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Akili AWR, Hardianto A, Latip J, Permana A, Herlina T. Virtual Screening and ADMET Prediction to Uncover the Potency of Flavonoids from Genus Erythrina as Antibacterial Agent through Inhibition of Bacterial ATPase DNA Gyrase B. Molecules 2023; 28:8010. [PMID: 38138500 PMCID: PMC10745610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance due to the widespread and inappropriate use of antibiotics has now become the global health challenge. Flavonoids have long been reported to be a potent antimicrobial agent against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms in vitro. Therefore, new antibiotics development based on flavonoid structures could be a potential strategy to fight against antibiotic-resistant infections. This research aims to screen the potency of flavonoids of the genus Erythrina as an inhibitor of bacterial ATPase DNA gyrase B. From the 378 flavonoids being screened, 49 flavonoids show potential as an inhibitor of ATPase DNA gyrase B due to their lower binding affinity compared to the inhibitor and ATP. Further screening for their toxicity, we identified 6 flavonoids from these 49 flavonoids, which are predicted to have low toxicity. Among these flavonoids, erystagallin B (334) is predicted to have the best pharmacokinetic properties, and therefore, could be further developed as new antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd. Wahid Rizaldi Akili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia; (A.W.R.A.); (A.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Ari Hardianto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia; (A.W.R.A.); (A.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Jalifah Latip
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Malaysia;
| | - Afri Permana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia; (A.W.R.A.); (A.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Tati Herlina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia; (A.W.R.A.); (A.H.); (A.P.)
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Rahmawati R, Hartati YW, Latip JB, Herlina T. An overview of techniques and strategies for isolation of flavonoids from the genus Erythrina. J Sep Sci 2023:e2200800. [PMID: 36715692 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plants in the genus Erythrina is a potential source of chemical constituents, one of which is flavonoids, which have diverse bioactivities. To date, literature on the flavonoids from the genus Erythrina has only highlighted the phytochemical aspects, so this review article will discuss isolation techniques and strategies for the first time. More than 420 flavonoids have been reported in the Erythrina genus, which are grouped into 17 categories. These flavonoid compounds were obtained through isolation techniques and strategies using polar, semi-polar, and non-polar solvents. Various chromatographic techniques have been developed to isolate flavonoids using column flash chromatography, quick column chromatography, centrifugally accelerated thin-layer chromatography, radial chromatography, medium-pressure column chromatography, semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographic processes for isolating flavonoids can be optimized using multivariate statistical applications such as response surface methodology with central composite design, Box-Behnken design, Doehlert design, and mixture design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmawati Rahmawati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Indonesia.,Central Laboratory of the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Jalifah Binti Latip
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tati Herlina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Indonesia
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3
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Liang M, Ge X, Xua H, Ma K, Zhang W, Zan Y, Efferth T, Xue Z, Hua X. Phytochemicals with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154073. [PMID: 35397285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of resistance to antimicrobials is a ubiquitous phenomenon. The evolution of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus suggests that there is no remedy with sustaining effectiveness against this pathogen. The limited number of antibacterial drug classes and the common occurrence of cross-resistant bacteria reinforce the urgent need to discover new compounds targeting novel cellular functions. Natural products are a potential source of novel antibacterial agents. Anti-MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) bioactive compounds from Streptomyces and the anti-MRSA activity of a series of plant extracts have been reviewed respectively. However, there has been no detailed review of the precise bioactive components from plants. PURPOSE The present review aimed to summarize the phytochemicals that have been reported with anti-MRSA activities, analyze their structure-activity relationship and novel anti-MRSA mechanisms. METHODS Data contained in this review article are compiled from the authoritative databases PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and so on. RESULTS This review summarizes 100 phytochemicals (27 flavonoids, 23 alkaloids, 17 terpenes and 33 others) that have been tested for their anti-MRSA activity. Among these phytochemicals, 39 compounds showed remarkable anti-MRSA activity with MIC values less than 10 μg/ml, 14 compounds with MIC ranges including values < 10 μg/ml, 5 compounds with MIC values less than 5 μM; 11 phytochemicals show synergism anti-MRSA effects in combination with antibiotics. Phytochemicals exerted anti-MRSA activities mainly by destroying the membrane structure and inhibiting the efflux pump. CONCLUSIONS The 58 compounds with excellent anti-MRSA activity the 11 compounds with synergistic anti-MRSA effect, especially cannabinoids, xanthones and fatty acids should be further studied in vitro. Novel targets, such as cell membrane and efflux pump could be promising alternatives to develop antibacterial drugs in the future in order to prevent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xueliang Ge
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Hui Xua
