1
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Zanela TMP, Zangiabadi M, Zhao Y, Underbakke ES. Molecularly imprinted nanoparticles reveal regulatory scaffolding features in Pyk2 tyrosine kinase. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:447-453. [PMID: 38725907 PMCID: PMC11078204 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00228d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyk2 is a multi-domain non-receptor tyrosine kinase that serves dual roles as a signaling enzyme and scaffold. Pyk2 activation involves a multi-stage cascade of conformational rearrangements and protein interactions initiated by autophosphorylation of a linker site. Linker phosphorylation recruits Src kinase, and Src-mediated phosphorylation of the Pyk2 activation loop confers full activation. The regulation and accessibility of the initial Pyk2 autophosphorylation site remains unclear. We employed peptide-binding molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MINPs) to probe the regulatory conformations controlling Pyk2 activation. MINPs differentiating local structure and phosphorylation state revealed that the Pyk2 autophosphorylation site is protected in the autoinhibited state. Activity profiling of Pyk2 variants implicated FERM and linker residues responsible for constraining the autophosphorylation site. MINPs targeting each Src docking site disrupt the higher-order kinase interactions critical for activation complex maturation. Ultimately, MINPs targeting key regulatory motifs establish a useful toolkit for probing successive activational stages in the higher-order Pyk2 signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Palhano Zanela
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Milad Zangiabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Eric S Underbakke
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
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2
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Ghasemitarei M, Ghorbi T, Yusupov M, Zhang Y, Zhao T, Shali P, Bogaerts A. Effects of Nitro-Oxidative Stress on Biomolecules: Part 1-Non-Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1371. [PMID: 37759771 PMCID: PMC10527456 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma medicine, or the biomedical application of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), is an expanding field within plasma research. CAP has demonstrated remarkable versatility in diverse biological applications, including cancer treatment, wound healing, microorganism inactivation, and skin disease therapy. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of CAP remain incompletely understood. The therapeutic effects of CAP are largely attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which play a crucial role in the biological responses induced by CAP. Specifically, RONS produced during CAP treatment have the ability to chemically modify cell membranes and membrane proteins, causing nitro-oxidative stress, thereby leading to changes in membrane permeability and disruption of cellular processes. To gain atomic-level insights into these interactions, non-reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as a valuable tool. These simulations facilitate the examination of larger-scale system dynamics, including protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the applications of non-reactive MD simulations in studying the effects of CAP on cellular components and interactions at the atomic level, providing a detailed overview of the potential of CAP in medicine. We also review the results of other MD studies that are not related to plasma medicine but explore the effects of nitro-oxidative stress on cellular components and are therefore important for a broader understanding of the underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghasemitarei
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tayebeh Ghorbi
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
| | - Maksudbek Yusupov
- School of Engineering, New Uzbekistan University, Tashkent 100007, Uzbekistan
- School of Engineering, Central Asian University, Tashkent 111221, Uzbekistan
- Laboratory of Thermal Physics of Multiphase Systems, Arifov Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yuantao Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Parisa Shali
- Research Unit Plasma Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Agriculture, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Estep JA, Sun LO, Riccomagno MM. A luciferase fragment complementation assay to detect focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling events. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15282. [PMID: 37089315 PMCID: PMC10119766 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin Adhesion Complexes (IACs) serve as links between the cytoskeleton and extracellular environment, acting as mechanosensing and signaling hubs. As such, IACs participate in many aspects of cellular motility, tissue morphogenesis, anchorage-dependent growth and cell survival. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) has emerged as a critical organizer of IAC signaling events due to its early recruitment and diverse substrates, and thus has become a genetic and therapeutic target. Here we present the design and characterization of simple, reversible, and scalable Bimolecular Complementation sensors to monitor FAK phosphorylation in living cells. These probes provide novel means to quantify IAC signaling, expanding on the currently available toolkit for interrogating FAK phosphorylation during diverse cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Estep
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lu O. Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Martin M. Riccomagno
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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4
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Han I, Song IS, Choi SA, Lee T, Yusupov M, Shaw P, Bogaerts A, Choi EH, Ryu JJ. Bioactive Nonthermal Biocompatible Plasma Enhances Migration on Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2200527. [PMID: 36373222 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study hypothesizes that the application of low-dose nonthermal biocompatible dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBD-NBP) to human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) will inhibit colony formation but not cell death and induce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and subsequent cell migration, which can result in enhanced wound healing. HGFs treated with plasma for 3 min migrate to each other across the gap faster than those in the control and 5-min treatment groups on days 1 and 3. The plasma-treated HGFs show significantly high expression levels of the cell cycle arrest-related p21 gene and enhanced MMP activity. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediated attenuation of wound healing or actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, and plasma-mediated reversal of this attenuation support the migratory effect of DBD-NBP. Further, this work performs computer simulations to investigate the effect of oxidation on the stability and conformation of the catalytic kinase domain (KD) of FAK. It is found that the oxidation of highly reactive amino acids (AAs) Cys427, Met442, Cys559, Met571, Met617, and Met643 changes the conformation and increases the structural flexibility of the FAK protein and thus modulates its function and activity. Low-dose DBD-NBP-induces host cell cycle arrest, ECM breakdown, and subsequent migration, thus contributing to the enhanced wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihn Han
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.,Department of Plasma Bio-Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - In-Seok Song
- Department of Dentistry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ah Choi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taebok Lee
- Confocal Core Facility, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03082, Korea
| | - Maksudbek Yusupov
- Research group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Priyanka Shaw
- Research group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Research group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jun Ryu
- Department of Dentistry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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5
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Abdullah MAF, McWhirter SM, Suo Z. Modulation of Kinase Activities In Vitro by Hepatitis C Virus Protease NS3/NS4A Mediated-Cleavage of Key Immune Modulator Kinases. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030406. [PMID: 36766748 PMCID: PMC9913602 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus NS3/NS4A, a serine protease complex, has been found to interact with many host proteins and cause various adverse effects on cellular function and immune response. For example, the cleavage of important immune factors by NS3/NS4A has been suggested as a mechanism for the hepatitis C virus to evade innate immunity. The spectrum of susceptible substrates for NS3/NS4A cleavage certainly includes important immune modulator kinases such as IKKα, IKKβ, IKKε, and TBK1, as demonstrated in this paper. We show that the kinase activities of these four host kinases were transformed in unexpected ways by NS3/NS4A. Treatment with NS3/NS4A caused a significant reduction in the kinase activities of both IKKα and IKKβ, suggesting that HCV might use its NS3/NS4A protease activity to deactivate the NF-κB-associated innate immune responses. In contrast, the kinase activities of both IKKε and TBK1 were enhanced after NS3/NS4A treatment, and more strikingly, the enhancement was more than 10-fold within 20 min of treatment. Our mass spectroscopic results suggested that the cleavage after Cys89 in the kinase domain of IKKε by NS3/NS4A led to their higher kinase activities, and three potential mechanisms were discussed. The observed kinase activity enhancement might facilitate the activation of both IKKε- and TBK1-dependent cellular antiviral pathways, likely contributing to spontaneous clearance of the virus and observed acute HCV infection. After longer than 20 min cleavage, both IKKε- and TBK1 gradually lost their kinase activities and the relevant antiviral pathways were expected to be inactivated, facilitating the establishment of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M. McWhirter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zucai Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(850)-645-2501
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6
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Wang R, Wang S, Li Z, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Han Q, Rong XZ, Guo YX, Liu Y. PLEKHH2 binds β-arrestin1 through its FERM domain, activates FAK/PI3K/AKT phosphorylation, and promotes the malignant phenotype of non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:858. [PMID: 36209201 PMCID: PMC9547923 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PLEKHH2 is an important FERM domain containing-protein. However, the role of PLEKHH2 in human solid tumors has not been reported yet. We report that PLEKHH2 showed enhanced cytoplasmic expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Its overexpression was positively correlated with high TNM stage, low differentiation, lymphatic node metastasis, and poor prognosis. In A549 and H1299 cells, high expression of PLEKHH2 significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and increased the expression of proliferation- and invasion-related proteins. It also enhanced the phosphorylation of FAK and promoted the activity of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation analyses were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying PLEKHH2-mediated regulation of proliferation and invasion in lung cancer cells. Upon transfection of full length PLEKHH2 or its FERM domain, we observed enhanced binding of PLEKHH2 to β-arrestin1, whereas FAK- β-arrestin1 binding was diminished and this led to an increase in FAK phosphorylation. PLEKHH2-mutant plasmids without the FERM domain could not effectively promote its binding to β-arrestin1, activation of FAK phosphorylation, PI3K/AKT activation, or the malignant phenotype. Our findings suggested that PLEKHH2 is an important oncogene in NSCLC. PLEKHH2 binding to β-arrestin1 through the FERM domain competitively inhibits β-arrestin1 binding to FAK, which causes the dissociation of FAK from the FAK-β-arrestin1 complex. Furthermore, the dissociation of FAK promotes its autophosphorylation, activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and subsequently promotes lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. These results provide evidence for the potential use of PLEKHH2 inhibition as an anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Si Wang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Medical Microbiology and Human Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Luo
