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Direct tumor recognition by a human CD4(+) T-cell subset potently mediates tumor growth inhibition and orchestrates anti-tumor immune responses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14896. [PMID: 26447332 PMCID: PMC4597193 DOI: 10.1038/srep14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells generally orchestrate and regulate immune cells to provide immune surveillance against malignancy. However, activation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells is restricted at local tumor sites where antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are frequently dysfunctional, which can cause rapid exhaustion of anti-tumor immune responses. Herein, we characterize anti-tumor effects of a unique human CD4(+) helper T-cell subset that directly recognizes the cytoplasmic tumor antigen, NY-ESO-1, presented by MHC class II on cancer cells. Upon direct recognition of cancer cells, tumor-recognizing CD4(+) T cells (TR-CD4) potently induced IFN-γ-dependent growth arrest in cancer cells. In addition, direct recognition of cancer cells triggers TR-CD4 to provide help to NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cells by enhancing cytotoxic activity, and improving viability and proliferation in the absence of APCs. Notably, the TR-CD4 either alone or in collaboration with CD8(+) T cells significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a xenograft model. Finally, retroviral gene-engineering with T cell receptor (TCR) derived from TR-CD4 produced large numbers of functional TR-CD4. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the role of TR-CD4 in tumor immunity, and suggest that approaches to utilize TR-CD4 will augment anti-tumor immune responses for durable therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients.
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Tremante E, Ginebri A, Lo Monaco E, Benassi B, Frascione P, Grammatico P, Cappellacci S, Catricalà C, Arcelli D, Natali PG, Di Filippo F, Mottolese M, Visca P, Benevolo M, Giacomini P. A melanoma immune response signature including Human Leukocyte Antigen-E. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:103-12. [PMID: 24011128 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Paired cultures of early-passage melanoma cells and melanocytes were established from metastatic lesions and the uninvolved skin of five patients. In this stringent autologous setting, cDNA profiling was used to analyze a subset of 1477 genes selected by the Gene Ontology term 'immune response'. Human Leukocyte Antigen E (HLA-E) was ranked 19th among melanoma-overexpressed genes and was embedded in a transformation signature including its preferred peptide ligand donors HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-G. Mostly undetectable in normal skin and 39 nevi (including rare and atypical lesions), HLA-E was detected by immunohistochemistry in 17/30 (57%) and 32/48 (67%) primary and metastatic lesions, respectively. Accordingly, surface HLA-E was higher on melanoma cells than on melanocytes and protected the former (6/6 cell lines) from lysis by natural killer (NK) cells, functionally counteracting co-expressed triggering ligands. Although lacking HLA-E, melanocytes (4/4 cultures) were nevertheless (and surprisingly) fully protected from NK cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tremante
- Laboratory of Immunology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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Matsuzaki J, Tsuji T, Luescher I, Old LJ, Shrikant P, Gnjatic S, Odunsi K. Nonclassical antigen-processing pathways are required for MHC class II-restricted direct tumor recognition by NY-ESO-1-specific CD4(+) T cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 2:341-50. [PMID: 24764581 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that directly recognize cancer cells are important for orchestrating antitumor immune responses at the local tumor sites. However, the mechanisms of direct MHC class II (MHC-II) presentation of intracellular tumor antigen by cancer cells are poorly understood. We found that two functionally distinct subsets of CD4(+) T cells were expanded after HLA-DPB1*04 (DP04)-binding NY-ESO-1157-170 peptide vaccination in patients with ovarian cancer. Although both subsets recognized exogenous NY-ESO-1 protein pulsed on DP04(+) target cells, only one type recognized target cells with intracellular expression of NY-ESO-1. The tumor-recognizing CD4(+) T cells more efficiently recognized the short 8-9-mer peptides than the non-tumor-recognizing CD4(+) T cells. In addition to endosomal/lysosomal proteases that are typically involved in MHC-II antigen presentation, several pathways in the MHC class I presentation pathways, such as the proteasomal degradation and transporter-associated with antigen-processing-mediated peptide transport, were also involved in the presentation of intracellular NY-ESO-1 on MHC-II. The presentation was inhibited significantly by primaquine, a small molecule that inhibits endosomal recycling, consistent with findings that pharmacologic inhibition of new protein synthesis enhances antigen presentation. Together, our data demonstrate that cancer cells selectively present peptides from intracellular tumor antigens on MHC-II by multiple nonclassical antigen-processing pathways. Harnessing the direct tumor-recognizing ability of CD4(+) T cells could be a promising strategy to enhance antitumor immune responses in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsuzaki
- Authors' Affiliations: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Campoli M, Fitzpatrick JE, High W, Ferrone S. HLA antigen expression in melanocytic lesions: is acquisition of HLA antigen expression a biomarker of atypical (dysplastic) melanocytes? J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66:911-6, 916.e1-8. [PMID: 22445792 PMCID: PMC8559555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although criteria are established for the histologic diagnosis of atypical nevi (AN), consensus about the criteria in the diagnosis of and in the definition of AN is limited. Moreover, intraobserver and interobserver differences in the application of these criteria for the diagnosis of AN have been observed. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the usefulness of HLA antigen expression as a biomarker of AN. METHODS The immunoperoxidase reaction was used to mark common nevi and AN with HLA class I heavy chain-, β2microglobulin (β2m)-, and HLA class II β chain-specific monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS HLA class I heavy chain, β2m, and HLA class II β chain were expressed in 5 (8.6%) of the 58 common nevi and in 46 (∼72%) of the 64 atypical melanocytic lesions. Among common lesions, only halo nevi expressed HLA class I heavy chain, β2m, and HLA class II β chain. The level of HLA class I heavy chain β2m and of HLA class II β chain expression correlated with the degree of cytologic atypia and architectural disorder. LIMITATIONS The number of lesions tested and the subjective nature of the analysis of immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections are both limitations. CONCLUSIONS The data presented suggest that HLA antigen expression is an objective biomarker that correlates well with the degree of cytologic atypia in AN and may: (1) be useful to distinguish common nevi from AN, and (2) represent a more objective measure to determine which AN should be excised.