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Kaifeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yibo Zan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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Deng Y, Huang H, Lei F, Fu S, Zou K, Zhang S, Liu X, Jiang L, Liu H, Miao B, Liang Y. Endophytic Bacterial Communities of Ginkgo biloba Leaves During Leaf Developmental Period. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698703. [PMID: 34671323 PMCID: PMC8521191 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-specialized secondary metabolites have ecological functions in mediating interactions between plants and their entophytes. In this study, high-throughput gene sequencing was used to analyze the composition and abundance of bacteria from Ginkgo leaves at five different sampling times. The results indicated that the bacterial community structure varied during leaf developmental stage. Bacterial diversity was observed to be the highest at T2 stage and the lowest at T1 stage. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were found as the dominant phyla. The major genera also showed consistency across sampling times, but there was a significant variation in their abundance, such as Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, and Staphylococcus. Significant correlations were observed between endophytic bacteria and flavonoids. Especially, Staphylococcus showed a significant positive correlation with quercetin, and changes in the abundance of Staphylococcus also showed a strong correlation with flavonoid content. In order to determine the effect of flavonoids on endophytic bacteria of Ginkgo leaves, an extracorporeal culture of related strains (a strain of Staphylococcus and a strain of Deinococcus) was performed, and it was found that the effect of flavonoids on them remained consistent. The predicted result of Tax4Fun2 revealed that flavonoids might lead to a lower abundance of endophytic microorganisms, which further proved the correlation between bacterial communities and flavonoids. This study provided the first insight into the bacterial community composition during the development of Ginkgo leaves and the correlation between the endophytic bacteria and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Haonan Huang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Fangying Lei
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shaodong Fu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Zou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Luhua Jiang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Miao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yili Liang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Kalli S, Araya-Cloutier C, Hageman J, Vincken JP. Insights into the molecular properties underlying antibacterial activity of prenylated (iso)flavonoids against MRSA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14180. [PMID: 34244528 PMCID: PMC8270993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High resistance towards traditional antibiotics has urged the development of new, natural therapeutics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Prenylated (iso)flavonoids, present mainly in the Fabaceae, can serve as promising candidates. Herein, the anti-MRSA properties of 23 prenylated (iso)flavonoids were assessed in-vitro. The di-prenylated (iso)flavonoids, glabrol (flavanone) and 6,8-diprenyl genistein (isoflavone), together with the mono-prenylated, 4'-O-methyl glabridin (isoflavan), were the most active anti-MRSA compounds (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) ≤ 10 µg/mL, 30 µM). The in-house activity data was complemented with literature data to yield an extended, curated dataset of 67 molecules for the development of robust in-silico prediction models. A QSAR model having a good fit (R2adj 0.61), low average prediction errors and a good predictive power (Q2) for the training (4% and Q2LOO 0.57, respectively) and the test set (5% and Q2test 0.75, respectively) was obtained. Furthermore, the model predicted well the activity of an external validation set (on average 5% prediction errors), as well as the level of activity (low, moderate, high) of prenylated (iso)flavonoids against other Gram-positive bacteria. For the first time, the importance of formal charge, besides hydrophobic volume and hydrogen-bonding, in the anti-MRSA activity was highlighted, thereby suggesting potentially different modes of action of the different prenylated (iso)flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kalli
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Hageman
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Biometris, Applied Statistics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Rahaman M, Ali MS, Jahan K, Belayet JB, Rahman AFMT, Hossain MM. Chemistry of 3-hydroxy-2-aryl acrylate: syntheses, mechanisms, and applications. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-2-aryl acrylate is important scaffold which is widely used for the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds. This review summarises the synthetic methods of the 3-hydroxy-2-aryl acrylate including mechanisms and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizzanoor Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - M. Shahnawaz Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Khorshada Jahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Jawad Bin Belayet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | | | - M. Mahmun Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
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7
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Flavonoids in Agriculture: Chemistry and Roles in, Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses, and Microbial Associations. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10081209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current world of climate change, global warming and a constantly changing environment have made life very stressful for living entities, which has driven the evolution of biochemical processes to cope with stressed environmental and ecological conditions. As climate change conditions continue to develop, we anticipate more frequent occurrences of abiotic stresses such as drought, high temperature and salinity. Living plants, which are sessile beings, are more exposed to environmental extremes. However, plants are equipped with biosynthetic machinery operating to supply thousands of bio-compounds required for maintaining internal homeostasis. In addition to chemical coordination within a plant, these compounds have the potential to assist plants in tolerating, resisting and escaping biotic and abiotic stresses generated by the external environment. Among certain biosynthates, flavonoids are an important example of these stress mitigators. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites and biostimulants; they play a key role in plant growth by inducing resistance against certain biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the function of flavonoids as signal compounds to communicate with rhizosphere microbes is indispensable. In this review, the significance of flavonoids as biostimulants, stress mitigators, mediators of allelopathy and signaling compounds is discussed. The chemical nature and biosynthetic pathway of flavonoid production are also highlighted.