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Han
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Zhu Rong
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Yao-Xing Guo
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
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7
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Alexander RA, Lot I, Saha K, Abadie G, Lambert M, Decosta E, Kobayashi H, Beautrait A, Borrull A, Asnacios A, Bouvier M, Scott MGH, Marullo S, Enslen H. Beta-arrestins operate an on/off control switch for focal adhesion kinase activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5259-5279. [PMID: 32040695 PMCID: PMC11104786 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates key biological processes downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in normal and cancer cells, but the modes of kinase activation by these receptors remain unclear. We report that after GPCR stimulation, FAK activation is controlled by a sequence of events depending on the scaffolding proteins β-arrestins and G proteins. Depletion of β-arrestins results in a marked increase in FAK autophosphorylation and focal adhesion number. We demonstrate that β-arrestins interact directly with FAK and inhibit its autophosphorylation in resting cells. Both FAK-β-arrestin interaction and FAK inhibition require the FERM domain of FAK. Following the stimulation of the angiotensin receptor AT1AR and subsequent translocation of the FAK-β-arrestin complex to the plasma membrane, β-arrestin interaction with the adaptor AP-2 releases inactive FAK from the inhibitory complex, allowing its activation by receptor-stimulated G proteins and activation of downstream FAK effectors. Release and activation of FAK in response to angiotensin are prevented by an AP-2-binding deficient β-arrestin and by a specific inhibitor of β-arrestin/AP-2 interaction; this inhibitor also prevents FAK activation in response to vasopressin. This previously unrecognized mechanism of FAK regulation involving a dual role of β-arrestins, which inhibit FAK in resting cells while driving its activation at the plasma membrane by GPCR-stimulated G proteins, opens new potential therapeutic perspectives in cancers with up-regulated FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revu Ann Alexander
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Isaure Lot
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Kusumika Saha
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Abadie
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Lambert
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Eleonore Decosta
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and the Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alexandre Beautrait
- Department of Biochemistry and the Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Aurélie Borrull
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and the Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mark G H Scott
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Marullo
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Enslen
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.
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8
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Maziveyi M, Alahari SK. Cell matrix adhesions in cancer: The proteins that form the glue. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48471-48487. [PMID: 28476046 PMCID: PMC5564663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purposes of Integrin-mediated cell contacts are to interpret bi-directional signals between the extracellular environment and intracellular proteins, as well as, anchor the cell to a matrix. Many cell adhesion molecules have been discovered with a wide spectrum of responsibilities, including recruiting, activating, elongating, and maintaining. This review will perlustrate some of the key incidences that precede focal adhesion formation. Tyrosine phosphorylation is a key signaling initiation event that leads to the recruitment of multiple proteins to focal adhesion sites. Recruitment and concentration of proteins such as Paxillin and Vinculin to Integrin clutches is necessary for focal adhesion development. The assembled networks are responsible for transmitting signals back and forth from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to Actin and its binding proteins. Cancer cells exhibit highly altered focal adhesion dynamics. This review will highlight some key discoveries in cancer cell adhesion, as well as, identify current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazvita Maziveyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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9
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Thiagarajan PS, Sinyuk M, Turaga SM, Mulkearns-Hubert EE, Hale JS, Rao V, Demelash A, Saygin C, China A, Alban TJ, Hitomi M, Torre-Healy LA, Alvarado AG, Jarrar A, Wiechert A, Adorno-Cruz V, Fox PL, Calhoun BC, Guan JL, Liu H, Reizes O, Lathia JD. Cx26 drives self-renewal in triple-negative breast cancer via interaction with NANOG and focal adhesion kinase. Nat Commun 2018; 9:578. [PMID: 29422613 PMCID: PMC5805730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors adapt their phenotypes during growth and in response to therapies through dynamic changes in cellular processes. Connexin proteins enable such dynamic changes during development, and their dysregulation leads to disease states. The gap junction communication channels formed by connexins have been reported to exhibit tumor-suppressive functions, including in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, we find that connexin 26 (Cx26) is elevated in self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs) and is necessary and sufficient for their maintenance. Cx26 promotes CSC self-renewal by forming a signaling complex with the pluripotency transcription factor NANOG and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), resulting in NANOG stabilization and FAK activation. This FAK/NANOG-containing complex is not formed in mammary epithelial or luminal breast cancer cells. These findings challenge the paradigm that connexins are tumor suppressors in TNBC and reveal a unique function for Cx26 in regulating the core self-renewal signaling that controls CSC maintenance. Connexin proteins are usually considered as tumor suppressors. Here, the authors show that connexin 26 (Cx26) regulates the self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells via a ternary complex with FAK and NANOG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena S Thiagarajan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA.,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Maksim Sinyuk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Soumya M Turaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Erin E Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - James S Hale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Vinay Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Abeba Demelash
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Caner Saygin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Arnab China
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Tyler J Alban
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA.,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Masahiro Hitomi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA.,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Luke A Torre-Healy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Alvaro G Alvarado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Awad Jarrar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Andrew Wiechert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Valery Adorno-Cruz
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA.,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | | | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Huiping Liu
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ofer Reizes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA. .,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA. .,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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10
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Zeng B, Devadoss D, Wang S, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Kuhn LA, Basson MD. Inhibition of pressure-activated cancer cell adhesion by FAK-derived peptides. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98051-98067. [PMID: 29228673 PMCID: PMC5716713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Forces within the surgical milieu or circulation activate cancer cell adhesion and potentiate metastasis through signaling requiring FAK-Akt1 interaction. Impeding FAK-Akt1 interaction might inhibit perioperative tumor dissemination, facilitating curative cancer surgery without global FAK or AKT inhibitor toxicity. Serial truncation and structurally designed mutants of FAK identified a seven amino acid, short helical structure within FAK that effectively competes with Akt1-FAK interaction. Adenoviral overexpression of this FAK-derived peptide inhibited pressure-induced FAK phosphorylation and AKT-FAK coimmunoprecipitation in human SW620 colon cancer cells briefly exposed to 15mmHg increased pressure, consistent with laparoscopic or post-surgical pressures. Adenoviral FAK-derived peptide expression prevented pressure-activation of SW620 adhesion not only to collagen-I-coated plates but also to murine surgical wounds. A scrambled peptide did not. Finally, we modeled operative shedding of tumor cells before irrigation and closure by transient cancer cell adhesion to murine surgical wounds before irrigation and closure. Thirty minute preincubation of SW620 cells at 15mmHg increased pressure impaired subsequent tumor free survival in mice exposed to cells expressing the scrambled peptide. The FAK-derived sequence prevented this. These results suggest that blocking FAK-Akt1 interaction may prevent perioperative tumor dissemination and that analogs or mimics of this 7 amino acid FAK-derived peptide could impair metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixi Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Dinesh Devadoss
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
| | - Shouye Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
| | - Emilie E Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
| | - Leslie A Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States.,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
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11
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Zhou B, Wang GZ, Wen ZS, Zhou YC, Huang YC, Chen Y, Zhou GB. Somatic Mutations and Splicing Variants of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 110:4565750. [PMID: 29087503 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Cancer Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Chun Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun-Chao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Zha GF, Qin HL, Youssif BG, Amjad MW, Raja MAG, Abdelazeem AH, Bukhari SNA. Discovery of potential anticancer multi-targeted ligustrazine based cyclohexanone and oxime analogs overcoming the cancer multidrug resistance. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:34-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Antoniades I, Stylianou P, Christodoulou N, Skourides PA. Addressing the Functional Determinants of FAK during Ciliogenesis in Multiciliated Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:488-504. [PMID: 27895123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.767111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as an important regulator of ciliogenesis in multiciliated cells. FAK and other focal adhesion (FA) proteins associate with the basal bodies and their striated rootlets and form complexes named ciliary adhesions (CAs). CAs display similarities with FAs but are established in an integrin independent fashion and are responsible for anchoring basal bodies to the actin cytoskeleton during ciliogenesis as well as in mature multiciliated cells. FAK down-regulation leads to aberrant ciliogenesis due to impaired association between the basal bodies and the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting that FAK is an important regulator of the CA complex. However, the mechanism through which FAK functions in the complex is not clear, and in this study we examined the role of this protein in both ciliogenesis and ciliary function. We show that localization of FAK at CAs depends on interactions taking place at the amino-terminal (FERM) and carboxyl-terminal (FAT) domains and that both domains are required for proper ciliogenesis and ciliary function. Furthermore, we show that an interaction with another CA protein, paxillin, is essential for correct localization of FAK in multiciliated cells. This interaction is indispensable for both ciliogenesis and ciliary function. Finally, we provide evidence that despite the fact that FAK is in the active, open conformation at CAs, its kinase activity is dispensable for ciliogenesis and ciliary function revealing that FAK plays a scaffolding role in multiciliated cells. Overall these data show that the role of FAK at CAs displays similarities but also important differences compared with its role at FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Antoniades