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Tsuji T, Matsuzaki J, Caballero OL, Jungbluth AA, Ritter G, Odunsi K, Old LJ, Gnjatic S. Heat shock protein 90-mediated peptide-selective presentation of cytosolic tumor antigen for direct recognition of tumors by CD4(+) T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3851-8. [PMID: 22427632 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells play important functions in tumor immunosurveillance, and in certain cases they can directly recognize HLA class II-expressing tumor cells. However, the underlying mechanism of intracellular Ag presentation to CD4(+) T cells by tumor cells has not yet been well characterized. We analyzed two naturally occurring human CD4(+) T cell lines specific for different peptides from cytosolic tumor Ag NY-ESO-1. Whereas both lines had the same HLA restriction and a similar ability to recognize exogenous NY-ESO-1 protein, only one CD4(+) T cell line recognized NY-ESO-1(+) HLA class II-expressing melanoma cells. Modulation of Ag processing in melanoma cells using specific molecular inhibitors and small interfering RNA revealed a previously undescribed peptide-selective Ag-presentation pathway by HLA class II(+) melanoma cells. The presentation required both proteasome and endosomal protease-dependent processing mechanisms, as well as cytosolic heat shock protein 90-mediated chaperoning. Such tumor-specific pathway of endogenous HLA class II Ag presentation is expected to play an important role in immunosurveillance or immunosuppression mediated by various subsets of CD4(+) T cells at the tumor local site. Furthermore, targeted activation of tumor-recognizing CD4(+) T cells by vaccination or adoptive transfer could be a suitable strategy for enhancing the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemasa Tsuji
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Campoli M, Ferrone S. HLA antigen and NK cell activating ligand expression in malignant cells: a story of loss or acquisition. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 33:321-34. [PMID: 21523560 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant transformation of cells is often associated with changes in classical and non-classical HLA class I antigen, HLA class II antigen as well as NK cell activating ligand (NKCAL) expression. These changes are believed to play a role in the clinical course of the disease since these molecules are critical to the interactions between tumor cells and components of both innate and adaptive immune system. For some time, it has been assumed that alterations in the expression profile of HLA antigens and NKCAL on malignant cells represented loss of classical HLA class I antigen and induction of HLA class II antigen, non-classical HLA class I antigen and/or NKCAL expression. In contrast to these assumptions, experimental evidence suggests that in some cases dysplastic and malignant cells can acquire classical HLA class I antigen expression and/or lose the ability to express HLA class II antigens. In light of the latter findings as well as of the revival of the cancer immune surveillance theory, a reevaluation of the interpretation of changes in HLA antigen and NKCAL expression in malignant lesions is warranted. In this article, we first briefly describe the conventional types of changes in HLA antigen and NKCAL expression that have been identified in malignant cells to date. Second, we discuss the evidence indicating that, in at least some cell types, classical HLA class I antigen expression can be acquired and/or the ability to express HLA class II antigens is lost. Third, we review the available evidence for the role of immune selective pressure in the generation of malignant lesions with changes in HLA antigen expression. This information contributes to our understanding of the role of the immune system in the control of tumor development and to the optimization of the design of immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Campoli
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Rausch MP, Irvine KR, Antony PA, Restifo NP, Cresswell P, Hastings KT. GILT accelerates autoimmunity to the melanoma antigen tyrosinase-related protein 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2828-35. [PMID: 20668223 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Melanocyte differentiation Ags, including tyrosinase-related protein (TRP) 1, are relevant to both autoimmune skin depigmentation (vitiligo) and tumor immunity, because they are expressed by both benign melanocytes and many malignant melanomas. Melanoma patients generate CD4(+) T cells that specifically recognize these proteins. TRP1 contains internal disulfide bonds and is presented by MHC class II molecules. Gamma-IFN-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) facilitates the generation of class II-binding peptides by the endocytic reduction of protein disulfide bonds. We show in this study that GILT is required for efficient MHC class II-restricted processing of a TRP1 epitope in vitro and accelerates the onset of vitiligo in TRP1-specific TCR transgenic mice. The presence of GILT confers a small increase in the percentage of autoreactive T cells with an effector memory phenotype that may contribute to earlier disease onset. The onset of vitiligo is associated with a greater increase in the percentage of autoreactive T cells with an effector memory phenotype. Given that many self and tumor Ags have disulfide bonds and are presented on MHC class II, GILT is likely to be important in the pathogenesis of other CD4(+) T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and for the development of effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Rausch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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Saha A, Chatterjee SK. Combination of CTL-associated antigen-4 blockade and depletion of CD25 regulatory T cells enhance tumour immunity of dendritic cell-based vaccine in a mouse model of colon cancer. Scand J Immunol 2010; 71:70-82. [PMID: 20384858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immune regulation has been shown to be involved in the progressive growth of some murine tumours. Interruption of immune regulatory pathways via CTL-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) blockade or removal of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells appears to be a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the combination of CTLA-4 blockade and depletion of Treg cells would improve the potency of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine in a clinically relevant mouse model, which is transgenic for both carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and HLA-A2 for the treatment of colon carcinoma in a therapeutic setting. We found that administration of anti-CD25 antibody prior to vaccination or systemic administration of anti-CTLA-4 antibody with the vaccine improved tumour-free survival against CEA-expressing tumours compared with mice immunized with DC-based vaccine alone. However, the efficacy of the vaccine proved to be most effective when anti-CTLA-4 antibody was combined with Treg inhibition. This vaccination strategy dramatically improved the tumour-free survival and allowed the development of long-lasting immune responses. The combined vaccination strategy resulted in increased secretion of IFN-gamma and enhanced HLA-A2-restricted CEA-specific CTL responses. Furthermore, coadministration of anti-CD25 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies along with the vaccine was effective against more advanced tumours. These results provide evidence that simultaneous blockade of T-cell regulatory pathways is a promising approach for the induction of therapeutic antitumour immunity against CEA(+) colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Saha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Chen C, Zhang C, Zhuang G, Luo H, Su J, Yin P, Wang J. Decoy receptor 3 overexpression and immunologic tolerance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Cancer Invest 2009; 26:965-74. [PMID: 19093253 DOI: 10.1080/07357900801975256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recently identified decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) inhibits FasL-induced apoptosis by binding to FasL, and it is considered to play a key role in the immune escape system of neoplastic cells. In order to examine the involvement of DcR3 in the immunologic tolerance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we investigated the amplification and expression of DcR3, FasL, and Fas in an HCC mice model using RT-PCR, western blotting, and ELISA, and analyzed the space-time relationship with various cytokines including the forkhead transcription factor forkhead/winged helix transcription factor gene (Foxp3), CTLA-4, TGF-beta, IL-10, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. The RT-PCR results revealed that Fas expression preceded that of DcR3 during the early phases of tumorigenesis. Thereafter, the expression of DcR3 was up-regulated; however, the expression of Fas was down-regulated and eventually ceased. DcR3 and FasL were expressed and amplified simultaneously in muscle tumor. CTLA-4 expression was earlier than Foxp3, and both CTLA-4 and Foxp3 amplification and expression were consistent with that of DcR3. The results suggest that the elevated levels of DcR3, Foxp3, and CTLA-4 in tissue were positively correlated with tumor growth. The partial tumor immunoregulation inclined to negative modulation, and DcR3 may play an important role in inducing immunologic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Chen
- Anti-Cancer Research Center, Xiamen University Medical College, XiaMen, China
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Sanchez-Niño MD, Sanz AB, Ihalmo P, Lassila M, Holthofer H, Mezzano S, Aros C, Groop PH, Saleem MA, Mathieson PW, Langham R, Kretzler M, Nair V, Lemley KV, Nelson RG, Mervaala E, Mattinzoli D, Rastaldi MP, Ruiz-Ortega M, Martin-Ventura JL, Egido J, Ortiz A. The MIF receptor CD74 in diabetic podocyte injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 20:353-62. [PMID: 18842989 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although metabolic derangement plays a central role in diabetic nephropathy, a better understanding of secondary mediators of injury may lead to new therapeutic strategies. Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is increased in experimental diabetic nephropathy, and increased tubulointerstitial mRNA expression of its receptor, CD74, has been observed in human diabetic nephropathy. Whether CD74 transduces MIF signals in podocytes, however, is unknown. Here, we found glomerular and tubulointerstitial CD74 mRNA expression to be increased in Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the increased glomerular and tubular expression of CD74 in clinical and experimental diabetic nephropathy and localized glomerular CD74 to podocytes. In cultured human podocytes, CD74 was expressed at the cell surface, was upregulated by high concentrations of glucose and TNF-alpha, and was activated by MIF, leading to phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38. High glucose also induced CD74 expression in a human proximal tubule cell line (HK2). In addition, MIF induced the expression of the inflammatory mediators TRAIL and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in podocytes and HK2 cells in a p38-dependent manner. These data suggest that CD74 acts as a receptor for MIF in podocytes and may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Fundación Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain
