1
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Uttekar B, Verma RK, Tomer D, Rikhy R. Mitochondrial morphology dynamics and ROS regulate apical polarity and differentiation in Drosophila follicle cells. Development 2024; 151:dev201732. [PMID: 38345270 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology dynamics regulate signaling pathways during epithelial cell formation and differentiation. The mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 affects the appropriate activation of EGFR and Notch signaling-driven differentiation of posterior follicle cells in Drosophila oogenesis. The mechanisms by which Drp1 regulates epithelial polarity during differentiation are not known. In this study, we show that Drp1-depleted follicle cells are constricted in early stages and present in multiple layers at later stages with decreased levels of apical polarity protein aPKC. These defects are suppressed by additional depletion of mitochondrial fusion protein Opa1. Opa1 depletion leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in follicle cells. We find that increasing ROS by depleting the ROS scavengers, mitochondrial SOD2 and catalase also leads to mitochondrial fragmentation. Further, the loss of Opa1, SOD2 and catalase partially restores the defects in epithelial polarity and aPKC, along with EGFR and Notch signaling in Drp1-depleted follicle cells. Our results show a crucial interaction between mitochondrial morphology, ROS generation and epithelial cell polarity formation during the differentiation of follicle epithelial cells in Drosophila oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Uttekar
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Verma
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Darshika Tomer
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Richa Rikhy
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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2
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Banach-Latapy A, Rincheval V, Briand D, Guénal I, Spéder P. Differential adhesion during development establishes individual neural stem cell niches and shapes adult behaviour in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002352. [PMID: 37943883 PMCID: PMC10635556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in a defined cellular microenvironment, the niche, which supports the generation and integration of newborn neurons. The mechanisms building a sophisticated niche structure around NSCs and their functional relevance for neurogenesis are yet to be understood. In the Drosophila larval brain, the cortex glia (CG) encase individual NSC lineages in membranous chambers, organising the stem cell population and newborn neurons into a stereotypic structure. We first found that CG wrap around lineage-related cells regardless of their identity, showing that lineage information builds CG architecture. We then discovered that a mechanism of temporally controlled differential adhesion using conserved complexes supports the individual encasing of NSC lineages. An intralineage adhesion through homophilic Neuroglian interactions provides strong binding between cells of a same lineage, while a weaker interaction through Neurexin-IV and Wrapper exists between NSC lineages and CG. Loss of Neuroglian results in NSC lineages clumped together and in an altered CG network, while loss of Neurexin-IV/Wrapper generates larger yet defined CG chamber grouping several lineages together. Axonal projections of newborn neurons are also altered in these conditions. Further, we link the loss of these 2 adhesion complexes specifically during development to locomotor hyperactivity in the resulting adults. Altogether, our findings identify a belt of adhesions building a neurogenic niche at the scale of individual stem cell and provide the proof of concept that niche properties during development shape adult behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Banach-Latapy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Structure and Signals in the Neurogenic Niche, Paris, France
| | | | - David Briand
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Structure and Signals in the Neurogenic Niche, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Guénal
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, LGBC, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Pauline Spéder
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Structure and Signals in the Neurogenic Niche, Paris, France
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3
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Tokamov SA, Nouri N, Rich A, Buiter S, Glotzer M, Fehon RG. Apical polarity and actomyosin dynamics control Kibra subcellular localization and function in Drosophila Hippo signaling. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1864-1879.e4. [PMID: 37729921 PMCID: PMC10591919 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of tissue growth that integrates inputs from both polarity and actomyosin networks. An upstream activator of the Hippo pathway, Kibra, localizes at the junctional and medial regions of the apical cortex in epithelial cells, and medial accumulation promotes Kibra activity. Here, we demonstrate that cortical Kibra distribution is controlled by a tug-of-war between apical polarity and actomyosin dynamics. We show that while the apical polarity network, in part via atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), tethers Kibra at the junctional cortex to silence its activity, medial actomyosin flows promote Kibra-mediated Hippo complex formation at the medial cortex, thereby activating the Hippo pathway. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between the Hippo pathway, polarity, and actomyosin cytoskeleton, and it offers novel insights into how fundamental features of epithelial tissue architecture can serve as inputs into signaling cascades that control tissue growth, patterning, and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzod A Tokamov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nicki Nouri
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ashley Rich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephan Buiter
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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4
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Carrasco-Rando M, Culi J, Campuzano S, Ruiz-Gómez M. An acytokinetic cell division creates PIP2-enriched membrane asymmetries leading to slit diaphragm assembly in Drosophila nephrocytes. Development 2023; 150:dev201708. [PMID: 37681291 PMCID: PMC10546876 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate podocytes and Drosophila nephrocytes display slit diaphragms, specialised cell junctions that are essential for the execution of the basic excretory function of ultrafiltration. To elucidate the mechanisms of slit diaphragm assembly we have studied their formation in Drosophila embryonic garland nephrocytes. These cells of mesenchymal origin lack overt apical-basal polarity. We find that their initial membrane symmetry is broken by an acytokinetic cell division that generates PIP2-enriched domains at their equator. The PIP2-enriched equatorial cortex becomes a favourable domain for hosting slit diaphragm proteins and the assembly of the first slit diaphragms. Indeed, when this division is either prevented or forced to complete cytokinesis, the formation of diaphragms is delayed to larval stages. Furthermore, although apical polarity determinants also accumulate at the equatorial cortex, they do not appear to participate in the recruitment of slit diaphragm proteins. The mechanisms we describe allow the acquisition of functional nephrocytes in embryos, which may confer on them a biological advantage similar to the formation of the first vertebrate kidney, the pronephros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Carrasco-Rando
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Culi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Campuzano
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Ruiz-Gómez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Cobbaut M, McDonald NQ, Parker PJ. Control of atypical PKCι membrane dissociation by tyrosine phosphorylation within a PB1-C1 interdomain interface. J Biol Chem 2023:104847. [PMID: 37211093 PMCID: PMC10333572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical PKCs are cell polarity kinases that operate at the plasma membrane where they function within multiple molecular complexes to contribute to the establishment and maintenance of polarity. In contrast to the classical and novel PKCs, atypical PKCs do not respond to diacylglycerol cues to bind the membrane compartment. Until recently it was not clear how aPKCs are recruited; whether aPKCs can directly interact with membranes or whether they are dependent on other protein interactors to do so. Two recent studies identified the pseudo-substrate region and the C1 domain as direct membrane interaction modules, however their relative importance and coupling are unknown. We combined molecular modelling and functional assays to show that the regulatory module of aPKCι, comprising the PB1 pseudo-substrate and C1 domains, forms a cooperative and spatially continuous invariant membrane interaction platform. Furthermore, we show the coordinated orientation of membrane-binding elements within the regulatory module requires a key PB1-C1 interfacial β-strand (BSL). We show this element contains a highly conserved Tyr residue that can be phosphorylated and that negatively regulates the integrity of the regulatory module, leading to membrane release. We thus expose a hitherto unknown regulatory mechanism of aPKCι membrane binding and release during cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cobbaut
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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6
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Naturale VF, Pickett MA, Feldman JL. Context matters: Lessons in epithelial polarity from the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine and other tissues. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:37-71. [PMID: 37100523 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia are tissues with diverse morphologies and functions across metazoans, ranging from vast cell sheets encasing internal organs to internal tubes facilitating nutrient uptake, all of which require establishment of apical-basolateral polarity axes. While all epithelia tend to polarize the same components, how these components are deployed to drive polarization is largely context-dependent and likely shaped by tissue-specific differences in development and ultimate functions of polarizing primordia. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) offers exceptional imaging and genetic tools and possesses unique epithelia with well-described origins and roles, making it an excellent model to investigate polarity mechanisms. In this review, we highlight the interplay between epithelial polarization, development, and function by describing symmetry breaking and polarity establishment in a particularly well-characterized epithelium, the C. elegans intestine. We compare intestinal polarization to polarity programs in two other C. elegans epithelia, the pharynx and epidermis, correlating divergent mechanisms with tissue-specific differences in geometry, embryonic environment, and function. Together, we emphasize the importance of investigating polarization mechanisms against the backdrop of tissue-specific contexts, while also underscoring the benefits of cross-tissue comparisons of polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor F Naturale
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Melissa A Pickett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, United States
| | - Jessica L Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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7
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Apical-basal polarity and the control of epithelial form and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:559-577. [PMID: 35440694 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the most common cell type in all animals, forming the sheets and tubes that compose most organs and tissues. Apical-basal polarity is essential for epithelial cell form and function, as it determines the localization of the adhesion molecules that hold the cells together laterally and the occluding junctions that act as barriers to paracellular diffusion. Polarity must also target the secretion of specific cargoes to the apical, lateral or basal membranes and organize the cytoskeleton and internal architecture of the cell. Apical-basal polarity in many cells is established by conserved polarity factors that define the apical (Crumbs, Stardust/PALS1, aPKC, PAR-6 and CDC42), junctional (PAR-3) and lateral (Scribble, DLG, LGL, Yurt and RhoGAP19D) domains, although recent evidence indicates that not all epithelia polarize by the same mechanism. Research has begun to reveal the dynamic interactions between polarity factors and how they contribute to polarity establishment and maintenance. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential to better understand the roles of apical-basal polarity in morphogenesis and how defects in polarity contribute to diseases such as cancer.