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Panayiota Stylianou
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Neophytos Christodoulou
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Paris A Skourides
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
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14
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Thiyagarajan V, Lin SH, Chang YC, Weng CF. Identification of novel FAK and S6K1 dual inhibitors from natural compounds via ADMET screening and molecular docking. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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15
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Lee JW. Transmembrane 4 L Six Family Member 5 (TM4SF5)-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Liver Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 319:141-63. [PMID: 26404468 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The membrane protein TM4SF5, a member of the transmembrane 4L six family, forms a tetraspanin-enriched microdomain (TEM) on the cell surface, where many different membrane proteins and receptors form a massive protein-protein complex to regulate cellular functions including transdifferentiation, migration, and invasion. We recently reported that TM4SF5 causes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), eventually contributing to aberrant multilayer cellular growth, drug resistance, enhanced migration, invasion, its circulation in the blood, tumor initiation for successful metastasis, and muscle development in zebrafish. In this review, I summarize the information on the role of TM4SF5 in EMT-related functions at TM4SF5-enriched microdomain (T5EM) on cell surface, where proteins such as TM4SF5, CD151, CD44, integrins, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can form numerous protein complexes. TM4SF5-mediated EMT contributes to diverse cellular functions, leading to fibrotic phenotypes and initiating and maintaining tumors in primary and/or metastatic regions, in addition to its role in muscle development in zebrafish. Anti-TM4SF5 strategies for addressing the protein networks can lead to regulation of the fibrotic, tumorigenic, and tumor-maintaining functions of TM4SF5-positive hepatic cells. This review is for us to (re)consider the antifibrotic or antitumorigenic (i.e., anti-EMT-related diseases) strategies of dealing with protein networks that would be involved in cross-talks to regulate various cellular functions during TM4SF5-dependent progression from fibrotic to cancerous hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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16
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Fang X, Liu X, Yao L, Chen C, Lin J, Ni P, Zheng X, Fan Q. New insights into FAK phosphorylation based on a FAT domain-defective mutation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107134. [PMID: 25226367 PMCID: PMC4166415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the FAK N-terminal (FERM) domain controls FAK phosphorylation and function; however, little is known regarding the role of the C terminal (FAT) domain in FAK regulation. We identified a patient-derived FAK mutant, in which a 27-amino acid segment was deleted from the C-terminal FAT domain (named FAK-Del33). When FAK-Del33 was overexpressed in specific tumor cell lines, Y397 phosphorylation increased compared with that observed in cells expressing FAK-WT. Here, we attempt to unveil the mechanism of this increased phosphorylation. Using cell biology experiments, we show that FAK-Del33 is incapable of co-localizing with paxillin, and has constitutively high Y397 phosphorylation. With a kinase-dead mutation, it showed phosphorylation of FAK-Del33 has enhanced through auto-phosphorylation. It was also demonstrated that phosphorylation of FAK-Del33 is not Src dependent or enhanced intermolecular interactions, and that the hyperphosphorylation can be lowered using increasing amounts of transfected FERM domain. This result suggests that Del33 mutation disrupting of FAT's structural integrity and paxillin binding capacity leads to incapable of targeting Focal adhesions, but has gained the capacity for auto-phosphorylation in cis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqian Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruijin North Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfan Liu
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Changqiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruijin North Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiafei Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruijin North Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Peihua Ni
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xinmin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Qishi Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruijin North Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Choi CH, Webb BA, Chimenti MS, Jacobson MP, Barber DL. pH sensing by FAK-His58 regulates focal adhesion remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:849-59. [PMID: 24043700 PMCID: PMC3776353 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201302131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pHi) dynamics regulates diverse cellular processes, including remodeling of focal adhesions. We now report that focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a key regulator of focal adhesion remodeling, is a pH sensor responding to physiological changes in pH. The initial step in FAK activation is autophosphorylation of Tyr397, which increased with higher pHi. We used a genetically encoded biosensor to show increased pH at focal adhesions as they mature during cell spreading. We also show that cells with reduced pHi had attenuated FAK-pY397 as well as defective cell spreading and focal adhesions. Mutagenesis studies indicated FAK-His58 is critical for pH sensing and molecular dynamics simulations suggested a model in which His58 deprotonation drives conformational changes that may modulate accessibility of Tyr397 for autophosphorylation. Expression of FAK-H58A in fibroblasts was sufficient to restore defective autophosphorylation and cell spreading at low pHi. These data are relevant to understanding cancer metastasis, which is dependent on increased pHi and FAK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hoon Choi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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18
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Ritt M, Guan JL, Sivaramakrishnan S. Visualizing and manipulating focal adhesion kinase regulation in live cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8875-86. [PMID: 23393139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.421164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) is essential for cell migration and plays an important role in tumor metastasis. However, the complex intermolecular and intramolecular interactions that regulate FAK activity at the focal adhesion remain unresolved. We have engineered a toolbox of FRET sensors that retain all of the individual FAK domains but modulate a key intramolecular regulatory interaction between the band 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin (FERM) and kinase domains of FAK. We demonstrate systematic control and quantitative measurement of the FERM-kinase interaction at focal adhesions, which in turn allows us to control cell migration. Using these sensors, we find that Tyr-397 phosphorylation, rather than kinase activity of FAK, is the key determinant of cell migration. Our sensors directly demonstrate, for the first time, a pH-dependent change in a protein-protein interaction at a macromolecular structure in live cells. The FERM-kinase interaction at focal adhesions is enhanced at acidic pH, with a concomitant decrease in Tyr-397 phosphorylation, providing a potential mechanism for enhanced migration of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ritt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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19
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Jung O, Choi S, Jang SB, Lee SA, Lim ST, Choi YJ, Kim HJ, Kim DH, Kwak TK, Kim H, Kang M, Lee MS, Park SY, Ryu J, Jeong D, Cheong HK, Kim HJ, Park KH, Lee BJ, Schlaepfer DD, Lee JW. Tetraspan TM4SF5-dependent direct activation of FAK and metastatic potential of hepatocarcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5960-73. [PMID: 23077174 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.100586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) plays an important role in cell migration, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity is essential for homeostatic and pathological migration of adherent cells. However, it is unclear how TM4SF5 signaling mediates the activation of cellular migration machinery, and how FAK is activated during cell adhesion. Here, we showed that direct and adhesion-dependent binding of TM4SF5 to FAK causes a structural alteration that may release the inhibitory intramolecular interaction in FAK. In turn, this may activate FAK at the cell's leading edge, to promote migration/invasion and in vivo metastasis. TM4SF5-mediated FAK activation occurred during integrin-mediated cell adhesion. TM4SF5 was localized at the leading edge of the cells, together with FAK and actin-organizing molecules, indicating a signaling link between TM4SF5/FAK and actin reorganization machinery. Impaired interactions between TM4SF5 and FAK resulted in an attenuated FAK phosphorylation (the signaling link to actin organization machinery) and the metastatic potential. Our findings demonstrate that TM4SF5 directly binds to and activates FAK in an adhesion-dependent manner, to regulate cell migration and invasion, suggesting that TM4SF5 is a promising target in the treatment of metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisun Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea (Republic of)
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20
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Activation of endogenous FAK via expression of its amino terminal domain in Xenopus embryos. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42577. [PMID: 22880041 PMCID: PMC3412797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Focal Adhesion Kinase is a well studied tyrosine kinase involved in a wide number of cellular processes including cell adhesion and migration. It has also been shown to play important roles during embryonic development and targeted disruption of the FAK gene in mice results in embryonic lethality by day 8.5. Principal Findings Here we examined the pattern of phosphorylation of FAK during Xenopus development and found that FAK is phosphorylated on all major tyrosine residues examined from early blastula stages well before any morphogenetic movements take place. We go on to show that FRNK fails to act as a dominant negative in the context of the early embryo and that the FERM domain has a major role in determining FAK’s localization at the plasma membrane. Finally, we show that autonomous expression of the FERM domain leads to the activation of endogenous FAK in a tyrosine 397 dependent fashion. Conclusions Overall, our data suggest an important role for the FERM domain in the activation of FAK and indicate that integrin signalling plays a limited role in the in vivo activation of FAK at least during the early stages of development.
