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Liu JJ, Hou YK, Wang X, Zhou XT, Yin JY, Nie SP. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of fungal glucan structural diversity. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121782. [PMID: 38286552 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Glucans are the most abundant class of macromolecule polymers in fungi, which are commonly found in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Fungal glucans are not only essential for cell integrity and function but also crucial for the immense industrial interest in high value applications. They present a variety of structural characteristics at the nanoscale due to the high regulation of genes and the involvement of stochastic processes in synthesis. However, although recent findings have demonstrated the genes of glucans synthesis are relatively conserved across diverse fungi, the formation and organization of diverse glucan structures is still unclear in fungi. Here, we summarize the structural features of fungal glucans and the recent developments in the mechanisms of glucans biosynthesis. Furthermore, we propose the engineering strategies of targeted glucan synthesis and point out the remaining challenges in the synthetic process. Understanding the synthesis process of diverse glucans is necessary for tailoring high value glucan towards specific applications. This engineering strategy contributes to enable the sustainable and efficient production of glucan diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Yu-Ke Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Xing-Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Jun-Yi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luo he 462300, Henan, China.
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Patel P, Free SJ. Characterization of Neurospora crassa GH16, GH17, and GH72 gene families of cell wall crosslinking enzymes. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100073. [PMID: 35079668 PMCID: PMC8777122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutants lacking GH16 chitin transferases are sensitive to cell wall perturbation reagents. Mutants lacking GH17 β-1,3-glucan transferases are sensitive to cell wall perturbation reagents. In N. crassa, GH17 β-1,3-glucan transferases and GH72 β-1,3-glucan/lichenin transferases are not redundant activities. Neurospora GH72 enzymes form lichenin-enzyme intermediates. Neurospora GH72 enzymes are lichenin transferases.
GH16 chitin transferases, GH17 β-1,3-glucan transferases, and GH72 β-1,3-glucan/lichenin transferases are important fungal cell wall crosslinking enzymes. The Neurospora crassa genome encodes three genes from the GH17 gene family and five members in the GH16 subfamily 18 and 19 fungal chitin transferases. We created deletion mutants lacking all three GH17 genes and determined that they had wild type morphology and are more sensitive to cell wall perturbation reagents than the wild type. We also created deletion mutants lacking all five GH16 subfamily 18 and 19 genes and found that they had wild type morphology and are more sensitive to cell wall perturbation reagents than the wild type. We conclude that GH16 and GH17 enzymes play roles in cell wall biogenesis. In N. crassa, GH72 enzymes have been reported to be lichenin transferases, while in other fungi they have been shown to be the β-1,3-glucan transferases. Neurospora triple GH72 deletions give rise to a tight colonial morphology, sensitivity to cell wall perturbation reagents, and release of cell wall proteins into the medium. To ask if GH72 and GH17 enzymes might be redundant in N. crassa, we created sextuple mutants lacking the three GH72 genes and the three GH17 genes and found that they were indistinguishable from the GH72 triple mutant. We also found that a recombinant GH72 enzyme is able to form a lichenin-enzyme intermediate demonstrating that GH72 enzymes are lichenin transferases. The N. crassa GH72 enzymes are lichenin transferases and are not redundant with the GH17 β-1,3-glucan transferases.
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Maina AN, Thanabalan A, Gasarabwe J, Mohammadigheisar M, Schulze H, Kiarie EG. Enzymatically treated yeast bolstered growth performance of broiler chicks from young broiler breeders linked to improved indices of intestinal function, integrity, and immunity. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102175. [PMID: 36228526 PMCID: PMC9573925 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Older breeder chicks (OBC) are heavier and robust at hatch than younger breeder chicks (YBC). However, the implications of broiler breeder age on chick intestinal function and the role of functional feedstuffs are unexplored. We evaluated the effects of broiler breeder age and the impact of feeding YBC enzymatically treated yeast on growth, nutrient utilization, and indices of intestinal function. Fertile Ross 708 eggs: 2,250 (56.5 ± 3.4g) from 30-wk-old (YBC) and 550 (64.2 ± 4.2 g) from 47-wk-old (OBC) were hatched and placed in 48 pens (44 chicks/pen) containing equal males and females for growth and intestinal function evaluation and 36 cages (5 chicks/cage) for metabolizable energy (AME). Five corn and soybean meal-based diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40% HY40 for a 3-phase feeding program (starter: days 0–10, grower: days 11–24, and finisher; days 25–42). Grower phase diets also contained a 0.3% TiO2 indigestible marker. The diets were allocated within YBC in a completely randomized block design (n = 8 for pens; n = 6 for cages). The OBC were fed a 0% yeast diet. Feed and water were provided freely; BW and feed intake were monitored, and excreta samples were collected on days 17 to 21 for apparent retention (AR). Birds were necropsied for plasma, jejunal tissues, organs weight, and ceca digesta. The OBC were heavier (P < 0.01) than YBC at hatch. Final BW of OBC and YBC fed, ≥0.10% yeast, was similar (P > 0.05). The OBC had similar FCR (P > 0.05) to YBC fed 0 to 0.10% yeast but higher (P = 0.003) than for YBC fed ≥0.20% yeast. Jejunal villi height to crypt depth ratio (VCR) and IgA were higher in OBC than 0% yeast (P = 0.01). Yeast increased VCR, bursa weight, jejunal, and plasma IgA (P = 0.01). The YBC fed ≥0.10% yeast had higher (P < 0.05) AR of crude protein, and gross energy than OBC and YBC fed 0 or 0.05% yeast. In conclusion, yeast improved YBC performance to the level of OBC linked to improved intestinal function, integrity, and immunity.
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Yammine M, Bray F, Flament S, Picavet A, Lacroix JM, Poilpré E, Mouly I, Rolando C. Reliable Approach for Pure Yeast Cell Wall Protein Isolation from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29702-29713. [PMID: 36061670 PMCID: PMC9435031 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast is a fungus presenting a peripheral organelle called the cell wall. The cell wall protects the yeast cell from stress and provides means for communication with the surrounding environment. It has a complex molecular structure, composed of an internal part of cross-linked polysaccharides and an external part of mannoproteins. These latter are very interesting owing to their functional properties, dependent on their molecular features with massive mannosylations. Therefore, the molecular characterization of mannoproteins is a must relying on the optimal isolation and preparation of the cell wall fraction. Multiple methods are well reported for yeast cell wall isolation. The most applied one consists of yeast cell lysis by mechanical disruption. However, applying this classical approach to S288C yeast cells showed considerable contamination with noncell wall proteins, mainly comprising mitochondrial proteins. Herein, we tried to further purify the yeast cell wall preparation by two means: ultracentrifugation and Triton X-100 addition. While the first strategy showed limited outcomes in mitochondrial protein removal, the second strategy showed optimal results when Triton X-100 was added at 5%, allowing the identification of more mannoproteins and significantly enriching their amounts. This promising method could be reliably implemented on the lab scale for identification of mannoproteins and molecular characterization and industrial processes for "pure" cell wall isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Yammine
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse,
l’Analyse et la Protéomique, F-59000 Lille, France
- Lesaffre
international, Research and Development department, 77 rue de Menin, F-59520 Marquette-lez-Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Bray
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse,
l’Analyse et la Protéomique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Flament
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse,
l’Analyse et la Protéomique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Antoine Picavet
- Lesaffre
international, Research and Development department, 77 rue de Menin, F-59520 Marquette-lez-Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lacroix
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, UMR 8765, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale
et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Poilpré
- Lesaffre
international, Research and Development department, 77 rue de Menin, F-59520 Marquette-lez-Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Mouly
- Lesaffre
international, Research and Development department, 77 rue de Menin, F-59520 Marquette-lez-Lille, France
| | - Christian Rolando
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse,
l’Analyse et la Protéomique, F-59000 Lille, France
- Shrieking
sixties, 1-3 Allée
Lavoisier, F-59650 Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France
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Ribeiro RA, Bourbon-Melo N, Sá-Correia I. The cell wall and the response and tolerance to stresses of biotechnological relevance in yeasts. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:953479. [PMID: 35966694 PMCID: PMC9366716 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.953479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In industrial settings and processes, yeasts may face multiple adverse environmental conditions. These include exposure to non-optimal temperatures or pH, osmotic stress, and deleterious concentrations of diverse inhibitory compounds. These toxic chemicals may result from the desired accumulation of added-value bio-products, yeast metabolism, or be present or derive from the pre-treatment of feedstocks, as in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates. Adaptation and tolerance to industrially relevant stress factors involve highly complex and coordinated molecular mechanisms occurring in the yeast cell with repercussions on the performance and economy of bioprocesses, or on the microbiological stability and conservation of foods, beverages, and other goods. To sense, survive, and adapt to different stresses, yeasts rely on a network of signaling pathways to modulate the global transcriptional response and elicit coordinated changes in the cell. These pathways cooperate and tightly regulate the composition, organization and biophysical properties of the cell wall. The intricacy of the underlying regulatory networks reflects the major role of the cell wall as the first line of defense against a wide range of environmental stresses. However, the involvement of cell wall in the adaptation and tolerance of yeasts to multiple stresses of biotechnological relevance has not received the deserved attention. This article provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in fine-tuning cell wall physicochemical properties during the stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their implication in stress tolerance. The available information for non-conventional yeast species is also included. These non-Saccharomyces species have recently been on the focus of very active research to better explore or control their biotechnological potential envisaging the transition to a sustainable circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. Ribeiro
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bourbon-Melo
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
Gene expression divergence through evolutionary processes is thought to be important for achieving programmed development in multicellular organisms. To test this premise in filamentous fungi, we investigated transcriptional profiles of 3,942 single-copy orthologous genes (SCOGs) in five related sordariomycete species that have morphologically diverged in the formation of their flask-shaped perithecia. We compared expression of the SCOGs to inferred gene expression levels of the most recent common ancestor of the five species, ranking genes from their largest increases to smallest increases in expression during perithecial development in each of the five species. We found that a large proportion of the genes that exhibited evolved increases in gene expression were important for normal perithecial development in Fusarium graminearum. Many of these genes were previously uncharacterized, encoding hypothetical proteins without any known functional protein domains. Interestingly, the developmental stages during which aberrant knockout phenotypes appeared largely coincided with the elevated expression of the deleted genes. In addition, we identified novel genes that affected normal perithecial development in Magnaporthe oryzae and Neurospora crassa, which were functionally and transcriptionally diverged from the orthologous counterparts in F. graminearum. Furthermore, comparative analysis of developmental transcriptomes and phylostratigraphic analysis suggested that genes encoding hypothetical proteins are generally young and transcriptionally divergent between related species. This study provides tangible evidence of shifts in gene expression that led to acquisition of novel function of orthologous genes in each lineage and demonstrates that several genes with hypothetical function are crucial for shaping multicellular fruiting bodies. IMPORTANCE The fungal class Sordariomycetes includes numerous important plant and animal pathogens. It also provides model systems for studying fungal fruiting body development, as its members develop fruiting bodies with a few well-characterized tissue types on common growth media and have rich genomic resources that enable comparative and functional analyses. To understand transcriptional divergence of key developmental genes between five related sordariomycete fungi, we performed targeted knockouts of genes inferred to have evolved significant upward shifts in expression. We found that many previously uncharacterized genes play indispensable roles at different stages of fruiting body development, which have undergone transcriptional activation in specific lineages. These novel genes are predicted to be phylogenetically young and tend to be involved in lineage- or species-specific function. Transcriptional activation of genes with unknown function seems to be more frequent than ever thought, which may be crucial for rapid adaption to changing environments for successful sexual reproduction.
