melanocytes are sparsely spread among the other cell types in the basal layer of the epidermis. Sun tanning results from an UV-induced increase in the release of melanin to neighbouring keratinocytes, the major cell type component of the epidermis as well as redistribution of melanin among these cells. Here we provide a mathematical conceptualization of our current knowledge of the tanning response, in terms of a dynamic model. The resolution level of the model is tuned to available data, and its primary focus is to describe the tanning response following UV exposure. RESULTS The model appears capable of accounting for available experimental data on the tanning response in different skin and photo types. It predicts that the thickness of the epidermal layer and how far the melanocyte dendrites grow out in the epidermal layers after UV exposure influence the tanning response substantially. CONCLUSION Despite the paucity of experimental validation data the model is constrained enough to serve as a foundation for the establishment of a theoretical-experimental research programme aimed at elucidating the more fine-grained regulatory anatomy underlying the tanning response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Thingnes
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), PO Box 5003, 1432 As, Norway.
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Sauka-Spengler T, Bronner-Fraser M. Evolution of the neural crest viewed from a gene regulatory perspective. Genesis 2009; 46:673-82. [PMID: 19003930 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate innovation and form a wide variety of embryonic cell types as diverse as peripheral neurons and facial skeleton. They undergo complex migration and differentiation processes from their site of origin in the developing central nervous system to their final destinations in the periphery. In this review, we summarize recent data on the current formulation of a gene regulatory network underlying neural crest formation and its roots at the base of the vertebrate lineage. Analyzing neural crest formation from a gene regulatory viewpoint provides insights into both the developmental mechanisms and evolutionary origins of this vertebrate-specific cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- Division of Biology 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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49
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Yang G, Li Y, Nishimura EK, Xin H, Zhou A, Guo Y, Dong L, Denning MF, Nickoloff BJ, Cui R. Inhibition of PAX3 by TGF-beta modulates melanocyte viability. Mol Cell 2009; 32:554-63. [PMID: 19026785 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The protein encoded by paired-box homeotic gene 3 (PAX3) is a key regulator of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) in the melanocyte lineage. Here, we show that PAX3 expression in skin is directly inhibited by TGF-beta/Smads. UV irradiation represses TGF-beta in keratinocytes, and the repression of TGF-beta/Smads upregulates PAX3 in melanocytes, which is associated with a UV-induced melanogenic response and consequent pigmentation. Furthermore, the TGF-beta-PAX3 signaling pathway interacts with the p53-POMC/MSH-MC1R signaling pathway, and both are crucial in melanogenesis. The activation of p53-POMC/MSH-MC1R signaling is required for the UV-induced melanogenic response because PAX3 functions in synergy with SOX10 in a cAMP-response element (CRE)-dependent manner to regulate the transcription of Mitf. This study will provide a rich foundation for further research on skin cancer prevention by enabling us to identify targeted small molecules in the signaling pathways of the UV-induced melanogenic response that are highly likely to induce naturally protective pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Pons M, Mancheño-Corvo P, Martín-Duque P, Quintanilla M. Molecular Biology of Malignant Melanoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 624:252-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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