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Rosado P, Lequerica-Fernández P, Peña I, Alonso-Durán L, de Vicente JC. In oral squamous cell carcinoma, high FAK expression is correlated with low P53 expression. Virchows Arch 2012; 461:163-8. [PMID: 22790665 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and p53 have been associated with metastatic activity and a poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Recently, a feedback mechanism in which FAK regulates p53 has been proposed. The present study aims to determine the role of p53 in FAK regulation in these tumors. FAK and p53 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in normal oral mucosa and in 67 oral squamous cell carcinomas. p16(INK4a) was also studied in view of its association with human papillomavirus infection. The association between FAK and p53 was subsequently analyzed. FAK expression in OSCCs was heterogeneous: 22 (33 %) cases showed weak expression, 16 (24 %) showed moderate expression, and 22 (33 %) cases showed high expression. Regarding p53, 31 of 67 (46 %) available tumor specimens showed negative staining, and 36 of 67 (54 %) showed positive nuclear staining for p53. FAK expression was inversely correlated with p53 expression (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.005). There was no association between p16(INK4a) and p53 or FAK expression. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that FAK activity might be involved in the down-regulation of p53 expression in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rosado
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
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22
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Lechertier T, Hodivala-Dilke K. Focal adhesion kinase and tumour angiogenesis. J Pathol 2011; 226:404-12. [PMID: 21984450 DOI: 10.1002/path.3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is essential for tumour development. It is initiated and regulated by growth factors via their surface receptors, which activate several intracellular signalling pathways in endothelial cells. Cell adhesion molecules, such as integrins, also regulate angiogenesis. Despite these facts, inhibitors of endothelial cell growth factor receptors or integrins have not been as effective as initially hoped in the long-term inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer patients. Signalling downstream of growth factor receptors and integrins converge on the ubiquitously expressed non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is involved in endothelial cell proliferation, migration and survival, is up-regulated in many cancers and has recently been shown to control tumour angiogenesis. Indeed, FAK inhibitors are presently being developed for the treatment of cancer. However, recent studies have indicated the complexities of understanding the precise role for FAK in angiogenesis. Here we have summarized some of the key features of FAK, addressed some of the apparently contradictory roles of this molecule in angiogenesis and provided some perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Lechertier
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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23
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Goel HL, Bae D, Pursell B, Gouvin LM, Lu S, Mercurio AM. Neuropilin-2 promotes branching morphogenesis in the mouse mammary gland. Development 2011; 138:2969-76. [PMID: 21693513 DOI: 10.1242/dev.051318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the neuropilins were characterized as semaphorin receptors that regulate axon guidance, they also function as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors and contribute to the development of other tissues. Here, we assessed the role of NRP2 in mouse mammary gland development based on our observation that NRP2 is expressed preferentially in the terminal end buds of developing glands. A floxed NRP2 mouse was bred with an MMTV-Cre strain to generate a mammary gland-specific knockout of NRP2. MMTV-Cre;NRP2(loxP/loxP) mice exhibited significant defects in branching morphogenesis and ductal outgrowth compared with either littermate MMTV-Cre;NRP2(+/loxP) or MMTV-Cre mice. Mechanistic insight into this morphological defect was obtained from a mouse mammary cell line in which we observed that VEGF(165), an NRP2 ligand, induces branching morphogenesis in 3D cultures and that branching is dependent upon NRP2 as shown using shRNAs and a function-blocking antibody. Epithelial cells in the mouse mammary gland express VEGF, supporting the hypothesis that this NRP2 ligand contributes to mammary gland morphogenesis. Importantly, we demonstrate that VEGF and NRP2 activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and promote FAK-dependent branching morphogenesis in vitro. The significance of this mechanism is substantiated by our finding that FAK activation is diminished significantly in developing MMTV-Cre;NRP2(loxP/loxP) mammary glands compared with control glands. Together, our data reveal a VEGF/NRP2/FAK signaling axis that is important for branching morphogenesis and mammary gland development. In a broader context, our data support an emerging hypothesis that directional outgrowth and branching morphogenesis in a variety of tissues are influenced by signals that were identified initially for their role in axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Zhao X, Guan JL. Focal adhesion kinase and its signaling pathways in cell migration and angiogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:610-5. [PMID: 21118706 PMCID: PMC3132829 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that plays critical roles in integrin-mediated signal transductions and also participates in signaling by other cell surface receptors. In integrin-mediated cell adhesion, FAK is activated via disruption of an auto-inhibitory intra-molecular interaction between its amino terminal FERM domain and the central kinase domain. The activated FAK forms a complex with Src family kinases, which initiates multiple downstream signaling pathways through phosphorylation of other proteins to regulate different cellular functions. Multiple downstream signaling pathways are identified to mediate FAK regulation of migration of various normal and cancer cells. Extensive studies in cultured cells as well as conditional FAK knockout mouse models indicated a critical role of FAK in angiogenesis during embryonic development and cancer progression. More recent studies also revealed kinase-independent functions for FAK in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Consistent with its roles in cell migration and angiogenesis, increased expression and/or activation of FAK are found in a variety of human cancers. Therefore, small molecular inhibitors for FAK kinase activity as well as future development of novel therapies targeting the potentially kinase-independent functions of FAK are promising treatments for metastatic cancer as well as other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhao
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Thennes T, Mehta D. Heterotrimeric G proteins, focal adhesion kinase, and endothelial barrier function. Microvasc Res 2011; 83:31-44. [PMID: 21640127 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ligands by binding to G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) stimulate dissociation of heterotrimeric G proteins into Gα and Gβγ subunits. Released Gα and Gβγ subunits induce discrete signaling cues that differentially regulate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity and endothelial barrier function. Activation of G proteins downstream of receptors such as protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and histamine receptors rapidly increases endothelial permeability which reverses naturally within the following 1-2 h. However, activation of G proteins coupled to the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) signal cues that enhance basal barrier endothelial function and restore endothelial barrier function following the increase in endothelial permeability by edemagenic agents. Intriguingly, both PAR1 and S1P1 activation stimulates FAK activity, which associates with alteration in endothelial barrier function by these agonists. In this review, we focus on the role of the G protein subunits downstream of PAR1 and S1P1 in regulating FAK activity and endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Thennes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Tavora B, Batista S, Reynolds LE, Jadeja S, Robinson S, Kostourou V, Hart I, Fruttiger M, Parsons M, Hodivala-Dilke KM. Endothelial FAK is required for tumour angiogenesis. EMBO Mol Med 2010; 2:516-28. [PMID: 21154724 PMCID: PMC3377344 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that plays a fundamental role in integrin and growth factor mediated signalling and is an important player in cell migration and proliferation, processes vital for angiogenesis. However, the role of FAK in adult pathological angiogenesis is unknown. We have generated endothelial-specific tamoxifen-inducible FAK knockout mice by crossing FAK-floxed (FAKfl/fl) mice with the platelet derived growth factor b (Pdgfb)-iCreER mice. Tamoxifen-treatment of Pdgfb-iCreER;FAKfl/fl mice results in FAK deletion in adult endothelial cells (ECs) without any adverse effects. Importantly however, endothelial FAK-deletion in adult mice inhibited tumour growth and reduced tumour angiogenesis. Furthermore, in in vivo angiogenic assays FAK deletion impairs vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced neovascularization. In addition, in vitro deletion of FAK in ECs resulted in reduced VEGF-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and correlating reduced cellular proliferation as well as increased cell death. Our data suggest that FAK is required for adult pathological angiogenesis and validates FAK as a possible target for anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Tavora
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Silvia Batista
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Louise E Reynolds
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Shalini Jadeja
- University College London, Institute of OphthalmologyLondon, UK
| | - Stephen Robinson
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | | | - Ian Hart
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | | | - Maddy Parsons