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8
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Son NT, Elshamy AI. Flavonoids and other Non-alkaloidal Constituents of Genus Erythrina: Phytochemical Review. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 24:20-58. [PMID: 32516097 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200609141517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genus Erythrina belongs to family Fabaceae, which is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. It has been used in both traditional herbal medicines and pharmacological applications. Original research articles and publications on the overview of alkaloids related to this genus are available, but a supportive systematic review account which highlighted phytochemical aspects of other types of secondary metabolites is currently insufficient. OBJECTIVE With the utilization of data and information from SCI-Finder, Google Scholar, the Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Chemical Abstracts, ACS journals, Springer, Taylor Francis, Bentham Science and IOP Science, the reliable material sources of this systematic review paper were obtained from the literature published from the 1980s to now. CONCLUSION A vast amount of data showed that the non-alkaloidal secondary metabolites were obtained from genus Erythrina with various classes of chemical structures. Herein, approximately five hundred constituents were isolated, comprising flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, arylbenzofurans, coumarins, alcohols, ceramides, mono-sugars and fatty acid derivatives. In agreement with the previous phytochemical reports on the plants of the family Fabaceae, flavonoids reached a high amount in the plants of genus Erythrina. Numerous biological activity investigations such as anti-bacteria, anti-cancer, anti-virus using isolated compounds from Erythrina species suggested that secondary metabolites of Erythrina plants are now becoming the promising agents for drug developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh T Son
- Department of Bioactive Products, Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Abdelsamed I Elshamy
- Department of Natural Compounds Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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Antimicrobial Isoflavones and Derivatives from Erythrina (Fabaceae): Structure Activity Perspective (Sar & Qsar) on Experimental and Mined Values Against Staphylococcus Aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9050223. [PMID: 32365905 PMCID: PMC7277434 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenylated (iso)flavonoids, -flavans and pterocarpans from taxa in Erythrina are repeatedly flagged as potent antimicrobial compounds. In the current study, bark from E. lysistemon was extracted and seven isoflavone derivatives were purified: erybraedin A (1), phaseollidin (2), abyssinone V-4′ methyl ether (3), eryzerin C (4), alpumisoflavone (5), cristacarpin (6) and lysisteisoflavone (7). Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values were determined against a range of species of bacteria (skin pathogens), then values for another 67 derivatives from Erythrina, only against Staphylococcus aureus, were mined from the literature. Of the seven isolates, MIC values widely ranged from 1–600 μg/mL, with no obvious pattern of selectivity for Gram-types. Nevertheless, using the mined and experimentally determined values against S. aureus, Klekota-Roth fragments (Structure Activity Relationship: SAR) were determined then used as molecular descriptors to make a ‘decision tree’ based on structural characters inspired by the classes of antimicrobial potency (classes A-D). Furthermore, to make quantitative predictions of MIC values (Quantitative SAR: QSAR) ‘pace regression’ was utilized and validated (R² = 0.778, Q² = 0.727 and P² = 0.555). Evidently, the position and degree of prenylation is important; however, the presence of hydroxyl groups at positions 5 and 7 in ring A and 4′ in ring B is associated with lower MIC values. While antimicrobial results continue to validate the traditional use of E. lysistemon extracts (or Erythrina generally) in therapeutic applications consistent with anti-infection, it is surprising that this class of compound is not being utilized more often in general industry applications, such as food or cosmetic preservation, or in topical antimicrobial creams. Prenylated (iso)flavonoids are derived from several other Genera, such as Dorstenia (Moraceae), Ficus (Moraceae), Glycyrrhiza (Fabaceae), Paulownia (Lamiales) or Pomifera (Moraceae).