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Effects of early feeding of enzymatically treated yeast on growth performance, organ weights, intestinal histomorphology and ceca microbial metabolites in broiler chickens subjected to Eimeria challenge. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101967. [PMID: 35760002 PMCID: PMC9241041 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated effects of early feeding of enzymatically treated yeast on growth performance and selected physiological responses in broiler chickens. A total of 480-day-old (male) Ross × Ross 708 broiler chicks were placed in 24 floor pens (20 birds per pen) and allocated to 2 diets (control vs. yeast) in a completely randomized block design (n = 12). Diets were formulated for a 5-phase feeding program: Pre-starter; d 0 to 6 Starter; d 7 to 15, Grower: d 16 to 28, Finisher 1; d 28 to 42 and Finisher 2; d 43 to 56. The yeast was applied in pre-starter and starter diets at 0.6 and 0.2%, respectively. Birds received a common diet from d 16 to 56. Feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were recorded by phase for calculation of BW gain (BWG) and FCR. On d 10, all birds received an oral dose of 25,000 E. acervullina and 5,000 E. maxima sporulated oocysts in 1 mL of sterile saline. On d 15 post-hatch, one bird per pen was sacrificed for organ weights (gizzard, small intestine, ceca, liver, spleen, liver, and bursa), jejunal tissues for histomorphology and ceca digesta for microbial activity. On d 56, one bird per pen was sacrificed for organs and breast weight. In pre-starter phase, yeast fed birds showed improved (P < 0.05) BWG and FCR than control fed birds. Combining pre-starter and starter phases, the FCR of yeast fed birds showed improved FCR (1.115 vs. 1.135; P < 0.05) than control. The overall BWG (d 0–56) was 3.920 and 3.962 kg/ bird and corresponding values for FCR were, 1.808 and 1.755, for the control and yeast, respectively. Diets had no (P > 0.05) effects on physiological responses evaluated on necropsied birds except that yeast birds had (P < 0.05) lighter bursa than control birds on d 15. The current data indicated that yeast could support growth in early life of broiler chickens, but these effects were not sustained after the transitioning birds to common grower and finisher diets.
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Palliyil S, Mawer M, Alawfi SA, Fogg L, Tan TH, De Cesare GB, Walker LA, MacCallum DM, Porter AJ, Munro CA. Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Surface-Exposed Epitopes of Candida albicans Cell Wall Proteins Confer In Vivo Protection in an Infection Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0195721. [PMID: 35285676 PMCID: PMC9017365 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01957-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunotherapies targeting systemic and deep-seated fungal infections are still in their early stages of development, with no licensed antifungal mAbs currently being available for patients at risk. The cell wall glycoproteins of Candida albicans are of particular interest as potential targets for therapeutic antibody generation due to their extracellular location and key involvement in fungal pathogenesis. Here, we describe the generation of recombinant human antibodies specifically targeting two key cell wall proteins (CWPs) in C. albicans: Utr2 and Pga31. These antibodies were isolated from a phage display antibody library using peptide antigens representing the surface-exposed regions of CWPs expressed at elevated levels during in vivo infection. Reformatted human-mouse chimeric mAbs preferentially recognized C. albicans hyphal forms compared to yeast cells, and increased binding was observed when the cells were grown in the presence of the antifungal agent caspofungin. In J774.1 macrophage interaction assays, mAb pretreatment resulted in the faster engulfment of C. albicans cells, suggesting a role of the CWP antibodies as opsonizing agents during phagocyte recruitment. Finally, in a series of clinically predictive mouse models of systemic candidiasis, our lead mAb achieved improved survival (83%) and a several-log reduction of the fungal burden in the kidneys, similar to the levels achieved for the fungicidal drug caspofungin and superior to the therapeutic efficacy of any anti-Candida mAb reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Palliyil
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mawer
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sami A. Alawfi
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Fogg
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Tyng H. Tan
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Buda De Cesare
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A. Walker
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Donna M. MacCallum
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Porter
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Carol A. Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeengrid.7107.1, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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de Oliveira Silva A, Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Wirsel SGR, Deising HB. Fungal Pathogenesis-Related Cell Wall Biogenesis, with Emphasis on the Maize Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070849. [PMID: 35406829 PMCID: PMC9003368 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum harbors many plant pathogenic species, several of which cause significant yield losses in the field and post harvest. Typically, in order to infect their host plants, spores germinate, differentiate a pressurized infection cell, and display a hemibiotrophic lifestyle after plant invasion. Several factors required for virulence or pathogenicity have been identified in different Colletotrichum species, and adaptation of cell wall biogenesis to distinct stages of pathogenesis has been identified as a major pre-requisite for the establishment of a compatible parasitic fungus-plant interaction. Here, we highlight aspects of fungal cell wall biogenesis during plant infection, with emphasis on the maize leaf anthracnose and stalk rot fungus, Colletotrichum graminicola.
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Effect of N-acetyl chito-oligosaccharides on the biosynthesis and properties of chitin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:285-289. [PMID: 34837152 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitin exists in yeast cells both as free and bound in a complex with β-1,3/β-1,6-glucan. The formation of covalent links between chitin and β-glucans is catalyzed by the enzymes Crh1 and Crh2, acting as transglycosylases. We found that N-acetyl-chito-oligosaccharides, as well as laminarioligosaccharides, the respective products of partial hydrolysis of chitin, and β-1,3-glucan, interfered with reactions catalyzed by Crh1p and Crh2p in vitro. However, the N-acetyl-chito-oligosaccharides did not influence the growth rate of the yeast, neither did they affect the yeast phenotype, but they prolonged the lag phase. Inhibition of Crh1 and Crh2 in vivo with oligosaccharides derived from chitin leads to an increase of alkali-soluble chitin and a decrease in the amount of chitin linked to β-glucans. In addition, yeast cells growing in the presence of N-acetyl-D-chito-oligosaccharides accumulated more chitin than control cells.