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8
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The Roles of Par3, Par6, and aPKC Polarity Proteins in Normal Neurodevelopment and in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4774-4793. [PMID: 35705493 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0059-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal neural circuits and functions depend on proper neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptic plasticity, and maintenance. Abnormalities in these processes underlie various neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neural development and maintenance are regulated by many proteins. Among them are Par3, Par6 (partitioning defective 3 and 6), and aPKC (atypical protein kinase C) families of evolutionarily conserved polarity proteins. These proteins perform versatile functions by forming tripartite or other combinations of protein complexes, which hereafter are collectively referred to as "Par complexes." In this review, we summarize the major findings on their biophysical and biochemical properties in cell polarization and signaling pathways. We next summarize their expression and localization in the nervous system as well as their versatile functions in various aspects of neurodevelopment, including neuroepithelial polarity, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neurite differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and memory. These versatile functions rely on the fundamental roles of Par complexes in cell polarity in distinct cellular contexts. We also discuss how cell polarization may correlate with subcellular polarization in neurons. Finally, we review the involvement of Par complexes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While emerging evidence indicates that Par complexes are essential for proper neural development and maintenance, many questions on their in vivo functions have yet to be answered. Thus, Par3, Par6, and aPKC continue to be important research topics to advance neuroscience.
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9
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Koehler S, Odenthal J, Ludwig V, Jess DU, Höhne M, Jüngst C, Grawe F, Helmstädter M, Janku JL, Bergmann C, Hoyer PF, Hagmann HHH, Walz G, Bloch W, Niessen C, Schermer B, Wodarz A, Denholm B, Benzing T, Iden S, Brinkkoetter PT. Scaffold polarity proteins Par3A and Par3B share redundant functions while Par3B acts independent of atypical protein kinase C/Par6 in podocytes to maintain the kidney filtration barrier. Kidney Int 2021; 101:733-751. [PMID: 34929254 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular diseases are a major cause for chronic kidney disorders. In most cases podocyte injury is causative for disease development. Cytoskeletal rearrangements and morphological changes are hallmark features of podocyte injury and result in dedifferentiation and loss of podocytes. Here, we establish a link between the Par3 polarity complex and actin regulators necessary to establish and maintain podocyte architecture by utilizing mouse and Drosophila models to characterize the functional role of Par3A and Par3B and its fly homologue Bazooka in vivo. Only simultaneous inactivation of both Par3 proteins caused a severe disease phenotype. Rescue experiments in Drosophila nephrocytes revealed atypical protein kinase C (aPKC)-Par6 dependent and independent effects. While Par3A primarily acts via aPKC-Par6, Par3B function was independent of Par6. Actin-associated synaptopodin protein levels were found to be significantly upregulated upon loss of Par3A/B in mouse podocytes. Tropomyosin2, which shares functional similarities with synaptopodin, was also elevated in Bazooka depleted nephrocytes. The simultaneous depletion of Bazooka and Tropomyosin2 resulted in a partial rescue of the Bazooka knockdown phenotype and prevented increased Rho1, a member of a GTPase protein family regulating the cytoskeleton. The latter contribute to the nephrocyte phenotype observed upon loss of Bazooka. Thus, we demonstrate that Par3 proteins share a high functional redundancy but also have specific functions. Par3A acts in an aPKC-Par6 dependent way and regulates RhoA-GTP levels, while Par3B exploits Par6 independent functions influencing synaptopodin localization. Hence, Par3A and Par3B link elements of polarity signaling and actin regulators to maintain podocyte architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Koehler
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Johanna Odenthal
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vivian Ludwig
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Unnersjö Jess
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Höhne
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Jüngst
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ferdi Grawe
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna L Janku
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Medizinische Genetik Mainz, Limbach Genetics, Mainz, Germany; Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter F Hoyer
- Klinik für Kinderheilkunde 2, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H H Henning Hagmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien Niessen
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barry Denholm
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Paul T Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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10
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Vasquez CG, de la Serna EL, Dunn AR. How cells tell up from down and stick together to construct multicellular tissues - interplay between apicobasal polarity and cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272658. [PMID: 34714332 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelia define a topological inside and outside, and hence constitute a key evolutionary innovation that enabled the construction of complex multicellular animal life. Over time, this basic function has been elaborated upon to yield the complex architectures of many of the organs that make up the human body. The two processes necessary to yield a polarized epithelium, namely regulated adhesion between cells and the definition of the apicobasal (top-bottom) axis, have likewise undergone extensive evolutionary elaboration, resulting in multiple sophisticated protein complexes that contribute to both functions. Understanding how these components function in combination to yield the basic architecture of a polarized cell-cell junction remains a major challenge. In this Review, we introduce the main components of apicobasal polarity and cell-cell adhesion complexes, and outline what is known about their regulation and assembly in epithelia. In addition, we highlight studies that investigate the interdependence between these two networks. We conclude with an overview of strategies to address the largest and arguably most fundamental unresolved question in the field, namely how a polarized junction arises as the sum of its molecular parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia G Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eva L de la Serna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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11
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Biehler C, Rothenberg KE, Jette A, Gaude HM, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Laprise P. Pak1 and PP2A antagonize aPKC function to support cortical tension induced by the Crumbs-Yurt complex. eLife 2021; 10:67999. [PMID: 34212861 PMCID: PMC8282337 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila polarity protein Crumbs is essential for the establishment and growth of the apical domain in epithelial cells. The protein Yurt limits the ability of Crumbs to promote apical membrane growth, thereby defining proper apical/lateral membrane ratio that is crucial for forming and maintaining complex epithelial structures such as tubes or acini. Here, we show that Yurt also increases Myosin-dependent cortical tension downstream of Crumbs. Yurt overexpression thus induces apical constriction in epithelial cells. The kinase aPKC phosphorylates Yurt, thereby dislodging the latter from the apical domain and releasing apical tension. In contrast, the kinase Pak1 promotes Yurt dephosphorylation through activation of the phosphatase PP2A. The Pak1–PP2A module thus opposes aPKC function and supports Yurt-induced apical constriction. Hence, the complex interplay between Yurt, aPKC, Pak1, and PP2A contributes to the functional plasticity of Crumbs. Overall, our data increase our understanding of how proteins sustaining epithelial cell polarization and Myosin-dependent cell contractility interact with one another to control epithelial tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Biehler
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Katheryn E Rothenberg
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexandra Jette
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Helori-Mael Gaude
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
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12