- The Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Kairbaan M Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a scaffold and tyrosine kinase protein that binds to itself and cellular partners through its four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM) domain. Recent structural work reveals that regulatory protein partners convert auto-inhibited FAK into its active state by binding to its FERM domain. Further, the identity of FAK FERM domain-interacting proteins yields clues as to how FAK coordinates diverse cellular responses, including cell adhesion, polarization, migration, survival and death, and suggests that FERM domains might mediate information transfer between the cell cortex and nucleus. Importantly, the FAK FERM domain might act as a paradigm for the actions of other FERM domain-containing proteins.
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Chen TH, Chan PC, Chen CL, Chen HC. Phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase on tyrosine 194 by Met leads to its activation through relief of autoinhibition. Oncogene 2010; 30:153-66. [PMID: 20802513 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has a crucial role in integration of signals from integrins and growth factor receptors. In this study, we demonstrate that growth factor receptors including hepatocyte growth factor receptor Met, epidermal growth factor receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor directly phosphorylate FAK on Tyr194 in the FERM domain (band 4.1 and ezrin/radixin/moesin homology domain). Upon binding to Met or phosphoinositides, FAK may undergo conformational changes, which renders Tyr194 accessible for phosphorylation. Substitution of Tyr194 with Phe significantly suppresses the activation of FAK by Met. In contrast, substitution of Tyr194 with Glu (Y194E substitution) leads to constitutive activation of FAK. The phosphorylation of FAK on Tyr194 may cause conformational changes in the FERM domain, which disrupts the intramolecular inhibitory interaction between the FERM and kinase domains of FAK. Moreover, substitution of the basic residues in the (216)KAKTLRK(222) patch in the FERM domain with Ala antagonizes the effect of the Y194E substitution on FAK activation, thus suggesting that the interactions between the phosphorylated Tyr194 and the basic resides in the (216)KAKTLRK(222) patch may allow FAK to be activated through relief of its autoinhibition. Collectively, this study provides the first example to explain how FAK is activated by receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-H Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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30
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Guan JL. Integrin signaling through FAK in the regulation of mammary stem cells and breast cancer. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:268-76. [PMID: 20101634 DOI: 10.1002/iub.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase identified as a key mediator of intracellular signaling by integrins, a major family of cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix, in the regulation of different cellular functions in a variety of cells. Upon activation by integrins through disruption of an autoinhibitory mechanism, FAK undergoes autophosphorylation and forms a complex with Src and other cellular proteins to trigger downstream signaling through its kinase activity or scaffolding function. A number of integrins are identified as surface markers for mammary stem cells (MaSCs), and both integrins and FAK are found to play crucial roles in the maintenance of MaSCs in studies using mouse models, suggesting that integrin signaling through FAK may serve as a functional marker for MaSCs. Consistent with previous studies linking increased expression and activation of FAK to human breast cancer, these findings suggest a novel cellular mechanism of FAK promotion of mammary tumorigenesis by maintaining the pools of MaSCs as targets of oncogenic transformation. Furthermore, FAK inactivation in mouse models of breast cancer also reduced the pool of mammary cancer stem cells (MaCSCs), decreased their self-renewal in vitro, and compromised their tumorigenicity and maintenance in vivo, suggesting a potential role of integrin signaling through FAK in breast cancer growth and progression through its functions in MaCSCs. This review discusses these recent advances and future studies into the mechanism of integrin signaling through FAK in breast cancer through regulation of MaCSCs that may lead to development of novel therapies for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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31
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Deshmukh K, Anamika K, Srinivasan N. Evolution of domain combinations in protein kinases and its implications for functional diversity. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 102:1-15. [PMID: 20026163 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases phosphorylating Ser/Thr/Tyr residues in several cellular proteins exert tight control over their biological functions. They constitute the largest protein family in most eukaryotic species. Protein kinases classified based on sequence similarity in their catalytic domains, cluster into subfamilies, which share gross functional properties. Many protein kinases are associated or tethered covalently to domains that serve as adapter or regulatory modules, aiding substrate recruitment, specificity, and also serve as scaffolds. Hence the modular organisation of the protein kinases serves as guidelines to their functional and molecular properties. Analysis of genomic repertoires of protein kinases in eukaryotes have revealed wide spectrum of domain organisation across various subfamilies of kinases. Occurrence of organism-specific novel domain combinations suggests functional diversity achieved by protein kinases in order to regulate variety of biological processes. In addition, domain architecture of protein kinases revealed existence of hybrid protein kinase subfamilies and their emerging roles in the signaling of eukaryotic organisms. In this review we discuss the repertoire of non-kinase domains tethered to multi-domain kinases in the metazoans. Similarities and differences in the domain architectures of protein kinases in these organisms indicate conserved and unique features that are critical to functional specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Deshmukh
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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32
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Lim ST, Miller NLG, Nam JO, Chen XL, Lim Y, Schlaepfer DD. Pyk2 inhibition of p53 as an adaptive and intrinsic mechanism facilitating cell proliferation and survival. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:1743-53. [PMID: 19880522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.064212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyk2 is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase related to focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Compensatory Pyk2 expression occurs upon FAK loss in mice. However, the impact of Pyk2 up-regulation remains unclear. Previous studies showed that nuclear-localized FAK promotes cell proliferation and survival through FAK FERM domain-enhanced p53 tumor suppressor degradation (Lim, S. T., Chen, X. L., Lim, Y., Hanson, D. A., Vo, T. T., Howerton, K., Larocque, N., Fisher, S. J., Schlaepfer, D. D., and Ilic, D. (2008) Mol. Cell 29, 9-22). Here, we show that FAK knockdown triggered p53 activation and G(1) cell cycle arrest in human umbilical vein endothelial cells after 4 days. However, by 7 days elevated Pyk2 expression occurred with a reduction in p53 levels and the release of the G(1) block under conditions of continued FAK knockdown. To determine whether Pyk2 regulates p53, experiments were performed in FAK(-/-)p21(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts expressing endogenous Pyk2 and in ID8 ovarian carcinoma cells expressing both Pyk2 and FAK. In both cell lines, Pyk2 knockdown increased p53 levels and inhibited cell proliferation associated with G(1) cell cycle arrest. Pyk2 FERM domain re-expression was sufficient to reduce p53 levels and promote increased BrdUrd incorporation. Pyk2 FERM promoted Mdm2-dependent p53 ubiquitination. Pyk2 FERM effects on p53 were blocked by proteasomal inhibition or mutational-inactivation of Pyk2 FERM nuclear localization. Staurosporine stress of ID8 cells promoted endogenous Pyk2 nuclear accumulation and enhanced Pyk2 binding to p53. Pyk2 knockdown potentiated ID8 cell death upon staurosporine addition. Moreover, Pyk2 FERM expression in human fibroblasts upon FAK knockdown prevented cisplatin-mediated apoptosis. Our studies demonstrate that nuclear Pyk2 functions to limit p53 levels, thus facilitating cell growth and survival in a kinase-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssang-Taek Lim
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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33
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Abstract
Cellular interactions with extracellular matrix play essential roles in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase identified as a key mediator of signaling by integrins, a major family of cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix, as well as other receptors in both normal and cancer cells. FAK is activated by integrins through disruption of an auto-inhibitory intra-molecular interaction between its kinase domain and the amino terminal FERM domain. The activated FAK forms a binary complex with Src family kinases which can phosphorylate other substrates and trigger multiple intracellular signaling pathways to regulate various cellular functions. Subcellular localization of FAK in focal adhesions is essential for FAK signaling, which is another distinguishing feature of the kinase. Integrin-FAK signaling has been shown to activate a number of signaling pathways through phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions to promote tumorigenesis. FAK also plays a prominent role in tumor progression and metastasis through its regulation of both cancer cells and their microenvironments including cancer cell migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. More recently, a role for FAK in tumor initiation and progression has been demonstrated directly using xenograft as well as conditional knockout mouse models. In agreement with these experimental data, overexpression and activation of FAK have been found in a variety of human cancers. A number of small molecule inhibitors for FAK have been developed and in various phases of testing for cancer treatments. Overall, the intensive research on FAK signaling in cancer have yielded a wealth of information on this pivotal kinase and these and future studies are leading to potentially novel therapies for cancer.
