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Martinez ME, Wu Z, Hernandez A. Paternal developmental thyrotoxicosis disrupts neonatal leptin leading to increased adiposity and altered physiology of the melanocortin system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1210414. [PMID: 37560296 PMCID: PMC10407661 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1210414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic code does not fully explain individual variability and inheritance of susceptibility to endocrine conditions, suggesting the contribution of epigenetic factors acting across generations. Methods We used a mouse model of developmental thyrotoxicosis (Dio3-/- mouse) to analyze endocrine outcomes in the adult offspring of Dio3-/- males using standard methods for body composition, and baseline and fasting hormonal and gene expression determinations in serum and tissues of relevance to the control of energy balance. Results Compared to controls, adult females with an exposed father (EF females) exhibited higher body weight and fat mass, but not lean mass, a phenotype that was much milder in EF males. After fasting, both EF females and males exhibited a more pronounced decrease in body weight than controls. EF females also showed markedly elevated serum leptin, increased white adipose tissue mRNA expression of leptin and mesoderm-specific transcript but decreased expression of type 2 deiodinase. EF females exhibited decreased serum ghrelin, which showed more pronounced post-fasting changes in EF females than in control females. EF female hypothalami also revealed significant decreases in the expression of pro-opiomelanocortin, agouti-related peptide, neuropeptide Y and melanocortin receptor 4. These markers also showed larger changes in response to fasting in EF females than in control females. Adult EF females showed no abnormalities in serum thyroid hormones, but pituitary expression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 and thyroid gland expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, thyroid peroxidase and iodotyrosine deiodinase were increased at baseline and showed differential regulation after fasting, with no increase in Trhr1 expression and more pronounced reductions in Tshr, Tpo and Iyd. In EF males, these abnormalities were generally milder. In addition, postnatal day 14 (P14) serum leptin was markedly reduced in EF pups. Discussion A paternal excess of thyroid hormone during development modifies the endocrine programming and energy balance in the offspring in a sexually dimorphic manner, with baseline and dynamic range alterations in the leptin-melanocortin system and thyroid gland, and consequences for adiposity phenotypes. We conclude that thyroid hormone overexposure may have important implications for the non-genetic, inherited etiology of endocrine and metabolic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Martinez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Zhaofei Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Lisboa PC, Miranda RA, Souza LL, Moura EG. Can breastfeeding affect the rest of our life? Neuropharmacology 2021; 200:108821. [PMID: 34610290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The breastfeeding period is one of the most important critical windows in our development, since milk, our first food after birth, contains several compounds, such as macronutrients, micronutrients, antibodies, growth factors and hormones that benefit human health. Indeed, nutritional, and environmental alterations during lactation, change the composition of breast milk and induce alterations in the child's development, such as obesity, leading to the metabolic dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and neurobehavioral disorders. This review is based on experimental animal models, most of them in rodents, and summarizes the impact of an adequate breast milk supply in view of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) concept, which has been proposed by researchers in the areas of epidemiology and basic science from around the world. Here, experimental advances in understanding the programming during breastfeeding were compiled with the purpose of generating knowledge about the genesis of chronic noncommunicable diseases and to guide the development of public policies to deal with and prevent the problems arising from this phenomenon. This review article is part of the special issue on "Cross talk between periphery and brain".
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rosiane A Miranda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana L Souza
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Egberto G Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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3
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Leocádio PCL, Lopes SC, Dias RP, Alvarez-Leite JI, Guerrant RL, Malva JO, Oriá RB. The Transition From Undernutrition to Overnutrition Under Adverse Environments and Poverty: The Risk for Chronic Diseases. Front Nutr 2021; 8:676044. [PMID: 33968973 PMCID: PMC8102690 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.676044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Caroline L Leocádio
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Synara C Lopes
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo P Dias
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline I Alvarez-Leite
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - João O Malva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Reinaldo B Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Moustafa EM, Rashed ER, Rashed RR. Pterostilbene Inhibits Dyslipidemia-Induced Activation of Progenitor Adipose Gene Under High-Fat Diet and Radiation Stressor. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to ionizing radiation has been reported to increase the risk of chronic metabolic disorders such as systemic hyperlipidemia and intracellular lipid accumulation that might lead to diabetes-induced heart disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pterostilbene on high-fat diet rats suffering from ionizing radiation-induced hyperlipidemia. High-fat diet rats showed an increase in body weight and body fat compared with rats fed with normal chow. Pterostilbene and Orlistat treatments resulted in lower body weight and body fat gain, insulin resistance, reduced lipid peroxidation with attenuated liver enzyme levels, and regulated lipogenesis-related genes in the HFD + IR rat group. Regulation of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) mRNA enhanced paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and arylesterase (AE) activities and inhibited that of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA). It also increased the activities of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Pterostilbene and Orlistat also corrected the alterations of serum leptin and adiponectin levels in lipidemic rats. Such findings provide evidence that Pterostilbene and Orlistat can act as normolipidemic agents that possess lipid-lowering effects and potential as a radioprotector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas M. Moustafa
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Center for Radiation Research & Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Engy R. Rashed
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research & Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Rasha R. Rashed
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research & Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City, Egypt
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5
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Leptin administration during lactation leads to different nutritional, biometric, hemodynamic, and cardiac outcomes in prepubertal and adult female Wistar rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:870-875. [PMID: 33517945 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Literature reports that insults, such as hormonal disturbances, during critical periods of development may modulate organism physiology and metabolism favoring cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) later in life. Studies show that leptin administration during lactation leads to cardiovascular dysfunction in young and adult male Wistar rats. However, there are sex differences regarding CVD. Thus, the present work aimed to investigate neonatal leptin administration's consequences on different outcomes in female rats at prepubertal and adult age. Newborn Wistar female rats were divided into two groups, Leptin and Control, receiving daily subcutaneous injections of this adipokine (8 μg/100 g) or saline for the first 10 of 21 d of lactation. Nutritional, biometric, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic parameters, as well as maximal effort ergometer performance, were determined at postnatal days (PND) 30 and 150. Leptin group presented lower food intake (p = 0.0003) and higher feed efficiency (p = 0.0058) between PND 21 and 30. Differences concerning echocardiographic parameters revealed higher left ventricle internal diameter (LVID) in systole (p = 0.0051), as well as lower left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) (p = 0.0111) and fractional shortening (FS) (p = 0.0405) for this group at PND 30. Older rats treated with leptin during lactation presented only higher LVID in systole (p = 0.0270). Systolic blood pressure and maximum effort ergometer test performance was similar between groups at both ages. These data suggest that nutritional, biometric, and cardiac outcomes due to neonatal leptin administration in female rats are age-dependent.
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Biometric, nutritional, biochemical, and cardiovascular outcomes in male rats submitted to an experimental model of early weaning that mimics mother abandoning. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:523-529. [PMID: 32900421 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Literature describes breast milk as the best food for the newborn, recommending exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months of age. However, it is not available for more than 40% of children worldwide. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological models of 3-day early weaning were developed in rodents to investigate later outcomes related solely to this nutritional insult. Thus, the present work aimed to describe biometric, nutritional, biochemical, and cardiovascular outcomes in adult male rats submitted to 3-day early weaning achieved by maternal deprivation. This experimental model comprises not only nutritional insult but also emotional stress, simulating mother abandoning. Male offspring were physically separated from their mothers at 21st (control) or 18th (early weaning) postnatal day, receiving water/food ad libitum. Analysis performed at postnatal days 30, 90, 150, and 365 encompassed body mass and food intake monitoring and serum biochemistry determination. Further assessments included hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and cardiorespiratory evaluation. Early-weaned males presented higher body weight when compared to control as well as dyslipidemia, higher blood pressure, diastolic dysfunction, and cardiac hypertrophy in adult life. Animals early deprived of their mothers have also presented a worse performance on the maximal effort ergometer test. This work shows that 3-day early maternal deprivation favors the development of cardiovascular disease in male rats.