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11
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Ibe C, Munro CA. Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090739. [PMID: 34575777 PMCID: PMC8466366 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are part of the normal flora of humans, but once the immune system of the host is impaired and they escape from commensal niches, they shift from commensal to pathogen causing candidiasis. Candida albicans remains the primary cause of candidiasis, accounting for about 60% of the global candidiasis burden. The cell wall of C. albicans and related fungal pathogens forms the interface with the host, gives fungal cells their shape, and also provides protection against stresses. The cell wall is a dynamic organelle with great adaptive flexibility that allows remodeling, morphogenesis, and changes in its components in response to the environment. It is mainly composed of the inner polysaccharide rich layer (chitin, and β-glucan) and the outer protein coat (mannoproteins). The highly glycosylated protein coat mediates interactions between C. albicans cells and their environment, including reprograming of wall architecture in response to several conditions, such as carbon source, pH, high temperature, and morphogenesis. The mannoproteins are also associated with C. albicans adherence, drug resistance, and virulence. Vitally, the mannoproteins contribute to cell wall construction and especially cell wall remodeling when cells encounter physical and chemical stresses. This review describes the interconnected cell wall integrity (CWI) and stress-activated pathways (e.g., Hog1, Cek1, and Mkc1 mediated pathways) that regulates cell wall remodeling and the expression of some of the mannoproteins in C. albicans and other species. The mannoproteins of the surface coat is of great importance to pathogen survival, growth, and virulence, thus understanding their structure and function as well as regulatory mechanisms can pave the way for better management of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuike Ibe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu 441107, Nigeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Carol A. Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
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Functional Genomic and Biochemical Analysis Reveals Pleiotropic Effect of Congo Red on Aspergillus fumigatus. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00863-21. [PMID: 34006660 PMCID: PMC8262895 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00863-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of fungal growth by Congo red (CR) has been putatively associated with specific binding to β-1,3-glucans, which blocks cell wall polysaccharide synthesis. In this study, we searched for transcription factors (TFs) that regulate the response to CR and interrogated their regulon. During the investigation of the susceptibility to CR of the TF mutant library, several CR-resistant and -hypersensitive mutants were discovered and further studied. Abnormal distorted swollen conidia called Quasimodo cells were seen in the presence of CR. Quasimodo cells in the resistant mutants were larger than the ones in the sensitive and parental strains; consequently, the conidia of the resistant mutants absorbed more CR than the germinating conidia of the sensitive or parental strains. Accordingly, this higher absorption rate by Quasimodo cells resulted in the removal of CR from the culture medium, allowing a subset of conidia to germinate and grow. In contrast, all resting conidia of the sensitive mutants and the parental strain were killed. This result indicated that the heterogeneity of the conidial population is essential to promote the survival of Aspergillus fumigatus in the presence of CR. Moreover, amorphous surface cell wall polysaccharides such as galactosaminogalactan control the influx of CR inside the cells and, accordingly, resistance to the drug. Finally, long-term incubation with CR led to the discovery of a new CR-induced growth effect, called drug-induced growth stimulation (DIGS), since the growth of one of them could be stimulated after recovery from CR stress.
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13
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Gonçales RA, Salamanca AL, Júnior LR, E Silva KS, de Vasconcelos EJ, Dos Reis TF, Castro RC, C Ruy PD, Romagnoli B, Ruiz J, Pereira M, de A Soares CM, Coelho PS. In silico identification of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Paracoccidioides spp. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:589-606. [PMID: 33998266 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To predict glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins in the genome of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii. Materials & methods: Five different bioinformatics tools were used for predicting GPI-anchored proteins; we considered as GPI-anchored proteins those detected by at least two in silico analysis methods. We also performed the proteomic analysis of P. brasiliensis cell wall by mass spectrometry. Results: Hundred GPI-anchored proteins were predicted in P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii genomes. A series of 57 proteins were classified in functional categories and 43 conserved proteins were reported with unknown functions. Four proteins identified by in silico analyses were also identified in the cell wall proteome. Conclusion: The data obtained in this study are important resources for future research of GPI-anchored proteins in Paracoccidioides spp. to identify targets for new diagnostic tools, drugs and immunological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Relber A Gonçales
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal, ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ayda Lm Salamanca
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas II (ICB II), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Rb Júnior
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Kleber Sf E Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas II (ICB II), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Elton Jr de Vasconcelos
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Thaila F Dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo C Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de C Ruy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Romagnoli
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Ruiz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Rene Rachaou (IRR), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas II (ICB II), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Célia M de A Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas II (ICB II), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sr Coelho
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
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Lozančić M, Žunar B, Hrestak D, Lopandić K, Teparić R, Mrša V. Systematic Comparison of Cell Wall-Related Proteins of Different Yeasts. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020128. [PMID: 33572482 PMCID: PMC7916363 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast cell walls have two major roles, to preserve physical integrity of the cell, and to ensure communication with surrounding molecules and cells. While the first function requires evolutionary conserved polysaccharide network synthesis, the second needs to be flexible and provide adaptability to different habitats and lifestyles. In this study, the comparative in silico analysis of proteins required for cell wall biosynthesis and functions containing 187 proteins of 92 different yeasts was performed in order to assess which proteins were broadly conserved among yeasts and which were more species specific. Proteins were divided into several groups according to their role and localization. As expected, many Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins involved in protein glycosylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) synthesis and the synthesis of wall polysaccharides had orthologues in most other yeasts. Similarly, a group of GPI anchored proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis (Gas proteins and Dfg5p/Dcw1p) and other non-GPI anchored cell wall proteins involved in the wall synthesis and remodeling were highly conserved. However, GPI anchored proteins involved in flocculation, aggregation, cell separation, and those of still unknown functions were not highly conserved. The proteins localized in the cell walls of various yeast species were also analyzed by protein biotinylation and blotting. Pronounced differences were found both in the patterns, as well as in the overall amounts of different groups of proteins. The amount of GPI-anchored proteins correlated with the mannan to glucan ratio of the wall. Changes of the wall proteome upon temperature shift to 42 °C were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Lozančić
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.L.); (B.Ž.); (D.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Bojan Žunar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.L.); (B.Ž.); (D.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Dora Hrestak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.L.); (B.Ž.); (D.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Ksenija Lopandić
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Renata Teparić
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.L.); (B.Ž.); (D.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Vladimir Mrša
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.L.); (B.Ž.); (D.H.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
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van Leeuwe TM, Wattjes J, Niehues A, Forn-Cuní G, Geoffrion N, Mélida H, Arentshorst M, Molina A, Tsang A, Meijer AH, Moerschbacher BM, Punt PJ, Ram AF. A seven-membered cell wall related transglycosylase gene family in Aspergillus niger is relevant for cell wall integrity in cell wall mutants with reduced α-glucan or galactomannan. Cell Surf 2020; 6:100039. [PMID: 32743151 PMCID: PMC7389268 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is an important fungal cell wall component that is cross-linked to β-glucan for structural integrity. Acquisition of chitin to glucan cross-links has previously been shown to be performed by transglycosylation enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, called Congo Red hypersensitive (Crh) enzymes. Here, we characterized the impact of deleting all seven members of the crh gene family (crhA-G) in Aspergillus niger on cell wall integrity, cell wall composition and genome-wide gene expression. In this study, we show that the seven-fold crh knockout strain shows slightly compact growth on plates, but no increased sensitivity to cell wall perturbing compounds. Additionally, we found that the cell wall composition of this knockout strain was virtually identical to that of the wild type. In congruence with these data, genome-wide expression analysis revealed very limited changes in gene expression and no signs of activation of the cell wall integrity response pathway. However, deleting the entire crh gene family in cell wall mutants that are deficient in either galactofuranose or α-glucan, mainly α-1,3-glucan, resulted in a synthetic growth defect and an increased sensitivity towards Congo Red compared to the parental strains, respectively. Altogether, these results indicate that loss of the crh gene family in A. niger does not trigger the cell wall integrity response, but does play an important role in ensuring cell wall integrity in mutant strains with reduced galactofuranose or α-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M. van Leeuwe
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Wattjes
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Gabriel Forn-Cuní
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Geoffrion
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Quebec H4B1R6, Canada
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Mark Arentshorst
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Quebec H4B1R6, Canada
| | - Annemarie H. Meijer
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter J. Punt
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
- Dutch DNA Biotech, Hugo R Kruytgebouw 4-Noord, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur F.J. Ram
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
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16
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Stratilová B, Kozmon S, Stratilová E, Hrmova M. Plant Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferases and the Cell Wall Structure: Subtle but Significant. Molecules 2020; 25:E5619. [PMID: 33260399 PMCID: PMC7729885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases or xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET; EC 2.4.1.207) catalogued in the glycoside hydrolase family 16 constitute cell wall-modifying enzymes that play a fundamental role in the cell wall expansion and re-modelling. Over the past thirty years, it has been established that XET enzymes catalyse homo-transglycosylation reactions with xyloglucan (XG)-derived substrates and hetero-transglycosylation reactions with neutral and charged donor and acceptor substrates other than XG-derived. This broad specificity in XET isoforms is credited to a high degree of structural and catalytic plasticity that has evolved ubiquitously in algal, moss, fern, basic Angiosperm, monocot, and eudicot enzymes. These XET isoforms constitute gene families that are differentially expressed in tissues in time- and space-dependent manners during plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge of broad specific plant XET enzymes and how their inherently carbohydrate-based transglycosylation reactions tightly link with structural diversity that underlies the complexity of plant cell walls and their mechanics. Based on this knowledge, we conclude that multi- or poly-specific XET enzymes are widespread in plants to allow for modifications of the cell wall structure in muro, a feature that implements the multifaceted roles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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17
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GPI Anchored Proteins in Aspergillus fumigatus and Cell Wall Morphogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 425:167-186. [PMID: 32418035 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins are a class of proteins attached to the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane via a post-translational modification, the glycolipid anchor. GPI anchored proteins are expressed in all eukaryotes, from fungi to plants and animals. They display very diverse functions ranging from enzymatic activity, signaling, cell adhesion, cell wall metabolism, and immune response. In this review, we investigated for the first time an exhaustive list of all the GPI anchored proteins present in the Aspergillus fumigatus genome. An A. fumigatus mutant library of all the genes that encode in silico identified GPI anchored proteins has been constructed and the phenotypic analysis of all these mutants has been characterized including their growth, conidial viability or morphology, adhesion and the ability to form biofilms. We showed the presence of different fungal categories of GPI anchored proteins in the A. fumigatus genome associated to their role in cell wall remodeling, adhesion, and biofilm formation.