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Venâncio PC, Raimundo Figueroba S, Dias Nani B, Eduardo Nunes Ferreira L, Vilela Muniz B, de Sá Del Fiol F, Sartoratto A, Antonio Ribeiro Rosa E, Carlos Groppo F. Antimicrobial Activity of Two Garlic Species ( Allium Sativum and A. Tuberosum) Against Staphylococci Infection. In Vivo Study in Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:115-121. [PMID: 28507945 PMCID: PMC5426724 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study observed the effect of garlic extracts and amoxicillin against an induced staphylococcal infection model. MIC and MBC were also obtained for aqueous extracts of Allium sativum (Asa) and Allium tuberosum (Atu) against Staphylococcus aureus penicillin-sensitive (PSSA - ATCC 25923) and MRSA (ATCC 33592). Methods: Granulation tissues were induced in the back of 205 rats. After 14 days, 0.5 mL of 108 CFU/mL of PSSA or MRSA were injected inside tissues. After 24h, animals were divided: G1 (Control) – 0.5 mL of NaCl 0.9%; G2 – Asa 100 mg/kg or 400mg/kg; G3 – Atu 100 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg; G4 – amoxicillin suspension 50 mg/kg, considering PSSA infection; and G5 (Control) - 0.5 mL of NaCl 0.9%; G6 – Asa 400mg/kg; G7 – amoxicillin 50 mg/kg; and G8 - Asa 400 mg/kg + amoxicillin 50 mg/kg for MRSA. All treatments were administered P.O. every 6h. Animals were killed at 0, 6, 12 and 24h. Samples were spread on salt-mannitol agar. Colonies were counted after 18 h at 37 °C. Atu was not able to inhibit or kill PSSA and MRSA. Considering Asa, MIC and MBC against PSSA were 2 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL, respectively; and 16 mg/mL and 64 mg/mL against MRSA. Results: No effect was observed in vivo for control, Asa 100 mg/kg and Atu 100 mg/kg, while amoxicillin, Atu 400 mg/kg and Asa 400 mg/kg decreased PSSA counts in all-time points. No effect of any group against MRSA was observed at any time. Conclusion: Thus, A. sativum and A. tuberosum were able to reduce PSSA infection, but not MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo César Venâncio
- Department of Exact Sciences, Technical School of Limeira, Cotil, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sidney Raimundo Figueroba
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dias Nani
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Vilela Muniz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Sá Del Fiol
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy of Sorocaba, UNISO, Sorocaba São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adilson Sartoratto
- Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture, CPQBA, UNICAMP, Paulínia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Carlos Groppo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Heravi M, Zadsirjan V, Hamidi H, Tabar Amiri PH. Total synthesis of natural products containing benzofuran rings. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, various approaches for the construction of benzofurans as an important moiety in different natural products during the total synthesis of the natural of products are underscored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M. Heravi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Hoda Hamidi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
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12
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Roumy V, Gutierrez-Choquevilca AL, Lopez Mesia JP, Ruiz L, Ruiz Macedo JC, Abedini A, Landoulsi A, Samaillie J, Hennebelle T, Rivière C, Neut C. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Traditional Plant Used in Mestizo Shamanism from the Peruvian Amazon in Case of Infectious Diseases. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 11:S625-33. [PMID: 27013805 PMCID: PMC4787099 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.172975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Our survey was performed near Iquitos (Peruvian Amazon) and its surroundings and leads us to consider Mestizo ethnomedical practices. The plant species reported here are traditionally used for ailments related to microbial infections. Inhabitants of various ethnic origins were interviewed, and 52 selected plants extracts were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against a panel of 36 sensitive and multi-resistant bacteria or yeast. The study aimed at providing information on antimicrobial plant extract activities and the ethnomedical context of Mestizo riverine populations from Loreto (Peru). Material and Method: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the plant crude extracts were carried out using the agar dilution method and ranged between 0.075 and 5.0 mg/ml. Results: Of the 40 plants analyzed, 9 species showed MIC ≤0.3 mg/ml (Anacardium occidentale, Couroupita guianensis, Croton lechleri, Davilla rugosa, Erythrina amazonica, Jacaranda copaia subsp. Spectabilis, Oenocarpus bataua, Peperomia macrostachya, and Phyllanthus urinaria) for one or several of the 36 microorganisms and only 6 drug extracts were inactive. Among the 40 plants, 13 were evaluated for the first time for an antibacterial activity. Conclusion: This evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of 40 plants using an approved standard methodology allowed comparing those activities against various microbes to establish antimicrobial spectra of standardized plant extracts, and give support to the traditional use of these plants. It may also help discovering new chemical classes of antimicrobial agents that could serve against multi-resistant bacteria. SUMMARY This study leads us to consider Mestizo ethnomedical practices near Iquitos (Peruvian Amazon) and its surroundings. The plant species reported here are traditionally used for ailments related to microbial infections. 52 selected plants extracts were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against a panel of 36 sensitive and multi resistant bacteria or yeast. The study aimed at providing information on antimicrobial plant extract activities and the ethnomedical context of Mestizo riverine populations from Loreto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roumy