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Al-Sawalha NA, Almahmmod Y, Awawdeh MS, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF. Effect of waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure on the development of metabolic syndrome in adult male rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234516. [PMID: 32559253 PMCID: PMC7304592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increased worldwide. Tobacco smoking increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Waterpipe tobacco smoking has become a global trend of tobacco consumption and is as common as cigarette smoking. In this study, the effect of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) on the development of metabolic syndrome in rats was evaluated. Adult Wistar rats were exposed for 19 weeks to either fresh air (control) or WTS for 1 hour daily/ 5 days per week (WTS). Central obesity, systolic blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose hemostasis and levels of leptin and adiponectin were evaluated. The WTS exposure increased body weight, abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose compared to control animals (P<0.05), consistent with inducing metabolic syndrome. The retroperitoneal fat, lipid profile and levels of insulin, leptin and adiponectin were not affected by WTS exposure (P>0.05). In conclusion, exposure to WTS has detrimental health effects leading to the development of metabolic syndrome in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour A. Al-Sawalha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yehya Almahmmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mofleh S. Awawdeh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar F. Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Al-Sawalha NA, Alshogran OY, Awawdeh MS, Almomani BA. The effects of l-Carnosine on development of metabolic syndrome in rats. Life Sci 2019; 237:116905. [PMID: 31610198 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing in several countries. The MetS is characterized by the occurrence of at least three of the following risk factors: decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased blood pressure, raised fasting blood glucose, elevated triglycerides, and abdominal obesity. There is a growing evidence of the role of l-carnosine in improving lipid profile and enhancement of the antioxidant activity. However, the effects of l-carnosine on development of MetS are unknown. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either; conventional diet (control), high-fat high-carbohydrate diet (HFHCD), l-carnosine and conventional diet (L-Car), or l-carnosine and high-fat high-carbohydrate diet (HFHCD and L-Car) for 16 weeks. Central obesity, systolic blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose hemostasis, levels of leptin and adiponectin were evaluated on week 16. KEY FINDINGS Rats that received HFHCD for 16 weeks showed MetS phenotype such as central obesity, increased blood pressure and glucose, as well as an altered lipid profile (P < 0.05). l-Carnosine supplementation to MetS rats significantly reduced abdominal obesity, blood pressure and glucose, and normalized total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). Insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations were not affected by l-Carnosine (P > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE l-carnosine has beneficial effects on ameliorating the manifestations of MetS in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour A Al-Sawalha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Osama Y Alshogran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mofleh S Awawdeh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Basima A Almomani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Rivera P, Ramírez‐López MT, Vargas A, Decara J, Vázquez M, Arco R, Gómez de Heras R, Argente J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Chowen JA, Suárez J. Perinatal free-choice of a high-calorie low-protein diet affects leptin signaling through IRS1 and AMPK dephosphorylation in the hypothalami of female rat offspring in adulthood. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13244. [PMID: 30589509 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to investigate whether a dysregulated maternal diet during gestation and lactation induces long-lasting changes in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior in the offspring and whether this effect is sex specific. METHODS The study included an analysis of appetite-regulating metabolic hormones and hypothalamic signaling in male and female offspring in adulthood after exposure to a free-choice high-calorie palatable low-protein (P) diet or standard chow (C) during (pre)gestation/lactation (maternal) and/or postweaning (offspring). RESULTS Maternal exposure to the P diet resulted in decreased protein intake and body weight gain in dams and decreased body weight gain in offspring during lactation. The maternal P diet (PC) specifically increased feed efficacy and decreased body weight and cholesterol levels in the female offspring in adulthood, but no changes in adiposity or leptin levels were found. In contrast, P diet exposure after weaning (CP and PP) increased caloric intake, adiposity and circulating levels of leptin in the male and female offspring in adulthood. The hypothalami of the female offspring exposed to the maternal P diet (PC and PP) expressed high levels of the phospho-leptin receptor and low levels of SOCS3, phospho-IRS1 and phospho-AMPK, regardless of the postweaning diet. The hypothalami of the female rats in the PC group also showed increased levels of STAT3 and the orexigenic neuropeptide Agrp. CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to a free-choice high-calorie low-protein diet induces a long-term feed efficacy associated with changes in leptin signaling through IRS-1 and AMPK dephosphorylation in the hypothalami of female offspring in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rivera
- Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación Biomédica la Princesa Madrid Spain
| | - María T. Ramírez‐López
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Pozuelo de Alarcón Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Getafe Getafe (Madrid) Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Mariam Vázquez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Rocío Arco
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez de Heras
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Pozuelo de Alarcón Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación Biomédica la Princesa Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) Madrid Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC Madrid Spain
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Autonoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Pozuelo de Alarcón Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación Biomédica la Princesa Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) Madrid Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
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Pérez-Morales M, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Morales-Hernández I, Gómez-González B, Domínguez-Salazar E, Velázquez-Moctezuma J. Postnatal overnutrition alters the orexigenic effects of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and reduces MCHR1 hypothalamic expression on spontaneous feeding and fasting. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:53-61. [PMID: 30196088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the approaches to induce obesity in rodents consists in reducing litter size to 3 pups during the lactation period. Animals submitted to this manipulation are heavier, hyperphagic and develop several metabolic diseases for the rest of their lives. In the present study, under the premise that melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), an orexigenic peptide synthesized by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus, is involved in food intake regulation, we aimed to measure the hypothalamic expression of its receptor, MCHR1, in adult early overfed obese animals and normoweight controls at both ad libitum and food deprived conditions. Additionally, we administered MCH, or an antiMCH antibody, into the third ventricle of ad libitum-fed rats, or fasted rats, respectively, and evaluated chow consumption. Typical nocturnal hyperphagia in rodents was elevated in obese animals compared to normoweight controls, accompanied by a lower expression of MCHR1 and leptin receptor (Ob-R). Following a 24 h fasting, MCHR1 remained lower in SL rats. After 4 h of re-feeding, obese animals ate more than normoweight controls. MCH failed to enhance appetite in early overfed obese animals and immunoneutralization of the peptide only reduced fasted induced-hyperphagia in normoweight controls. These results support the notion that both peptide and brain endogenous MCH exert a physiological relevant action in food intake regulation in normoweight rats, but that postnatal overnutrition disturbs this system, as reflected by MCHR1 downregulation at both ad libitum and fasted conditions and in the lack of response to MCH in both positive- and negative-energetic states in early overfed obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Pérez-Morales
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México.
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México
| | - Itzel Morales-Hernández
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México
| | - Beatriz Gómez-González
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México.
| | - Emilio Domínguez-Salazar
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México
| | - Javier Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, México.
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Vargas VE, Gurung S, Grant B, Hyatt K, Singleton K, Myers SM, Saunders D, Njoku C, Towner R, Myers DA. Gestational hypoxia disrupts the neonatal leptin surge and programs hyperphagia and obesity in male offspring in the Sprague-Dawley rat. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185272. [PMID: 28957383 PMCID: PMC5619766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of gestational hypoxia on the neonatal leptin surge, development of hypothalamic arcuate nuclei (ARH) projections and appetite that could contribute to the programming of offspring obesity is lacking. We examined the effect of 12% O2 from gestational days 15–19 in the Sprague-Dawley rat on post-weaning appetite, fat deposition by MRI, adipose tissue cytokine expression, the neonatal leptin surge, ARH response to exogenous leptin, and αMSH projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in response to a high fat (HFD) or control diet (CD) in male offspring. Normoxia (NMX) and Hypoxia (HPX) offspring exhibited increased food intake when fed a HFD from 5–8 weeks post-birth; HPX offspring on the CD had increased food intake from weeks 5–7 vs. NMX offspring on a CD. HPX offspring on a HFD remained hyperphagic through 23 weeks. Body weight were the same between offspring from HPX vs. NMX dams from 4–12 weeks of age fed a CD or HFD. By 14–23 weeks of age, HPX offspring fed the CD or HFD as well as male NMX offspring fed the HFD were heavier vs. NMX offspring fed the CD. HPX offspring fed a CD exhibited increased abdominal adiposity (MRI) that was amplified by a HFD. HPX offspring fed a HFD exhibited the highest abdominal fat cytokine expression. HPX male offspring had higher plasma leptin from postnatal day (PN) 6 through 14 vs. NMX pups. HPX offspring exhibited increased basal c-Fos labeled cells in the ARH vs. NMX pups on PN16. Leptin increased c-Fos staining in the ARH in NMX but not HPX offspring at PN16. HPX offspring had fewer αMSH fibers in the PVN vs. NMX offspring on PN16. In conclusion, gestational hypoxia impacts the developing ARH resulting in hyperphagia contributing to adult obesity on a control diet and exacerbated by a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Vargas
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sunam Gurung
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Grant
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Hyatt
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Krista Singleton
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Myers
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Charity Njoku
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Rheal Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Dean A. Myers
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Miranda RA, da Silva Franco CC, de Oliveira JC, Barella LF, Tófolo LP, Ribeiro TA, Pavanello A, da Conceição EPS, Torrezan R, Armitage J, Lisboa PC, de Moura EG, de Freitas Mathias PC, Vieira E. Cross-fostering reduces obesity induced by early exposure to monosodium glutamate in male rats. Endocrine 2017; 55:101-112. [PMID: 27116693 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity programmes a range of metabolic disturbances for the offspring later in life. Moreover, environmental changes during the suckling period can influence offspring development. Because both periods significantly affect long-term metabolism, we aimed to study whether cross-fostering during the lactation period was sufficient to rescue a programmed obese phenotype in offspring induced by maternal obesity following monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) treatment. Obesity was induced in female Wistar rats by administering subcutaneous MSG (4 mg/g body weight) for the first 5 days of postnatal life. Control and obese female rats were mated in adulthood. The resultant pups were divided into control second generation (F2) (CTLF2), MSG-treated second generation (F2) (MSGF2), which suckled from their CTL and MSG biological dams, respectively, or CTLF2-CR, control offspring suckled by MSG dams and MSGF2-CR, MSG offspring suckled by CTL dams. At 120 days of age, fat tissue accumulation, lipid profile, hypothalamic leptin signalling, glucose tolerance, glucose-induced, and adrenergic inhibition of insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets were analysed. Maternal MSG-induced obesity led to an obese phenotype in male offspring, characterized by hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia, hyperleptinaemia, dyslipidaemia, and impaired leptin signalling, suggesting central leptin resistance, glucose intolerance, impaired glucose-stimulated, and adrenergic inhibition of insulin secretion. Cross-fostering normalized body weight, food intake, leptin signalling, lipid profiles, and insulinaemia, but not glucose homeostasis or insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets. Our findings suggest that alterations during the lactation period can mitigate the development of obesity and prevent the programming of adult diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- Department of Biotechnology, Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá/UEM, Block H67, room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Claudinéia Conationi da Silva Franco