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Dong W, Lu J, Zhang X, Wu Y, Lettieri K, Hammond GR, Hong Y. A polybasic domain in aPKC mediates Par6-dependent control of membrane targeting and kinase activity. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151883. [PMID: 32580209 PMCID: PMC7337507 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms coupling the atypical PKC (aPKC) kinase activity to its subcellular localization are essential for cell polarization. Unlike other members of the PKC family, aPKC has no well-defined plasma membrane (PM) or calcium binding domains, leading to the assumption that its subcellular localization relies exclusively on protein–protein interactions. Here we show that in both Drosophila and mammalian cells, the pseudosubstrate region (PSr) of aPKC acts as a polybasic domain capable of targeting aPKC to the PM via electrostatic binding to PM PI4P and PI(4,5)P2. However, physical interaction between aPKC and Par-6 is required for the PM-targeting of aPKC, likely by allosterically exposing the PSr to bind PM. Binding of Par-6 also inhibits aPKC kinase activity, and such inhibition can be relieved through Par-6 interaction with apical polarity protein Crumbs. Our data suggest a potential mechanism in which allosteric regulation of polybasic PSr by Par-6 couples the control of both aPKC subcellular localization and spatial activation of its kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yan Wu
- Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaela Lettieri
- First Experience in Research Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gerald R Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
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13
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Heiden S, Siwek R, Lotz ML, Borkowsky S, Schröter R, Nedvetsky P, Rohlmann A, Missler M, Krahn MP. Apical-basal polarity regulators are essential for slit diaphragm assembly and endocytosis in Drosophila nephrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3657-3672. [PMID: 33651172 PMCID: PMC8038974 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Apical-basal polarity is a key feature of most epithelial cells and it is regulated by highly conserved protein complexes. In mammalian podocytes, which emerge from columnar epithelial cells, this polarity is preserved and the tight junctions are converted to the slit diaphragms, establishing the filtration barrier. In Drosophila, nephrocytes show several structural and functional similarities with mammalian podocytes and proximal tubular cells. However, in contrast to podocytes, little is known about the role of apical-basal polarity regulators in these cells. In this study, we used expansion microscopy and found the apical polarity determinants of the PAR/aPKC and Crb-complexes to be predominantly targeted to the cell cortex in proximity to the nephrocyte diaphragm, whereas basolateral regulators also accumulate intracellularly. Knockdown of PAR-complex proteins results in severe endocytosis and nephrocyte diaphragm defects, which is due to impaired aPKC recruitment to the plasma membrane. Similar, downregulation of most basolateral polarity regulators disrupts Nephrin localization but had surprisingly divergent effects on endocytosis. Our findings suggest that morphology and slit diaphragm assembly/maintenance of nephrocytes is regulated by classical apical-basal polarity regulators, which have distinct functions in endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Heiden
- Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rebecca Siwek
- Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Lotz
- Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Borkowsky
- Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Schröter
- Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohlmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Missler
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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14
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Martin E, Girardello R, Dittmar G, Ludwig A. New insights into the organization and regulation of the apical polarity network in mammalian epithelial cells. FEBS J 2021; 288:7073-7095. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Martin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Rossana Girardello
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB) Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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15
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Li M, Fang W, Wang B, Du Y, Hou Y, Chen L, Cui S, Li Y, Yan X. A novel dual-site ICT/AIE fluorescent probe for detecting hypochlorite and polarity in living cells. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03558d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel dual-site fluorescent probe (CTPA) was rationally designed and synthesized for the detection of hypochlorite (ClO−) and polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wangwang Fang
- Shaoxing Xingxin New Material Co., Ltd, Zhejiang 312369, P. R. China
| | - Bowei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchao Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- Zhejiang Lonsen Group Co., Ltd, Zhejiang 312300, P. R. China
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siqian Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xilong Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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16
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Hao Y, Zhou Y, Yu Y, Zheng M, Weng K, Kou Z, Liang J, Zhang Q, Tang X, Xu P, Link BA, Yao K, Zou J. Interplay of MPP5a with Rab11 synergistically builds epithelial apical polarity and zonula adherens. Development 2020; 147:dev184457. [PMID: 33060129 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junction remodeling regulated by apical polarity proteins constitutes a major driving force for tissue morphogenesis, although the precise mechanism remains inconclusive. Here, we report that, in zebrafish, the Crumbs complex component MPP5a interacts with small GTPase Rab11 in Golgi to transport cadherin and Crumbs components synergistically to the apical domain, thus establishing apical epithelial polarity and adherens junctions. In contrast, Par complex recruited by MPP5a is incapable of interacting with Rab11 but might assemble cytoskeleton to facilitate cadherin exocytosis. In accordance, dysfunction of MPP5a induces an invasive migration of epithelial cells. This adherens junction remodeling pattern is frequently observed in zebrafish lens epithelial cells and neuroepithelial cells. The data identify an unrecognized MPP5a-Rab11 complex and describe its essential role in guiding apical polarization and zonula adherens formation in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Hao
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yinhui Yu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingjie Zheng
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kechao Weng
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ziqi Kou
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiancheng Liang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiajing Tang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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Khoury MJ, Bilder D. Distinct activities of Scrib module proteins organize epithelial polarity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11531-11540. [PMID: 32414916 PMCID: PMC7260944 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918462117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A polarized architecture is central to both epithelial structure and function. In many cells, polarity involves mutual antagonism between the Par complex and the Scribble (Scrib) module. While molecular mechanisms underlying Par-mediated apical determination are well-understood, how Scrib module proteins specify the basolateral domain remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate dependent and independent activities of Scrib, Discs-large (Dlg), and Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) using the Drosophila follicle epithelium. Our data support a linear hierarchy for localization, but rule out previously proposed protein-protein interactions as essential for polarization. Cortical recruitment of Scrib does not require palmitoylation or polar phospholipid binding but instead an independent cortically stabilizing activity of Dlg. Scrib and Dlg do not directly antagonize atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), but may instead restrict aPKC localization by enabling the aPKC-inhibiting activity of Lgl. Importantly, while Scrib, Dlg, and Lgl are each required, all three together are not sufficient to antagonize the Par complex. Our data demonstrate previously unappreciated diversity of function within the Scrib module and begin to define the elusive molecular functions of Scrib and Dlg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Khoury
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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18