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34
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Loftus JC, Yang Z, Tran NL, Kloss J, Viso C, Berens ME, Lipinski CA. The Pyk2 FERM domain as a target to inhibit glioma migration. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1505-14. [PMID: 19509258 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of malignant glioma cells into the surrounding normal brain precludes effective clinical treatment. In this report, we investigated the role of the NH(2)-terminal FERM domain in the regulation of the promigratory function of Pyk2. We report that the substitution of residues that constitute a small cleft on the surface of the F3 module of the FERM domain do not significantly alter Pyk2 expression but result in the loss of Pyk2 phosphorylation. A monoclonal antibody, designated 12A10, specifically targeting the Pyk2 FERM domain was generated and recognizes an epitope located on the beta5C-alpha1C surface of the F3 module of the FERM domain. Amino acid substitutions in the F3 module that resulted in the loss of Pyk2 phosphorylation also inhibited the binding of 12A10, suggesting that the 12A10 epitope overlaps a site that plays a role in Pyk2 activity. Conjugation of 12A10 to a membrane transport peptide led to intracellular accumulation and inhibition of glioma cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner. A single chain Fv fragment of 12A10 was stable when expressed in the intracellular environment, interacted directly with Pyk2, reduced Pyk2 phosphorylation, and inhibited glioma cell migration in vitro. Stable intracellular expression of the 12A10 scFv significantly extended survival in a glioma xenograft model. Together, these data substantiate a central role for the FERM domain in regulation of Pyk2 activity and identify the F3 module as a novel target to inhibit Pyk2 activity and inhibit glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Loftus
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
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35
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Papusheva E, Mello de Queiroz F, Dalous J, Han Y, Esposito A, Jares-Erijmanxa EA, Jovin TM, Bunt G. Dynamic conformational changes in the FERM domain of FAK are involved in focal-adhesion behavior during cell spreading and motility. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:656-66. [PMID: 19208768 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.028738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) controls cellular adhesion and motility processes by its tight link to integrin- and extracellular-matrix-mediated signaling. To explore the dynamics of the regulation of FAK, we constructed a FRET-based probe that visualizes conformational rearrangements of the FERM domain of FAK in living cells. The sensor reports on an integrin-mediated conformational change in FAK following cellular adhesion. The perturbation is kinase-independent and involves the polybasic KAKTLR sequence in the FERM domain. It is manifested by an increased FRET signal and is expressed primarily in focal adhesions, and to a lesser extent in the cytoplasm. The conformational change in the FERM domain of FAK is observed in two consecutive phases during spreading - early and late - and is enriched in fully adhered motile cells at growing and sliding peripheral focal-adhesion sites, but not in stable or retracting focal adhesions. Inhibition of the actomyosin system indicates the involvement of tension signaling induced by Rho-associated kinase, rather than by myosin light-chain kinase, in the modulation of the FERM response. We conclude that the heterogeneous conformation of the FERM domain in focal adhesions of migrating cells reflects a complex regulatory mechanism for FAK that appears to be under the influence of cellular traction forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Papusheva
- Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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36
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Piao Y, Lu L, de Groot J. AMPA receptors promote perivascular glioma invasion via beta1 integrin-dependent adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Neuro Oncol 2008; 11:260-73. [PMID: 18957620 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas release excitotoxic concentrations of glutamate, which has been shown to enhance tumor proliferation and migration. alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors are abundantly expressed at the invading edge of glioblastoma specimens, suggesting they may play an important biologic role in tumor invasion. In this study, we examined potential mechanisms by which AMPA receptor (AMPAR) expression and stimulation promote glioma cell migration and invasion. Overexpression of GluR1, the most abundant AMPAR subunit in gliomas, positively correlated with glioma cell adhesion to type I and type IV collagen, which was decreased in cells with knockdown of GluR1 and with blocking antibodies to beta1 integrin. Furthermore, stimulation of the AMPAR led to detachment of cells from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Immunoprecipitation studies showed that GluR1 associated with the actin cytoskeleton-linked protein band 4.1B (brain type), which may serve as a link between GluR1 and integrins. Overexpression of GluR1 correlated with increased cell-surface expression of beta1 integrin, increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK-Y397), and enhanced numbers of focal adhesion (FA) complexes. Cells overexpressing GluR1 had increased colocalization of actin and paxillin at FAs and, in several glioma cell lines, significantly increased invasion in an in vitro Matrigel transwell assay. Likewise, in an intracranial xenograft model, overexpression of GluR1 led to perivascular and subependymal glioma cell invasion similar to patterns of tumor dissemination described in human glioblastoma. Together, these results suggest that AMPARs may link signals from the ECM to sites of FA, where signal integration promotes tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Piao
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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37
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Wei WC, Lin HH, Shen MR, Tang MJ. Mechanosensing machinery for cells under low substratum rigidity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C1579-89. [PMID: 18923058 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00223.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli are essential during development and tumorigenesis. However, how cells sense their physical environment under low rigidity is still unknown. Here we show that low rigidity of collagen gel downregulates beta(1)-integrin activation, clustering, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Y397 phosphorylation, which is mediated by delayed raft formation. Moreover, overexpression of autoclustered beta(1)-integrin (V737N), but not constitutively active beta(1)-integrin (G429N), rescues FAKY397 phosphorylation level suppressed by low substratum rigidity. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer to assess beta(1)-integrin clustering, we have found that substratum rigidity between 58 and 386 Pa triggers beta(1)-integrin clustering in a dose-dependent manner, which is highly dependent on actin filaments but not microtubules. Furthermore, augmentation of beta(1)-integrin clustering enhances the interaction between beta(1)-integrin, FAK, and talin. Our results indicate that contact with collagen fibrils is not sufficient for integrin activation. However, substratum rigidity is required for integrin clustering and activation. Together, our findings provide new insight into the mechanosensing machinery and the mode of action for epithelial cells in response to their physical environment under low rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Wei
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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38