- Department of Biotechnology, Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá/UEM, Block H67, room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Felipe Barella
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laize Peron Tófolo
- Department of Biotechnology, Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá/UEM, Block H67, room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá/UEM, Block H67, room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Audrei Pavanello
- Department of Biotechnology, Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá/UEM, Block H67, room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ellen Paula Santos da Conceição
- Department of Physiological Sciences Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosana Torrezan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - James Armitage
- School of Medicine (Optometr), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Patrícia Cristina Lisboa
- Department of Physiological Sciences Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Egberto Gaspar de Moura
- Department of Physiological Sciences Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Department of Biotechnology, Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá/UEM, Block H67, room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Elaine Vieira
- Department of Biotechnology, Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá/UEM, Block H67, room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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13
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Wertheimer GS, Girardi CEN, de Oliveira AM, Monteiro Longo B, Suchecki D. Maternal deprivation alters growth, food intake, and neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus of adolescent male and female rats. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 58:1066-1075. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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14
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Mela V, Díaz F, Vázquez MJ, Argente J, Tena-Sempere M, Viveros MP, Chowen JA. Interaction between neonatal maternal deprivation and serum leptin levels on metabolism, pubertal development, and sexual behavior in male and female rats. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:2. [PMID: 26759712 PMCID: PMC4710050 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-015-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal deprivation (MD) during neonatal life can have long-term effects on metabolism and behavior, with males and females responding differently. We previously reported that MD during 24 h at postnatal day (PND) 9 blocks the physiological neonatal leptin surge in both sexes. It is known that modifications in neonatal leptin levels can affect metabolism in adulthood. Thus, we hypothesized that at least some of the long-term metabolic changes that occur in response to MD are due to the decline in serum leptin during this critical period of development. Hence, we predicted that treatment with leptin during MD would normalize these metabolic changes, with this response also differing between the sexes. METHODS MD was carried-out in Wistar rats for 24 h on PND9. Control and MD rats of both sexes were treated from PND 9 to 13 with leptin (3 mg/kg/day sc) or vehicle. Weight gain, food intake, glucose tolerance, and pubertal onset were monitored. Sexual behavior was analyzed in males. Rats were killed at PND90, and serum hormones and hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in metabolic control and reproduction were measured. Results were analyzed by three-way analysis of covariance using sex, MD, and leptin treatment as factors and litter as the covariate and employing repeated measures where appropriate. RESULTS In males, MD advanced the external signs of puberty and increased serum insulin and triglyceride levels and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels at PND90. Neonatal leptin treatment normalized these effects. In contrast, MD decreased circulating triglycerides, as well as estradiol levels, in females at PND90 and these changes were also normalized by neonatal leptin treatment. Neonatal leptin treatment also had long-term effects in control rats as it advanced the external signs of puberty in control males, but delayed them in females. Neonatal leptin treatment increased serum insulin and hypothalamic mRNA levels of the leptin receptor and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in control males and increased orexin mRNA levels in controls of both sexes. Although pubertal onset in males was advanced by either MD or neonatal leptin treatment in males and delayed by leptin treatment in females, the mRNA levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides and receptors related to reproduction were not affected by MD or neonatal leptin treatment in either sex at PND90. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that some of the long-term changes in metabolic and reproductive parameters induced by MD, such as advanced pubertal onset and increased hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in adult males and decreased serum triglyceride and estradiol levels in females, are most likely due to the decrease in leptin levels during the period of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology. Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Vázquez
- CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba & Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba & Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria-Paz Viveros
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology. Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 65, Madrid, 28009 Spain ; CIBEROBN, Instituto Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Jahan-Mihan A, Rodriguez J, Christie C, Sadeghi M, Zerbe T. The Role of Maternal Dietary Proteins in Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Offspring. Nutrients 2015; 7:9185-217. [PMID: 26561832 PMCID: PMC4663588 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity has been increasing. Pre-natal environment has been suggested as a factor influencing the risk of metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Both observational and experimental studies showed that maternal diet is a major modifier of the development of regulatory systems in the offspring in utero and post-natally. Both protein content and source in maternal diet influence pre- and early post-natal development. High and low protein dams’ diets have detrimental effect on body weight, blood pressure191 and metabolic and intake regulatory systems in the offspring. Moreover, the role of the source of protein in a nutritionally adequate maternal diet in programming of food intake regulatory system, body weight, glucose metabolism and blood pressure in offspring is studied. However, underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The purpose of this review is to examine the current literature related to the role of proteins in maternal diets in development of characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jahan-Mihan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Judith Rodriguez
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Catherine Christie
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Marjan Sadeghi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Tara Zerbe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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16
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Penfold NC, Ozanne SE. Developmental programming by maternal obesity in 2015: Outcomes, mechanisms, and potential interventions. Horm Behav 2015; 76:143-52. [PMID: 26145566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Obesity in women of child-bearing age is a growing problem in developed and developing countries. Evidence from human studies indicates that maternal BMI correlates with offspring adiposity from an early age and predisposes to metabolic disease in later life. Thus the early life environment is an attractive target for intervention to improve public health. Animal models have been used to investigate the specific physiological outcomes and mechanisms of developmental programming that result from exposure to maternal obesity in utero. From this research, targeted intervention strategies can be designed. In this review we summarise recent progress in this field, with a focus on cardiometabolic disease and central control of appetite and behaviour. We highlight key factors that may mediate programming by maternal obesity, including leptin, insulin, and ghrelin. Finally, we explore potential lifestyle and pharmacological interventions in humans and the current state of evidence from animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Penfold
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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17
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Long NM, Rule DC, Tuersunjiang N, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Maternal obesity in sheep increases fatty acid synthesis, upregulates nutrient transporters, and increases adiposity in adult male offspring after a feeding challenge. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122152. [PMID: 25875659 PMCID: PMC4398357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity in women is increasing worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in adipose tissue metabolism and function in adult male offspring from obese and control fed mothers subjected to an ad libitum feeding challenge. We developed a model in which obese ewes were fed 150% of feed provided for controls from 60 days before mating to term. All ewes were fed to requirements during lactation. After weaning, F1 male offspring were fed only to maintenance requirements until adulthood (control = 7, obese = 6), when they were fed ad libitum for 12 weeks with intake monitored. At the end of the feeding challenge offspring were given an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), necropsied, and adipose tissue collected. During the feeding trial F1obese males consumed more (P < 0.01), gained more weight (P < 0.01) and became heavier (P < 0.05) than F1control males. During IVGTT, Obese F1 offspring were hyperglycemic and hypoinsulinemic (P < 0.01) compared to F1 control F1. At necropsy perirenal and omental adipose depots weights were 47% and 58% greater respectively and subcutaneous fat thickness 41% greater in F1obese vs F1control males (P < 0.05). Adipocyte diameters were greater (P ≤ 0.04) in perirenal, omental and subcutaneous adipose depots in F1obese males (11, 8 and 7% increase vs. control, respectively). When adipose tissue was incubated for 2 hrs with C-14 labeled acetate, subcutaneous, perirenal, and omental adipose tissue of F1 obese males exhibited greater incorporation (290, 83, and 90% increase vs. control, respectively P < 0.05) of acetate into lipids. Expression of fatty acid transporting, binding, and syntheses mRNA and protein was increased (P < 0.05) compared to F1 control offspring. Maternal obesity increased appetite and adiposity associated with increased adipocyte diameters and increased fatty acid synthesis in over-nourished adult male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Long
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Rule
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Nuermaimaiti Tuersunjiang
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas, Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Ford
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Franco JG, Dias-Rocha CP, Fernandes TP, Albuquerque Maia L, Lisboa PC, Moura EG, Pazos-Moura CC, Trevenzoli IH. Resveratrol treatment rescues hyperleptinemia and improves hypothalamic leptin signaling programmed by maternal high-fat diet in rats. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:601-610. [PMID: 25801629 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perinatal high-fat diet is associated with obesity and metabolic diseases in adult offspring. Resveratrol has been shown to exert antioxidant and anti-obesity actions. However, the effects of resveratrol on leptinemia and leptin signaling are still unknown as well as whether resveratrol treatment can improve metabolic outcomes programmed by maternal high-fat diet. We hypothesize that resveratrol treatment in male rats programmed by high-fat diet would decrease body weight and food intake, and leptinemia with changes in central leptin signaling. METHODS Female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control group (C), which received a standard diet containing 9 % of the calories as fat, and high-fat group (HF), which received a diet containing 28 % of the calories as fat. Dams were fed in C or HF diet during 8 weeks before mating and throughout gestation and lactation. C and HF male offspring received standard diet throughout life. From 150 until 180 days of age, offspring received resveratrol (30 mg/Kg body weight/day) or vehicle (carboxymethylcellulose). RESULTS HF offspring had increased body weight, hyperphagia and increased subcutaneous and visceral fat mass compared to controls, and resveratrol treatment decreased adiposity. HF offspring had increased leptinemia as well as increased SOCS3 in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, which suggest central leptin resistance. Resveratrol treatment rescued leptinemia and increased p-STAT3 content in the hypothalamus with no changes in SOCS3, suggesting improvement in leptin signaling. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data suggest that resveratrol could reverse hyperleptinemia and improve central leptin action in adult offspring from HF mothers attenuating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Franco
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, sl G0-16, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - C P Dias-Rocha
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, sl G0-16, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - T P Fernandes
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, sl G0-16, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - L Albuquerque Maia
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P C Lisboa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E G Moura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C C Pazos-Moura
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, sl G0-16, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - I H Trevenzoli