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Krahn MP. Phospholipids of the Plasma Membrane - Regulators or Consequence of Cell Polarity? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:277. [PMID: 32411703 PMCID: PMC7198698 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is a key feature of many eukaryotic cells, including neurons, epithelia, endothelia and asymmetrically dividing stem cells. Apart from the specific localization of proteins to distinct domains of the plasma membrane, most of these cells exhibit an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids within the plasma membrane too. Notably, research over the last years has revealed that many known conserved regulators of apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells are capable of binding to phospholipids, which in turn regulate the localization and to some extent the function of these proteins. Conversely, phospholipid-modifying enzymes are recruited and controlled by polarity regulators, demonstrating an elaborated balance between asymmetrically localized proteins and phospholipids, which are enriched in certain (micro)domains of the plasma membrane. In this review, we will focus on our current understanding of apical-basal polarity and the implication of phospholipids within the plasma membrane during the cell polarization of epithelia and migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Krahn
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
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19
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Li L, Li H, Wang L, Wu S, Lv L, Tahir A, Xiao X, Wong CKC, Sun F, Ge R, Cheng CY. Role of cell polarity and planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins in spermatogenesis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:71-87. [PMID: 32207344 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies on cell polarity proteins and planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins date back to almost 40 years ago in Drosophila and C. elegans when these proteins were shown to be crucial to support apico-basal polarity and also directional alignment of polarity cells across the plane of an epithelium during morphogenesis. In adult mammals, cell polarity and PCP are most notable in cochlear hair cells. However, the role of these two groups of proteins to support spermatogenesis was not explored until a decade earlier when several proteins that confer cell polarity and PCP proteins were identified in the rat testis. Since then, there are several reports appearing in the literature to examine the role of both cell polarity and PCP in supporting spermatogenesis. Herein, we provide an overview regarding the role of cell polarity and PCP proteins in the testis, evaluating these findings in light of studies in other mammalian epithelial cells/tissues. Our goal is to provide a timely evaluation of these findings, and provide some thought provoking remarks to guide future studies based on an evolving concept in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Huitao Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Lingling Wang
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Siwen Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Lixiu Lv
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Anam Tahir
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Population Council, New York, USA
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20
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Biehler C, Wang LT, Sévigny M, Jetté A, Gamblin CL, Catterall R, Houssin E, McCaffrey L, Laprise P. Girdin is a component of the lateral polarity protein network restricting cell dissemination. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008674. [PMID: 32196494 PMCID: PMC7112241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell polarity defects support cancer progression. It is thus crucial to decipher the functional interactions within the polarity protein network. Here we show that Drosophila Girdin and its human ortholog (GIRDIN) sustain the function of crucial lateral polarity proteins by inhibiting the apical kinase aPKC. Loss of GIRDIN expression is also associated with overgrowth of disorganized cell cysts. Moreover, we observed cell dissemination from GIRDIN knockdown cysts and tumorspheres, thereby showing that GIRDIN supports the cohesion of multicellular epithelial structures. Consistent with these observations, alteration of GIRDIN expression is associated with poor overall survival in subtypes of breast and lung cancers. Overall, we discovered a core mechanism contributing to epithelial cell polarization from flies to humans. Our data also indicate that GIRDIN has the potential to impair the progression of epithelial cancers by preserving cell polarity and restricting cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornélia Biehler
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Li-Ting Wang
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Myriam Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Jetté
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Clémence L. Gamblin
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Rachel Catterall
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elise Houssin
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- axe oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec-UL, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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21
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Aguilar-Aragon M, Fletcher G, Thompson BJ. The cytoskeletal motor proteins Dynein and MyoV direct apical transport of Crumbs. Dev Biol 2020; 459:126-137. [PMID: 31881198 PMCID: PMC7090908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crumbs (Crb in Drosophila; CRB1-3 in mammals) is a transmembrane determinant of epithelial cell polarity and a regulator of Hippo signalling. Crb is normally localized to apical cell-cell contacts, just above adherens junctions, but how apical trafficking of Crb is regulated in epithelial cells remains unclear. We use the Drosophila follicular epithelium to demonstrate that polarized trafficking of Crb is mediated by transport along microtubules by the motor protein Dynein and along actin filaments by the motor protein Myosin-V (MyoV). Blocking transport of Crb-containing vesicles by Dynein or MyoV leads to accumulation of Crb within Rab11 endosomes, rather than apical delivery. The final steps of Crb delivery and stabilisation at the plasma membrane requires the exocyst complex and three apical FERM domain proteins - Merlin, Moesin and Expanded - whose simultaneous loss disrupts apical localization of Crb. Accordingly, a knock-in deletion of the Crb FERM-binding motif (FBM) also impairs apical localization. Finally, overexpression of Crb challenges this system, creating a sensitized background to identify components involved in cytoskeletal polarization, apical membrane trafficking and stabilisation of Crb at the apical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aguilar-Aragon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, NW1 1AT, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Fletcher
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, NW1 1AT, London, United Kingdom
| | - B J Thompson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, NW1 1AT, London, United Kingdom; The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia.
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22
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Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) Recruitment of PAR Polarity Protein Atypical PKCζ to Pedestals and Cell-Cell Contacts Precedes Disruption of Tight Junctions in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020527. [PMID: 31947656 PMCID: PMC7014222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) uses a type three secretion system to inject effector proteins into host intestinal epithelial cells, causing diarrhea. EPEC induces the formation of pedestals underlying attached bacteria, disrupts tight junction (TJ) structure and function, and alters apico-basal polarity by redistributing the polarity proteins Crb3 and Pals1, although the mechanisms are unknown. Here we investigate the temporal relationship of PAR polarity complex and TJ disruption following EPEC infection. EPEC recruits active aPKCζ, a PAR polarity protein, to actin within pedestals and at the plasma membrane prior to disrupting TJ. The EPEC effector EspF binds the endocytic protein sorting nexin 9 (SNX9). This interaction impacts actin pedestal organization, recruitment of active aPKCζ to actin at cell–cell borders, endocytosis of JAM-A S285 and occludin, and TJ barrier function. Collectively, data presented herein support the hypothesis that EPEC-induced perturbation of TJ is a downstream effect of disruption of the PAR complex and that EspF binding to SNX9 contributes to this phenotype. aPKCζ phosphorylates polarity and TJ proteins and participates in actin dynamics. Therefore, the early recruitment of aPKCζ to EPEC pedestals and increased interaction with actin at the membrane may destabilize polarity complexes ultimately resulting in perturbation of TJ.
