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Zou S, Pan BX. Post-synaptic specialization of the neuromuscular junction: junctional folds formation, function, and disorders. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:93. [PMID: 35718785 PMCID: PMC9208267 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-synaptic specialization is critical to the neurotransmitter release and action potential conduction. The neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are the synapses between the motor neurons and muscle cells and have a more specialized post-synaptic membrane than synapses in the central nervous system (CNS). The sarcolemma within NMJ folded to form some invagination portions called junctional folds (JFs), and they have important roles in maintaining the post-synaptic membrane structure. The NMJ formation and the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering signal pathway have been extensively studied and reviewed. Although it has been suggested that JFs are related to maintaining the safety factor of neurotransmitter release, the formation mechanism and function of JFs are still unclear. This review will focus on the JFs about evolution, formation, function, and disorders. Anticipate understanding of where they are coming from and where we will study in the future.
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Issigonis M, Newmark PA. From worm to germ: Germ cell development and regeneration in planarians. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 135:127-153. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pellettieri J. Regenerative tissue remodeling in planarians - The mysteries of morphallaxis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:13-21. [PMID: 29631028 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biologists have long marveled at the ability of planarian flatworms to regenerate any parts of their bodies in just a little over a week. While great progress has been made in deciphering the mechanisms by which new tissue is formed at sites of amputation, we know relatively little about the complementary remodeling response that occurs in uninjured tissues to restore anatomical scale and proportion. This review explores the mysterious biology of this process, first described in hydra by the father of experimental zoology, Abraham Trembley, and later termed 'morphallaxis' by the father of experimental genetics, Thomas Hunt Morgan. The perceptive work of these early pioneers, together with recent studies using modern tools, has revealed some of the key features of regenerative tissue remodeling, including repatterning of the body axes, reproportioning of organs like the brain and gut, and a major increase in the rate of cell death. Yet a mechanistic solution to this longstanding problem in the field will require further study by the next generation of planarian researchers.
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Petralia RS, Wang YX, Mattson MP, Yao PJ. Invaginating Presynaptic Terminals in Neuromuscular Junctions, Photoreceptor Terminals, and Other Synapses of Animals. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:193-240. [PMID: 28612182 PMCID: PMC6518423 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Typically, presynaptic terminals form a synapse directly on the surface of postsynaptic processes such as dendrite shafts and spines. However, some presynaptic terminals invaginate-entirely or partially-into postsynaptic processes. We survey these invaginating presynaptic terminals in all animals and describe several examples from the central nervous system, including giant fiber systems in invertebrates, and cup-shaped spines, electroreceptor synapses, and some specialized auditory and vestibular nerve terminals in vertebrates. We then examine mechanoreceptors and photoreceptors, concentrating on the complex of pre- and postsynaptic processes found in basal invaginations of the cell. We discuss in detail the role of vertebrate invaginating horizontal cell processes in both chemical and electrical feedback mechanisms. We also discuss the common presence of indenting or invaginating terminals in neuromuscular junctions on muscles of most kinds of animals, and especially discuss those of Drosophila and vertebrates. Finally, we consider broad questions about the advantages of possessing invaginating presynaptic terminals and describe some effects of aging and disease, especially on neuromuscular junctions. We suggest that the invagination is a mechanism that can enhance both chemical and electrical interactions at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, 35A Center Drive, Room 1E614, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3729, USA.