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18
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Kappel L, Münsterkötter M, Sipos G, Escobar Rodriguez C, Gruber S. Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008320. [PMID: 32078661 PMCID: PMC7053769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal parasitism depends on the ability to invade host organisms and mandates adaptive cell wall remodeling to avoid detection and defense reactions by the host. All plant and human pathogens share invasive strategies, which aid to escape the chitin-triggered and chitin-targeted host immune system. Here we describe the full spectrum of the chitin/chitosan-modifying enzymes in the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride with a central role in cell wall remodeling. Rapid adaption to a variety of growth conditions, environmental stresses and host defense mechanisms such as oxidative stress depend on the concerted interplay of these enzymes and, ultimately, are necessary for the success of the mycoparasitic attack. To our knowledge, we provide the first in class description of chitin and associated glycopolymer synthesis in a mycoparasite and demonstrate that they are essential for biocontrol. Eight chitin synthases, six chitin deacetylases, additional chitinolytic enzymes, including six chitosanases, transglycosylases as well as accessory proteins are involved in this intricately regulated process. Systematic and biochemical classification, phenotypic characterization and mycoparasitic confrontation assays emphasize the importance of chitin and chitosan assembly in vegetative development and biocontrol in T. atroviride. Our findings critically contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of chitin synthesis in filamentous fungi and mycoparasites with the overarching goal to selectively exploit the discovered biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kappel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Department of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary
| | - György Sipos
- Department of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary
| | | | - Sabine Gruber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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19
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Blatzer M, Beauvais A, Henrissat B, Latgé JP. Revisiting Old Questions and New Approaches to Investigate the Fungal Cell Wall Construction. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 425:331-369. [PMID: 32418033 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The beginning of our understanding of the cell wall construction came from the work of talented biochemists in the 70-80's. Then came the era of sequencing. Paradoxically, the accumulation of fungal genomes complicated rather than solved the mystery of cell wall construction, by revealing the involvement of a much higher number of proteins than originally thought. The situation has become even more complicated since it is now recognized that the cell wall is an organelle whose composition continuously evolves with the changes in the environment or with the age of the fungal cell. The use of new and sophisticated technologies to observe cell wall construction at an almost atomic scale should improve our knowledge of the cell wall construction. This essay will present some of the major and still unresolved questions to understand the fungal cell wall biosynthesis and some of these exciting futurist approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blatzer
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Anne Beauvais
- Mycology Department, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257-CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of the Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece.
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Kiarie EG, Leung H, Akbari Moghaddam Kakhki R, Patterson R, Barta JR. Utility of Feed Enzymes and Yeast Derivatives in Ameliorating Deleterious Effects of Coccidiosis on Intestinal Health and Function in Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:473. [PMID: 31921926 PMCID: PMC6933770 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis induced necrotic lesions impair digestive capacity and barrier function in concurrence with increased risks for secondary bacterial infections. The industry has been successful in controlling coccidiosis with anticoccidials and vaccination. However, concerns over Eimeria species resistant to anticoccidials, gaps in vaccination and restriction on antibiotics is stimulating research and application of alternative and/or complimentary strategies for coccidiosis control. The aim of this paper is to appraise literature on the utility of feed enzymes and yeast derivatives in modulating coccidiosis. Feed enzymes can complement endogenous enzymes (protease, amylase, and lipase) that may become insufficient in coccidiosis afflicted birds. Coccidiosis in the upper small intestine creates conditions that enhances efficacy of phytase and there are reports indicating supplemental phytase can mitigate the negative impact of coccidiosis on bone quality. Increase in intestinal short chain fatty acids due supplemental fiber degrading enzymes has been linked with reduced survivability of Eimeria. There is evidence whole yeast (live or dead) and derivatives can modulate coccidiosis. Immunomudulation properties of the yeast derivatives have been shown to enhance cellular and humoral immunity in Eimeria challenge models which is critical for effectiveness of coccidial vaccination. Moreover, yeast nucleotides have been shown to be beneficial in stimulating healing of intestinal mucosal surface. Other novel work has shown that certain yeast cells can produce derivatives with anticoccidial compounds effective in attenuating oocysts shedding. Yeast cell surface has also been shown to be an effective oral Eimeria vaccine delivery vehicle. Overall, while further refinement research is warranted to address inconsistencies in responses and commercial application, there is evidence feed enzymes and yeast derivatives could complement strategies for maintaining intestinal function to bolster growth performance in broilers compromised with coccidiosis. However, broilers receive diets containing several feed additives with distinct mode of actions and yet there is dearth of empirical data on the expected responses.Future evaluations should consider combinations of additives to document animal responses and potential synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah G. Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Haley Leung
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rob Patterson
- Department of Technical Services and Innovation, Canadian Bio-Systems Inc., Calgary, AL, Canada
| | - John R. Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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21
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van Leeuwe TM, Arentshorst M, Ernst T, Alazi E, Punt PJ, Ram AFJ. Efficient marker free CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for functional analysis of gene families in filamentous fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2019; 6:13. [PMID: 31559019 PMCID: PMC6754632 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-019-0076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing has expedited the way of constructing multiple gene alterations in filamentous fungi, whereas traditional methods are time-consuming and can be of mutagenic nature. These developments allow the study of large gene families that contain putatively redundant genes, such as the seven-membered family of crh-genes encoding putative glucan-chitin crosslinking enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis. RESULTS Here, we present a CRISPR/Cas9 system for Aspergillus niger using a non-integrative plasmid, containing a selection marker, a Cas9 and a sgRNA expression cassette. Combined with selection marker free knockout repair DNA fragments, a set of the seven single knockout strains was obtained through homology directed repair (HDR) with an average efficiency of 90%. Cas9-sgRNA plasmids could effectively be cured by removing selection pressure, allowing the use of the same selection marker in successive transformations. Moreover, we show that either two or even three separate Cas9-sgRNA plasmids combined with marker-free knockout repair DNA fragments can be used in a single transformation to obtain double or triple knockouts with 89% and 38% efficiency, respectively. By employing this technique, a seven-membered crh-gene family knockout strain was acquired in a few rounds of transformation; three times faster than integrative selection marker (pyrG) recycling transformations. An additional advantage of the use of marker-free gene editing is that negative effects of selection marker gene expression are evaded, as we observed in the case of disrupting virtually silent crh family members. CONCLUSIONS Our findings advocate the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to create multiple gene deletions in both a fast and reliable way, while simultaneously omitting possible locus-dependent-side-effects of poor auxotrophic marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M. van Leeuwe
- Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Arentshorst
- Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Ernst
- Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ebru Alazi
- Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Dutch DNA Biotech, Hugo R Kruytgebouw 4-Noord, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Punt
- Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Dutch DNA Biotech, Hugo R Kruytgebouw 4-Noord, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur F. J. Ram
- Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Viborg AH, Terrapon N, Lombard V, Michel G, Czjzek M, Henrissat B, Brumer H. A subfamily roadmap of the evolutionarily diverse glycoside hydrolase family 16 (GH16). J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15973-15986. [PMID: 31501245 PMCID: PMC6827312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 16 comprises a large and taxonomically diverse family of glycosidases and transglycosidases that adopt a common β-jelly-roll fold and are active on a range of terrestrial and marine polysaccharides. Presently, broadly insightful sequence–function correlations in GH16 are hindered by a lack of a systematic subfamily structure. To fill this gap, we have used a highly scalable protein sequence similarity network analysis to delineate nearly 23,000 GH16 sequences into 23 robust subfamilies, which are strongly supported by hidden Markov model and maximum likelihood molecular phylogenetic analyses. Subsequent evaluation of over 40 experimental three-dimensional structures has highlighted key tertiary structural differences, predominantly manifested in active-site loops, that dictate substrate specificity across the GH16 evolutionary landscape. As for other large GH families (i.e. GH5, GH13, and GH43), this new subfamily classification provides a roadmap for functional glycogenomics that will guide future bioinformatics and experimental structure–function analyses. The GH16 subfamily classification is publicly available in the CAZy database. The sequence similarity network workflow used here, SSNpipe, is freely available from GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Holm Viborg