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23
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Sidor C, Stevens TJ, Jin L, Boulanger J, Röper K. Rho-Kinase Planar Polarization at Tissue Boundaries Depends on Phospho-regulation of Membrane Residence Time. Dev Cell 2020; 52:364-378.e7. [PMID: 31902655 PMCID: PMC7008249 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The myosin II activator Rho-kinase (Rok) is planar polarized at the tissue boundary of the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland placode through a negative regulation by the apical polarity protein Crumbs that is anisotropically localized at the boundary. However, in inner cells of the placode, both Crumbs and Rok are isotropically enriched at junctions. We propose that modulation of Rok membrane residence time by Crumbs’ downstream effectors can reconcile both behaviors. Using FRAP combined with in silico simulations, we find that the lower membrane dissociation rate (koff) of Rok at the tissue boundary with low Crumbs explains this boundary-specific effect. The S/T kinase Pak1, recruited by Crumbs and Cdc42, negatively affects Rok membrane association in vivo and in vitro can phosphorylate Rok near the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain that mediates membrane association. These data reveal an important mechanism of the modulation of Rok membrane residence time via affecting the koff that may be widely employed during tissue morphogenesis. Rho-kinase is planar polarized at tissue boundaries, complementary to Crumbs Crumbs and downstream Pak1 modulate Rok residence time by affecting koff Pak1 can phosphorylate Rok near the PH and Rho-binding domains Rok phosphorylation affects residence time and allows polarization at boundaries
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sidor
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Tim J Stevens
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Jin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jérôme Boulanger
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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24
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Schaub C, Rose M, Frasch M. Yorkie and JNK revert syncytial muscles into myoblasts during Org-1-dependent lineage reprogramming. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3572-3582. [PMID: 31591186 PMCID: PMC6829659 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and differentiation of syncytial muscles is typically considered an irreversible developmental process. Schaub et al. describe molecular events that dedifferentiate syncytial muscle into mononucleate myoblasts during a naturally occurring lineage reprogramming process. Lineage reprogramming has received increased research attention since it was demonstrated that lineage-restricted transcription factors can be used in vitro for direct reprogramming. Recently, we reported that the ventral longitudinal musculature of the adult Drosophila heart arises in vivo by direct lineage reprogramming from larval alary muscles, a process that starts with the dedifferentiation and fragmentation of syncytial muscle cells into mononucleate myoblasts and depends on Org-1 (Drosophila Tbx1). Here, we shed light on the events occurring downstream of Org-1 in this first step of transdifferentiation and show that alary muscle lineage-specific activation of Yorkie plays a key role in initiating the dedifferentiation and fragmentation of these muscles. An additional necessary input comes from active dJNK signaling, which contributes to the activation of Yorkie and furthermore activates dJun. The synergistic activities of the Yorkie/Scalloped and dJun/dFos transcriptional activators subsequently initiate alary muscle fragmentation as well as up-regulation of Myc and piwi, both crucial for lineage reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schaub
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcel Rose
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Frasch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Fulford AD, Holder MV, Frith D, Snijders AP, Tapon N, Ribeiro PS. Casein kinase 1 family proteins promote Slimb-dependent Expanded degradation. eLife 2019; 8:e46592. [PMID: 31567070 PMCID: PMC6768662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo signalling integrates diverse stimuli related to epithelial architecture to regulate tissue growth and cell fate decisions. The Hippo kinase cascade represses the growth-promoting transcription co-activator Yorkie. The FERM protein Expanded is one of the main upstream Hippo signalling regulators in Drosophila as it promotes Hippo kinase signalling and directly inhibits Yorkie. To fulfil its function, Expanded is recruited to the plasma membrane by the polarity protein Crumbs. However, Crumbs-mediated recruitment also promotes Expanded turnover via a phosphodegron-mediated interaction with a Slimb/β-TrCP SCF E3 ligase complex. Here, we show that the Casein Kinase 1 (CKI) family is required for Expanded phosphorylation. CKI expression promotes Expanded phosphorylation and interaction with Slimb/β-TrCP. Conversely, CKI depletion in S2 cells impairs Expanded degradation downstream of Crumbs. In wing imaginal discs, CKI loss leads to elevated Expanded and Crumbs levels. Thus, phospho-dependent Expanded turnover ensures a tight coupling of Hippo pathway activity to epithelial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Fulford
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Maxine V Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David Frith
- ProteomicsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paulo S Ribeiro
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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26
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van den Ameele J, Brand AH. Neural stem cell temporal patterning and brain tumour growth rely on oxidative phosphorylation. eLife 2019; 8:47887. [PMID: 31513013 PMCID: PMC6763261 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Translating advances in cancer research to clinical applications requires better insight into the metabolism of normal cells and tumour cells in vivo. Much effort has focused on understanding how glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) support proliferation, while their impact on other aspects of development and tumourigenesis remain largely unexplored. We found that inhibition of OxPhos in neural stem cells (NSCs) or tumours in the Drosophila brain not only decreases proliferation, but also affects many different aspects of stem cell behaviour. In NSCs, OxPhos dysfunction leads to a protracted G1/S-phase and results in delayed temporal patterning and reduced neuronal diversity. As a consequence, NSCs fail to undergo terminal differentiation, leading to prolonged neurogenesis into adulthood. Similarly, in brain tumours inhibition of OxPhos slows proliferation and prevents differentiation, resulting in reduced tumour heterogeneity. Thus, in vivo, highly proliferative stem cells and tumour cells require OxPhos for efficient growth and generation of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle van den Ameele
- The Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea H Brand
- The Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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27
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New insights into apical-basal polarization in epithelia. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:1-8. [PMID: 31505411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of an apical-basal axis of polarity is essential for the organization and functioning of epithelial cells. Polarization of epithelial cells is orchestrated by a network of conserved polarity regulators that establish opposing cortical domains through mutually antagonistic interactions and positive feedback loops. While our understanding is still far from complete, the molecular details behind these interactions continue to be worked out. Here, we highlight recent findings on the mechanisms that control the activity and localization of apical-basal polarity regulators, including oligomerization and higher-order complex formation, auto-inhibitory interactions, and electrostatic interactions with the plasma membrane.
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28
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Structural insights into the aPKC regulatory switch mechanism of the human cell polarity protein lethal giant larvae 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10804-10812. [PMID: 31088962 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821514116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metazoan cell polarity is controlled by a set of highly conserved proteins. Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) functions in apical-basal polarity through phosphorylation-dependent interactions with several other proteins as well as the plasma membrane. Phosphorylation of Lgl by atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), a component of the partitioning-defective (Par) complex in epithelial cells, excludes Lgl from the apical membrane, a crucial step in the establishment of epithelial cell polarity. We present the crystal structures of human Lgl2 in both its unphosphorylated and aPKC-phosphorylated states. Lgl2 adopts a double β-propeller structure that is unchanged by aPKC phosphorylation of an unstructured loop in its second β-propeller, ruling out models of phosphorylation-dependent conformational change. We demonstrate that phosphorylation controls the direct binding of purified Lgl2 to negative phospholipids in vitro. We also show that a coil-helix transition of this region that is promoted by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is also phosphorylation-dependent, implying a highly effective phosphorylative switch for membrane association.