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, 35A Center Drive, Room 1E614, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3729, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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Adler CE, Sánchez Alvarado A. PHRED-1 is a divergent neurexin-1 homolog that organizes muscle fibers and patterns organs during regeneration. Dev Biol 2017; 427:165-175. [PMID: 28461239 PMCID: PMC5497596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of body parts requires the replacement of multiple cell types. To dissect this complex process, we utilized planarian flatworms that are capable of regenerating any tissue after amputation. An RNAi screen for genes involved in regeneration of the pharynx identified a novel gene, Pharynx regeneration defective-1 (PHRED-1) as essential for normal pharynx regeneration. PHRED-1 is a predicted transmembrane protein containing EGF, Laminin G, and WD40 domains, is expressed in muscle, and has predicted homologs restricted to other lophotrochozoan species. Knockdown of PHRED-1 causes abnormal regeneration of muscle fibers in both the pharynx and body wall muscle. In addition to defects in muscle regeneration, knockdown of PHRED-1 or the bHLH transcription factor MyoD also causes defects in muscle and intestinal regeneration. Together, our data demonstrate that muscle plays a key role in restoring the structural integrity of closely associated organs, and in planarians it may form a scaffold that facilitates normal intestinal branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Adler
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, VMC C3-167, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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Kreshchenko ND. Some details on the morphological structure of planarian musculature identified by fluorescent and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350917020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Cebrià F. Planarian Body-Wall Muscle: Regeneration and Function beyond a Simple Skeletal Support. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:8. [PMID: 26904543 PMCID: PMC4744845 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The body-wall musculature of adult planarians consists of intricately organized muscle fibers, which after amputation are regenerated rapidly and with great precision through the proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. These traits make the planarian body-wall musculature a potentially useful model for the study of cell proliferation, differentiation, and pattern formation. Planarian body-wall muscle shows some ambiguous features common to both skeletal and smooth muscle cells. However, its skeletal nature is implied by the expression of skeletal myosin heavy-chain genes and the myogenic transcription factor myoD. Where and when planarian stem cells become committed to the myogenic lineage during regeneration, how the new muscle cells are integrated into the pre-existing muscle net, and the identity of the molecular pathway controlling the myogenic gene program are key aspects of planarian muscle regeneration that need to be addressed. Expression of the conserved transcription factor myoD has been recently demonstrated in putative myogenic progenitors. Moreover, recent studies suggest that differentiated muscle cells may provide positional information to planarian stem cells during regeneration. Here, I review the limited available knowledge on planarian muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Cebrià
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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8
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Roberts-Galbraith RH, Newmark PA. On the organ trail: insights into organ regeneration in the planarian. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:37-46. [PMID: 25703843 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell biology have led to the derivation of diverse cell types, yet challenges remain in creating complex tissues and functional organs. Unlike humans, some animals regenerate all missing tissues and organs successfully after dramatic injuries. Studies of organisms with exceptional regenerative capacity, like planarians, could complement in vitro studies and reveal mechanistic themes underlying regeneration on the scale of whole organs and tissues. In this review, we outline progress in understanding planarian organ regeneration, with focus on recent studies of the nervous, digestive, and excretory systems. We further examine molecular mechanisms underlying establishment of diverse cell fates from the planarian stem cell pool. Finally, we explore conceptual directions for future studies of organ regeneration in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Roberts-Galbraith
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Phillip A Newmark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Adler CE, Seidel CW, McKinney SA, Sánchez Alvarado A. Selective amputation of the pharynx identifies a FoxA-dependent regeneration program in planaria. eLife 2014; 3:e02238. [PMID: 24737865 PMCID: PMC3985184 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Planarian flatworms regenerate every organ after amputation. Adult pluripotent stem cells drive this ability, but how injury activates and directs stem cells into the appropriate lineages is unclear. Here we describe a single-organ regeneration assay in which ejection of the planarian pharynx is selectively induced by brief exposure of animals to sodium azide. To identify genes required for pharynx regeneration, we performed an RNAi screen of 356 genes upregulated after amputation, using successful feeding as a proxy for regeneration. We found that knockdown of 20 genes caused a wide range of regeneration phenotypes and that RNAi of the forkhead transcription factor FoxA, which is expressed in a subpopulation of stem cells, specifically inhibited regrowth of the pharynx. Selective amputation of the pharynx therefore permits the identification of genes required for organ-specific regeneration and suggests an ancient function for FoxA-dependent transcriptional programs in driving regeneration. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02238.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Adler
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Chris W Seidel
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Sean A McKinney
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
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The functional organization and fine structure of the tail musculature of the cercariae of Cryptocotyle lingua and Himasthla secunda. Parasitology 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000046047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The functional organization of the tail musculature of two species of cercariae has been studied by examination of serial sections in the light and transmission electron microscopes. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the tail has been established. The fine structure of the muscle cells has been investigated and the complexity of organization is related to the requirement for a fast contracting system in the cercarial tail.