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, sl G0-16, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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19
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Lisboa PC, de Oliveira E, Manhães AC, Santos-Silva AP, Pinheiro CR, Younes-Rapozo V, Faustino LC, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Moura EG. Effects of maternal nicotine exposure on thyroid hormone metabolism and function in adult rat progeny. J Endocrinol 2015; 224:315-25. [PMID: 25653393 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal nicotine exposure leads to obesity and hypothyroidism in adulthood. We studied the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during lactation on thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and function in adult offspring. Lactating rats received implants of osmotic minipumps releasing nicotine (NIC, 6 mg/kg per day s.c.) or saline (control) from postnatal days 2 to 16. Offspring were killed at 180 days. We measured types 1 and 2 deiodinase activity and mRNA, mitochondrial α-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD) activity, TH receptor (TR), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), hypothalamic TRH, pituitary TSH, and in vitro TRH-stimulated TSH secretion. Expression of deiodinase mRNAs followed the same profile as that of the enzymatic activity. NIC exposure caused lower 5'-D1 and mGPD activities; lower TRβ1 content in liver as well as lower 5'-D1 activity in muscle; and higher 5'-D2 activity in brown adipose tissue (BAT), heart, and testis, which are in accordance with hypothyroidism. Although deiodinase activities were not changed in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid of NIC offspring, UCP1 expression was lower in BAT. Levels of both TRH and TSH were lower in offspring exposed to NIC, which presented higher basal in vitro TSH secretion, which was not increased in response to TRH. Thus, the hypothyroidism in NIC offspring at adulthood was caused, in part, by in vivo TRH-TSH suppression and lower sensitivity to TRH. Despite the hypothyroid status of peripheral tissues, these animals seem to develop an adaptive mechanism to preserve thyroxine to triiodothyronine conversion in central tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyBiology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, BrazilCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysic InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
| | - E de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyBiology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, BrazilCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysic InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
| | - A C Manhães
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyBiology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, BrazilCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysic InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
| | - A P Santos-Silva
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyBiology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, BrazilCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysic InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
| | - C R Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyBiology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, BrazilCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysic InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
| | - V Younes-Rapozo
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyBiology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, BrazilCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysic InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyBiology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, BrazilCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysic InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
| | - L C Faustino
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyBiology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, BrazilCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysic InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
| | - T M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyBiology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, BrazilCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysic InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
| | - E G Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyLaboratory of NeurophysiologyBiology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, BrazilCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysic InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
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20
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Meyer LR, Zhu V, Miller A, Roghair RD. Growth restriction, leptin, and the programming of adult behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 275:131-5. [PMID: 25196633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prematurity and neonatal growth restriction (GR) are risk factors for autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Leptin production is suppressed during periods of undernutrition, and we have shown that isolated neonatal leptin deficiency leads to adult hyperactivity while neonatal leptin supplementation normalizes the brain morphology of GR mice. We hypothesized that neonatal leptin would prevent the development of GR-associated behavioral abnormalities. From postnatal day 4-14, C57BL/6 mice were randomized to daily injections of saline or leptin (80ng/g), and GR was identified by a weanling weight below the tenth percentile. The behavioral phenotypes of GR and control mice were assessed beginning at 4 months. Within the tripartite chamber, GR mice had significantly impaired social interaction. Baseline escape times from the Barnes maze were faster for GR mice (65+/-6s vs 87+/-7s for controls, p<0.05), but GR mice exhibited regression in their escape times on days 2 and 3 (56% regressed vs 22% of control saline mice, p<0.05). Compared to controls, GR mice entered the open arms of the elevated plus maze more often and stayed there longer (72+/-10s vs 36+/-5s, p<0.01). Neonatal leptin supplementation normalized the behavior of GR mice across all behavioral assays. In conclusion, GR alters the social interactions, learning and activity of mice, and supplementation with the neurotrophic hormone leptin mitigates these effects. We speculate neonatal leptin deficiency may contribute to the adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with postnatal growth restriction, and postnatal leptin therapy may be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauritz R Meyer
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States of America.
| | - Vivian Zhu
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States of America
| | - Alise Miller
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States of America
| | - Robert D Roghair
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States of America
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Taylor PD, Samuelsson AM, Poston L. Maternal obesity and the developmental programming of hypertension: a role for leptin. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:508-23. [PMID: 24433239 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mother-child cohort studies have established that both pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain are independently associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors in young adult offspring, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Animal models in sheep and non-human primates provide further evidence for the influence of maternal obesity on offspring cardiovascular function, whilst recent studies in rodents suggest that perinatal exposure to the metabolic milieu of maternal obesity may permanently change the central regulatory pathways involved in blood pressure regulation. Leptin plays an important role in the central control of appetite, is also involved in activation of efferent sympathetic pathways to both thermogenic and non-thermogenic tissues, such as the kidney, and is therefore implicated in obesity-related hypertension. Leptin is also thought to have a neurotrophic role in the development of the hypothalamus, and altered neonatal leptin profiles secondary to maternal obesity are associated with permanently altered hypothalamic structure and function. In rodent studies, maternal obesity confers persistent sympathoexcitatory hyper-responsiveness and hypertension acquired in the early stages of development. Experimental neonatal hyperleptinaemia in naive rat pups provides further evidence of heightened sympathetic tone and proof of principle that hyperleptinaemia during a critical window of hypothalamic development may directly lead to adulthood hypertension. Insight from these animal models raises the possibility that early-life exposure to leptin in humans may lead to early onset essential hypertension. Ongoing mother-child cohort and intervention studies in obese pregnant women provide a unique opportunity to address associations between maternal obesity and offspring cardiovascular function. The goal of the review is to highlight the potential importance of leptin in the developmental programming of hypertension in obese pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. D. Taylor
- Division of Women's Health; Women's Health Academic Centre; King's College London and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - A.-M. Samuelsson
- Division of Women's Health; Women's Health Academic Centre; King's College London and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - L. Poston
- Division of Women's Health; Women's Health Academic Centre; King's College London and King's Health Partners; London UK
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Dexter BC, Rahmouni K, Cushman T, Hermann GM, Ni C, Nopoulos PC, Thedens DL, Roghair RD. Neonatal leptin deficiency reduces frontal cortex volumes and programs adult hyperactivity in mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 263:115-21. [PMID: 24472638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction and premature delivery decrease circulating levels of the neurotrophic hormone leptin and increase the risk of adult psychiatric disease. In mouse models, neonatal leptin replacement normalizes brain growth and improves the neurodevelopmental outcomes of growth restricted mice, but leptin supplementation of well-grown mice decreases adult locomotor activity. We hypothesized isolated neonatal leptin deficiency is sufficient to reduce adult brain volumes and program behavioral outcomes, including hyperactivity. C57Bl/6 pups were randomized to daily injections of saline or PEG-leptin antagonist (LX, 12.5 mg/kg) from postnatal day 4 to 14. After 4 months, fear conditioning and open field testing were performed followed by carotid radiotelemetry for the measurement of baseline activity and blood pressure. Neonatal LX did not significantly increase cue-based fear or blood pressure, but increased adult locomotor activity during assessment in both the open field (beam breaks: control 930 ± 40, LX 1099 ± 42, P<0.01) and the home cage (radiotelemetry counts: control 4.5 ± 0.3, LX 5.6 ± 0.3, P=0.02). Follow-up MRI revealed significant reductions in adult frontal cortex volumes following neonatal LX administration (control 45. 1 ± 0.4 mm(3), LX 43.8 ± 0.4 mm(3), P=0.04). This was associated with a significant increase in cerebral cortex leptin receptor mRNA expression. In conclusion, isolated neonatal leptin deficiency increases cerebral cortex leptin receptor expression and reduces frontal cortex volumes in association with increased adult locomotor activity. We speculate neonatal leptin deficiency may contribute to the adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with perinatal growth restriction, and postnatal leptin therapy may be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Dexter
- Departments of Pediatrics Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Internal Medicine Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Taylor Cushman
- Departments of Pediatrics Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Gregory M Hermann
- Departments of Pediatrics Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Charles Ni
- Departments of Pediatrics Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Peg C Nopoulos
- Psychiatry Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Daniel L Thedens
- Radiology Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Robert D Roghair
- Departments of Pediatrics Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Short- and long-term effects of maternal perinatal undernutrition are lowered by cross-fostering during lactation in the male rat. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 5:109-20. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174413000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Undernutrition exposure during the perinatal period reduces the growth kinetic of the offspring and sensitizes it to the development of chronic adult metabolic diseases both in animals and in humans. Previous studies have demonstrated that a 50% maternal food restriction performed during the last week of gestation and during lactation has both short- and long-term consequences in the male rat offspring. Pups from undernourished mothers present a decreased intrauterine (IUGR) and extrauterine growth restriction. This is associated with a drastic reduction in their leptin plasma levels during lactation, and exhibit programming of their stress neuroendocrine systems (corticotroph axis and sympatho-adrenal system) in adulthood. In this study, we report that perinatally undernourished 6-month-old adult animals demonstrated increased leptinemia (at PND200), blood pressure (at PND180), food intake (from PND28 to PND168), locomotor activity (PND187) and altered regulation of glycemia (PND193). Cross-fostering experiments indicate that these alterations were prevented in IUGR offspring nursed by control mothers during lactation. Interestingly, the nutritional status of mothers during lactation (ad libitum feeding v. undernutrition) dictates the leptin plasma levels in pups, consistent with decreased leptin concentration in the milk of mothers subjected to perinatal undernutrition. As it has been reported that postnatal leptin levels in rodent neonates may have long-term metabolic consequences, restoration of plasma leptin levels in pups during lactation may contribute to the beneficial effects of cross-fostering IUGR offspring to control mothers. Collectively, our data suggest that modification of milk components may offer new therapeutic perspectives to prevent the programming of adult diseases in offspring from perinatally undernourished mothers.