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29
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Pei D, Shu X, Gassama-Diagne A, Thiery JP. Mesenchymal–epithelial transition in development and reprogramming. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:44-53. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Fahey-Lozano N, La Marca JE, Portela M, Richardson HE. Drosophila Models of Cell Polarity and Cell Competition in Tumourigenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1167:37-64. [PMID: 31520348 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition is an important surveillance mechanism that measures relative fitness between cells in a tissue during development, homeostasis, and disease. Specifically, cells that are "less fit" (losers) are actively eliminated by relatively "more fit" (winners) neighbours, despite the less fit cells otherwise being able to survive in a genetically uniform tissue. Originally described in the epithelial tissues of Drosophila larval imaginal discs, cell competition has since been shown to occur in other epithelial and non-epithelial Drosophila tissues, as well as in mammalian model systems. Many genes and signalling pathways have been identified as playing conserved roles in the mechanisms of cell competition. Among them are genes required for the establishment and maintenance of apico-basal cell polarity: the Crumbs/Stardust/Patj (Crb/Sdt/Patj), Bazooka/Par-6/atypical Protein Kinase C (Baz/Par-6/aPKC), and Scribbled/Discs large 1/Lethal (2) giant larvae (Scrib/Dlg1/L(2)gl) modules. In this chapter, we describe the concepts and mechanisms of cell competition, with emphasis on the relationship between cell polarity proteins and cell competition, particularly the Scrib/Dlg1/L(2)gl module, since this is the best described module in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Fahey-Lozano
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John E La Marca
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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31
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Gamblin CL, Parent-Prévost F, Jacquet K, Biehler C, Jetté A, Laprise P. Oligomerization of the FERM-FA protein Yurt controls epithelial cell polarity. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3853-3862. [PMID: 30082297 PMCID: PMC6219725 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201803099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster Yurt (Yrt) and its mammalian orthologue EPB41L5 limit apical membrane growth in polarized epithelia. EPB41L5 also supports epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Yrt and EPB41L5 contain a four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, and moesin (FERM) domain and a FERM-adjacent (FA) domain. The former contributes to the quaternary structure of 50 human proteins, whereas the latter defines a subfamily of 14 human FERM proteins and fulfills unknown roles. In this study, we show that both Yrt and EPB41L5 oligomerize. Our data also establish that the FERM-FA unit forms an oligomeric interface and that multimerization of Yrt is crucial for its function in epithelial cell polarity regulation. Finally, we demonstrate that aPKC destabilizes the Yrt oligomer to repress its functions, thereby revealing a mechanism through which this kinase supports apical domain formation. Overall, our study highlights a conserved biochemical property of fly and human Yrt proteins, describes a novel function of the FA domain, and further characterizes the molecular mechanisms sustaining epithelial cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence L Gamblin
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, and Axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Frédérique Parent-Prévost
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, and Axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Kévin Jacquet
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, and Axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Cornélia Biehler
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, and Axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Alexandra Jetté
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, and Axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, and Axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
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32
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Dolón JF, Paniagua AE, Valle V, Segurado A, Arévalo R, Velasco A, Lillo C. Expression and localization of the polarity protein CRB2 in adult mouse brain: a comparison with the CRB1 rd8 mutant mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11652. [PMID: 30076417 PMCID: PMC6076319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of cell polarization is essential for the performance of crucial functions, like a successful secretion and appropriate cell signaling in many tissues, and it depends on the correct functioning of polarity proteins, including the Crumbs complex. The CRB proteins, CRB1, CRB2 and CRB3, identified in mammals, are expressed in epithelial-derived tissues like brain, kidney and retina. CRB2 has a ubiquitous expression and has been detected in embryonic brain tissue; but currently there is no data regarding its localization in the adult brain. In our study, we characterized the presence of CRB2 in adult mice brain, where it is particularly enriched in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebellum. Double immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that CRB2 is a neuron-specific protein, present in both soma and projections where colocalizes with certain populations of exocytic and endocytic vesicles and with other members of the Crumbs complex. Finally, in the cortex of CRB1rd8 mutant mice that contain a mutation in the Crb1 gene generating a truncated CRB1 protein, there is an abnormal increase in the expression levels of the CRB2 protein which suggests a possible compensatory mechanism for the malfunction of CRB1 in this mutant background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F Dolón
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio E Paniagua
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vicente Valle
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alicia Segurado
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosario Arévalo
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Almudena Velasco
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Concepción Lillo
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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33
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Hapak SM, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. PAR3-PAR6-atypical PKC polarity complex proteins in neuronal polarization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2735-2761. [PMID: 29696344 PMCID: PMC11105418 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is a fundamental feature of cells. Protein complexes, including the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex, have conserved roles in establishing polarity across a number of eukaryotic cell types. In neurons, polarity is evident as distinct axonal versus dendritic domains. The PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins also play important roles in neuronal polarization. During this process, either aPKC kinase activity, the assembly of the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex or the localization of these proteins is regulated downstream of a number of signaling pathways. In turn, the PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins control various effector molecules to establish neuronal polarity. Herein, we discuss the many signaling mechanisms and effector functions that have been linked to PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC during the establishment of neuronal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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34
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Abstract
Establishing and maintaining cell polarity are dynamic processes that necessitate complicated but highly regulated protein interactions. Phosphorylation is a powerful mechanism for cells to control the function and subcellular localization of a target protein, and multiple kinases have played critical roles in cell polarity. Among them, atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) is likely the most studied kinase in cell polarity and has the largest number of downstream substrates characterized so far. More than half of the polarity proteins that are essential for regulating cell polarity have been identified as aPKC substrates. This review covers mainly studies of aPKC in regulating anterior-posterior polarity in the worm one-cell embryo and apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells and asymmetrically dividing cells (for example,
Drosophila neuroblasts). We will go through aPKC target proteins in cell polarity and discuss various mechanisms by which aPKC phosphorylation controls their subcellular localizations and biological functions. We will also review the recent progress in determining the detailed molecular mechanisms in spatial and temporal control of aPKC subcellular localization and kinase activity during cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S325 BST, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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35
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Hapak SM, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Axon Regeneration: Antagonistic Signaling Pairs in Neuronal Polarization. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:615-629. [PMID: 29934283 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide screens, proteomics, and candidate-based approaches have identified numerous genes associated with neuronal regeneration following central nervous system (CNS) injury. Despite significant progress, functional recovery remains a challenge, even in model systems. Neuronal function depends on segregation of axonal versus dendritic domains. A key to functional recovery may lie in recapitulating the developmental signals that instruct axon specification and growth in adult neurons post-injury. Theoretically, binary activator-inhibitor elements operating as a Turing-like system within neurons can specify axonal versus dendritic domains and promote axon growth. We review here various molecules implicated in axon specification that function as signaling pairs driving neuronal polarization and axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Equal contribution.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Equal contribution.
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36
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Abstract
The Hippo signal transduction pathway is an important regulator of organ growth and cell differentiation, and its deregulation contributes to the development of cancer. The activity of the Hippo pathway is strongly dependent on cell junctions, cellular architecture, and the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how cell junctions transduce signals from the microenvironment and control the activity of the Hippo pathway. We also discuss how these mechanisms may control organ growth during development and regeneration, and how defects in them deregulate Hippo signaling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchan Karaman
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Georg Halder
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Donohoe CD, Csordás G, Correia A, Jindra M, Klein C, Habermann B, Uhlirova M. Atf3 links loss of epithelial polarity to defects in cell differentiation and cytoarchitecture. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007241. [PMID: 29494583 PMCID: PMC5849342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between apicobasal cell polarity modules and the cytoskeleton is critical for differentiation and integrity of epithelia. However, this coordination is poorly understood at the level of gene regulation by transcription factors. Here, we establish the Drosophila activating transcription factor 3 (atf3) as a cell polarity response gene acting downstream of the membrane-associated Scribble polarity complex. Loss of the tumor suppressors Scribble or Dlg1 induces atf3 expression via aPKC but independent of Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. Strikingly, removal of Atf3 from Dlg1 deficient cells restores polarized cytoarchitecture, levels and distribution of endosomal trafficking machinery, and differentiation. Conversely, excess Atf3 alters microtubule network, vesicular trafficking and the partition of polarity proteins along the apicobasal axis. Genomic and genetic approaches implicate Atf3 as a regulator of cytoskeleton organization and function, and identify Lamin C as one of its bona fide target genes. By affecting structural features and cell morphology, Atf3 functions in a manner distinct from other transcription factors operating downstream of disrupted cell polarity. Epithelial cells form sheets and line both the outside and inside of our body. Their proper development and function require the asymmetric distribution of cellular components from the top to the bottom, known as apicobasal polarization. As loss of polarity hallmarks a majority of cancers in humans, understanding how epithelia respond to a collapse of the apicobasal axis is of great interest. Here, we show that in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster the breakdown of epithelial polarity engages Activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3), a protein that directly binds the DNA and regulates gene expression. We demonstrate that many of the pathological consequences of disturbed polarity require Atf3, as its loss in this context results in normalization of cellular architecture, vesicle trafficking and differentiation. Using unbiased genome-wide approaches we identify the genetic program controlled by Atf3 and experimentally verify select candidates. Given the evolutionary conservation of Atf3 between flies and man, we believe that our findings in the Drosophila model will contribute to a better understanding of diseases stemming from compromised epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D. Donohoe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gábor Csordás