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Kumar D, McGeown JG, Reynoso-Ducoing O, Ambrosio JR, Fairweather I. Observations on the musculature and isolated muscle fibres of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 2004; 127:457-73. [PMID: 14653535 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182003003925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica relies on a well-developed muscular system, not only for attachment, but for many aspects of its biology. Despite this, little is known about the system beyond the gross organization of the main somatic muscle layers. In the present study, a range of techniques have been applied to F. hepatica in order to understand more about various aspects of muscle organization, biochemistry (in terms of muscle proteins) and identity of isolated muscle fibres. Scanning electron microscopy has provided a direct visualization in situ of the somatic muscle layers and the organization of the muscle fibres within the ventral sucker. The muscle bundles contributing to the main somatic muscle layers are made up of up to 10 individual muscle fibres. Phalloidin staining for actin, in conjunction with confocal microscopy, confirmed the presence of 2 main somatic muscle layers (outer circular, inner longitudinal), beneath which lies a third layer of oblique muscle fibres. The use of propidium iodide in combination with phalloidin staining for actin demonstrated that the cell bodies associated with the 2 main somatic muscle layers are situated beneath the longitudinal muscle layer and are connected to their respective muscle fibres by short cytoplasmic processes. Myosin immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the somatic muscle layers and in the muscle layers surrounding various organ systems within the fluke. Double labelling for actin and myosin confirmed the co-localization of the 2 muscle proteins in the muscle fibres of the ventral sucker. Muscle fibres from the somatic muscle layers and the ventral sucker have been isolated and images obtained with phase-contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The muscle fibres contain actin and myosin, but lack a nucleus, the connection with the cell body having been broken during the isolation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kumar
- Parasite Proteomics and Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biology, and Biochemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
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Orii H, Ito H, Watanabe K. Anatomy of the planarian Dugesia japonica I. The muscular system revealed by antisera against myosin heavy chains. Zoolog Sci 2002; 19:1123-31. [PMID: 12426474 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.19.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The planarian Dugesia japonica has two genes encoding myosin heavy chain, DjMHC-A and B (Kobayashi et al., 1998). We produced antibodies specifically recognizing each myosin heavy chain protein using their carboxyl terminal regions expressed in E. coli as antigens. Immunohistochemical analyses of sections and whole-mount specimens revealed the detailed structure and distribution of each type of muscle fiber in the planarian. In general, the MHC-A muscle fibers were distributed beneath the epithelial layers, namely, they were observable in the pharynx, the mouth, the intestine, the eyes and the body wall. In the pharynx, only MHC-A muscle fibers were present. In contrast, the MHC-B muscle fibers were distributed in the mesenchyme as dorso-ventral and transverse muscles, and in the body wall. The body-wall muscles were composed of an outer layer of circular MHC-A muscles and inner longitudinal and intermediate diagonal MHC-B muscle layers. Thus, two types of muscle fibers were distinguished by their distribution in the planarian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Orii
- Laboratory of Regeneration Biology, Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Garden City, Akou-gun, Hyogo, Japan.