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Vujanovic L, Mandic M, Olson WC, Kirkwood JM, Storkus WJ. A mycoplasma peptide elicits heteroclitic CD4+ T cell responses against tumor antigen MAGE-A6. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 13:6796-806. [PMID: 18006782 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although T-helper (Th) epitopes have been previously reported for many tumor antigens, including MAGE-A6, the relevant HLA-DR alleles that present these peptides are expressed by only a minority of patients. The identification of tumor antigenic epitopes presented promiscuously by many HLA-DR alleles would extend the clinical utility of these peptides in vaccines and for the immunomonitoring of cancer patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A neural network algorithm and in vitro sensitization assays were employed to screen candidate peptides for their immunogenicity. RESULTS The MAGE-A6(140-170), MAGE-A6(172-187), and MAGE-A6(280-302) epitopes were recognized by CD4+ T cells isolated from the majority of normal donors and melanoma patients evaluated. Peptide-specific CD4+ T cells also recognized autologous antigen-presenting cell pulsed with recombinant MAGE-A6 (rMAGE) protein, supporting the natural processing and MHC presentation of these epitopes. Given the strong primary in vitro sensitization of normal donor CD4+ T cells by the MAGEA6(172-187) epitope, suggestive of potential cross-reactivity against an environmental stimulus, we identified a highly homologous peptide within the Mycoplasma penetrans HF-2 permease (MPHF2) protein. MPHF2 peptide-primed CD4+ T cells cross-reacted against autologous APC pulsed with the MAGE-A6(172-187) peptide or rMAGE protein and recognized HLA-matched MAGE-A6+ melanoma cell lines. These responses seemed heteroclitic in nature because the functional avidity of MPHF2 peptide-primed CD4+ T cells for the MAGE-A6(172-187) peptide was approximately 1,000 times greater than that of CD4+ T cells primed with the corresponding MAGE-A6 peptide. CONCLUSIONS We believe that these novel "promiscuous" MAGE-A6/MPHF2 Th epitopes may prove clinically useful in the treatment and/or monitoring of a high proportion of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Vujanovic
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Gifford GE, Flick DA. Natural production and release of tumour necrosis factor. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 131:3-20. [PMID: 3131075 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513521.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) was first described as an oncolytic factor found in sera of animals injected (primed) with reticuloendothelial stimulators and subsequently (days later) given lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF is not found in the serum of 'primed' animals but can be found in animals given LPS alone when sensitive assays are employed. TNF appears almost immediately upon LPS injection, reaches a maximum from about 1.5-2 hours and disappears rapidly thereafter, and is almost undetectable by 4-6 hours. When such mice are injected again with LPS, they are unresponsive (tolerized) and do not produce TNF again, at least for seven days. Other unrelated substances, such as muramyl dipeptide, viruses and mitogens, also induce TNF production. A high percentage of patients with some parasitic infections (but not cancers) demonstrate low levels of TNF in their sera; thus, they do not seem to be tolerized but produce it continuously. TNF can also be produced in macrophage cultures by treatment with LPS, muramyl dipeptide and other substances. Again, it appears almost immediately and synthesis is maintained for about 8-12 hours. Synthesis is dependent upon the continuous presence of LPS. After synthesis stops it cannot be reinitiated by adding more LPS; thus, the macrophages also appear to be tolerized. Macrophage cell lines eventually become sensitive again after cultivation in LPS-free conditions. Synthesis of TNF is inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide, indicating that it is an inducible protein. Its production is also inhibited by glucocorticoids and prostaglandin E2, indicating that these substances play important roles in the regulation of TNF synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Gifford
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
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Pober JS. Effects of tumour necrosis factor and related cytokines on vascular endothelial cells. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 131:170-84. [PMID: 3330009 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513521.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and related cytokines have been found to alter the phenotype of vascular endothelial cells so as to promote coagulation, inflammation and immunity. We have used recombinant human TNF, lymphotoxin (LT), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) to study and compare the effects of these molecules on cultured human endothelial cells (HEC). All four mediators cause HEC monolayers to reorganize from an epithelioid to a fibroblastoid morphology. Reorganization is slow (days), reversible upon cytokine withdrawal and enhanced by co-addition of immune interferon. Coincident with morphological change, TNF and LT (but not IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta) cause a marked increase in HLA-A, B mRNA and antigen expression. TNF and LT also induce a slow increase in the mRNA levels and cell-surface expression of IL-1 species. All four cytokines have been reported to enhance HEC adhesiveness for lymphocytes and inflammatory leucocytes; these changes temporally coincide with a rapid (hours) and sustained increase in expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and with a rapid but transient de novo expression of an endothelial-leucocyte adhesion molecule (detected by antibody H4/18), respectively. TNF and LT induce reciprocal tachyphylaxis for the reinduction of H4/18 binding but do not inhibit induction by IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta; similarly, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta induce reciprocal tachyphylaxis but do not inhibit TNF or LT. We have used the binding of H4/18 to explore the mechanism of action of TNF. Tumour-promoting phorbol esters, but not agents which increase cytoplasmic calcium concentrations, were found to induce binding, suggesting a possible involvement of the protein kinase C pathway in the response of HEC to TNF. Cells pretreated for 24 hours with phorbol esters cannot be reinduced to express H4/18 binding by phorbol esters yet retain full responsiveness to TNF. Thus TNF also appears to act on HEC through a pathway independent of protein kinase C activation. Collectively, these effects of TNF and related cytokines may be understood as examples of endothelial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Pober
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Elmore E, Jain A, Siddiqui S, Tohidian N, Meyskens FL, Steele VE, Redpath JL. Development and characteristics of a human cell assay for screening agents for melanoma prevention. Melanoma Res 2007; 17:42-50. [PMID: 17235241 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3280142f96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and initial evaluation of a human cell assay to identify potentially efficacious agents for preventing melanoma. Four human cell lines were used: normal melanocytes, a radial growth-phase-like melanoma cell line (WM3211), a vertical growth-phase-like melanoma cell line (Lu1205), and 83-2c, a cell strain cloned from metastatic melanoma. Four endpoints were evaluated in ultraviolet B-treated cells: annexin V, human leukocyte antigen-DR; E-cadherin, and N-cadherin. Annexin V was induced by nimesulide, 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide, and difluoromethylornithine in ultraviolet-B-treated radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells. None of the agents inhibited human leukocyte antigen-DR expression in ultraviolet-B-treated radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells, the only cells that strongly expressed human leukocyte antigen-DR. E-cadherin was overexpressed only in radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells relative to melanocytes, and ultraviolet B exposure dramatically reduced this expression. E-cadherin was only induced by difluoromethylornithine in ultraviolet-B-treated radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells. N-cadherin was over- expressed in all melanoma cell lines relative to melanocytes. In this study, all candidate preventive agents inhibited N-cadherin in ultraviolet B-treated radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells. Four agents inhibited N-cadherin in ultraviolet B-treated vertical growth-phase-like melanoma cells. The mean ratios of N-cadherin to E-cadherin levels and specific endpoint responses for both the radial growth-phase-like melanoma and vertical growth-phase-like melanoma cells were used to rank the agents. Agents were evaluated at clinically relevant concentrations. The rankings were difluoromethylornithine>4-hydroxyphenylretinamide>nimesulide>9-cis-retinoic acid>polyphenon E. Diphenylhydramine, D-mannitol, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid were inactive. The results of these initial studies suggest that ultraviolet-B-treated radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells are the most responsive to chemopreventive agents, and may be the cell line of choice for screening melanoma prevention agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Elmore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2695, USA.