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Laboratoire Régional de Recherche en Agro-alimentaire et Biotechnologie: Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | | | - Jean Pierre Lopez Mesia
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, AA.HH., Nuevo San Lorenzo, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Lastenia Ruiz
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, AA.HH., Nuevo San Lorenzo, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Juan Celidonio Ruiz Macedo
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, AA.HH., Nuevo San Lorenzo, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Amin Abedini
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Laboratoire Régional de Recherche en Agro-alimentaire et Biotechnologie: Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Ameni Landoulsi
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Laboratoire Régional de Recherche en Agro-alimentaire et Biotechnologie: Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Jennifer Samaillie
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Laboratoire Régional de Recherche en Agro-alimentaire et Biotechnologie: Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Thierry Hennebelle
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Laboratoire Régional de Recherche en Agro-alimentaire et Biotechnologie: Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Céline Rivière
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Laboratoire Régional de Recherche en Agro-alimentaire et Biotechnologie: Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Christel Neut
- Division of Bacteriology, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille Nord de France (Lille 2), F-59006 Lille Cedex, France
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Kowalski K, Szczupak Ł, Oehninger L, Ott I, Hikisz P, Koceva-Chyła A, Therrien B. Ferrocenyl derivatives of pterocarpene and coumestan: Synthesis, structure and anticancer activity studies. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Fowler KJ, Ellis JL, Morrow GW. 6-Endo Heck Cyclization of 3-(2-Iodophenoxy)methylbenzofurans: A Useful Approach to Pterocarpenes. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2012.661910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Mukne AP, Viswanathan V, Phadatare AG. Structure pre-requisites for isoflavones as effective antibacterial agents. Pharmacogn Rev 2011; 5:13-8. [PMID: 22096314 PMCID: PMC3210004 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.79095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports reveal that there is increasing incidence of infections of multidrug-resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Flavonoids and related compounds have been shown to possess potent antimicrobial activities. Most of the flavonoids are considered as constitutive antimicrobial substances recently termed as “Phytoanticipins,” especially those belonging to prenylated flavonoids and isoflavones. The current review highlights the structure prerequisites for isoflavones as antibacterial agents. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) conclusions have been drawn by comparing the reported minimum inhibitory concentration values for the various isoflavones against S. aureus and MRSA. There exists a significant co-relationship between the presence of certain functional groups (prenyl group, phenolic hydroxyl) at particular positions and antibacterial activity of the compounds. These trends have been postulated with a view of assisting better drug designing of future next-generation antiinfectives, particularly against the bothersome multidrug-resistant microbes. The SAR of these isoflavones has also proved to be a basis to explore the mechanism of antibacterial action. Thus, the study would prove extremely useful to synthesize antibacterial isoflavones in future, which would eventually be beneficial for optimizing the lead molecule for the antibacterial action
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka P Mukne
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai - 400 098, Maharashtra, India
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16
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Sobolev VS, Neff SA, Gloer JB, Khan SI, Tabanca N, De Lucca AJ, Wedge DE. Pterocarpenes elicited by Aspergillus caelatus in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:2099-2107. [PMID: 21030054 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The substituted pterocarpenes named aracarpene-1 (1) and aracarpene-2 (2) were isolated from wounded peanut seeds challenged by a strain of Aspergillus caelatus. The structures of these putative phytoalexins were determined by interpretation of NMR and MS data. The aracarpenes were investigated for their antifungal and antibacterial activities as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities in mammalian cells. Aracarpene-2 demonstrated high antibacterial properties against tested gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, whereas aracarpene-1 displayed low antibacterial properties against the same bacteria. Both compounds had no antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. Together with peanut stilbenoids that are also produced in the challenged seeds, these compounds may represent a class of low-molecular weight peanut metabolites with a defensive role(s) against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Sobolev
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Dawson, GA 39842, USA.