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Abstract
To understand the cellular events during planarian regeneration, we analyzed the process of pharynx regeneration in both head and tail pieces using cell-type-specific markers. Interestingly, cells expressing the pharynx-muscle-specific myosin heavy chain gene (DjMHC-A) appeared within 24 h after amputation (prior to the formation of a pharynx rudiment) in the mesenchymal space of the stump, not in the blastema region. These DjMHC-A-positive cells migrated to the midline and formed the pharynx rudiment. Even after formation of the pharynx rudiment, DjMHC-A-positive cells constantly appeared in the mesenchymal space in the region surrounding the pharynx rudiment and participated in the growth of the pharynx rudiment. These observations clearly indicated that the cells involved in pharynx-muscle formation are committed in the mesenchymal space of the stump, rather than in the blastema region or the pharynx rudiment during planarian regeneration. We also analyzed the process of regeneration of the pharynx epithelia using a monoclonal antibody and investigated the origin of the pharynx epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kobayashi
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
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Kobayashi C, Kobayashi S, Orii H, Watanabe K, Agata K. Identification of Two Distinct Muscles in the Planarian Dugesia japonica by their Expression of Myosin Heavy Chain Genes. Zoolog Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.15.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The proboscis apparatus of the nemertine
Linens ruber
is divided into three segments: the anterior, middle and posterior proboscis, and in addition to these, the retractor muscle. The latter connects the caudal end of the posterior proboscis to the posterior dorsal wall of the rhynchocoel. The general arrangement of the constituent layers of the three segments of the proboscis is more or less similar: (1) inner epithelium, (2) basement membrane, (3) nerve plexus, and (4) one or two layers of muscle which are covered exteriorly by (5) basement membrane and (6) the endothelial cells. The endothelial cells are freely exposed to the rhynchocoel fluid. The inner epithelium of the anterior and posterior proboscis consists of only one type of lining cells, whereas the epithelium of the middle proboscis has many different types of cells, among which may be mentioned (1) ‘rhabdite’-forming cells, (2) ‘sensory’ cells, (3) cells with long microvilli, (4) mucussecreting cells, and (5) cells with acidophilic granules. The rhabdites of the rhabdite-forming cells are very characteristic. Two stages of the rhabdites have been seen: newly developed and mature rhabdites. In the former, the central tubular core of the structure is small and the ‘pool’ in which the rhabdite is embedded is large. In the mature rhabdite the reverse is true, i.e. the central tubular core is distended with electron-translucent secretion probably derived from the ‘pool’, since the latter is greatly reduced in size. The rhabdites are discharged in clusters into the lumen of the ‘resting’ proboscis and presumably over ‘prey’ when the proboscis is ejected. The muscles of the proboscis have ‘dual’ innervation. Aminergic and cholinergic nerve fibres, which arise from the dorsal cerebral ganglia, enter the proboscis at its anterior connexion (‘hinge’). In the aminergic nerve terminals two types of ‘synaptic vesicles’ have been resolved: vesicles of moderate density (20 to 50 nm) and dense-core vesicles (50 to 80 nm). Cholinergic terminals show typical vesicles of size 20 to 50 nm. The retractor muscle is apparently trebly innervated. ‘Synaptic contacts’ (mostly aminergic) occur at the junction of the proboscis and the retractor muscle. In addition, the retractor muscle has a probable peptidergic type of innervation. Neural terminals loaded with granules of size 140 nm, and thus comparable with other neurosecretory endings, are seen in the close vicinity of the retractor muscle. This histological evidence is supported by the observation that the muscle contracts vigorously when stimulated with oxytocin at a concentration of 0.01 unit/ml. The fluid relationships between the rhynchocoel and the vascular system, that allow the proboscis to be freely ejected and withdrawn, are discussed.
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17
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Bursa, bursa canal, and female antrum of Dugesia tigrina (Plathelminthes, Tricladida). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00312189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Gremigni V, Miceli C. Cytophotometric evidence for cell ?transdifferentiation? in planarian regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980; 188:107-113. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1979] [Accepted: 02/15/1980] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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The ultrastructure of the clamp wall of the monogenean gill parasiteGastrocotyle trachuri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00933931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Reuter M. Ultrastructure of the Stylet Protractor Muscle inGyratrix hermaphroditus(Turbellaria, Rhabdocoela). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1977.tb00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Webb RA. The organization and fine structure of the muscles of the scolex of the cysticercoid ofHymenolepis microstoma. J Morphol 1977; 154:339-356. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051540303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Quick DC, Johnson RG. Gap junctions and rhombic particle arrays in planaria. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1977; 60:348-61. [PMID: 894780 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(77)80019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Lanzavecchia G. Morphological modulations in helical muscles (Aschelminthes and Annelida). INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1977; 51:133-86. [PMID: 338536 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Ehlers U, Ehlers B. Monociliary receptors in interstitial Proseriata and Neorhabdocoela (Turbellaria Neoophora). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00993666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Reger JF. Studies on the fine structure of cercarial tail muscle of Schistosoma sp. (Trematoda). JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1976; 57:77-86. [PMID: 978785 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(76)80057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Hay ED, Coward SJ. Fine structure studies on the planarian, Dugesia. I. Nature of the "neoblast" and other cell types in noninjured worms. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1975; 50:1-21. [PMID: 1113364 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(75)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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30
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Pascolini R, Gargiulo AM. Relationships between Neurosecretion and Glandular Secretion in the Pharynx ofDugesia LugubrisS.L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1080/11250007409430085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Rees G. The ultrastructure of the body wall and associated structures of the cercaria of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin) (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from Littorina littorea (L.). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1974; 44:239-65. [PMID: 4432613 DOI: 10.1007/bf00328765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Studies on regeneration blastemas of the planarianDugesia tigrina with special reference to differentiation of the muscle-connective tissue filament system. Dev Genes Evol 1972; 169:134-169. [PMID: 28304777 DOI: 10.1007/bf00649889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/1971] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Head blastemas in regeneratingDugesia tigrina (Planaria) have been studied light microscopically and electron microscopically. Acid phosphatase activity has been followed in early blastemas using a light microscopical cytochemical method. The possibilities of a collagen synthesis inhibiting substance α-α'-dipyridyl in analyzing fibrillogenesis in planarians have been explored.Following a brief discussion of the neoblast concept the general organization and characteristics of the blastema are described. Regeneration of the muscle-connective tissue filament system including the subepidermal membrane is analyzed in detail. It is stressed that the muscle cells, the filamentous sheaths and the subepidermal membrane in planarians should be visualized as a mutually dependent, integrated system. The hypothesis is proposed that neoblasts differentiate into myoblasts which both synthesize myofilaments and collagen. Collagen forms the filaments of the subepidermal membrane-muscle sheath system. No certain interference with collagen synthesis and secretion could be demonstrated in the experiments involving α-α'-dipyridyl.There was no evidence for significant changes in the activity and pattern of acid phosphatase during early stages of regeneration.The problems concerning the existence of neoblasts, their participation in regeneration and their origin (stock cell or result of a dedifferentiation process) are discussed.
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Chien P, Koopowitz H. The ultrastructure of neuromuscular systems in Notoplana acticola, a free-living polyclad flatworm. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 133:277-88. [PMID: 5082887 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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35
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Heumann HG. [Calcium accumulating structures in a smooth muscle of invertebrates]. PROTOPLASMA 1969; 67:111-115. [PMID: 5772495 DOI: 10.1007/bf01256771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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36
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�ber die Funktionsweise glatter Muskelfasern Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Byssusretraktor (ABRM) von Mytilus edulis. Cell Tissue Res 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00324747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Beinbrech G. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen �ber die Differenzierung von Insektenmuskeln w�hrend der Metamorphose. Cell Tissue Res 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00342000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Known phasic and tonic muscle fibers of the crab Cancer magister were studied by electron microscopy. Phasic fibers have sarcomeres about 4.5 micro long, small polygonal myofibrils, and a well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The thick myofilaments, disposed in hexagonal array, are each surrounded by six thin filaments. The tonic fibers have a sarcomere length of about 12 micro, larger myofibrils, a poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, and a disorderly array of myofilaments. Each thick myofilament is surrounded by 10-12 thin filaments. The same morphological type of slow muscle has been found in the crustaceans, Macrocyclops albidus, Cypridopsis vidua, and Balanus cariosus, in each case in an anatomical location consistent with tonic action. A search of the literature indicates that this type of muscle is found in all classes of arthropods and is confined to visceral and postural muscles or specializations of these.