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Terrapon
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13288 Marseille, France.,USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Lombard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13288 Marseille, France.,USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13288 Marseille, France .,USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-13288 Marseille, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada .,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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23
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Muszkieta L, Fontaine T, Beau R, Mouyna I, Vogt MS, Trow J, Cormack BP, Essen LO, Jouvion G, Latgé JP. The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored DFG Family Is Essential for the Insertion of Galactomannan into the β-(1,3)-Glucan-Chitin Core of the Cell Wall of Aspergillus fumigatus. mSphere 2019; 4:e00397-19. [PMID: 31366710 PMCID: PMC6669337 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00397-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is a complex and dynamic entity essential for the development of fungi. It is composed mainly of polysaccharides that are synthetized by protein complexes. At the cell wall level, enzyme activities are involved in postsynthesis polysaccharide modifications such as cleavage, elongation, branching, and cross-linking. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins have been shown to participate in cell wall biosynthesis and specifically in polysaccharide remodeling. Among these proteins, the DFG family plays an essential role in controlling polar growth in yeast. In the filamentous fungus and opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, the DFG gene family contains seven orthologous DFG genes among which only six are expressed under in vitro growth conditions. Deletions of single DFG genes revealed that DFG3 plays the most important morphogenetic role in this gene family. A sextuple-deletion mutant resulting from the deletion of all in vitro expressed DFG genes did not contain galactomannan in the cell wall and has severe growth defects. This study has shown that DFG members are absolutely necessary for the insertion of galactomannan into the cell wall of A. fumigatus and that the proper cell wall localization of the galactomannan is essential for correct fungal morphogenesis in A. fumigatusIMPORTANCE The fungal cell wall is a complex and dynamic entity essential for the development of fungi. It is composed mainly of polysaccharides that are synthetized by protein complexes. Enzymes involved in postsynthesis polysaccharide modifications, such as cleavage, elongation, branching, and cross-linking, are essential for fungal life. Here, we investigated in Aspergillus fumigatus the role of the members of the Dfg family, one of the 4 GPI-anchored protein families common to yeast and molds involved in cell wall remodeling. Molecular and biochemical approaches showed that DFG members are required for filamentous growth, conidiation, and cell wall organization and are essential for the life of this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rémi Beau
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jonathan Trow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brendan P Cormack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lars-Oliver Essen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gregory Jouvion
- Histopathologie humaine et modèles animaux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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24
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Kang L, Zhu Y, Bai Y, Yuan S. Characteristics, transcriptional patterns and possible physiological significance of glycoside hydrolase family 16 members in Coprinopsis cinerea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5475642. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yiting Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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25
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Fang W, Sanz AB, Bartual SG, Wang B, Ferenbach AT, Farkaš V, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Arroyo J, van Aalten DMF. Mechanisms of redundancy and specificity of the Aspergillus fumigatus Crh transglycosylases. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1669. [PMID: 30971696 PMCID: PMC6458159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal cell wall synthesis is achieved by a balance of glycosyltransferase, hydrolase and transglycosylase activities. Transglycosylases strengthen the cell wall by forming a rigid network of crosslinks through mechanisms that remain to be explored. Here we study the function of the Aspergillus fumigatus family of five Crh transglycosylases. Although crh genes are dispensable for cell viability, simultaneous deletion of all genes renders cells sensitive to cell wall interfering compounds. In vitro biochemical assays and localisation studies demonstrate that this family of enzymes functions redundantly as transglycosylases for both chitin-glucan and chitin-chitin cell wall crosslinks. To understand the molecular basis of this acceptor promiscuity, we solved the crystal structure of A. fumigatus Crh5 (AfCrh5) in complex with a chitooligosaccharide at the resolution of 2.8 Å, revealing an extensive elongated binding cleft for the donor (−4 to −1) substrate and a short acceptor (+1 to +2) binding site. Together with mutagenesis, the structure suggests a “hydrolysis product assisted” molecular mechanism favouring transglycosylation over hydrolysis. Transglycosylases strengthen the fungal cell wall by forming a rigid network of crosslinks. Here, Fang et al. show that the five Crh transglycosylases of Aspergillus fumigatus are dispensable for cell wall integrity in vitro, and solve the crystal structure of Crh5 in complex with chitooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Fang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 530007, Nanning, China
| | - Ana Belén Sanz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Bin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 530007, Nanning, China
| | | | - Vladimír Farkaš
- Department of Glycobiology, Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ramon Hurtado-Guerrero
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Fundación ARAID, Av. de Ranillas, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Li J, Mouyna I, Henry C, Moyrand F, Malosse C, Chamot-Rooke J, Janbon G, Latgé JP, Fontaine T. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors from Galactomannan and GPI-Anchored Protein Are Synthesized by Distinct Pathways in Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E19. [PMID: 29393895 PMCID: PMC5872322 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are lipid anchors allowing the exposure of proteins at the outer layer of the plasma membrane. In fungi, a number of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are involved in the remodeling of the cell wall polymers. GPIs follow a specific biosynthetic pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum. After the transfer of the protein onto the GPI-anchor, a lipid remodeling occurs to substitute the diacylglycerol moiety by a ceramide. In addition to GPI-APs, A. fumigatus produces a GPI-anchored polysaccharide, the galactomannan (GM), that remains unique in the fungal kingdom. To investigate the role of the GPI pathway in the biosynthesis of the GM and cell wall organization, the deletion of PER1-coding for a phospholipase required for the first step of the GPI lipid remodeling-was undertaken. Biochemical characterization of the GPI-anchor isolated from GPI-APs showed that the PER1 deficient mutant produced a lipid anchor with a diacylglycerol. The absence of a ceramide on GPI-anchors in the Δper1 mutant led to a mislocation of GPI-APs and to an alteration of the composition of the cell wall alkali-insoluble fraction. On the other hand, the GM isolated from the Δper1 mutant membranes possesses a ceramide moiety as the parental strain, showing that GPI anchor of the GM follow a distinct unknown biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Li
- Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Mouyna
- Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Christine Henry
- Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Frédérique Moyrand
- Unité de Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Christian Malosse
- Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Guilhem Janbon
- Unité de Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Fontaine
- Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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27
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Abstract
The molecular composition of the cell wall is critical for the biology and ecology of each fungal species. Fungal walls are composed of matrix components that are embedded and linked to scaffolds of fibrous load-bearing polysaccharides. Most of the major cell wall components of fungal pathogens are not represented in humans, other mammals, or plants, and therefore the immune systems of animals and plants have evolved to recognize many of the conserved elements of fungal walls. For similar reasons the enzymes that assemble fungal cell wall components are excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies and fungicides. However, for fungal pathogens, the cell wall is often disguised since key signature molecules for immune recognition are sometimes masked by immunologically inert molecules. Cell wall damage leads to the activation of sophisticated fail-safe mechanisms that shore up and repair walls to avoid catastrophic breaching of the integrity of the surface. The frontiers of research on fungal cell walls are moving from a descriptive phase defining the underlying genes and component parts of fungal walls to more dynamic analyses of how the various components are assembled, cross-linked, and modified in response to environmental signals. This review therefore discusses recent advances in research investigating the composition, synthesis, and regulation of cell walls and how the cell wall is targeted by immune recognition systems and the design of antifungal diagnostics and therapeutics.