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Ross MG, Desai M. Developmental Programming of Appetite/Satiety. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 64 Suppl 1:36-44. [DOI: 10.1159/000360508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schipper L, Bouyer K, Oosting A, Simerly RB, van der Beek EM. Postnatal dietary fatty acid composition permanently affects the structure of hypothalamic pathways controlling energy balance in mice. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1395-401. [PMID: 24108786 PMCID: PMC6546223 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.069229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that dietary lipid quality during early life can have long-lasting effects on metabolic health and adiposity. Exposure to a postnatal diet with low dietary omega-6 (n-6) or high omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) content resulted in reduced body fat accumulation when challenged with a moderate Western-style diet (WSD) beginning in adolescence. OBJECTIVE We determined whether this programming effect is accompanied by changes in hypothalamic neural projections or modifications in the postnatal leptin surge, which would indicate the altered development of hypothalamic circuits that control energy balance. DESIGN Neonatal mice were subjected to a control diet (CTR) or experimental diet with altered relative n-6 and n-3 FA contents [ie, a diet with a relative reduction in n-6 fatty acid (LOW n-6) or a diet with a relative increase in n-3 fatty acid (HIGH n-3) compared with the CTR from postnatal day (PN) 2 to 42]. RESULTS Compared with CTR mice, mice fed a LOW n-6 or HIGH n-3 during postnatal life showed significant reductions in the density of both orexigenic and anorexigenic neural projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus at PN 28. These impairments persisted into adulthood and were still apparent after the WSD challenge between PNs 42 and 98. However, the neuroanatomical changes were not associated with changes in the postnatal leptin surge. CONCLUSION Although the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated, our data indicate that the quality of dietary FA during postnatal life affects the development of the central regulatory circuits that control energy balance and may do so through a leptin-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidewij Schipper
- From Nutricia Research - Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands (LS and AO); the Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (KB and RBS); and Nutricia Research - Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Singapore (EMvdB)
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Samuelsson AM, Clark J, Rudyk O, Shattock MJ, Bae SE, South T, Pombo J, Redington K, Uppal E, Coen CW, Poston L, Taylor PD. Experimental hyperleptinemia in neonatal rats leads to selective leptin responsiveness, hypertension, and altered myocardial function. Hypertension 2013; 62:627-33. [PMID: 23836797 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity among pregnant women is increasing. Evidence from human cohort studies and experimental animals suggests that offspring cardiovascular and metabolic function is compromised through early life exposure to maternal obesity. Previously, we reported that juvenile offspring of obese rats develop sympathetically mediated hypertension associated with neonatal hyperleptinemia. We have now addressed the hypothesis that neonatal exposure to raised leptin in the immediate postnatal period plays a causal role. Pups from lean Sprague-Dawley rats were treated either with leptin (3 mg/kg IP) or with saline twice daily from postnatal day 9 to 15 to mimic the exaggerated postnatal leptin surge observed in offspring of obese dams. Cardiovascular function was assessed by radiotelemetry at 30 days, and 2 and 12 months. In juvenile (30 days) leptin-treated rats, hearts were heavier and night-time (active period) systolic blood pressure was raised (mm Hg; mean ± SEM: male leptin-treated, 132 ± 1 versus saline-treated, 119 ± 1, n=6, P<0.05; female leptin-treated, 132 ± 2 versus saline-treated, 119 ± 1, n=6, P<0.01), and the pressor response to restraint stress and leptin challenge increased compared with saline-treated rats. Heart rate variability demonstrated an increased low:high frequency ratio in 30-day leptin-treated animals, indicative of heightened sympathetic efferent tone. Echocardiography showed altered left ventricular structure and systolic function in 30-day female leptin versus saline-treated rats. These disorders persisted to adulthood. In isolated hearts, contractile function was impaired at 5 months in male leptin-treated rats. Exogenously imposed hyperleptinemia in neonatal rats permanently influences blood pressure and cardiac structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Maj Samuelsson
- Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
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Adam C, Bake T, Findlay P, Milne J, Aitken R, Wallace J. Impact of birth weight and gender on early postnatal hypothalamic energy balance regulatory gene expression in the young lamb. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:608-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C.L. Adam
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of AberdeenBucksburnAberdeenAB21 9SBUK
| | - T. Bake
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of AberdeenBucksburnAberdeenAB21 9SBUK
| | - P.A. Findlay
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of AberdeenBucksburnAberdeenAB21 9SBUK
| | - J.S. Milne
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of AberdeenBucksburnAberdeenAB21 9SBUK
| | - R.P. Aitken
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of AberdeenBucksburnAberdeenAB21 9SBUK
| | - J.M. Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of AberdeenBucksburnAberdeenAB21 9SBUK
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Benoit C, Ould-Hamouda H, Crepin D, Gertler A, Amar L, Taouis M. Early leptin blockade predisposes fat-fed rats to overweight and modifies hypothalamic microRNAs. J Endocrinol 2013; 218:35-47. [PMID: 23576026 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal leptin impairment has long-term consequences on energy homeostasis leading to body weight gain. The underlying mechanisms are still not clearly established. We aimed to analyze the long-term effects of early leptin blockade. In this study, newborn rats received daily injection of a pegylated rat leptin antagonist (pRLA) or saline from day 2 (d2) to d13 and then body weight gain, insulin/leptin sensitivity, and expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs) at the hypothalamic level were determined at d28, d90, or d153 (following 1 month of high-fat diet (HFD) challenge). We show that pRLA treatment predisposes rats to overweight and promotes leptin/insulin resistance in both hypothalamus and liver at adulthood. pRLA treatment also modifies the hypothalamic miRNA expression profile at d28 leading to the upregulation of 34 miRNAs and the downregulation of four miRNAs. For quantitative RT-PCR confirmation, we show the upregulation of rno-miR-10a at d28 and rno-miR-200a, rno-miR-409-5p, and rno-miR-125a-3p following HFD challenge. Finally, pRLA treatment modifies the expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis control such as UCPs and AdipoRs. In pRLA rat muscle, Ucp2/3 and Adipor1/r2 are upregulated at d90. In liver, pRLA treatment upregulates Adipor1/r2 following HFD challenge. These genes are known to be involved in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the impairment of leptin action in early life promotes insulin/leptin resistance and modifies the hypothalamic miRNA expression pattern in adulthood, and finally, this study highlights the potential link between hypothalamic miRNA expression pattern and insulin/leptin responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Benoit
- Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, University of Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay F-91405, France
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Schroeder M, Kronfeld-Schor N, Weller A. Selective leptin insensitivity and alterations in female-reproductive patterns linked to hyperleptinemia during infancy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59937. [PMID: 23544111 PMCID: PMC3609828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dramatic increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide makes the investigation of its early developmental stages and effective prevention strategies an urgent issue. CCK1 deficient OLETF rats are a model of obesity previously used to study the early phases of this disorder. Here, we exposed wild type (LETO) females to an early obesogenic environment and genetically obese OLETF females to a lean postnatal environment, to assess long term alterations in leptin sensitivity, predisposition to diet induced obesity and adult female health. We found that genetically lean females reared by obese mothers presented early postnatal hyperleptemia, selectively reduced response to leptin and sensitivity to diet induced obesity when exposed to a high palatable diet as adults. The estrous cycle structure and intake profile were permanently disrupted, despite presenting normal adiposity/body weight/food intake. Genetically obese females reared by lean dams showed normalized early levels of leptin and reduced body weight, food intake and body fat at adulthood; normalized estrous cycle structure and food intake across the cycle, improved hormonal profile and peripheral leptin sensitivity and a remarkable progress in self-control when exposed to a high fat/palatable diet. Altogether, it appears that the early postnatal environment plays a critical role in determining later life coping with metabolic challenges and has an additive effect on the genetic predisposition that makes OLETF females morbidly obese as adults. This work also links, for the first time, alterations in the leptin system during early development to later life abnormalities related to female reproduction and health.