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Reang P, Gupta M, Kohli K. Biological response modifiers in cancer. MEDGENMED : MEDSCAPE GENERAL MEDICINE 2006; 8:33. [PMID: 17415315 PMCID: PMC1868326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We have seen a surge in the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer. Biological response modifiers can act passively by enhancing the immunologic response to tumor cells or actively by altering the differentiation/growth of tumor cells. Active immunotherapy with cytokines such as interferons (IFNs) and interleukins (IL-2) is a form of nonspecific active immune stimulation. The use of IL-2 has recently been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and metastatic colorectal cancer. Considerable success has been achieved with the use of immunotherapy, especially in the area of passive immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies--in particular, radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies. In addition to the various monoclonal antibodies that have been used in clinical trials, other strategies such as the use of antiangiogenic agents and matrix metalloprotease inhibitors (MMPIs) have also met with some success. Recently, the FDA approved bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent, for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. This review also sheds light on the various angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical trials, the increasing use of thalidomide in cancer, and the upcoming potential cancer vaccines designed to activate cell-mediated immune responses against tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Reang
- Department of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi-110001, India
| | - Madhur Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Lady All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Kamlesh Kohli
- Former Head of Department of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi-110001, India Author's email address:
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17
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Parkhurst MR, Riley JP, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA. Induction of CD4+ Th1 lymphocytes that recognize known and novel class II MHC restricted epitopes from the melanoma antigen gp100 by stimulation with recombinant protein. J Immunother 2004; 27:79-91. [PMID: 14770079 PMCID: PMC2275328 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200403000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T helper cells may play a critical role in the induction and maintenance of a therapeutic immune response to cancer. To evaluate the efficacy with which a recombinant tumor-associated protein can induce antigen-reactive CD4+ T cells, we stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with melanoma in vitro with the purified melanoma antigen gp100 produced in Escherichia coli. In preliminary experiments, we observed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells could process and present known HLA-DRbeta1*0401 and HLA-DRbeta1*0701 restricted epitopes to gp100-reactive CD4+ T cell lines after being loaded exogenously with protein. Therefore, we used autologous protein-loaded peripheral blood mononuclear cells as antigen presenting cells. From four of nine patients who expressed both HLA-DRbeta1*0401 and HLA-DRbeta1*0701, we raised five gp100-reactive CD4+ T cell populations that secreted TH1 type cytokines in response to exogenously loaded protein as well as target cells that endogenously expressed gp100 and MHC class II molecules, including transfectants and melanoma cells. Four of the five cultures specifically recognized the known HLA-DRbeta1*0401 and HLA-DRbeta1*0701 restricted epitopes gp100:44-59 and gp100:170-190, respectively. The fifth culture, and 30 T cell clones derived from it, specifically recognized a new peptide, gp100:420-435, in the context of HLA-DRbeta1*0701. These results suggest that recombinant tumor-associated proteins may be clinically applicable for the generation of CD4+ T helper cells in active vaccination strategies or adoptive cellular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Parkhurst
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1502, USA.
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18
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Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J. Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:1155-228. [PMID: 15383650 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1340] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents interacting via pathways activated by receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms, in hormonal, auto-, para-, or intracrine fashion. Because of the multidirectional nature and heterogeneous character of the melanogenesis modifying agents, its controlling factors are not organized into simple linear sequences, but they interphase instead in a multidimensional network, with extensive functional overlapping with connections arranged both in series and in parallel. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortins and ACTH, whereas among the negative regulators agouti protein stands out, determining intensity of melanogenesis and also the type of melanin synthesized. Within the context of the skin as a stress organ, melanogenic activity serves as a unique molecular sensor and transducer of noxious signals and as regulator of local homeostasis. In keeping with these multiple roles, melanogenesis is controlled by a highly structured system, active since early embryogenesis and capable of superselective functional regulation that may reach down to the cellular level represented by single melanocytes. Indeed, the significance of melanogenesis extends beyond the mere assignment of a color trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Slominski
- Dept. of Pathology, Suite 599, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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19
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Casares N, Arribillaga L, Sarobe P, Dotor J, Lopez-Diaz de Cerio A, Melero I, Prieto J, Borrás-Cuesta F, Lasarte JJ. CD4+/CD25+ Regulatory Cells Inhibit Activation of Tumor-Primed CD4+ T Cells with IFN-γ-Dependent Antiangiogenic Activity, as well as Long-Lasting Tumor Immunity Elicited by Peptide Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:5931-9. [PMID: 14634104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD25(+) regulatory T (T reg) cells suppress the activation/proliferation of other CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Also, down-regulation of CD25(+) T reg cells enhance antitumor immune responses. In this study, we show that depletion of CD25(+) T reg cells allows the host to induce both CD4(+) and CD8(+) antitumoral responses following tumor challenge. Simultaneous depletion of CD25(+) and CD8(+) cells, as well as adoptive transfer experiments, revealed that tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells, which emerged in the absence of CD25(+) T reg cells, were able to reject CT26 colon cancer cells, a MHC class II-negative tumor. The antitumoral effect mediated by CD4(+) T cells was dependent on IFN-gamma production, which exerted a potent antiangiogenic activity. The capacity of the host to mount this antitumor response is lost once the number of CD25(+) T reg cells is restored over time. However, CD25(+) T reg cell depletion before immunization with AH1 (a cytotoxic T cell determinant from CT26 tumor cells) permits the induction of a long-lasting antitumoral immune response, not observed if immunization is conducted in the presence of regulatory cells. A study of the effect of different levels of depletion of CD25(+) T reg cells before immunization with the peptide AH1 alone, or in combination with a Th determinant, unraveled that Th cells play an important role in overcoming the suppressive effect of CD25(+) T reg on the induction of long-lasting cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Casares
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University Clinic and Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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20
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Robbins PF, El-Gamil M, Li YF, Zeng G, Dudley M, Rosenberg SA. Multiple HLA class II-restricted melanocyte differentiation antigens are recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from a patient with melanoma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6036-47. [PMID: 12421991 PMCID: PMC2410044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic clinical responses were observed in patient 888 following the adoptive transfer of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Previously, extensive analysis of the specificity of class I-restricted T cells from patient 888 TIL has revealed that these T cells recognize a mutated, as well as several nonmutated tumor Ags. Additional studies that were conducted on TIL from patient 888 indicated that they contained CD4-positive T cells that recognized the autologous tumor that had been induced to express HLA class II molecules. Tumor-reactive CD4-positive T cell clones were isolated from TIL and tested for their ability to react with Ags that are recognized by HLA class I-restricted, melanoma-reactive T cells. Using this approach, T cell clones were identified that recognized an epitope expressed in both the tyrosinase-related protein 1 and tyrosinase-related protein 2 Ags in the context of the HLA-DRbeta1*1502 class II gene product. Additional clones were found to recognize an epitope of gp100 in the context of the same HLA-DR restriction element. These observations provide an impetus to develop strategies directed toward generating HLA class II-restricted tumor-reactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- COS Cells
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- HLA Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DR Antigens/immunology
- HLA-DR Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-DRB1 Chains
- HLA-DRB5 Chains
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Isoantigens/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanocytes/immunology
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oxidoreductases
- Proteins/immunology
- Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 2B42, Bethesda, MD 20892-7502, USA
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21
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Abstract
Most major advances in human cancer immunology and immunotherapy have come from studies in melanoma. We are beginning to understand the immune repertoire of T cells and antibodies that are active against melanoma, with recent glimpses of the CD4(+) T cell repertoire. The view of what the immune system can see is extending to mutations and parts of the genome that are normally invisible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Houghton
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Medical School of Cornell University, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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22
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Vaccines With Interleukin-12–Transduced Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Elicit Very Potent Therapeutic and Long-Lasting Protective Immunity. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.12.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine mediating a dynamic interplay between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Preclinical studies have demonstrated that recombinant murine IL-12 (rmIL-12) promotes specific antitumor immunity mediated by T cells in several types of tumors. However, the in vivo antitumor properties of IL-12 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have not been previously reported. We show here in a murine AML model that systemic administration of rmIL-12 significantly delays tumor growth but is incapable of rescuing mice from lethal leukemia. In contrast, AML cells genetically modified to express IL-12 (IL12-AML) using murine stem cell virus (MSCV) p40 + p35 elicit very potent antileukemic activity. Vaccines with lethally irradiated IL12-AML cells protect naive mice against challenge with wild-type AML cells and, more importantly, can cure mice bearing a considerable leukemic burden. Immunized mice show no signs of systemic IL-12 toxicity and their spleen histology is comparable with naive mice spleen. In vivo depletion of IL-12, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), or CD8+ T cells after injections with live IL12-AML cells abrogates completely the antileukemia immune responses. Studies on the in vitro effects of IFN-γ on AML cells demonstrate enhanced expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and accessory molecules and induction of the costimulatory molecules B7.1 and B7.2, but no significant direct antiproliferative effect. 51Cr release assays show that rejection of live IL12-AML cells supports the development of long-lasting leukemia-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that IL12-AML vaccination is a safe and potent immunotherapeutic approach that has a great potential to eliminate minimal residual disease in patients with AML.