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Reger JF. A comparative study on striated muscle fibers of the first antenna and the claw muscle of the crab Pinnixia sp. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1967; 20:72-82. [PMID: 5623951 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(67)80036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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40
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Reger JF, Cooper DP. A comparative study on the fine structure of the basalar muscle of the wing and the tibial extensor muscle of the leg of the lepidopteran Achalarus lyciades. J Cell Biol 1967; 33:531-42. [PMID: 6036521 PMCID: PMC2107192 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.33.3.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Basalar and tibial extensor muscle fibers of Achalarus lyciades were examined with light and electron microscopes. Basalar muscle fibers are 100-150 micro in diameter. T-system membranes and sarcoplasmic reticulum make triadic contacts midway between Z lines and the middle of each sarcomere. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is characterized by a transverse element situated among myofilaments halfway between Z lines in every sarcomere. The morphology of Z lines, hexagonal packing of thin and thick myofilaments, and thin/thick myofilament ratios are similar to those of fast-acting insect muscles. Tibial extensor muscle fibers are 50-100 micro in diameter. Except for a lack of the transverse element, the T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum are similar to those of basalar muscle. Wavy Z lines, lack of a hexagonal packing of myofilaments, and larger thin/thick myofilament ratios are similar to those of other postural muscles of insects. The morphology of basalar and tibial extensor muscle is compared to that of other insect muscle with known functions, and reference is made to the possible contribution of the transverse element of sarcoplasmic reticulum in basalar flight muscle to speed and synchrony in this muscle.
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Hagopian M, Spiro D. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and its association with the T system in an insect. J Cell Biol 1967; 32:535-45. [PMID: 4166503 PMCID: PMC2107271 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.32.3.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The fine structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the transverse tubular system of the femoral muscle of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, was studied after prefixation in glutaraldehyde, postfixation in osmium tetroxide, and embedding in Epon. The sarcoplasmic reticulum in this muscle reveals features not previously reported. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is abundant, consisting mainly of a fenestrated envelope which surrounds each myofibril at all levels in the sarcomere. This sarcoplasmic reticulum envelope is continuous transversally as well as longitudinally along the myofibrils. Dyadic junctions are formed by a single T system element which contacts the unfenestrated sarcoplasmic reticulum of adjacent myofibrils in an alternating manner at the ends of the A band. At the dyads, regularly spaced thickenings of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes bordering the dyadic spaces are noted. These thickenings, however, do not contact the T tubule membrane. Typical dyadic contacts also are seen between the cell surface membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Z line-like material is seen in contact with the membranes of the cell surface and longitudinal branches of the T systems.
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Anderson WA, Ellis RA. A comparative electron microscope study of visceral muscle fibers in Cambarus, Drosophila and Lumbricus. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1967; 79:581-91. [PMID: 5598271 DOI: 10.1007/bf00336314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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44
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Smith DS. The structure of intersegmental muscle fibers in an insect, Periplaneta americana L. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1966; 29:449-59. [PMID: 4225491 PMCID: PMC2106979 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.29.3.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of intersegmental muscle fibers associated with the dorsal abdominal sclerites of the cockroach is described. These fibers correspond closely, in the disposition and derivation of the membranes of the transverse tubular system and sarcoplasmic reticulum cisternae, with insect synchronous flight muscle fibers, but differ markedly from these in their fibrillar architecture and mitochondrial content. The mitochondria are small and generally aligned alongside the prominent I bands of the sarcomere, and, in the best-oriented profiles of the A bands, thick filaments are associated with orbitals of twelve thin filaments, a configuration that has also been observed in striated fibers of insect visceral muscle. These structural features of insect muscles are compared and discussed in terms of possible variations in the control of contraction and relaxation, and in the nature of their mechanical role.
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Flood PR. A peculiar mode of muscular innervation in Amphioxus. Light and electron microscopic studies of the so-called ventral roots. J Comp Neurol 1966; 126:181-217. [PMID: 4222880 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901260204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ishii S. The ultrastructure of the insunk epithelium lining the planarian pharyngeal cavity. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1966; 14:345-55. [PMID: 5910468 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(66)80053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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47
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Bagby RM. The fine structure of myocytes in the sponges microciona prolifera (Ellis and Solander) and tedania ignis (Duchassaing and Michelotti). J Morphol 1966; 118:167-81. [PMID: 5908869 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051180203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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48
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Smith DS. The organization and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system of muscle cells. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1966; 16:107-42. [PMID: 5338779 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(66)90004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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49
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Morita M, Best JB. Electron microscopic studies on Planaria. II. Fine structure of the neurosecretory system in the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1965; 13:396-408. [PMID: 5848838 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(65)90003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Morita M. Electron microscopic studies on Planaria. I. Fine structure of muscle fiber in the head of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1965; 13:383-95. [PMID: 5848837 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(65)90002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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