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17
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The effect of Rexflavone (Sophorae fructus extract) on menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:523-30. [PMID: 20422360 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To observe the protective effect of orally administrated Rexflavone (Sophorae fructus extract) for the postmenopausal symptoms, a randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial was designed. Rexflavone significantly improved 11 menopausal symptoms including hot flash, which was evaluated by the modified Kupperman Index (KI), while hormone level and lipid profile were little changed by consumption. Rexflavone group significantly decreased KI score (-14.91 +/- 8.79) compared to placebo group (-11.45 +/- 6.62) as a representative index for improvement of menopausal symptoms (p < 0.05). We found that Rexflavone has no adverse effect to be safe for long term consumption. It was shown that the consumption of Rexflavone possessed beneficial effects on the postmenopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women.
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18
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Andres A, Donovan SM, Kuhlenschmidt MS. Soy isoflavones and virus infections. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:563-9. [PMID: 19596314 PMCID: PMC7125569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones and their related flavonoid compounds exert antiviral properties in vitro and in vivo against a wide range of viruses. Genistein is, by far, the most studied soy isoflavone in this regard, and it has been shown to inhibit the infectivity of enveloped or nonenveloped viruses, as well as single-stranded or double-stranded RNA or DNA viruses. At concentrations ranging from physiological to supraphysiological (3.7-370 muM), flavonoids, including genistein, have been shown to reduce the infectivity of a variety of viruses affecting humans and animals, including adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and rotavirus. Although the biological properties of the flavonoids are well studied, the mechanisms of action underlying their antiviral properties have not been fully elucidated. Current results suggest a combination of effects on both the virus and the host cell. Isoflavones have been reported to affect virus binding, entry, replication, viral protein translation and formation of certain virus envelope glycoprotein complexes. Isoflavones also affect a variety of host cell signaling processes, including induction of gene transcription factors and secretion of cytokines. The efficacy of isoflavones and related flavonoids in virus infectivity in in vitro bioassays is dependent on the dose, frequency of administration and combination of isoflavones used. Despite promising in vitro results, there is lack of data confirming the in vivo efficacy of soy isoflavones. Thus, investigations using appropriate in vivo virus infectivity models to examine pharmacological and especially physiological doses of flavonoids are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Simões M, Bennett RN, Rosa EAS. Understanding antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals against multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilms. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:746-57. [PMID: 19471683 DOI: 10.1039/b821648g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Simões
- LEPAE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Rodrigues E, Tabach R, GaldurÓz JCF, Negri G. Plants With Possible Anxiolytic and/or Hypnotic Effects Indicated by Three Brazilian Cultures - Indians, Afro-Brazilians, and River-Dwellers. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART O) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(08)80014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Fürstner A, Heilmann E, Davies P. Total Synthesis of the Antibiotic Erypoegin H and Cognates by a PtCl2-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Fürstner A, Heilmann EK, Davies PW. Total Synthesis of the Antibiotic Erypoegin H and Cognates by a PtCl2-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4760-3. [PMID: 17492737 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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Abstract
Isoflavonoids are found predominantly in subfamily Papilionoideae of the Leguminosae. This review describes more than 420 new examples of Leguminosae isoflavonoids, giving details of their source, identification, biological activity, synthesis, and ecological or chemosystematic significance. Other topics addressed include the application of hyphenated analytical techniques to the characterisation of legume-derived isoflavonoids, and advances made in biosynthetic studies. A checklist of new compounds by species is given, and 404 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C Veitch