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreia Correia
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marek Jindra
- Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Corinna Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Mirka Uhlirova
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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38
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Abstract
The Crumbs proteins are evolutionarily conserved apical transmembrane proteins. Drosophila Crumbs was discovered via its crucial role in epithelial polarity during fly embryogenesis. Crumbs proteins have variable extracellular domains but a highly conserved intracellular domain that can bind FERM and PDZ domain proteins. Mammals have three Crumbs genes and this review focuses on Crumbs3, the major Crumbs isoform expressed in mammalian epithelial cells. Although initial work has highlighted the role of Crumbs3 in polarity, more recent studies have found it has an important role in tissue morphogenesis functioning as a linker between the apical membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, recent publications have linked Crumbs3 to growth control via regulation of the Hippo/Yap pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Margolis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5680
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39
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Horikoshi Y, Kamizaki K, Hanaki T, Morimoto M, Kitagawa Y, Nakaso K, Kusumoto C, Matsura T. α-Tocopherol promotes HaCaT keratinocyte wound repair through the regulation of polarity proteins leading to the polarized cell migration. Biofactors 2018; 44:180-191. [PMID: 29399897 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many developed countries including Japan, how to care the bedridden elderly people with chronic wounds such as decubitus becomes one of the most concerned issues. Although antioxidant micronutrients including vitamin E, especially α-tocopherol (α-Toc), are reported to shorten a period of wound closure, the promoting effect of α-Toc on wound healing independent of its antioxidant activity remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to examine whether α-Toc affects wound-mediated HaCaT keratinocyte polarization process including the recruitment of polarity regulating proteins, leading to wound repair independently of its antioxidant activity. We investigated the effects of α-Toc and other antioxidants such as Trolox, a cell-permeable α-Toc analog on the migration, proliferation, and cell polarization of HaCaT keratinocytes after wounding. We analyzed the localization and complex formation of polarity proteins, partitioning defective 3 (Par3), and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), and aPKC activity by immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation analyses, and in vitro kinase assays, respectively. α-Toc but not other antioxidants enhanced the wound closure and cell polarization in HaCaT keratinocytes after wounding. α-Toc regulated the localization and complex formation of Par3 and aPKC during wound healing. Knockdown of aPKC or Par3 abrogated α-Toc-mediated promotion of the wound closure and cell polarization in HaCaT keratinocytes. Furthermore, aPKC kinase activity was significantly increased in α-Toc-treated cells through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. These results suggest that α-Toc promotes HaCaT keratinocyte wound repair by regulating the aPKC kinase activity and the formation of aPKC-Par3 complex. © 2017 BioFactors, 44(2):180-191, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Horikoshi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kouki Kamizaki
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takehiko Hanaki
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Masaki Morimoto
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kitagawa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakaso
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kusumoto
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Matsura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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40
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Stephens R, Lim K, Portela M, Kvansakul M, Humbert PO, Richardson HE. The Scribble Cell Polarity Module in the Regulation of Cell Signaling in Tissue Development and Tumorigenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3585-3612. [PMID: 29409995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Scribble cell polarity module, comprising Scribbled (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg) and Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), has a tumor suppressive role in mammalian epithelial cancers. The Scribble module proteins play key functions in the establishment and maintenance of different modes of cell polarity, as well as in the control of tissue growth, differentiation and directed cell migration, and therefore are major regulators of tissue development and homeostasis. Whilst molecular details are known regarding the roles of Scribble module proteins in cell polarity regulation, their precise mode of action in the regulation of other key cellular processes remains enigmatic. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that Scribble module proteins play scaffolding roles in the control of various signaling pathways, which are linked to the control of tissue growth, differentiation and cell migration. Multiple Scrib, Dlg and Lgl interacting proteins have been discovered, which are involved in diverse processes, however many function in the regulation of cellular signaling. Herein, we review the components of the Scrib, Dlg and Lgl protein interactomes, and focus on the mechanism by which they regulate cellular signaling pathways in metazoans, and how their disruption leads to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krystle Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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41
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Das S, Knust E. A dual role of the extracellular domain of Drosophila Crumbs for morphogenesis of the embryonic neuroectoderm. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/1/bio031435. [PMID: 29374056 PMCID: PMC5829512 DOI: 10.1242/bio.031435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are highly polarised tissues and several highly conserved polarity protein complexes serve to establish and maintain polarity. The transmembrane protein Crumbs (Crb), the central component of the Crb protein complex, is required, among others, for the maintenance of polarity in most epithelia in the Drosophila embryo. However, different epithelia exhibit different phenotypic severity upon loss of crb. Using a transgenomic approach allowed us to more accurately define the role of crb in different epithelia. In particular, we provide evidence that the loss of epithelial tissue integrity in the ventral epidermis of crb mutant embryos is due to impaired actomyosin activity and an excess number of neuroblasts. We demonstrate that the intracellular domain of Crb could only partially rescue this phenotype, while it is able to completely restore tissue integrity in other epithelia. Based on these results we suggest a dual role of the extracellular domain of Crb in the ventral neuroectoderm. First, it is required for apical enrichment of the Crb protein, which in turn regulates actomyosin activity and thereby ensures tissue integrity; and second, the extracellular domain of Crb stabilises the Notch receptor and thereby ensures proper Notch signalling and specification of the correct number of neuroblasts. Summary: Using a transgenomic approach we determine specific roles of the intra- and extracellular domain of the Crumbs protein for the maintenance of apico-basal epithelial polarity and epithelial morphogenesis in Drosophila embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Das
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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42
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Bazellières E, Aksenova V, Barthélémy-Requin M, Massey-Harroche D, Le Bivic A. Role of the Crumbs proteins in ciliogenesis, cell migration and actin organization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:13-20. [PMID: 29056580 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell organization relies on a set of proteins that interact in an intricate way and which are called polarity complexes. These complexes are involved in the determination of the apico-basal axis and in the positioning and stability of the cell-cell junctions called adherens junctions at the apico-lateral border in invertebrates. Among the polarity complexes, two are present at the apical side of epithelial cells. These are the Par complex including aPKC, PAR3 and PAR6 and the Crumbs complex including, CRUMBS, PALS1 and PATJ/MUPP1. These two complexes interact directly and in addition to their already well described functions, they play a role in other cellular processes such as ciliogenesis and polarized cell migration. In this review, we will focus on these aspects that involve the apical Crumbs polarity complex and its relation with the cortical actin cytoskeleton which might provide a more comprehensive hypothesis to explain the many facets of Crumbs cell and tissue properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Bazellières
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Veronika Aksenova
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | | | | | - André Le Bivic
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
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43
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Wen W, Zhang M. Protein Complex Assemblies in Epithelial Cell Polarity and Asymmetric Cell Division. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:3504-3520. [PMID: 28963071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric local concentration of protein complexes on distinct membrane regions is a fundamental property in numerous biological processes and is a hallmark of cell polarity. Evolutionarily conserved core polarity proteins form specific and dynamic networks to regulate the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity, as well as distinct polarity-driven cellular events. This review focuses on the molecular and structural basis governing regulated formation of several sets of core cell polarity regulatory complexes, as well as their functions in epithelial cell polarization and asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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44
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A Kinome RNAi Screen in Drosophila Identifies Novel Genes Interacting with Lgl, aPKC, and Crb Cell Polarity Genes in Epithelial Tissues. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:2497-2509. [PMID: 28611255 PMCID: PMC5555457 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.043513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In both Drosophila melanogaster and mammalian systems, epithelial structure and underlying cell polarity are essential for proper tissue morphogenesis and organ growth. Cell polarity interfaces with multiple cellular processes that are regulated by the phosphorylation status of large protein networks. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that coordinate cell polarity with tissue growth, we screened a boutique collection of RNAi stocks targeting the kinome for their capacity to modify Drosophila “cell polarity” eye and wing phenotypes. Initially, we identified kinase or phosphatase genes whose depletion modified adult eye phenotypes associated with the manipulation of cell polarity complexes (via overexpression of Crb or aPKC). We next conducted a secondary screen to test whether these cell polarity modifiers altered tissue overgrowth associated with depletion of Lgl in the wing. These screens identified Hippo, Jun kinase (JNK), and Notch signaling pathways, previously linked to cell polarity regulation of tissue growth. Furthermore, novel pathways not previously connected to cell polarity regulation of tissue growth were identified, including Wingless (Wg/Wnt), Ras, and lipid/Phospho-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways. Additionally, we demonstrated that the “nutrient sensing” kinases Salt Inducible Kinase 2 and 3 (SIK2 and 3) are potent modifiers of cell polarity phenotypes and regulators of tissue growth. Overall, our screen has revealed novel cell polarity-interacting kinases and phosphatases that affect tissue growth, providing a platform for investigating molecular mechanisms coordinating cell polarity and tissue growth during development.