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Bechara A, Nawabi H, Moret F, Yaron A, Weaver E, Bozon M, Abouzid K, Guan JL, Tessier-Lavigne M, Lemmon V, Castellani V. FAK-MAPK-dependent adhesion disassembly downstream of L1 contributes to semaphorin3A-induced collapse. EMBO J 2008; 27:1549-62. [PMID: 18464795 PMCID: PMC2426724 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal receptors for class 3 semaphorins (Sema3s) are heterocomplexes of neuropilins (Nrps) and Plexin-As signalling coreceptors. In the developing cerebral cortex, the Ig superfamily cell adhesion molecule L1 associates with Nrp1. Intriguingly, the genetic removal of L1 blocks axon responses of cortical neurons to Sema3A in vitro despite the expression of Plexin-As in the cortex, suggesting either that L1 substitutes for Plexin-As or that L1 and Plexin-A are both required and mediate distinct roles. We report that association of Nrp1 with L1 but not Plexin-As mediates the recruitment and activation of a Sema3A-induced focal adhesion kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. This signalling downstream of L1 is needed for the disassembly of adherent points formed in growth cones and subsequently their collapse response to Sema3A. Plexin-As and L1 are coexpressed and present in common complexes in cortical neurons and both dominant-negative forms of Plexin-A and L1 impair their response to Sema3A. Consistently, Nrp1-expressing cortical projections are defective in mice lacking Plexin-A3, Plexin-A4 or L1. This reveals that specific signalling activities downstream of L1 and Plexin-As cooperate for mediating the axon guidance effects of Sema3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bechara
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire UMR CNRS 5534, Villeurbanne, France
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39
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Lim ST, Chen XL, Lim Y, Hanson DA, Vo TT, Howerton K, Larocque N, Fisher SJ, Schlaepfer DD, Ilic D. Nuclear FAK promotes cell proliferation and survival through FERM-enhanced p53 degradation. Mol Cell 2008; 29:9-22. [PMID: 18206965 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
FAK is known as an integrin- and growth factor-associated tyrosine kinase promoting cell motility. Here we show that, during mouse development, FAK inactivation results in p53- and p21-dependent mesodermal cell growth arrest. Reconstitution of primary FAK-/-p21-/- fibroblasts revealed that FAK, in a kinase-independent manner, facilitates p53 turnover via enhanced Mdm2-dependent p53 ubiquitination. p53 inactivation by FAK required FAK FERM F1 lobe binding to p53, FERM F2 lobe-mediated nuclear localization, and FERM F3 lobe for connections to Mdm2 and proteasomal degradation. Staurosporine or loss of cell adhesion enhanced FERM-dependent FAK nuclear accumulation. In primary human cells, FAK knockdown raised p53-p21 levels and slowed cell proliferation but did not cause apoptosis. Notably, FAK knockdown plus cisplatin triggered p53-dependent cell apoptosis, which was rescued by either full-length FAK or FAK FERM re-expression. These studies define a scaffolding role for nuclear FAK in facilitating cell survival through enhanced p53 degradation under conditions of cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssang-Taek Lim
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC0803, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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40
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Siesser PMF, Meenderink LM, Ryzhova L, Michael KE, Dumbauld DW, García AJ, Kaverina I, Hanks SK. A FAK/Src chimera with gain-of-function properties promotes formation of large peripheral adhesions associated with dynamic actin assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:25-39. [PMID: 17922492 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Formation of a complex between the tyrosine kinases FAK and Src is a key integrin-mediated signaling event implicated in cell motility, survival, and proliferation. Past studies indicate that FAK functions in the complex primarily as a "scaffold," acting to recruit and activate Src within cell/matrix adhesions. To study the cellular impact of FAK-associated Src signaling we developed a novel gain-of-function approach that involves expressing a chimeric protein with the FAK kinase domain replaced by the Src kinase domain. This FAK/Src chimera is subject to adhesion-dependent activation and promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas and paxillin to higher steady-state levels than is achieved by wild-type FAK. When expressed in FAK -/- mouse embryo fibroblasts, the FAK/Src chimera resulted in a striking cellular phenotype characterized by unusual large peripheral adhesions, enhanced adhesive strength, and greatly reduced motility. Live cell imaging of the chimera-expressing FAK -/- cells provided evidence that the large peripheral adhesions are associated with a dynamic actin assembly process that is sensitive to a Src-selective inhibitor. These findings suggest that FAK-associated Src kinase activity has the capacity to promote adhesion integrity and actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila M F Siesser
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8240, USA
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41
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, including neurotransmitters, hormones, chemokines, and bioactive lipids, act as potent cellular growth factors and have been implicated in a variety of normal and abnormal processes, including development, inflammation, and malignant transformation. Typically, the binding of an agonistic ligand to its cognate GPCR triggers the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways that act in a synergistic and combinatorial fashion to relay the mitogenic signal to the nucleus and promote cell proliferation. A rapid increase in the activity of phospholipases C, D, and A2 leading to the synthesis of lipid-derived second messengers, Ca2+ fluxes and subsequent activation of protein phosphorylation cascades, including PKC/PKD, Raf/MEK/ERK, and Akt/mTOR/p70S6K is an important early response to mitogenic GPCR agonists. The EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase has emerged as a transducer in the signaling by GPCRs, a process termed transactivation. GPCR signal transduction also induces striking morphological changes and rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular proteins, including the non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and the adaptor proteins CAS and paxillin. The pathways stimulated by GPCRs are extensively interconnected by synergistic and antagonistic crosstalks that play a critical role in signal transmission, integration, and dissemination. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in defining the pathways that play a role in transducing mitogenic responses induced by GPCR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rozengurt
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1786, USA.
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42
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Siesser PMF, Hanks SK. The signaling and biological implications of FAK overexpression in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:3233-7. [PMID: 16740741 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila M F Siesser
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2175, USA
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43
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Spatial and temporal regulation of focal adhesion kinase activity in living cells. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 28:201-14. [PMID: 17967873 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01324-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an essential kinase that regulates developmental processes and functions in the pathology of human disease. An intramolecular autoinhibitory interaction between the FERM and catalytic domains is a major mechanism of regulation. Based upon structural studies, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based FAK biosensor that discriminates between autoinhibited and active conformations of the kinase was developed. This biosensor was used to probe FAK conformational change in live cells and the mechanism of regulation. The biosensor demonstrates directly that FAK undergoes conformational change in vivo in response to activating stimuli. A conserved FERM domain basic patch is required for this conformational change and for interaction with a novel ligand for FAK, acidic phospholipids. Binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-containing phospholipid vesicles activated and induced conformational change in FAK in vitro, and alteration of PIP2 levels in vivo changed the level of activation of the conformational biosensor. These findings provide direct evidence of conformational regulation of FAK in living cells and novel insight into the mechanism regulating FAK conformation.