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
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Rukachaisirikul T, Innok P, Aroonrerk N, Boonamnuaylap W, Limrangsun S, Boonyon C, Woonjina U, Suksamrarn A. Antibacterial pterocarpans from Erythrina subumbrans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 110:171-5. [PMID: 17055201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Seven pterocarpans, erybraedin B (1), erybraedin A (2), phaseollin (3), erythrabyssin II (4), erystagallin A (5), erythrabissin-1 (6) and erycristagallin (7), two flavanones, 5-hydroxysophoranone (8) and glabrol (9), and one isoflavone, erysubin F (10), were isolated from the stems of Erythrina subumbrans (Leguminosae). Their structures were identified by means of spectroscopy. This is the first report of the isolation of the non-alkaloidal compounds from Erythrina subumbrans and the observed dehydration of 6a-hydroxypterocarpans 5 and 6 in CDCl(3) to the corresponding pterocarpenes 11 and 12, respectively. Compounds 8 and 9 were isolated for the first time from the genus Erythrina. Compounds 2 and 4 exhibited the highest degree of activity against Streptococcus strains with an MIC range of 0.78-1.56 microg/ml, whereas compound 7 exhibited the highest degree of activity against Staphylococcus strains, including drug-resistant strains (MRSA and VRSA), with an MIC range of 0.39-1.56 microg/ml. Interestingly, compounds 2, 4, 5 and 7 were more active against several strains of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus than the standard antibiotics vancomycin and oxacillin. Compound 7 showed the highest level of activity against all VRSA strains tested, with an MIC range of 0.39-1.56 microg/ml, which were resistant to both antibiotics. These compounds may prove to be potent phytochemical agents for antibacterial activity, especially against the MRSA and VRSA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitima Rukachaisirikul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand.
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Bryskier A. Anti-MRSA agents: under investigation, in the exploratory phase and clinically available. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 3:505-53. [PMID: 16107196 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.3.4.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal infections are difficult to treat due to the rapid emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and, unfortunately, vancomycin-intermediate or -resistant staphylococci. Numerous alternative treatments are urgently required. In this special report, intensive research of new molecules is highlighted--in known antibacterial families and new medicinal chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bryskier
- Aventis Pharma, Infectious Disease Group-Clinical Pharmacology, 102, Route de Noisy, 93230 Romaiville, Cedex, France.
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26
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Sato M, Tanaka H, Oh-Uchi T, Fukai T, Etoh H, Yamaguchi R. Antibacterial activity of phytochemicals isolated fromErythrina zeyheri against vancomycin-resistant enterococci and their combinations with vancomycin. Phytother Res 2004; 18:906-10. [PMID: 15597305 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Six phytochemicals were isolated from the roots of Erythrina zeyheri (Leguminosae) by repeated silica gel column chromatography using various eluting solvents. Extensive spectroscopic studies revealed that all were isoflavonoids. The antibacterial activity of the six compounds against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) was estimated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Of the six isoflavonoids, erybraedin A ((6aR, 11aR)-3,9-dihydroxy-4,10-di(gamma,gamma-dimethylallyl)pterocarpan) exhibited the highest growth inhibitory potency against VRE with an MIC value of 1.56-3.13 microg/mL, followed by eryzerin C ((3R)-7,2',4'-trihydroxy-6,8-di(gamma,gamma-dimethylallyl)isoflavan) (MIC 6.25 microg/mL). These compounds also inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at 3.13-6.25 microg/mL. The antibacterial effects of the two compounds against VRE and MRSA were based on bacteriostatic action. When erybraedin A or eryzerin C was combined with vancomycin, the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index against VRE ranged from 0.5306 to 1.0 and from 0.5153 to 0.75, respectively. The combinations also showed FIC indices of 0.6125-1.0 against MRSA. The results indicate that, depending on the case, both compounds act either synergistically or additively with vancomycin against VRE and MRSA. Erybraedin A and eryzerin C show evidence of being potent phytotherapeutic agents against infections caused by VRE and MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sato
- Department of Oral Pathology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan.
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