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Sun B, Purcell RH, Terrillion CE, Yan J, Moran TH, Tamashiro KL. Maternal high-fat diet during gestation or suckling differentially affects offspring leptin sensitivity and obesity. Diabetes 2012; 61:2833-41. [PMID: 22751689 PMCID: PMC3478561 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal high-fat (HF) diet throughout gestation and suckling has long-term consequences on the offspring's metabolic phenotype. Here we determine the relative contribution of pre- or postnatal maternal HF diet on offspring's metabolic phenotype. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on normal chow or HF diet throughout gestation and suckling. All litters were cross-fostered to chow or HF dams on postnatal day (PND)1, resulting in four groups. Body weight, body composition, and glucose tolerance were measured at weaning and in adulthood. Leptin sensitivity was assessed by signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 activation on PND10 and PND21. Pups cross-fostered to HF dams gained more body weight than chow pups by PND7 and persisted until weaning. Postnatal HF pups had greater adiposity, higher plasma leptin concentration, impaired glucose tolerance, and reduced phosphorylated STAT3 in response to leptin in the arcuate nucleus at weaning. After weaning, male offspring cross-fostered to HF dams were hyperphagic and maintained greater body weight than postnatal chow pups. Postnatal HF diet during suckling continued to impair glucose tolerance in male and female offspring in adulthood. Maternal HF diet during suckling has a greater influence in determining offspring's metabolic phenotype than prenatal HF diet exposure and could provide insight regarding optimal perinatal nutrition for mothers and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ryan H. Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chantelle E. Terrillion
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding authors: Kellie L.K. Tamashiro, , and Jianqun Yan,
| | - Timothy H. Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kellie L.K. Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Corresponding authors: Kellie L.K. Tamashiro, , and Jianqun Yan,
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Abstract
Considerable epidemiological, experimental and clinical data have amassed showing that the risk of developing disease in later life is dependent upon early life conditions. In particular, altered maternal nutrition, including undernutrition and overnutrition, can lead to metabolic disorders in offspring characterised by obesity and leptin resistance. The adipokine leptin has received significant interest as a potential programming factor; alterations in the profile of leptin in early life are associated with altered susceptibility to obesity and metabolic disorders in adulthood. Maintenance of a critical leptin level during early development facilitates the normal maturation of tissues and signalling pathways involved in metabolic homeostasis. A period of relative hypo- or hyperleptinemia during this window of development will induce some of the metabolic adaptations which underlie developmental programming. However, it remains unclear whether leptin alone is a critical factor for the programming of obesity. At least in animal experimental studies, developmental programming is potentially reversible by manipulating the concentration of circulating leptin during a critical window of developmental plasticity and offers an exciting new approach for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and The National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New
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Franco JG, Fernandes TP, Rocha CPD, Calviño C, Pazos-Moura CC, Lisboa PC, Moura EG, Trevenzoli IH. Maternal high-fat diet induces obesity and adrenal and thyroid dysfunction in male rat offspring at weaning. J Physiol 2012; 590:5503-18. [PMID: 22869015 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.240655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutritional status affects the future development of offspring. Both undernutrition and overnutrition in critical periods of life (gestation or lactation) may cause several hormonal changes in the pups and programme obesity in the adult offspring. We have shown that hyperleptinaemia during lactation results in central leptin resistance, higher adrenal catecholamine secretion, hyperthyroidism, and higher blood pressure and heart rate in the adult rats. Here, we evaluated the effect of a maternal isocaloric high-fat diet on breast milk composition and its impact on leptinaemia, energy metabolism, and adrenal and thyroid function of the offspring at weaning. We hypothesised that the altered source of fat in the maternal diet even under normal calorie intake would disturb the metabolism of the offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed a normal (9% fat; C group) or high-fat diet (29% fat as lard; HF group) for 8 weeks before mating and during pregnancy and lactation. HF mothers presented increased total body fat content after 8 weeks (+27%, P < 0.05) and a similar fat content at the end of lactation. In consequence, the breast milk from the HF group had higher concentration of protein (+18%, P < 0.05), cholesterol (+52%, P < 0.05) and triglycerides (+86%, P < 0.05). At weaning, HF offspring had increased body weight (+53%, P < 0.05) and adiposity (2 fold, P < 0.05), which was associated with lower β3-adrenoreceptor content in adipose tissue (-40%, P < 0.05). The offspring also presented hyperglycaemia (+30%, P < 0.05) and hyperleptinaemia (+62%, P < 0.05). In the leptin signalling pathway in the hypothalamus, we found lower p-STAT3/STAT3 (-40%, P < 0.05) and SOCS3 (-55%, P < 0.05) content in the arcuate nucleus, suggesting leptin resistance. HF offspring also had higher adrenal catecholamine content (+17%, P < 0.05), liver glycogen content (+50%, P < 0.05) and hyperactivity of the thyroid axis at weaning. Our results suggest that a high fat diet increases maternal body fat and this additional energy is transferred to the offspring during lactation, since at weaning the dams had normal fat and the pups were obese. The higher fat and protein concentrations in the breast milk seemed to induce early overnutrition in the HF offspring. In addition to storing energy as fat, the HF offspring had a larger reserve of glycogen and hyperglycaemia that may have resulted from increased gluconeogenesis. Hyperleptinaemia may stimulate both adrenal medullary and thyroid function, which may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. These early changes induced by the maternal high-fat diet may contribute to development of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Franco
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vickers MH, Sloboda DM. Strategies for reversing the effects of metabolic disorders induced as a consequence of developmental programming. Front Physiol 2012; 3:242. [PMID: 22783205 PMCID: PMC3387724 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome have reached epidemic proportions worldwide with far-reaching health care and economic implications. The rapid increase in the prevalence of these disorders suggests that environmental and behavioral influences, rather than genetic causes, are fueling the epidemic. The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis has highlighted the link between the periconceptual, fetal, and early infant phases of life and the subsequent development of metabolic disorders in later life. In particular, the impact of poor maternal nutrition on susceptibility to later life metabolic disease in offspring is now well documented. Several studies have now shown, at least in experimental animal models, that some components of the metabolic syndrome, induced as a consequence of developmental programming, are potentially reversible by nutritional or targeted therapeutic interventions during windows of developmental plasticity. This review will focus on critical windows of development and possible therapeutic avenues that may reduce metabolic and obesogenic risk following an adverse early life environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vickers
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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Flaxseed bioactive compounds change milk, hormonal and biochemical parameters of dams and offspring during lactation. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2388-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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The Effect of Neonatal Leptin Antagonism in Male Rat Offspring Is Dependent upon the Interaction between Prior Maternal Nutritional Status and Post-Weaning Diet. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:296935. [PMID: 22548153 PMCID: PMC3323853 DOI: 10.1155/2012/296935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies report associations between overweight mothers and increased obesity risk in offspring. It is unclear whether neonatal leptin regulation mediates this association between overweight mothers and offspring obesity. We investigated the effect of neonatal treatment with a leptin antagonist (LA) on growth and metabolism in offspring of mothers fed either a control or a high fat diet. Wistar rats were fed either a control (CON) or a high fat diet (MHF) during pregnancy and lactation. Male CON and MHF neonates received either saline (S) or a rat-specific pegylated LA on days 3, 5, and 7. Offspring were weaned onto either a control or a high fat (hf) diet. At day 100, body composition, blood glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate and plasma leptin and insulin were determined. In CON and MHF offspring, LA increased neonatal bodyweights compared to saline-treated offspring and was more pronounced in MHF offspring. In the post-weaning period, neonatal LA treatment decreased hf diet-induced weight gain but only in CON offspring. LA treatment induced changes in body length, fat mass, body temperature, and bone composition. Neonatal LA treatment can therefore exert effects on growth and metabolism in adulthood but is dependent upon interactions between maternal and post-weaning nutrition.