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Serrels B, Serrels A, Brunton VG, Holt M, McLean GW, Gray CH, Jones GE, Frame MC. Focal adhesion kinase controls actin assembly via a FERM-mediated interaction with the Arp2/3 complex. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9:1046-56. [PMID: 17721515 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Networks of actin filaments, controlled by the Arp2/3 complex, drive membrane protrusion during cell migration. How integrins signal to the Arp2/3 complex is not well understood. Here, we show that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the Arp2/3 complex associate and colocalize at transient structures formed early after adhesion. Nascent lamellipodia, which originate at these structures, do not form in FAK-deficient cells, or in cells in which FAK mutants cannot be autophosphorylated after integrin engagement. The FERM domain of FAK binds directly to Arp3 and can enhance Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization. Critically, Arp2/3 is not bound when FAK is phosphorylated on Tyr 397. Interfering peptides and FERM-domain point mutants show that FAK binding to Arp2/3 controls protrusive lamellipodia formation and cell spreading. This establishes a new function for the FAK FERM domain in forming a phosphorylation-regulated complex with Arp2/3, linking integrin signalling directly with the actin polymerization machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Serrels
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Lietha D, Cai X, Ceccarelli DFJ, Li Y, Schaller MD, Eck MJ. Structural basis for the autoinhibition of focal adhesion kinase. Cell 2007; 129:1177-87. [PMID: 17574028 PMCID: PMC2077847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate tyrosine kinase signaling depends on coordinated sequential coupling of protein-protein interactions with catalytic activation. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) integrates signals from integrin and growth factor receptors to regulate cellular responses including cell adhesion, migration, and survival. Here, we describe crystal structures representing both autoinhibited and active states of FAK. The inactive structure reveals a mechanism of inhibition in which the N-terminal FERM domain directly binds the kinase domain, blocking access to the catalytic cleft and protecting the FAK activation loop from Src phosphorylation. Additionally, the FERM domain sequesters the Tyr397 autophosphorylation and Src recruitment site, which lies in the linker connecting the FERM and kinase domains. The active phosphorylated FAK kinase adopts a conformation that is immune to FERM inhibition. Our biochemical and structural analysis shows how the architecture of autoinhibited FAK orchestrates an activation sequence of FERM domain displacement, linker autophosphorylation, Src recruitment, and full catalytic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lietha
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Schlaepfer DD, Hou S, Lim ST, Tomar A, Yu H, Lim Y, Hanson DA, Uryu SA, Molina J, Mitra SK. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates focal adhesion kinase activity required for mitogen-activated kinase-associated interleukin 6 expression. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:17450-9. [PMID: 17438336 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610672200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase that promotes cell migration, survival, and gene expression. Here we show that FAK signaling is important for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA and protein expression in breast (4T1), lung (A549), prostate (PC-3), and neural (NB-8) tumor cells by FAK short hairpin RNA knockdown and by comparisons of FAK-null (FAK(-/-)) and FAK(+/+) mouse embryo fibroblasts. FAK promoted TNFalpha-stimulated MAPK activation needed for maximal IL-6 production. FAK was not required for TNFalpha-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB or c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. TNFalpha-stimulated FAK catalytic activation and IL-6 production were inhibited by FAK N-terminal but not FAK C-terminal domain overexpression. Analysis of FAK(-/-) fibroblasts stably reconstituted with wild type or various FAK point mutants showed that FAK catalytic activity, Tyr-397 phosphorylation, and the Pro-712/713 proline-rich region of FAK were required for TNFalpha-stimulated MAPK activation and IL-6 production. Constitutively activated MAPK kinase-1 (MEK1) expression in FAK(-/-) and A549 FAK short hairpin RNA-expressing cells rescued TNFalpha-stimulated IL-6 production. Inhibition of Src protein-tyrosine kinase activity or mutation of Src phosphorylation sites on FAK (Tyr-861 or Tyr-925) did not affect TNFalpha-stimulated IL-6 expression. Moreover, analyses of Src(-/-), Yes(-/-), and Fyn(-/-) fibroblasts showed that Src expression was inhibitory to TNFalpha-stimulated IL-6 production. These studies provide evidence for a novel Src-independent FAK to MAPK signaling pathway regulating IL-6 expression with potential importance to inflammation and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Schlaepfer
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Lipinski CA, Tran NL, Dooley A, Pang YP, Rohl C, Kloss J, Yang Z, McDonough W, Craig D, Berens ME, Loftus JC. Critical role of the FERM domain in Pyk2 stimulated glioma cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:939-47. [PMID: 16962067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The strong tendency of malignant glioma cells to invade locally into surrounding normal brain precludes effective surgical resection, reduces the efficacy of radiotherapy, and is associated with increased resistance to chemotherapy regimens. We report that the N-terminal FERM domain of Pyk2 regulates its promigratory function. A 3-dimensional model of the Pyk2 FERM domain was generated and mutagenesis studies identified residues essential for Pyk2 promigratory function. Model-based targeted mutations within the FERM domain decreased Pyk2 phosphorylation and reduced the capacity of Pyk2 to stimulate glioma cell migration but did not significantly alter the intracellular distribution of Pyk2. Expression of autonomous Pyk2 FERM domain fragments containing analogous mutations exhibited reduced capacity to inhibit glioma cell migration and Pyk2 phosphorylation relative to expression of an autonomous wild type FERM domain fragment. These results indicate that the FERM domain plays an important role in regulating the functional competency of Pyk2 as a promigratory factor in glioma.
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Mitra SK, Schlaepfer DD. Integrin-regulated FAK-Src signaling in normal and cancer cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18:516-23. [PMID: 16919435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1180] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrins can alter cellular behavior through the recruitment and activation of signaling proteins such as non-receptor tyrosine kinases including focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and c-Src that form a dual kinase complex. The FAK-Src complex binds to and can phosphorylate various adaptor proteins such as p130Cas and paxillin. In normal cells, multiple integrin-regulated linkages exist to activate FAK or Src. Activated FAK-Src functions to promote cell motility, cell cycle progression and cell survival. Recent studies have found that the FAK-Src complex is activated in many tumor cells and generates signals leading to tumor growth and metastasis. As both FAK and Src catalytic activities are important in promoting VEGF-associated tumor angiogenesis and protease-associated tumor metastasis, support is growing that FAK and Src may be therapeutically relevant targets in the inhibition of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit K Mitra
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, IMM21 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Ceccarelli DFJ, Song HK, Poy F, Schaller MD, Eck MJ. Crystal Structure of the FERM Domain of Focal Adhesion Kinase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:252-9. [PMID: 16221668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509188200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that localizes to focal adhesions in adherent cells. Through phosphorylation of proteins assembled at the cytoplasmic tails of integrins, FAK promotes signaling events that modulate cellular growth, survival, and migration. The amino-terminal region of FAK contains a region of sequence homology with band 4.1 and ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins termed a FERM domain. FERM domains are found in a variety of signaling and cytoskeletal proteins and are thought to mediate intermolecular interactions with partner proteins and phospholipids at the plasma membrane and intramolecular regulatory interactions. Here we report two crystal structures of an NH2-terminal fragment of avian FAK containing the FERM domain and a portion of the regulatory linker that connects the FERM and kinase domains. The tertiary folds of the three subdomains (F1, F2, and F3) are similar to those of known FERM structures despite low sequence conservation. Differences in the sequence and relative orientation of the F3 subdomain alters the nature of the interdomain interface, and the phosphoinositide binding site found in ERM family FERM domains is not present in FAK. A putative protein interaction site on the F3 lobe is masked by the proximal region of the linker. Additionally, in one structure the adjacent Src SH3 and SH2 binding sites in the linker associate with the surfaces of the F3 and F1 lobes, respectively. These structural features suggest the possibility that protein interactions of the FAK FERM domain can be regulated by binding of Src kinases to the linker segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek F J Ceccarelli
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Jácamo RO, Rozengurt E. A truncated FAK lacking the FERM domain displays high catalytic activity but retains responsiveness to adhesion-mediated signals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:1299-304. [PMID: 16039608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the role of the FERM domain in the regulation of FAK phosphorylation at Tyr-397, the major autophosphorylation site, we generated a truncated FAK lacking a region of the N-terminus corresponding to amino acids 1-384 (FAKDelta384). FAKDelta384 showed a striking increase in phosphorylation, as compared with wild type FAK, in lysates of either HEK 293 or FAK-/- cells. Interestingly, the truncated form of FAK lacking the N-terminal domain retains responsiveness to integrin-mediated signals, as judged by its dephosphorylation by holding cells in suspension and by the recovery of the phosphorylation when replating the cells on fibronectin. We propose a model in which removal of FERM-mediated auto-inhibition is important to increase FAK catalytic activity but the translocation and clustering of this enzyme at the focal adhesions is required for maximal phosphorylation at Tyr-397.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo O Jácamo
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
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