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45
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FERM domain phosphorylation and endogenous 3′UTR are not essential for regulating the function and subcellular localization of polarity protein Crumbs. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:409-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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46
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Harris TJC. Sculpting epithelia with planar polarized actomyosin networks: Principles from Drosophila. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:54-61. [PMID: 28760393 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila research has revealed how planar polarized actomyosin networks affect various types of tissue morphogenesis. The networks are positioned by both tissue-wide patterning factors (including Even-skipped, Runt, Engrailed, Invected, Hedgehog, Notch, Wingless, Epidermal Growth Factor, Jun N-terminal kinase, Sex combs reduced and Fork head) and local receptor complexes (including Echinoid, Crumbs and Toll receptors). Networks with differing super-structure and contractile output have been discovered. Their contractility can affect individual cells or can be coordinated across groups of cells, and such contractility can drive or resist physical change. For what seem to be simple tissue changes, multiple types of actomyosin networks can contribute, acting together as contractile elements or braces within the developing structure. This review discusses the positioning and effects of planar polarized actomyosin networks for a number of developmental events in Drosophila, including germband extension, dorsal closure, head involution, tracheal pit formation, salivary gland development, imaginal disc boundary formation, and tissue rotation of the male genitalia and the egg chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J C Harris
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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47
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Tapia R, Kralicek SE, Hecht GA. EPEC effector EspF promotes Crumbs3 endocytosis and disrupts epithelial cell polarity. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28618099 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) uses a type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into host intestinal epithelial cells causing diarrhoea. EPEC infection redistributes basolateral proteins β1-integrin and Na+ /K+ ATPase to the apical membrane of host cells. The Crumbs (Crb) polarity complex (Crb3/Pals1/Patj) is essential for epithelial cell polarisation and tight junction (TJ) assembly. Here, we demonstrate that EPEC displaces Crb3 and Pals1 from the apical membrane to the cytoplasm of cultured intestinal epithelial cells and colonocytes of infected mice. In vitro studies show that EspF, but not Map, alters Crb3, whereas both effectors modulate Pals1. EspF perturbs polarity formation in cyst morphogenesis assays and induces endocytosis and apical redistribution of Na+ /K+ ATPase. EspF binds to sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) causing membrane remodelling in host cells. Infection with ΔespF/pespFD3, a mutant strain that ablates EspF binding to SNX9, or inhibition of dynamin, attenuates Crb3 endocytosis caused by EPEC. In addition, infection with ΔespF/pespFD3 has no impact on Na+ /K+ ATPase endocytosis. These data support the hypothesis that EPEC perturbs apical-basal polarity in an EspF-dependent manner, which would contribute to EPEC-associated diarrhoea by disruption of TJ and altering the crucial positioning of membrane transporters involved in the absorption of ions and solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Tapia
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah E Kralicek
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gail A Hecht
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.,Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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48
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Tapia R, Kralicek SE, Hecht GA. Modulation of epithelial cell polarity by bacterial pathogens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017. [PMID: 28628193 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells constitute a physical barrier that aids in protecting the host from microbial pathogens. Polarized epithelial cells contain distinct apical and basolateral membrane domains separated by intercellular junctions, including tight junctions (TJs), which contribute to the maintenance of apical-basal polarity. Polarity complexes also contribute to the establishment of TJ formation. Several pathogens perturb epithelial TJ barrier function and structure in addition to causing a loss of apical-basal polarity. Here, we review the impact of pathogenic bacteria on the disruption of cell-cell junctions and epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Tapia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Sarah E Kralicek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Gail A Hecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.,Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
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49
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Feng Q, Bonder EM, Engevik AC, Zhang L, Tyska MJ, Goldenring JR, Gao N. Disruption of Rab8a and Rab11a causes formation of basolateral microvilli in neonatal enteropathy. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2491-2505. [PMID: 28596241 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Misplaced formation of microvilli to basolateral domains and intracellular inclusions in enterocytes are pathognomonic features in congenital enteropathy associated with mutation of the apical plasma membrane receptor syntaxin 3 (STX3). Although the demonstrated binding of Myo5b to the Rab8a and Rab11a small GTPases in vitro implicates cytoskeleton-dependent membrane sorting, the mechanisms underlying the microvillar location defect remain unclear. By selective or combinatory disruption of Rab8a and Rab11a membrane traffic in vivo, we demonstrate that transport of distinct cargo to the apical brush border rely on either individual or both Rab regulators, whereas certain basolateral cargos are redundantly transported by both factors. Enterocyte-specific Rab8a and Rab11a double-knockout mouse neonates showed immediate postnatal lethality and more severe enteropathy than single knockouts, with extensive formation of microvilli along basolateral surfaces. Notably, following an inducible Rab11a deletion from neonatal enterocytes, basolateral microvilli were induced within 3 days. These data identify a potentially important and distinct mechanism for a characteristic microvillus defect exhibited by enterocytes of patients with neonatal enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Amy C Engevik
- Department of Surgery, and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center of Princeton, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Nashville VA Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08903, USA
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50
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Sallé J, Gervais L, Boumard B, Stefanutti M, Siudeja K, Bardin AJ. Intrinsic regulation of enteroendocrine fate by Numb. EMBO J 2017; 36:1928-1945. [PMID: 28533229 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How terminal cell fates are specified in dynamically renewing adult tissues is not well understood. Here we explore terminal cell fate establishment during homeostasis using the enteroendocrine cells (EEs) of the adult Drosophila midgut as a paradigm. Our data argue against the existence of local feedback signals, and we identify Numb as an intrinsic regulator of EE fate. Our data further indicate that Numb, with alpha-adaptin, acts upstream or in parallel of known regulators of EE fate to limit Notch signaling, thereby facilitating EE fate acquisition. We find that Numb is regulated in part through its asymmetric and symmetric distribution during stem cell divisions; however, its de novo synthesis is also required during the differentiation of the EE cell. Thus, this work identifies Numb as a crucial factor for cell fate choice in the adult Drosophila intestine. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that cell-intrinsic control mechanisms of terminal cell fate acquisition can result in a balanced tissue-wide production of terminally differentiated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Sallé
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Louis Gervais
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Boumard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France.,Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Stefanutti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Katarzyna Siudeja
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Allison J Bardin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
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