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23
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Vaccines With Interleukin-12–Transduced Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Elicit Very Potent Therapeutic and Long-Lasting Protective Immunity. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.12.4263.424k30_4263_4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine mediating a dynamic interplay between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Preclinical studies have demonstrated that recombinant murine IL-12 (rmIL-12) promotes specific antitumor immunity mediated by T cells in several types of tumors. However, the in vivo antitumor properties of IL-12 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have not been previously reported. We show here in a murine AML model that systemic administration of rmIL-12 significantly delays tumor growth but is incapable of rescuing mice from lethal leukemia. In contrast, AML cells genetically modified to express IL-12 (IL12-AML) using murine stem cell virus (MSCV) p40 + p35 elicit very potent antileukemic activity. Vaccines with lethally irradiated IL12-AML cells protect naive mice against challenge with wild-type AML cells and, more importantly, can cure mice bearing a considerable leukemic burden. Immunized mice show no signs of systemic IL-12 toxicity and their spleen histology is comparable with naive mice spleen. In vivo depletion of IL-12, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), or CD8+ T cells after injections with live IL12-AML cells abrogates completely the antileukemia immune responses. Studies on the in vitro effects of IFN-γ on AML cells demonstrate enhanced expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and accessory molecules and induction of the costimulatory molecules B7.1 and B7.2, but no significant direct antiproliferative effect. 51Cr release assays show that rejection of live IL12-AML cells supports the development of long-lasting leukemia-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that IL12-AML vaccination is a safe and potent immunotherapeutic approach that has a great potential to eliminate minimal residual disease in patients with AML.
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24
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Wang S, Bartido S, Yang G, Qin J, Moroi Y, Panageas KS, Lewis JJ, Houghton AN. A Role for a Melanosome Transport Signal in Accessing the MHC Class II Presentation Pathway and in Eliciting CD4+ T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.11.5820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Melanosomal membrane proteins are frequently recognized by the immune system of patients with melanoma and vitiligo. Melanosomal glycoproteins are transported to melanosomes by a dileucine-based melanosomal transport signal (MTS). To investigate whether this sorting signal could be involved in presentation of melanosome membrane proteins to the immune system, we devised a fusion construct containing the MTS from the mouse brown locus product gp75/tyrosinase-related protein-1 and full-length OVA as a reporter Ag. The fusion protein was expressed as an intracellular membrane protein, sorted to the endocytic pathway, processed, and presented by class II MHC molecules. DNA immunization with this construct elicited CD4+ T cell proliferative responses in vivo. Ag presentation and T cell responses in vitro and in vivo required a functional MTS. Mutations of either the upstream leucine in MTS or elimination of the entire MTS negated in vitro Ag presentation and in vivo T cell responses. In a mouse melanoma model, DNA immunization with MTS constructs protected mice from tumor challenge in a CD4+ T cell-dependent manner, but complete deletion of MTS decreased tumor rejection. Therefore, MTS can target epitopes to the endocytic pathway leading to presentation by class II MHC molecules to helper T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqun Wang
- *Swim Across America Laboratory, Departments of
- †Surgery,
| | | | - George Yang
- *Swim Across America Laboratory, Departments of
- ¶Sloan-Kettering Division, Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Jie Qin
- *Swim Across America Laboratory, Departments of
- ¶Sloan-Kettering Division, Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | | | | | | | - Alan N. Houghton
- *Swim Across America Laboratory, Departments of
- ‡Medicine, and
- ¶Sloan-Kettering Division, Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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25
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Han X, Papadopoulos AJ, Jones T, Devaja O, Raju KS. Cholera toxin-induced alteration of the phenotype and behaviour of an ovarian carcinoma cell line, SR8. Immunol Cell Biol 1999; 77:377-84. [PMID: 10540202 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) has been reported to cause a variety of effects on several different cell types. Recently, CT has been shown to increase the susceptibility of ovarian carcinoma cells to cytotoxicity mediated by a variety of effector cells (natural killer, lymphokine-activated killer cells and tumour-associated lymphocytes derived from ascites of ovarian cancer patients) of both autologous and allogenic background. In the present study, CT demonstrated several effects on a newly established ovarian carcinoma line (SR8)1 when added to the culture medium at a concentration of 12.5 ng/mL for 2 days. Cholera toxin altered SR8 morphology to a uniform polygonal cellular shape, with less cell dispersion than the non-CT treated cells. Cholera toxin prolonged the population doubling time by approximately 10 h. The CT-treated SR8 cells exhibited reduced epidermal growth factor receptor expression (39 versus 50%), and increased carbohydrate antigen 125 expression (45 versus 2%) in both immunocytochemical and quantitative flow cytometric analyses. These changes in morphology and tumour marker expression were reversible when CT was removed from the culture. The CT-treated SR8 cells showed reduced capacity to generate tumours in female nude mice in comparison with non-CT treated cells, which produce both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal xenografts with local invasion in an animal model. Cytogenetic analysis of the cell line SR8 before and during treatment with CT showed no new clonal rearrangements. The possible mechanisms involved and the influence of CT on the biological behaviour of ovarian tumour cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Han
- United Medical and Dental Schools, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St Thomas' and Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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26
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Ong GL, Goldenberg DM, Hansen HJ, Mattes MJ. Cell surface expression and metabolism of major histocompatibility complex class II invariant chain (CD74) by diverse cell lines. Immunology 1999; 98:296-302. [PMID: 10540230 PMCID: PMC2326920 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described the processing of antibodies to CD74 (the major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain, Ii), by B-cell lymphoma cell lines. These cells expressed relatively low levels of Ii on the surface, but the molecules were rapidly internalized and replaced by new molecules, so that approximately 8 x 10(6) antibody molecules per cell were taken up per day. We herein report the results of similar studies with other cell types, namely a melanoma, a colon carcinoma, a T-cell lymphoma and B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. The melanoma and the carcinoma were treated with interferon-gamma to induce high levels of the antigen. The T-cell lymphoma, HUT 78, was selected specifically because it was previously reported to lack cell surface Ii, while expressing the molecule intracellularly. However, HUT 78 displayed Ii on the cell surface, as did the other cell lines tested, and catabolism of the antibody was very fast on all of the cell lines. The capacity of four of the cell lines for cumulative antibody uptake was evaluated, using 'residualizing' radiolabels, which are trapped within the cell after catabolism of the antibody to which they were conjugated. A high level of uptake was observed in all cases, although there was significant variation between the cell lines. With melanoma SK-MEL-37, the total LL1 uptake in 24 hr was nearly 10(7) molecules per cell and the average turnover time for Ii on the cell surface was 4 min; with carcinoma HT-29, the total LL1 uptake in 24 hr was approximately 10(6) molecules per cell, and the average turnover time for Ii on the cell surface was 27 min. Based on the cell content of mature class II antigens (alphabeta), these data suggest that a large fraction, or all, of immature class II molecules (alphabetaIi) reach the cell surface before entering the peptide-loading compartment, independent of the particular cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Ong
- Garden State Cancer Center at the Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Belleville, NJ 07109, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Smith
- Department of Dermatology, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20089-5600, USA
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28
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Hanley JP, Haydon GH. The biology of interferon-alpha and the clinical significance of anti-interferon antibodies. Leuk Lymphoma 1998; 29:257-68. [PMID: 9684924 DOI: 10.3109/10428199809068563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic indications for Interferons (IFNs) have dramatically increased in number in recent years to include many different diseases of viral, malignant, angiogenic, allergic, inflammatory and fibrotic origin. In particular, the current pandemic of hepatitis C virus infection has further stimulated the requirement for a comprehensive understanding of both the mechanism of action of IFN and the reasons for therapeutic failure. The role of anti-IFN antibodies as a cause of treatment failure has been a particularly controversial area. In this review we will outline the biology and proposed mechanisms of action of IFN-alpha (IFN-alpha) and discuss the incidence, methods of detection and clinical significance of anti-IFN antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hanley