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28
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Araújo DS, de Sousa Lima P, Baeza LC, Parente AFA, Melo Bailão A, Borges CL, de Almeida Soares CM. Employing proteomic analysis to compare Paracoccidioides lutzii yeast and mycelium cell wall proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1304-1314. [PMID: 28844734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is an important systemic mycosis caused by thermodimorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus. During the infective process, the cell wall acts at the interface between the fungus and the host. In this way, the cell wall has a key role in growth, environment sensing and interaction, as well as morphogenesis of the fungus. Since the cell wall is absent in mammals, it may present molecules that are described as target sites for new antifungal drugs. Despite its importance, up to now few studies have been conducted employing proteomics in for the identification of cell wall proteins in Paracoccidioides spp. Here, a detailed proteomic approach, including cell wall-fractionation coupled to NanoUPLC-MSE, was used to study and compare the cell wall fractions from Paracoccidioides lutzii mycelia and yeast cells. The analyzed samples consisted of cell wall proteins extracted by hot SDS followed by extraction by mild alkali. In summary, 512 proteins constituting different cell wall fractions were identified, including 7 predicted GPI-dependent cell wall proteins that are potentially involved in cell wall metabolism. Adhesins previously described in Paracoccidioides spp. such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were identified. Comparing the proteins in mycelium and yeast cells, we detected some that are common to both fungal phases, such as Ecm33, and some specific proteins, as glucanase Crf1. All of those proteins were described in the metabolism of cell wall. Our study provides an important elucidation of cell wall composition of fractions in Paracoccidioides, opening a way to understand the fungus cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Sousa Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Itapuranga, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristiane Baeza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Alves Parente
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Universitário Darci Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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29
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Abstract
The molecular composition of the cell wall is critical for the biology and ecology of each fungal species. Fungal walls are composed of matrix components that are embedded and linked to scaffolds of fibrous load-bearing polysaccharides. Most of the major cell wall components of fungal pathogens are not represented in humans, other mammals, or plants, and therefore the immune systems of animals and plants have evolved to recognize many of the conserved elements of fungal walls. For similar reasons the enzymes that assemble fungal cell wall components are excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies and fungicides. However, for fungal pathogens, the cell wall is often disguised since key signature molecules for immune recognition are sometimes masked by immunologically inert molecules. Cell wall damage leads to the activation of sophisticated fail-safe mechanisms that shore up and repair walls to avoid catastrophic breaching of the integrity of the surface. The frontiers of research on fungal cell walls are moving from a descriptive phase defining the underlying genes and component parts of fungal walls to more dynamic analyses of how the various components are assembled, cross-linked, and modified in response to environmental signals. This review therefore discusses recent advances in research investigating the composition, synthesis, and regulation of cell walls and how the cell wall is targeted by immune recognition systems and the design of antifungal diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A R Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carol A Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, United Kingdom
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30
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Functional analysis of recombinant human and Yarrowia lipolytica O-GlcNAc transferases expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Microbiol 2016; 54:667-74. [PMID: 27687229 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation is an important post-translational modification in many cellular processes. It is mediated by O-GlcNAc transferases (OGTs), which catalyze the addition of O-GlcNAc to serine or threonine residues of the target proteins. In this study, we expressed a putative Yarrowia lipolytica OGT (YlOGT), the only homolog identified in the subphylum Saccharomycotina through bioinformatics analysis, and the human OGT (hOGT) as recombinant proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and performed their functional characterization. Immunoblotting assays using antibody against O-GlcNAc revealed that recombinant hOGT (rhOGT), but not the recombinant YlOGT (rYlOGT), undergoes auto-O-GlcNAcylation in the heterologous host S. cerevisiae. Moreover, the rhOGT expressed in S. cerevisiae showed a catalytic activity during in vitro assays using casein kinase II substrates, whereas no such activity was obtained in rYlOGT. However, the chimeric human-Y. lipolytica OGT, carrying the human tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain along with the Y. lipolytica catalytic domain (CTD), mediated the transfer of O-GlcNAc moiety during the in vitro assays. Although the overexpression of full-length OGTs inhibited the growth of S. cerevisiae, no such inhibition was obtained upon overexpression of only the CTD fragment, indicating the role of TPR domain in growth inhibition. This is the first report on the functional analysis of the fungal OGT, indicating that the Y. lipolytica OGT retains its catalytic activity, although the physiological role and substrates of YlOGT remain to be elucidated.
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31
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Degani G, Ragni E, Botias P, Ravasio D, Calderon J, Pianezzola E, Rodriguez-Peña JM, Vanoni MA, Arroyo J, Fonzi WA, Popolo L. Genomic and functional analyses unveil the response to hyphal wall stress in Candida albicans cells lacking β(1,3)-glucan remodeling. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:482. [PMID: 27411447 PMCID: PMC4942948 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cell wall is essential for the yeast to hypha (Y-H) transition that enables Candida albicans to invade human tissues and evade the immune system. The main constituent, β(1,3)-glucan, is remodeled by glucanosyltransferases of the GH72 family. Phr1p is responsible of glucan remodeling at neutral-alkaline pH and is essential for morphogenesis and virulence. Due to the pH-regulated expression of PHR1, the phr1Δ phenotype is manifested at pH > 6 and its severity increases with the rise in pH. We exploited the pH-conditional nature of a PHR1 null mutant to analyze the impact of glucan remodeling on the hyphal transcriptional program and the role of chitin synthases in the hyphal wall stress (HWS) response. Results In hyphal growth inducing conditions, phr1Δ germ tubes are defective in elongation, accumulate chitin, and constitutively activate the signaling pathways mediated by the MAP kinases Mkc1p, Cek1p and Hog1p. The transcriptional profiles revealed an increase of transcript levels for genes involved in cell wall formation (CHS2 and CHS8, CRH11, PGA23, orf19.750, RBR1, RBT4, ECM331, PGA6, PGA13), protein N-glycosylation and sorting in the ER (CWH8 and CHS7), signaling (CPP1, SSK2), ion transport (FLC2, YVC1), stress response and metabolism and a reduced expression of adhesins. A transient up-regulation of DNA replication genes associated with entry into S-phase occurred whereas cell-cycle regulating genes (PCL1, PCL2, CCN1, GIN4, DUN1, CDC28) were persistently up-regulated. To test the physiological relevance of altered CHS gene expression, phr1Δ chsxΔ (x = 2,3,8) mutant phenotypes were analyzed during the Y-H transition. PHR1 deletion was synthetic lethal with CHS3 loss on solid M199 medium-pH 7.5 and with CHS8 deletion on solid M199-pH 8. On Spider medium, PHR1 was synthetic lethal with CHS3 or CHS8 at pH 8. Conclusions The absence of Phr1p triggers an adaptive response aimed to reinforce the hyphal cell wall and restore homeostasis. Chs3p is essential in preserving phr1Δ cell integrity during the Y-H transition. Our findings also unveiled an unanticipated essential role of Chs8p during filamentation on solid media. These results highlight the flexibility of fungal cells in maintaining cell wall integrity and contribute to assessments of glucan remodeling as a target for therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2853-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genny Degani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Ragni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Present address: Unit of Cell therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Pedro Botias
- Unidad de Genómica, CAI de Genómica y Proteómica, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Davide Ravasio
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Present address: Evolva, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Calderon
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Present address: Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Pianezzola
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Jose Manuel Rodriguez-Peña
- Departamento de Microbiologia II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Antonietta Vanoni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Departamento de Microbiologia II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - William A Fonzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Laura Popolo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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32
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Geoghegan IA, Gurr SJ. Chitosan Mediates Germling Adhesion in Magnaporthe oryzae and Is Required for Surface Sensing and Germling Morphogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005703. [PMID: 27315248 PMCID: PMC4912089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall not only plays a critical role in maintaining cellular integrity, but also forms the interface between fungi and their environment. The composition of the cell wall can therefore influence the interactions of fungi with their physical and biological environments. Chitin, one of the main polysaccharide components of the wall, can be chemically modified by deacetylation. This reaction is catalyzed by a family of enzymes known as chitin deacetylases (CDAs), and results in the formation of chitosan, a polymer of β1,4-glucosamine. Chitosan has previously been shown to accumulate in the cell wall of infection structures in phytopathogenic fungi. Here, it has long been hypothesized to act as a 'stealth' molecule, necessary for full pathogenesis. In this study, we used the crop pathogen and model organism Magnaporthe oryzae to test this hypothesis. We first confirmed that chitosan localizes to the germ tube and appressorium, then deleted CDA genes on the basis of their elevated transcript levels during appressorium differentiation. Germlings of the deletion strains showed loss of chitin deacetylation, and were compromised in their ability to adhere and form appressoria on artificial hydrophobic surfaces. Surprisingly, the addition of exogenous chitosan fully restored germling adhesion and appressorium development. Despite the lack of appressorium development on artificial surfaces, pathogenicity was unaffected in the mutant strains. Further analyses demonstrated that cuticular waxes are sufficient to over-ride the requirement for chitosan during appressorium development on the plant surface. Thus, chitosan does not have a role as a 'stealth' molecule, but instead mediates the adhesion of germlings to surfaces, thereby allowing the perception of the physical stimuli necessary to promote appressorium development. This study thus reveals a novel role for chitosan in phytopathogenic fungi, and gives further insight into the mechanisms governing appressorium development in M.oryzae. Magnaporthe oryzae is a filamentous fungal pathogen which causes devastating crop losses in rice. Successful invasion of the host is dependent upon the ability of the fungus to remain undetected by the innate immune system of the plant, which recognizes conserved components of the fungal cell wall, such as chitin. Previous studies have demonstrated that infection-related changes in cell wall composition are necessary to allow the fungus to remain undetected during infection. One such change that has long been hypothesized to have a role as a 'stealth mechanism' is the deacetylation of the polysaccharide chitin by enzymes known as chitin deacetylases. The deacetylation of chitin produces a polysaccharide known as chitosan, which has previously been shown to accumulate specifically on infection structures in plant pathogenic fungi. However, in this study, we show that germling-localized chitosan is not required for pathogenicity, arguing against a role as a 'stealth mechanism' at this stage. Instead, chitosan is required for the development of the appressorium, a critical fungal infection structure required for the penetration of plant cells. This requirement can be attributed to chitosan mediating the adhesion of germlings to surfaces, which is required for the perception of physical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivey A. Geoghegan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Gurr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Arroyo J, Farkaš V, Sanz AB, Cabib E. ‘Strengthening the fungal cell wall through chitin-glucan cross-links: effects on morphogenesis and cell integrity’. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1239-50. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Arroyo
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Vladimír Farkaš
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics; Department of Glycobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences; 84538 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ana Belén Sanz
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Enrico Cabib
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health; Department of Health and Human Services; Bethesda MD USA
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Kim SJ, Brandizzi F. The plant secretory pathway for the trafficking of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Glycobiology 2016; 26:940-949. [PMID: 27072815 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant endomembranes are required for the biosynthesis and secretion of complex cell wall matrix polysaccharides, glycoproteins and proteoglycans. To define the biochemical roadmap that guides the synthesis and deposition of these cell wall components it is first necessary to outline the localization of the biosynthetic and modifying enzymes involved, as well as the distribution of the intermediate and final constituents of the cell wall. Thus far, a comprehensive understanding of cell wall matrix components has been hampered by the multiplicity of trafficking routes in the secretory pathway, and the diverse biosynthetic roles of the endomembrane organelles, which may exhibit tissue and development specific features. However, the recent identification of protein complexes producing matrix polysaccharides, and those supporting the synthesis and distribution of a grass-specific hemicellulose are advancing our understanding of the functional contribution of the plant secretory pathway in cell wall biosynthesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the plant membrane trafficking routes and report on recent exciting accomplishments in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying secretion with focus on cell wall synthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University-DOE Plant Research Laboratory
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University-DOE Plant Research Laboratory Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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35
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Heterologous Expression of Toxins from Bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Eukaryotic Cells: Strategies and Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:49. [PMID: 26907343 PMCID: PMC4773802 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are found in nearly all prokaryotic genomes and usually consist of a pair of co-transcribed genes, one of which encodes a stable toxin and the other, its cognate labile antitoxin. Certain environmental and physiological cues trigger the degradation of the antitoxin, causing activation of the toxin, leading either to the death or stasis of the host cell. TA systems have a variety of functions in the bacterial cell, including acting as mediators of programmed cell death, the induction of a dormant state known as persistence and the stable maintenance of plasmids and other mobile genetic elements. Some bacterial TA systems are functional when expressed in eukaryotic cells and this has led to several innovative applications, which are the subject of this review. Here, we look at how bacterial TA systems have been utilized for the genetic manipulation of yeasts and other eukaryotes, for the containment of genetically modified organisms, and for the engineering of high expression eukaryotic cell lines. We also examine how TA systems have been adopted as an important tool in developmental biology research for the ablation of specific cells and the potential for utility of TA systems in antiviral and anticancer gene therapies.