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Figueiredo MS, da Fonseca Passos MC, Trevenzoli IH, Troina AA, Carlos AS, Alves Nascimento-Saba CC, Fraga MC, Manhães AC, de Oliveira E, Lisboa PC, de Moura EG. Adipocyte morphology and leptin signaling in rat offspring from mothers supplemented with flaxseed during lactation. Nutrition 2012; 28:307-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Granado M, Fuente-Martín E, García-Cáceres C, Argente J, Chowen JA. Leptin in early life: a key factor for the development of the adult metabolic profile. Obes Facts 2012; 5:138-50. [PMID: 22433625 DOI: 10.1159/000336967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin levels during the perinatal period are important for the development of metabolic systems involved in energy homeostasis. In rodents, there is a postnatal leptin surge, with circulating leptin levels increasing around postnatal day (PND) 5 and peaking between PND 9 and PND 10. At this time circulating leptin acts as an important trophic factor for the development of hypothalamic circuits that control energy homeostasis and food seeking and reward behaviors. Blunting the postnatal leptin surge results in long-term leptin insensitivity and increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity during adulthood. Pharmacologically increased leptin levels in the postnatal period also have long-term effects on metabolism. Nevertheless, this effect is controversial as postnatal hyperleptinemia is reported to both increase and decrease the predisposition to obesity in adulthood. The different effects reported in the literature could be explained by the different moments at which this hormone was administered, suggesting that modifications of the neonatal leptin surge at specific time points could selectively affect the development of central and peripheral systems that are undergoing modifications at this moment resulting in different metabolic and behavioral outcomes. In addition, maternal nutrition and the hormonal environment during pregnancy and lactation may also modulate the offspring's response to postnatal modifications in leptin levels. This review highlights the importance of leptin levels during the perinatal period in the development of metabolic systems that control energy homeostasis and how modifications of these levels may induce long-lasting and potentially irreversible effects on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Granado
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Granado M, García-Cáceres C, Fuente-Martín E, Díaz F, Mela V, Viveros MP, Argente J, Chowen JA. Effects of acute changes in neonatal leptin levels on food intake and long-term metabolic profiles in rats. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4116-26. [PMID: 21933868 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In rodents there is a rise in serum leptin levels between postnatal days (PND) 5 and 14, with this neonatal leptin surge reported to modulate the maturation of hypothalamic circuits involved in appetite regulation. We hypothesized that acute changes in neonatal leptin levels have different long-term metabolic effects depending on how and when this surge is modified. To advance the timing of the normal leptin peak, male Wistar rats were injected with leptin (sc, 3 μg/g) on PND 2. To ablate the leptin peak on PND 10, a pegylated leptin antagonist (sc, 9 μg/g) was injected. Controls received vehicle. All rats were allowed to eat ad libitum until PND 150. Increased leptin on PND 2 reduced food intake (P<0.01) after 3 months of age with no effect on body weight. Levels of total ghrelin were reduced (P<0.001) and acylated ghrelin increased (P<0.05), with no other modifications in metabolic hormones. In contrast, treatment with the leptin antagonist on PND 9 did not affect food intake but reduced body weight beginning around PND 60 (P<0.02). This was associated with a reduction in fat mass, insulin (P<0.01), and leptin (P<0.007) levels and an increase in testosterone levels (P<0.01). Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (P<0.05) and leptin receptor (P<0.005) mRNA levels were reduced, whereas mRNA levels for uncoupling protein 2 (P<0.005) were increased in visceral fat, which may indicate an increase in energy expenditure. In conclusion, acute changes in neonatal leptin levels induce different metabolic profiles depending on how and when leptin levels are modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Granado
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, and Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 65, 28009 Madrid, Spain
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Nobre JL, Lisboa PC, Santos-Silva AP, Lima NS, Manhães AC, Nogueira-Neto JF, Cabanelas A, Pazos-Moura CC, Moura EG, de Oliveira E. Calcium supplementation reverts central adiposity, leptin, and insulin resistance in adult offspring programed by neonatal nicotine exposure. J Endocrinol 2011; 210:349-59. [PMID: 21680618 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic. Calcium influences energy metabolism regulation, causing body weight loss. Because maternal nicotine exposure during lactation programs for obesity, hyperleptinemia, insulin resistance (IR), and hypothyroidism, we decided to evaluate the possible effect of dietary calcium supplementation on these endocrine dysfunctions in this experimental model. Osmotic minipumps containing nicotine solution (N: 6 mg/kg per day for 14 days) or saline (C) were s.c. implanted in lactating rats 2 days after giving birth (P2). At P120, N and C offspring were subdivided into four groups: 1) C - standard diet; 2) C with calcium supplementation (CCa, 10 g calcium carbonate/kg rat chow); 3) N - standard diet; and 4) N with calcium supplementation (NCa). Rats were killed at P180. As expected, N offspring showed higher visceral and total body fat, hyperleptinemia, lower hypothalamus leptin receptor (OB-R) content, hyperinsulinemia, and higher IR index. Also, higher tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression (+51%), catecholamine content (+37%), and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (+76%) were observed in N offspring. Dietary calcium supplementation reversed adiposity, hyperleptinemia, OB-R underexpression, IR, TH overexpression, and vitamin D. However, this supplementation did not reverse hypothyroidism. In NCa offspring, Sirt1 mRNA was lower in visceral fat (-37%) and higher in liver (+42%). In conclusion, dietary calcium supplementation seems to revert most of the metabolic syndrome parameters observed in adult offspring programed by maternal nicotine exposure during lactation. It is conceivable that the reduction in fat mass per se, induced by calcium therapy, is the main mechanism that leads to the increment of insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Nobre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Costa RRS, Villela NR, Souza MDGC, Boa BCS, Cyrino FZGA, Silva SV, Lisboa PC, Moura EG, Barja-Fidalgo TC, Bouskela E. High fat diet induces central obesity, insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in hamsters. Microvasc Res 2011; 82:416-22. [PMID: 21889944 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular dysfunction is an early finding in obesity possibly related to co-morbidities like diabetes and hypertension. Therefore we have investigated changes on microvascular function, body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT and ITT) on male hamsters fed either with high fat (HFD, n=20) or standard (Control, n=21) diet during 16 weeks. Total body fat and protein content were determined by carcass analysis, aorta eNOS and iNOS expression by immunoblotting assay and mean blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) by an arterial catheter. Microvascular reactivity in response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, functional capillary density (FCD), capillary recruitment induced by a hyperinsulinemic status and macromolecular permeability after 30 min ischemia was assessed on either cheek pouch or cremaster muscle preparations. Compared to Control, HFD animals have shown increased visceral fat (6.0 ± 0.8 vs. 13.8 ± 0.6g/100g BW), impaired endothelial dependent vasodilatation, decreased FCD (11.3 ± 1.3 vs. 6.8 ± 1.2/field) and capillary recruitment during hyperinsulinemia and increased macromolecular permeability after ischemia/reperfusion (86.4 ± 5.2 vs.105.2 ± 5.1 leaks/cm(2)), iNOS expression and insulin resistance. MAP, HR, endothelial independent vasodilatation and eNOS expression were not different between groups. Our results have shown that HFD elicits an increase on visceral fat deposition, microvascular dysfunction and insulin resistance in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute R S Costa
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Dutra SCP, de Moura EG, Lisboa PC, Trevenzoli IH, Passos MCF. Leptin-programmed rats respond to cold exposure changing hypothalamic leptin receptor and thyroid function differently from cold-exposed controls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 171:58-64. [PMID: 21803077 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We showed that neonatal leptin treatment programmes for hyperleptinemia and central leptin resistance both at 30days-old and adulthood, while programmes for lower serum T3 at 30days-old, but higher thyroid hormones (TH) at adulthood. As in these animals, acute cold at 30days-old normalized leptinemia and restored the expression of hypothalamic leptin receptor (OBR), here we evaluate the effect of cold exposure on the thyroid function and OBR in adult rats programmed by neonatal hyperleptinemia. Pups were divided into 2 groups: Lep-injected with leptin (8μg/100g/BW, sc) for the first 10days of lactation, and C-injected with saline. At 150days, both groups were subdivided into: LepC and CC, which were exposed to 8°C for 12h. Serum leptin, TH, TSH, liver type I and brown adipose tissue (BAT) type II deiodinases (D1 and D2) activities, liver mitochondrial alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD) activity and adrenal catecholamine content were measured. Hypothalamic and thyroid OBR protein contents were evaluated. Differences were significant when p<0.05. Lep group had hyperleptinemia (+19%), higher T4 (+20%) and T3 (+30%) with lower TSH (-55%), higher liver D1 (1.4 fold-increase), lower BAT D2 (-44%) and liver mGPD activities (-55%), higher adrenal catecholamines (+44%), lower hypothalamic OBR (-51%) and normal thyroid OBR. Cold exposure normalized leptinemia, D1, mGPD, catecholamine and hypothalamic OBR. However, cold exposure further increased TH and decreased D2. Thus, cold exposure normalizes most of the changes programmed by neonatal hyperleptinemia, at the expense of worsening the hyperthyroidism and BAT thermogenesis.