- Department of Haematology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
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29
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Abstract
We discuss the current status of adjuvant therapy for melanoma by first reviewing the rationale and goals of adjuvant therapy and then analyzing the results of published randomized trials. We pay particular attention to adjuvant interferon trials that raise many challenging issues in the management of patients with melanoma at high risk of recurrence. Past adjuvant trials have used immunotherapeutic approaches, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, as well as hormonal and retinoid therapy. We also summarize ongoing adjuvant trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Demierre
- Department of Dermatology, Medicine, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine, MA, USA
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30
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Torres MJ, Ruiz-Cabello F, Skoudy A, Berrozpe G, Jimenez P, Serrano A, Real FX, Garrido F. Loss of an HLA haplotype in pancreas cancer tissue and its corresponding tumor derived cell line. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1996; 47:372-81. [PMID: 8795137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1996.tb02572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A combination of immunohistochemical, biochemical, and recombinant DNA techniques were used to investigate class I expression in 26 pancreatic adenocarcinomas and 6 autologous tumor-derived cells. The prevalence of HLA losses was found to be comparable to that observed in other tumor types (> 35%), using monomorphic and locus-specific antibodies. In one patient, the original tumor tissue, a tumor derived cell line (IMIM-PC-2), and EBV-transformed lymphocytes were available for study. The patient's phenotype was A25, A30, B18, B18. However, A30 allele product could not be detected in the original tumor not in the cultured tumor cells. In addition, A30 allele could not be isolated from cDNA or genomic clones from the cultured tumor cells whereas it was isolated from the autologous lymphoblastoid cell line. Using isoelectric focusing analysis a significant reduction in the B18 heavy chain product was also observed in the tumor cell line, IMIM-PC-2, suggesting the absence of expression of one allele. Further studies revealed loss of heterozygosity at DR and other loci of chromosome 6 and cytogenetic data strongly suggested deletion of a full chromosome 6. This work indicates for the first time that loss of a full HLA haplotype occurs in tumor tissue and suggests that this mechanism may contribute to the progression of human cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Alleles
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/ultrastructure
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Dinucleotide Repeats
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, MHC Class I
- HLA Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Haplotypes/genetics
- Haplotypes/immunology
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunophenotyping
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Torres
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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31
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Gastl G, Ebert T, Finstad CL, Sheinfeld J, Gomahr A, Aulitzky W, Bander NH. Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I and Class II Expression in Renal Cell Carcinoma and Modulation by Interferon Gamma. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)66661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Gastl
- Department of Urology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, the Urologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Duesseldorf, Germany, the Department of Urology, General Hospital Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, and the Urology Service and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Department of Urology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, the Urologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Duesseldorf, Germany, the Department of Urology, General Hospital Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, and the Urology Service and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Connie L. Finstad
- Department of Urology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, the Urologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Duesseldorf, Germany, the Department of Urology, General Hospital Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, and the Urology Service and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joel Sheinfeld
- Department of Urology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, the Urologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Duesseldorf, Germany, the Department of Urology, General Hospital Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, and the Urology Service and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andreas Gomahr
- Department of Urology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, the Urologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Duesseldorf, Germany, the Department of Urology, General Hospital Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, and the Urology Service and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Wolfgang Aulitzky
- Department of Urology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, the Urologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Duesseldorf, Germany, the Department of Urology, General Hospital Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, and the Urology Service and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neil H. Bander
- Department of Urology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, the Urologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Duesseldorf, Germany, the Department of Urology, General Hospital Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, and the Urology Service and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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32
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Abstract
Cytokines are a group of molecules with an extremely broad range of activities on a variety of target cells. This review summarizes the known cytokine and cytokine receptor expression in primary brain tumors and derived cell lines. These expression patterns are compared with those occurring in other CNS diseases, such as virus or bacterial infections, experimental allergic encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, and trauma. A variety of cytokines are expressed during CNS neoplasia; their potential involvement in tumor growth through a variety of mechanisms, such as autocrine or paracrine growth stimulation, angiogenesis, and immune surveillance evasion, are discussed. Finally, results of preliminary therapeutic approaches with cytokines are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Van Meir
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wright KL, Moore TL, Vilen BJ, Brown AM, Ting JP. Major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain gene expression is up-regulated by cooperative interactions of Sp1 and NF-Y. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:20978-86. [PMID: 7673122 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.36.20978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain (Ii) is required for efficient and complete presentation of antigens by MHC class II molecules and a normal immune response. The Ii gene is generally co-regulated with the MHC class II molecules at the level of transcription and a shared SXY promoter element has been described. This report defines the proximal promoter region of Ii which may regulate Ii transcription distinct from MHC class II. In vivo genomic footprinting identified an occupied, imperfect CCAAT box and an adjacent GC box in the proximal region. These sites are bound in Ii-ositive cell lines and upon interferon-gamma induction of Ii transcription. In contrast, both sites are unoccupied in Ii-egative cell lines and in inducible cell lines prior to interferon-gamma treatment. Together these two sites synergize to stimulate transcription. Independently, the transcription factor NF-Y binds poorly to the imperfect CCAAT box with a rapid off rate, while Sp1 binds to the GC box. Stabilization of NF-Y binding occurs upon Sp1 binding to DNA. In addition, the half-life of Sp1 binding also increased in the presence of NF-Y binding. These findings suggest a mechanism for the complete functional synergy of the GC and CCAAT elements observed in Ii transcription. Furthermore, this report defines a CCAAT box of imperfect sequence which binds NF-Y and activates transcription only when stabilized by an adjacent factor, Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wright
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7295, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Tyring
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA
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36