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36
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Two Variants of a High-Throughput Fluorescent Microplate Assay of Polysaccharide Endotransglycosylases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 178:1652-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Simmons TJ, Mohler KE, Holland C, Goubet F, Franková L, Houston DR, Hudson AD, Meulewaeter F, Fry SC. Hetero-trans-β-glucanase, an enzyme unique to Equisetum plants, functionalizes cellulose. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:753-69. [PMID: 26185964 PMCID: PMC4950035 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are metabolically active components of plant cells. They contain diverse enzymes, including transglycanases (endotransglycosylases), enzymes that 'cut and paste' certain structural polysaccharide molecules and thus potentially remodel the wall during growth and development. Known transglycanase activities modify several cell-wall polysaccharides (xyloglucan, mannans, mixed-linkage β-glucan and xylans); however, no transglycanases were known to act on cellulose, the principal polysaccharide of biomass. We now report the discovery and characterization of hetero-trans-β-glucanase (HTG), a transglycanase that targets cellulose, in horsetails (Equisetum spp., an early-diverging genus of monilophytes). HTG is also remarkable in predominantly catalysing hetero-transglycosylation: its preferred donor substrates (cellulose or mixed-linkage β-glucan) differ qualitatively from its acceptor substrate (xyloglucan). HTG thus generates stable cellulose-xyloglucan and mixed-linkage β-glucan-xyloglucan covalent bonds, and may therefore strengthen ageing Equisetum tissues by inter-linking different structural polysaccharides of the cell wall. 3D modelling suggests that only three key amino acid substitutions (Trp → Pro, Gly → Ser and Arg → Leu) are responsible for the evolution of HTG's unique specificity from the better-known xyloglucan-acting homo-transglycanases (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases; XTH). Among land plants, HTG appears to be confined to Equisetum, but its target polysaccharides are widespread, potentially offering opportunities for enhancing crop mechanical properties, such as wind resistance. In addition, by linking cellulose to xyloglucan fragments previously tagged with compounds such as dyes or indicators, HTG may be useful biotechnologically for manufacturing stably functionalized celluloses, thereby potentially offering a commercially valuable 'green' technology for industrially manipulating biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Simmons
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Kyle E Mohler
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Claire Holland
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Florence Goubet
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Douglas R Houston
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Andrew D Hudson
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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Kalebina TS, Sokolov SS, Selyakh IO, Vanichkina DP, Severin FF. Amiodarone induces cell wall channel formation in yeast Hansenula polymorpha. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:453. [PMID: 26322259 PMCID: PMC4549368 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The yeast cell wall is constantly remodeled to enable cell growth and division. In this study, we describe a novel type of cell wall modification. We report that the drug amiodarone induces rapid channel formation within the cell wall of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Light microscopy shows that shortly after adding amiodarone, spherical structures, which can be stained with DNA binding dyes, form on the cell surface. Electron microphotographs show that amiodarone induces the formation of channels 50–80 nm in diameter in the cell wall that appear to be filled with intracellular material. Using fluorescent microscopy, we demonstrate MitoTracker-positive DNA-containing structures visibly extruded from the cells through these channels. We speculate that the observed channel formation acts to enable the secretion of mitochondrial material from the cell under stressful conditions, thus enabling adaptive changes to the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S Kalebina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119992 Russia
| | - Sviatoslav S Sokolov
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-40 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119992 Russia
| | - Irina O Selyakh
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119992 Russia
| | - Darya P Vanichkina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119992 Russia ; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fedor F Severin
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-40 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119992 Russia
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39
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Ghamrawi S, Gastebois A, Zykwinska A, Vandeputte P, Marot A, Mabilleau G, Cuenot S, Bouchara JP. A Multifaceted Study of Scedosporium boydii Cell Wall Changes during Germination and Identification of GPI-Anchored Proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128680. [PMID: 26038837 PMCID: PMC4454578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Scedosporium boydii is a pathogenic filamentous fungus that causes a wide range of human infections, notably respiratory infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. The development of new therapeutic strategies targeting S. boydii necessitates a better understanding of the physiology of this fungus and the identification of new molecular targets. In this work, we studied the conidium-to-germ tube transition using a variety of techniques including scanning and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, two-phase partitioning, microelectrophoresis and cationized ferritin labeling, chemical force spectroscopy, lectin labeling, and nanoLC-MS/MS for cell wall GPI-anchored protein analysis. We demonstrated that the cell wall undergoes structural changes with germination accompanied with a lower hydrophobicity, electrostatic charge and binding capacity to cationized ferritin. Changes during germination also included a higher accessibility of some cell wall polysaccharides to lectins and less CH3/CH3 interactions (hydrophobic adhesion forces mainly due to glycoproteins). We also extracted and identified 20 GPI-anchored proteins from the cell wall of S. boydii, among which one was detected only in the conidial wall extract and 12 only in the mycelial wall extract. The identified sequences belonged to protein families involved in virulence in other fungi like Gelp/Gasp, Crhp, Bglp/Bgtp families and a superoxide dismutase. These results highlighted the cell wall remodeling during germination in S. boydii with the identification of a substantial number of cell wall GPI-anchored conidial or hyphal specific proteins, which provides a basis to investigate the role of these molecules in the host-pathogen interaction and fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ghamrawi
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, EA 3142, Angers, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Amandine Gastebois
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, EA 3142, Angers, France
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- L'UNAM Université, Université de Nantes, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Nantes, France
| | - Patrick Vandeputte
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, EA 3142, Angers, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Agnès Marot
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, EA 3142, Angers, France
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- L'UNAM Université, Service Commun d'Imageries et Analyses microscopiques, Angers, France
| | - Stéphane Cuenot
- L'UNAM Université, Université de Nantes, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, EA 3142, Angers, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
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Role of phosphatidylinositol phosphate signaling in the regulation of the filamentous-growth mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:427-40. [PMID: 25724886 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00013-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a key event in the determination of organelle identity and an underlying regulatory feature in many biological processes. Here, we investigated the role of PI signaling in the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that controls filamentous growth in yeast. Lipid kinases that generate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] at the Golgi (Pik1p) or PI(4,5)P2 at the plasma membrane (PM) (Mss4p and Stt4p) were required for filamentous-growth MAPK pathway signaling. Introduction of a conditional allele of PIK1 (pik1-83) into the filamentous (Σ1278b) background reduced MAPK activity and caused defects in invasive growth and biofilm/mat formation. MAPK regulatory proteins that function at the PM, including Msb2p, Sho1p, and Cdc42p, were mislocalized in the pik1-83 mutant, which may account for the signaling defects of the PI(4)P kinase mutants. Other PI kinases (Fab1p and Vps34p), and combinations of PIP (synaptojanin-type) phosphatases, also influenced the filamentous-growth MAPK pathway. Loss of these proteins caused defects in cell polarity, which may underlie the MAPK signaling defect seen in these mutants. In line with this possibility, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by latrunculin A (LatA) dampened the filamentous-growth pathway. Various PIP signaling mutants were also defective for axial budding in haploid cells, cell wall construction, or proper regulation of the high-osmolarity glycerol response (HOG) pathway. Altogether, the study extends the roles of PI signaling to a differentiation MAPK pathway and other cellular processes.