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Itoh H, Yura S, Sagawa N, Kanayama N, Konihi I. Neonatal exposure to leptin reduces glucose tolerance in adult mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 202:159-64. [PMID: 21352506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of leptin treatment in mouse neonates on glucose metabolism in adulthood. METHODS Leptin was administered subcutaneously to normally nourished neonates, from 5.5 to 10.5 days of age, to mimic the premature surge observed in neonates undernourished in utero. At 15-16 weeks of age, we measured blood glucose or insulin levels after the intraperitoneal administration of glucose or insulin. RESULTS After the intraperitoneal administration of glucose, the levels of blood glucose, but not insulin, in adult mice that received the neonatal leptin treatment were significantly higher than that of those which received vehicle control. After the intraperitoneal administration of insulin, the levels of blood glucose in adult mice that underwent neonatal leptin treatment were significantly higher than that of those which received vehicle control. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the premature leptin surge plays an essential role, as a programming signal during the early neonatal period, as well as in the developmental origins of impaired insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Itoh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Zhang XY, Zhang Q, Wang DH. Litter size variation in hypothalamic gene expression determines adult metabolic phenotype in Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). PLoS One 2011; 6:e19913. [PMID: 21637839 PMCID: PMC3102676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early postnatal environments may have long-term and potentially irreversible consequences on hypothalamic neurons involved in energy homeostasis. Litter size is an important life history trait and negatively correlated with milk intake in small mammals, and thus has been regarded as a naturally varying feature of the early developmental environment. Here we investigated the long-term effects of litter size on metabolic phenotype and hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA expression involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, using the offspring reared from large (10–12) and small (3–4) litter sizes, of Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii), a rodent species from Inner Mongolia grassland in China. Methodology/Principal Findings Hypothalamic leptin signaling and neuropeptides were measured by Real-Time PCR. We showed that offspring reared from small litters were heavier at weaning and also in adulthood than offspring from large litters, accompanied by increased food intake during development. There were no significant differences in serum leptin levels or leptin receptor (OB-Rb) mRNA in the hypothalamus at weaning or in adulthood, however, hypothalamic suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) mRNA in adulthood increased in small litters compared to that in large litters. As a result, the agouti-related peptide (AgRP) mRNA increased in the offspring from small litters. Conclusions/Significance These findings support our hypothesis that natural litter size has a permanent effect on offspring metabolic phenotype and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression, and suggest central leptin resistance and the resultant increase in AgRP expression may be a fundamental mechanism underlying hyperphagia and the increased risk of overweight in pups of small litters. Thus, we conclude that litter size may be an important and central determinant of metabolic fitness in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Erkonen GE, Hermann GM, Miller RL, Thedens DL, Nopoulos PC, Wemmie JA, Roghair RD. Neonatal leptin administration alters regional brain volumes and blocks neonatal growth restriction-induced behavioral and cardiovascular dysfunction in male mice. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:406-12. [PMID: 21258265 PMCID: PMC3095021 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3182110c7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Premature delivery is often complicated by neonatal growth restriction (GR) and neurodevelopmental impairment. Because global overnutrition increases the risk of adult metabolic syndrome, we sought a targeted intervention. Premature delivery and perinatal GR decrease circulating levels of the neurotrophic hormone leptin. We hypothesized that leptin supplementation would normalize the outcomes of mice with incipient neonatal GR. Pups were fostered into litters of 6 or 12 to elicit divergent growth patterns. Pups in each litter received injections of saline or leptin from d 4 to 14. At 4 mo, mice underwent tail cuff blood pressure measurement, behavioral testing, and MRI. Mice fostered in litters of 12 had decreased weanling weights and leptin levels. Neonatal leptin administration normalized plasma leptin levels without influencing neonatal growth. Leptin replacement also normalized the hypertension, stress-linked immobility, conditioned fear, and amygdala enlargement seen in neonatal growth restricted male mice. In control males, neonatal leptin administration led to hypothalamic enlargement, without overt neurocardiovascular alterations. Female mice were less susceptible to the effects of neonatal GR or leptin supplementation. In conclusion, the effects of neonatal leptin administration are modulated by concurrent growth and gender. In growth restricted male mice, physiologic leptin replacement improves adult neurocardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen E Erkonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Remmers F, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Developmental programming of energy balance and its hypothalamic regulation. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:272-311. [PMID: 21051592 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Developmental programming is an important physiological process that allows different phenotypes to originate from a single genotype. Through plasticity in early life, the developing organism can adopt a phenotype (within the limits of its genetic background) that is best suited to its expected environment. In humans, together with the relative irreversibility of the phenomenon, the low predictive value of the fetal environment for later conditions in affluent countries makes it a potential contributor to the obesity epidemic of recent decades. Here, we review the current evidence for developmental programming of energy balance. For a proper understanding of the subject, knowledge about energy balance is indispensable. Therefore, we first present an overview of the major hypothalamic routes through which energy balance is regulated and their ontogeny. With this background, we then turn to the available evidence for programming of energy balance by the early nutritional environment, in both man and rodent models. A wealth of studies suggest that energy balance can indeed be permanently affected by the early-life environment. However, the direction of the effects of programming appears to vary considerably, both between and within different animal models. Because of these inconsistencies, a comprehensive picture is still elusive. More standardization between studies seems essential to reach veritable conclusions about the role of developmental programming in adult energy balance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor Remmers
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
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Liu XY, Wang DH. Effects of leptin supplementation to lactating Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) on the developmental responses of their offspring to a high-fat diet. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 181:829-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Early weaning causes undernutrition for a short period and programmes some metabolic syndrome components and leptin resistance in adult rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1405-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition during lactation programmes for overweight and central leptin resistance in adulthood. The inhibition of lactation by maternal treatment with bromocriptine (a prolactin inhibitor) programmes for obesity, hyperleptinaemia and leptin resistance. Here, we evaluated the short- and long-term effects of early weaning (EW) on body-weight regulation, leptin signalling, and hormone and lipid profiles in rats offspring. Lactating rats were separated into two groups: EW – dams were wrapped with a bandage to interrupt the lactation in the last 3 d of lactation; control – dams whose pups had free access to milk during all lactation (21 d). Data were significant at P < 0·05. At weaning, EW pups presented lower body weight ( − 10 %), length ( − 4 %), visceral fat ( − 40 %), total fat ( − 30 %), serum leptin ( − 73 %), glycaemia ( − 10 %), serum insulin ( − 20 %) and insulin resistance index (IRI; − 30 %), but higher total body protein content (+40 %). At 180 d, EW offspring showed hyperphagia, higher length (+3 %), body weight (+8 %), visceral and total fat (+36 and 84 %), serum TAG (+96 %), glycaemia (+15 %), leptinaemia (+185 %) and IRI (+29 %); however, they showed lower total protein content ( − 23 %), leptin:body fat ratio (41 %), prolactinaemia ( − 38 %) and adiponectinaemia ( − 59 %). Despite unchanged leptin receptor (OB-R) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), they displayed lower hypothalamic janus tyrosine kinase 2, phosphorylated STAT3 and a higher suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 levels, suggesting a central leptin resistance. Adult rats that were early weaned displayed higher adiposity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, which are related to metabolic syndrome development. Our model reinforces the idea that neonatal malnutrition caused by shortening of the lactation period is important for metabolic programming of future diseases.
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Long NM, Ford SP, Nathanielsz PW. Maternal obesity eliminates the neonatal lamb plasma leptin peak. J Physiol 2011; 589:1455-62. [PMID: 21262878 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A neonatal peak in rodent plasma leptin plays a central role in regulating development of the hypothalamic appetite control centres. Maternal obesity lengthens and amplifies the peak in altricial rodent species. The precise timing and characteristics of the neonatal leptin peak have not been established in offspring of either normal or obese mothers in any precocial species. We induced obesity by feeding female sheep for 60 days before conception, and throughout pregnancy and parturition with 150% of the diet consumed by control ewes fed to National Research Council recommendations.We have reported that mature offspring of obese sheep fed similarly exhibited increased appetite, weight gain and obesity in response to ad libitum feeding at 19 months of age. We observed a leptin peak in lambs of control ewes between days 6 and 9 of postnatal life, earlier than reported in rodents. This peak was not present in lambs born to obese ewes. The leptin peak in lambs born to control ewes was not clearly related to any changes in plasma cortisol, insulin, triiodothyronine, IGF-1 or glucose. However, there was a significant increase in cortisol at birth in lambs born to obese ewes related to an increase in leptin in the first day of life. We conclude that the increased cortisol seen in lambs of obese sheep plays a role in disrupting the normal peak of leptin in lambs born to obese ewes thereby predisposing them to increased appetite and weight gain in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Long
- Center for Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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Patterson CM, Bouret SG, Park S, Irani BG, Dunn-Meynell AA, Levin BE. Large litter rearing enhances leptin sensitivity and protects selectively bred diet-induced obese rats from becoming obese. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4270-9. [PMID: 20668022 PMCID: PMC2940492 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Because rearing rats in large litters (LLs) protects them from becoming obese, we postulated that LL rearing would protect rats selectively bred to develop diet-induced obesity (DIO) from becoming obese by overcoming their inborn central leptin resistance. Male and female DIO rats were raised in normal litters (NLs; 10 pups/dam) or LLs (16 pups/dam) and assessed for anatomical, biochemical, and functional aspects of leptin sensitivity at various ages when fed low-fat chow or a 31% fat high-energy (HE) diet. LL rearing reduced plasma leptin levels by postnatal day 2 (P2) and body weight gain by P8. At P16, LL DIO neonates had increased arcuate nucleus (ARC) binding of leptin to its extracellular receptors and at P28 an associated increase of their agouti-related peptide and alpha-MSH axonal projections to the paraventricular nucleus. Reduced body weight persisted and was associated with increased ARC leptin receptor binding and sensitivity to the anorectic effects of leptin, reduced adiposity, and enhanced insulin sensitivity in LL DIO rats fed chow until 10 wk of age. The enhanced ARC leptin receptor binding and reduced adiposity of LL DIO rats persisted after an additional 5 wk on the HE diet. Female LL DIO rats had similar reductions in weight gain on both chow and HE diet vs. normal litter DIO rats. We postulate that LL rearing enhances DIO leptin sensitivity by lowering plasma leptin levels and thereby increasing leptin receptor availability and that this both enhances the ARC-paraventricular nucleus pathway development and protects them from becoming obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa M Patterson
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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