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Tron VA, Krajewski S, Klein-Parker H, Li G, Ho VC, Reed JC. Immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2 protein regulation in cutaneous melanoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1995; 146:643-50. [PMID: 7534042 PMCID: PMC1869164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is becoming increasingly common. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in its pathogenesis. We have previously shown that normal human melanocytes strongly express the oncoprotein, Bcl-2. To determine the role of Bcl-2 in melanocytic tumors, we studied human benign nevi and melanomas for expression of Bcl-2 protein using immunohistochemistry. Our results show that benign melanocytes from 3 of 4 normal skin biopsies and 5 of 7 common acquired nevi strongly express Bcl-2. Conversely, only 3 of 23 primary cutaneous melanomas and 3 of 9 metastatic melanomas showed strong staining in comparison with melanocytes from normal skin and common acquired nevi (chi 2, P = 0.0021). Interestingly, 0 of 6 dysplastic nevi, a precursor of melanoma, demonstrated strong staining as compared with melanocytes and nevi (8 of 11; chi 2, P = 0.02), but similar expression to that of melanoma (6 of 32; chi 2, P = 0.6). We conclude that Bcl-2 expression decreases in malignant melanoma and suggest that this may be related to the autonomous growth characteristics of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Tron
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, BC
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37
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Vijayasaradhi S, Houghton AN. Melanoma and melanocytes: pigmentation, tumor progression, and the immune response to cancer. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1995; 32:343-74. [PMID: 7748799 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Vijayasaradhi
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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38
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Chang HR, Smelser S, Cardon-Cardo C, Houghton AN, Brennan MF. Expression and modulation of class I and class II histocompatibility leukocyte antigens on human soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer 1993; 72:2956-62. [PMID: 8221561 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19931115)72:10<2956::aid-cncr2820721016>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Class I and Class II histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA) play an important role in the antigenic recognition and target cell killing by T-lymphocytes. Their expression and modulation with gamma interferon on human soft tissue sarcomas were investigated. METHODS The phenotypic expressions of Class I and Class II HLA were determined by avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining using two monoclonal antibodies W6/32 and MEL3, respectively. RESULTS The present study showed that soft tissue sarcomas frequently had demonstrable Class I HLA and less-frequently expressed Class II HLA: The staining for Class I HLA was more diffuse, and the staining for Class II HLA was generally patchy in appearance. The expressions of two antigens on cultured sarcoma cells were found in accordance with the findings of sarcoma tumors. The expression of Class I antigen was enhanced, and Class II was induced in two cell lines by gamma interferon. The in vitro modulation of HLA with gamma interferon was reversible. Gamma interferon at the testing dose did not have cytotoxic or antiproliferative effects on either cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Through the modulation of HLA on soft tissue sarcomas, gamma interferon may play a role in the clinical management of sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Chang
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02908-4735
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39
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Hoon DS, Hayashi Y, Morisaki T, Foshag LJ, Morton DL. Interleukin-4 plus tumor necrosis factor alpha augments the antigenicity of melanoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1993; 37:378-84. [PMID: 8242663 PMCID: PMC11038140 DOI: 10.1007/bf01526794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/1992] [Accepted: 07/29/1993] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Immune cytokines are important regulators of the immune response to neoplastic cells. We previously reported that interleukin 4 (IL-4) and either tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) or interferon gamma (IFN) synergistically inhibit melanoma cell growth and induce cell differentiation. In the present study we used various combinations of IL-4, IFN and TNF to enhance the antigenicity of melanoma cells. IL-4 plus TNF significantly increased the ability of melanoma cells to stimulate cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and act as targets of these CTL; IL-4 plus IFN was somewhat less effective, while TNF plus IFN was not as effective. IL-4 plus TNF also increased the expression of HLA class I and HLA-DR antigens on melanoma cells. The CTL lines examined in this study were CD3+CD4+ and oligoclonal. These preclinical results suggest that the immune response to melanoma whole-cell vaccines might be enhanced by pretreating vaccine cells with IL-4 plus TNF.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Drug Combinations
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- HLA-DR Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA-DR Antigens/drug effects
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/drug effects
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Melanoma/drug therapy
- Melanoma/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- beta 2-Microglobulin/biosynthesis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Hoon
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Hospital and Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404
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40
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Kumazawa H, Kumazawa T, Tachikawa T, Sai S, Yamashita T, Kawamoto K. Influence of LAK cells on expression of HLA-DR antigen on laryngeal carcinoma cell line in new culture systems. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1993; 250:224-8. [PMID: 8369118 DOI: 10.1007/bf00171529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the enhancement of HLA-DR antigen expression on cultured laryngeal carcinoma cells (Hep 2) by in vitro cultivation with LAK cells using flow cytometric and immunohistological analysis. For in vitro cultivation of tumor cells with LAK cells, we used newly developed experimental systems (the Transwell double-dish system and experimental three-dimensional tumors). In flow cytometric analysis, expression of HLA-DR antigen on tumor cells was compared before and after co-cultivation with LAK cells. When tumor cells were cultured separately with LAK cells in a Transwell Petri dish and the expression of HLA-DR antigen on tumor cells was analyzed by flow cytometry, the expression of HLA-DR antigen on tumor cells was increased in a dose-dependent manner related to the number of LAK cells used. Furthermore, when anti-interferon-gamma monoclonal antibody was added to the experimental system, enhancement of HLA-DR antigen expression was blocked. These findings were consistent with immunohistological studies, in which experimental three-dimensional Hep 2 cell tumors were established in double-layered agar with/without being co-cultivated with LAK cells. The expression of HLA-DR antigen in this system was significantly increased when compared to such expression before cultivation with LAK cells. These findings suggested that the culture systems employed in this study could be a possible model for examining solid tumor in vivo biological responses. This enhanced expression of HLA-DR antigen may also represent one of the multi-factorial responses seen with adoptive LAK cell immunotherapy for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kumazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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41
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Abstract
In the 35 years since the discovery of interferon, significant biological activity has been described for interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) in various cancers, particularly haematological malignancies such as hairy cell leukaemia and chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Except for localised therapy in bladder and ovarian cancer, activity against most solid tumours has been disappointing. Other notable exceptions include Kaposi's sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma, tumours known to be susceptible to immunological attack. More recently, broad spectrum antiviral activity has been demonstrated for both recombinant and naturally occurring IFN alpha. Hepatitis C is responsive to IFN alpha in about 40% of patients, but long term remissions are rare. In contrast, long term suppression of hepatitis B is common following IFN alpha therapy. Both diseases respond in a dose proportional fashion, with daily doses of 5 million units (MU) significantly more effective than lower doses. The mechanism of action in viral diseases involves the expression of unique antiviral proteins such as endonuclease and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase which enhance the destruction of viral RNA. General cellular protein synthesis is also inhibited, including cytochrome P450 enzymes. This forms the basis for potential drug interactions, with IFN alpha slowing the clearance of highly metabolised drugs such as theophylline. As an antitumour agent, the mechanism of action of IFN alpha is unclear, particularly in haematological cancers. In melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, antitumour effects may be mediated by augmented immune responses including activation of natural killer lymphocytes and enhanced expression of cell surface antigens (e.g. MHC I and II). Conversely, antibody formation to recombinant IFN alpha may result in a loss of activity. This has been observed in both renal cell cancer and hepatitis B and C. The elimination half-life of IFN alpha is short, 4 to 5 hours, but biological activity extends for 2 to 3 days after administration, which facilitates daily or thrice weekly administration. Clearance of IFN alpha is mediated by catabolism in the renal tubules; no intact drug is excreted in the urine. It is probable that the antiviral indications of IFN alpha will expand as the agent is more clearly recognised as a primary endogenous defence against various viral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Dorr