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Huang W, Shang Y, Chen P, Cen K, Wang C. Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain transcription factor MBZ1 regulates cell wall integrity, spore adherence, and virulence in Metarhizium robertsii. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8218-31. [PMID: 25673695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) containing the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain are widely distributed in eukaryotes and display an array of distinct functions. In this study, a bZIP-type TF gene (MBZ1) was deleted and functionally characterized in the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii. The deletion mutant (ΔMBZ1) showed defects in cell wall integrity, adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces, and topical infection of insects. Relative to the WT, ΔMBZ1 was also impaired in growth and conidiogenesis. Examination of putative target gene expression indicated that the genes involved in chitin biosynthesis were differentially transcribed in ΔMBZ1 compared with the WT, which led to the accumulation of a higher level of chitin in mutant cell walls. MBZ1 exhibited negative regulation of subtilisin proteases, but positive control of an adhesin gene, which is consistent with the observation of effects on cell autolysis and a reduction in spore adherence to hydrophobic surfaces in ΔMBZ1. Promoter binding assays indicated that MBZ1 can bind to different target genes and suggested the possibility of heterodimer formation to increase the diversity of the MBZ1 regulatory network. The results of this study advance our understanding of the divergence of bZIP-type TFs at both intra- and interspecific levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanfang Shang
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peilin Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kai Cen
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Blanco N, Sanz AB, Rodríguez-Peña JM, Nombela C, Farkaš V, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Arroyo J. Structural and functional analysis of yeast Crh1 and Crh2 transglycosylases. FEBS J 2015; 282:715-31. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Blanco
- Departamento de Microbiología II; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; IRYCIS; Spain
| | - Ana B. Sanz
- Departamento de Microbiología II; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; IRYCIS; Spain
| | - Jose M. Rodríguez-Peña
- Departamento de Microbiología II; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; IRYCIS; Spain
| | - César Nombela
- Departamento de Microbiología II; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; IRYCIS; Spain
| | - Vladimír Farkaš
- Department of Glycobiology; Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry; Center for Glycomics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI); University of Zaragoza; BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) Joint Unit; Spain
- Fundacion ARAID; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Departamento de Microbiología II; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; IRYCIS; Spain
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43
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Lavieu G, Dunlop MH, Lerich A, Zheng H, Bottanelli F, Rothman JE. The Golgi ribbon structure facilitates anterograde transport of large cargoes. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3028-36. [PMID: 25103235 PMCID: PMC4230591 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-04-0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breaking down the ribbon of mammalian cells strongly inhibits intra-Golgi transport of large cargoes without altering the rate of transport of smaller cargoes. These results imply that the ribbon structure is an essential requirement for transport of large cargoes in mammalian cells. In mammalian cells, individual Golgi stacks fuse laterally to form the characteristic perinuclear ribbon structure. Yet the purpose of this remarkable structure has been an enigma. We report that breaking down the ribbon of mammalian cells strongly inhibits intra-Golgi transport of large cargoes without altering the rate of transport of smaller cargoes. In addition, insect cells that naturally harbor dispersed Golgi stacks have limited capacity to transport artificial oversized cargoes. These results imply that the ribbon structure is an essential requirement for transport of large cargoes in mammalian cells, and we suggest that this is because it enables the dilated rims of cisternae (containing the aggregates) to move across the stack as they transfer among adjacent stacks within the ribbon structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lavieu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Myun Hwa Dunlop
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Alexander Lerich
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Francesca Bottanelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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44
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Teparić R, Mrsa V. Proteins involved in building, maintaining and remodeling of yeast cell walls. Curr Genet 2014; 59:171-85. [PMID: 23959528 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall defines the shape and provides osmotic stability to the yeast cell. It also serves to anchor proteins required for communication of the yeast cell with surrounding molecules and other cells. It is synthesized as a complex structure with β-1,3-glucan chains forming the basic network to which β-1,6-glucan, chitin and a number of mannoproteins are attached. Synthesis, maintaining and remodeling of this complex structure require a set of different synthases, hydrolases and transglycosidases whose concerted activities provide necessary firmness but at the same time flexibility of the wall moiety. The present state of comprehension of the interplay of these proteins in the yeast cell wall is the subject of this article.
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45
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Stalhberger T, Simenel C, Clavaud C, Eijsink VGH, Jourdain R, Delepierre M, Latgé JP, Breton L, Fontaine T. Chemical organization of the cell wall polysaccharide core of Malassezia restricta. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12647-56. [PMID: 24627479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.547034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia species are ubiquitous residents of human skin and are associated with several diseases such as seborrheic dermatitis, tinea versicolor, folliculitis, atopic dermatitis, and scalp conditions such as dandruff. Host-Malassezia interactions and mechanisms to evade local immune responses remain largely unknown. Malassezia restricta is one of the most predominant yeasts of the healthy human skin, its cell wall has been investigated in this paper. Polysaccharides in the M. restricta cell wall are almost exclusively alkali-insoluble, showing that they play an essential role in the organization and rigidity of the M. restricta cell wall. Fractionation of cell wall polymers and carbohydrate analyses showed that the polysaccharide core of the cell wall of M. restricta contained an average of 5% chitin, 20% chitosan, 5% β-(1,3)-glucan, and 70% β-(1,6)-glucan. In contrast to other yeasts, chitin and chitosan are relatively abundant, and β-(1,3)-glucans constitute a minor cell wall component. The most abundant polymer is β-(1,6)-glucans, which are large molecules composed of a linear β-(1,6)-glucan chains with β-(1,3)-glucosyl side chain with an average of 1 branch point every 3.8 glucose unit. Both β-glucans are cross-linked, forming a huge alkali-insoluble complex with chitin and chitosan polymers. Data presented here show that M. restricta has a polysaccharide organization very different of all fungal species analyzed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stalhberger
- From the Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex, France
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46
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How carbohydrates sculpt cells: chemical control of morphogenesis in the yeast cell wall. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:648-55. [PMID: 23949603 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In budding yeast, the neck that connects the mother and daughter cell is the site of essential functions such as organelle trafficking, septum formation and cytokinesis. Therefore, the morphology of this region, which depends on the surrounding cell wall, must be maintained throughout the cell cycle. Growth at the neck is prevented, redundantly, by a septin ring inside the cell membrane and a chitin ring in the cell wall. Here, we describe recent work supporting the hypothesis that attachment of the chitin ring, which forms at the mother-bud neck during budding, to β-1,3-glucan in the cell wall is necessary to stop growth at the neck. Thus, in this scenario, chemistry controls morphogenesis.
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47
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A novel fluorescence assay and catalytic properties of Crh1 and Crh2 yeast cell wall transglycosylases. Biochem J 2013; 455:307-18. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence assay was devised for the determination of transglycosylating activities of Crh1 and Crh2 yeast cell wall mannoproteins. Both proteins use chitin derivatives as donors and oligosaccharides derived from chitin, β-(1,3)-glucan and β-(1,6)-glucan as acceptors in vitro and in vivo.
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48
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van Munster JM, Nitsche BM, Krijgsheld P, van Wijk A, Dijkhuizen L, Wösten HA, Ram AF, van der Maarel MJEC. Chitinases CtcB and CfcI modify the cell wall in sporulating aerial mycelium of Aspergillus niger. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:1853-1867. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.067967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda M. van Munster
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin M. Nitsche
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Krijgsheld
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alle van Wijk
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering Department, Institute for Technology and Management (ITM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han A. Wösten
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur F. Ram
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J. E. C. van der Maarel
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering Department, Institute for Technology and Management (ITM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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49
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Mouyna I, Hartl L, Latgé JP. β-1,3-glucan modifying enzymes in Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:81. [PMID: 23616783 PMCID: PMC3627985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Aspergillus fumigatus like in other filamentous ascomycetes, β-1,3-glucan constitutes a prominent cell wall component being responsible for rigidity of the cell wall structure. In filamentous fungi, softening of the cell wall is absolutely required during conidial germination and hyphal branching. Because of the central structure of β-1,3-glucans, it is expected that β-1,3-glucanases play a major role in cell wall softening. Based on in silico and experimental data, this review gives an overview of β-1,3-glucan modifying enzymes in A. fumigatus genome and their putative role during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mouyna
- Unité des Aspergillus, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
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50
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Alkim C, Benbadis L, Yilmaz U, Cakar ZP, François JM. Mechanisms other than activation of the iron regulon account for the hyper-resistance to cobalt of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain obtained by evolutionary engineering. Metallomics 2013; 5:1043-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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