- College of Medicine, Pharmacology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson
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42
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Morelli JG, Norris DA. Influence of Inflammatory Mediators and Cytokines on Human Melanocyte Function. J Invest Dermatol 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1993.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Morelli JG, Norris DA. Influence of Inflammatory Mediators and Cytokines on Human Melanocyte Function. J Invest Dermatol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12465168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Abstract
Due to a variety of known and unknown control mechanisms, the human genome is remarkably stable when compared to most other species. The long latency periods of most solid tumors, during which the cell undergoes malignant transformation, are presumably due to this stability. The molecular basis responsible for the induction of genetic instability and the resultant biological characteristics manifest in tumor populations is not well understood. The discovery of both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, however, has placed the phenomenon of human genome stability on a more solid conceptual footing. These types of genes clearly place multiple barriers to oncogenic transformation, and traversing these barriers apparently requires both time and the accumulation of genetic defects that cannot be corrected. The evolution of neoplasias can, therefore, be predicted to be due to: (1) consistent and progressive loss of tumor suppressor genes; (2) gene amplification, resulting in the over-expression of proteins that aid in tumor progression; (3) gene mutation, which alters the orderly biochemistry of the normal cell; (4) genes that allow a cell like the melanocyte to escape the confining nature of the epidermis and to invade through the dermis into the circulatory and lymphatic systems in order to disseminate itself to other organs (e.g., proteolytic enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, integrins, metastases genes, chemotactic factors etc.); (5) factors, perhaps such as TGF beta 2, that may impact negatively on MHC antigens and confuse host defense mechanisms; and (6) S.O.S.-type genes, which may be expressed as a direct response to the accumulating damage in an attempt to correct the damage, but that may then become part of the problem instead of the solution. The extraordinary plasticity and instability of the genome of a melanoma cell suggests an inordinate amount of genetic flux. In addition to activating and inactivating various genes, this constant shuffling and rearranging of the genome in neoplasms such as MM may be constantly altering gene dose. Cytogenetic and molecular biological studies have been the Rosetta stone for understanding the etiological relevant genetic events in human cancers. Genetic alterations fundamental to the pathology of MM have begun to be defined. Studies designed to understand these perturbations at the biochemical and organismic level are underway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Albino
- Mammalian Cell Transformation Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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45
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46
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Abstract
Cell-surface oligosaccharides can function as ligands for intercellular adhesion receptors, matrix proteins, and growth factors. We report that human neonatal and adult epidermal keratinocytes (KC) express sialyl Lewis X [s-Le(x); SA alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc beta 1-3R], a ligand for endothelial and platelet selectins. Freshly isolated or cultured KC bind FH6 monoclonal antibody (MoAb), which is specific for s-Le(x)-containing oligosaccharides. The relevant epitope is bona fide s-Le(x), because sialidase treatment of KC suspensions abrogates FH6 binding while generating de novo KC reactivity with anti-Le(x). KC stained in ice-cold suspension display a knobby membrane distribution of s-Le(x) detectable by immunofluorescence microscopy. As others have reported, FH6 appeared not to bind KC in perpendicular skin sections. However, basal KC in intact epidermal sheets exhibited obvious "honeycomb" reactivity with FH6 when stained and viewed en face, suggesting that s-Le(x) in intact epidermis may occur in bands that parallel the major tissue axis. FH6 specifically immunoprecipitated proteins of Mr 34 kd, 44 kd, and 56 kd from [35S]-labeled KC, and anti-Le(x) precipitated similar proteins from sialidase-treated KC. The enzymatic basis for KC s-Le(x) expression was studied by analyzing acceptor specificities and other properties of KC fucosyltransferases. Results indicate that KC express both Lewis- and myeloid-type alpha 1-3fucosyltransferases. KC s-Le(x) could be an important element of the epithelial milieu, because both epithelial cells and immune cells that home to epithelia express s-Le(x) and related structures, and because KC s-Le(x) is well positioned for selectin-mediated platelet binding after trans-cutaneous wounding. The apparent distributions of s-Le(x) in epidermis and on isolated KC are compatible with a functional role for s-Le(x) in these intercellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Symington
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, WA 98109-1651
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Albino
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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48
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Wright KL, Ting JP. In vivo footprint analysis of the HLA-DRA gene promoter: cell-specific interaction at the octamer site and up-regulation of X box binding by interferon gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:7601-5. [PMID: 1502171 PMCID: PMC49758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the major histocompatibility complex class II gene promoter DRA has previously identified at least five cis-acting regions required for maximal expression. We have examined the DRA promoter for protein-DNA interactions in the intact cell, which may mediate transcriptional activation. Using in vivo genomic footprinting we identified interactions in B-cell lines at the octamer site and the Y, X1, and X2 boxes. Class II antigen expressing T-cell lines maintained contacts identical to B-cell lines, while class II-negative T-cell lines exhibited no interactions. In lymphoid cell lines, the octamer site is occupied and required for maximal expression. This is most likely due to the presence of the lymphoid-specific OTF-2 factor. In contrast, the class II-positive nonlymphoid glioblastoma cell line does not exhibit interactions at the octamer site despite the presence of the ubiquitous OTF-1 factor and an open binding site. Thus, the DRA promoter discriminates against OTF-1 activation at the level of DNA binding in the glioblastoma line. Interferon gamma induces class II expression in this glioblastoma cell line and, in parallel, up-regulates X1 and X2 box protein-DNA interactions, while all other interactions remain unchanged. These results suggest that interferon gamma functions on a poised promoter by altering weak, nonproductive interactions at the X boxes to strong interactions. These findings provide direct in vivo evidence to strongly suggest that the modulation of X1 and X2 interactions is an important constituent of the interferon gamma induction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wright
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill
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49
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Seidl C, Lee JS. Expression of alternatively spliced HLA class II transcripts in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Immunogenetics 1992; 35:385-90. [PMID: 1374363 DOI: 10.1007/bf00179794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Seidl
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10021
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50
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Hong LL, Johannsen L, Krueger JM. Modulation of human leukocyte antigenDR expression in glioblastoma cells by interferon gamma and other cytokines. J Neuroimmunol 1991; 35:139-52. [PMID: 1955563 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(91)90169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To study the regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen by central nervous system cells, the expression of one of these antigens, human leukocyte antigenDR (HLADR) in three human glioblastoma cell lines (HTB14, 16 and 17) and a neuroblastoma cell line (HTB11) was determined. Interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) induced HTB16 and HTB17 cells to express HLADR, and enhanced the antigen expression in HTB14 cells, but it failed to induce HLADR expression in HTB11 cells. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha amplified and accelerated the expression of HLADR induced by IFN gamma in HTB16 cells. Interleukin-1 beta, prostaglandin E2 and transforming growth factor-beta suppressed IFN gamma-induced HLADR expression in HTB16 cells. Several other substances tested did not affect HLADR expression or IFN gamma-induced HLADR. These findings confirm that IFN gamma plays a role in the regulation of HLADR expression in cells derived from the brain and that some other cytokines modify IFN gamma-HLADR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
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