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Van Hulst G, Batugedara HM, Jorssen J, Louis R, Bureau F, Desmet CJ. Eosinophil diversity in asthma. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 179:113963. [PMID: 32278006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are a type of granulated innate immune cells that have long been implicated in a specific type of asthma, referred to as eosinophilic asthma. Several immunotherapeutics that target and deplete eosinophils or limit their numbers are currently widely used and provide improved disease outcome in severe eosinophilic asthma. Current clinical results provide conclusive evidence of a generally detrimental role of eosinophils in asthma. Yet, a small but growing body of reports suggests that eosinophils may be more diverse than currently appreciated. In this review, we explore pre-clinical and clinical evidence that suggests the existence of eosinophil subsets with potentially distinct functional roles in asthma. We conclude by discussing state-of-the-art strategies for deciphering heterogeneity of this complex cell type, and argue this knowledge could translate into the improved personalized treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Van Hulst
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hashini M Batugedara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joseph Jorssen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Renaud Louis
- Laboratory of Pneumology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bureau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wavres, Belgium
| | - Christophe J Desmet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium.
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Cysteinyl leukotriene metabolism of human eosinophils in allergic disease. Allergol Int 2020; 69:28-34. [PMID: 31248811 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifaceted immune cells with diverse functions that enhance allergic inflammation. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), mainly synthesized in eosinophils, are a class of inflammatory lipid mediators produced via multiple enzymatic reactions from arachidonic acid. Multiple clinical studies have reported dysregulated fatty acid metabolism in severe asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanism responsible for this metabolic abnormality has attracted a lot of attention. In eosinophils, various stimuli (including cytokines, chemokines, and pathogen-derived factors) prime and/or induce leukotriene generation and secretion. Cell-cell interactions with component cells (endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts) also enhance this machinery to augment allergic responses. Nasal polyp-derived eosinophils from patients with eosinophilic rhinosinusitis present a characteristic fatty acid metabolism with selectively higher production of leukotriene D4. Interestingly, type 2 cytokines and microbiome components might be responsible for this metabolic change with altered enzyme expression. Here, we review the regulation of fatty acid metabolism, especially cys-LT metabolism, in human eosinophils toward allergic inflammatory status.
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Miyata J, Fukunaga K, Kawashima Y, Watanabe T, Saitoh A, Hirosaki T, Araki Y, Kikawada T, Betsuyaku T, Ohara O, Arita M. Dysregulated fatty acid metabolism in nasal polyp-derived eosinophils from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy 2019; 74:1113-1124. [PMID: 30667533 DOI: 10.1111/all.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes capable of releasing various cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. We previously reported dysregulated fatty acid metabolism in peripheral blood-derived eosinophils from patients with severe asthma. However, functional characteristics of eosinophils present in allergic inflammatory tissues remain largely uncharacterized. METHODS We established a method for isolating CD69hi CCR3low CXCR4- siglec-8int eosinophils from nasal polyps of patients with eosinophilic rhinosinusitis (NP-EOS). Multi-omics analysis including lipidomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics was performed to analyze NP-EOS as compared to peripheral blood-derived eosinophils from healthy subjects (PB-EOS). RESULTS Lipidomic analysis revealed impaired synthesis of prostaglandins and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX)-derived mediators, and selective upregulation of leukotriene D4 production. Furthermore, proteomics and transcriptomics revealed changes in the expression of specific enzymes (GGT5, DPEP2, and 15-LOX) responsible for dysregulated lipid metabolism. Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated the importance of type 2 cytokines and pattern recognition receptor pathways. Stimulation of PB-EOS with eosinophil activators IL-5, GM-CSF, and agonists of TLR2 and NOD2 mimicked the observed changes in lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION Inflammatory tissue-derived eosinophils possess a specific phenotype with dysregulated fatty acid metabolism that may be targeted therapeutically to control eosinophilic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Miyata
- Laboratory for Metabolomics RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Kanagawa Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science Yokohama City University Kanagawa Japan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine Department of Medicine Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine Department of Medicine Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Yokohama Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Yokohama Japan
| | - Akina Saitoh
- Tsukuba Research Institute Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Tsukuba Japan
| | - Tomomi Hirosaki
- Minase Research Institute Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Osaka Japan
| | | | | | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine Department of Medicine Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Yokohama Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Kanagawa Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science Yokohama City University Kanagawa Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University Tokyo Japan
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Trinh HKT, Nguyen TVT, Choi Y, Park HS, Shin YS. The synergistic effects of clopidogrel with montelukast may be beneficial for asthma treatment. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3441-3450. [PMID: 30905080 PMCID: PMC6484307 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets modulate asthma pathogenesis by forming the platelet‐eosinophil aggregation (PEA), which facilitates the activation of eosinophils. Platelets exhibit the purinergic receptor (P2Y12R), which responds to cysteinyl leukotriene E4 (LTE4). We have suggested that the combination of an antiplatelet drug (clopidogrel, [Clo]) and montelukast (Mon) would synergistically suppress asthma. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14 and subsequently challenged on days 28‐30 and 42‐44. Mice were administered with Clo (10 mg/kg), Mon (10 mg/kg) or both drugs (Clo/Mon) orally 30 minutes before the OVA (1%) challenge on days 42‐44. Mice were assayed for airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR) to methacholine and airway inflammation. Clopidogrel and montelukast attenuated the increased AHR; the combined treatment was more effective than a single treatment for total and eosinophil counts (all P < 0.05). Levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, platelet factor 4, eosinophil peroxidase and LTE4 increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic mice, but these levels decreased in mice treated with Clo/Mon (all P < 0.05). Goblet cell hyperplasia decreased in response to Clo/Mon. Mouse platelets and eosinophils were isolated and co‐cultured for an in vitro assay with 10 µmol/L adenosine diphosphate (ADP), LTE4 (200 nmol/L), Mon (1 µmol/L), Clo (1 µmol/L) and Clo/Mon (1 µmol/L). Flow cytometry revealed that the increased formation of the PEA (%) was fully mediated by ADP and partly mediated by LTE4. Clo/Mon reduced ADP‐induced PEA formation and P‐selectin expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Clo/Mon synergistically relieved asthma by inhibiting ADP‐mediated PEA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Kim Tu Trinh
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Thuy Van Thao Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Akiyama K, Makihara S, Uraguchi K, Samukawa Y, Oka A, Hoshikawa H. Impact of Preoperative Systemic Corticosteroids on the Histology and Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 179:81-88. [DOI: 10.1159/000496437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hassani M, Koenderman L. Immunological and hematological effects of IL-5(Rα)-targeted therapy: An overview. Allergy 2018; 73:1979-1988. [PMID: 29611207 PMCID: PMC6220846 DOI: 10.1111/all.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL‐5 is an important cytokine for priming and survival of mature eosinophils and for proliferation and maturation of their progenitors. Hence, IL‐5(Rα) targeting will be increasingly used in diseases where eosinophils are the key immune effector cells such as eosinophilic asthma (EA), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), eosinophilic esophagitis (EE), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Therefore, several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against IL‐5 (mepolizumab and reslizumab) and its receptor IL‐5Rα (benralizumab) have found or will find their way to the clinic. While the clinical effect of these drugs has been extensively investigated and reviewed, the understanding of the underlying immunological and hematological mechanisms remains less clear. This review will discuss the translational outcomes of treatment with these monoclonal antibodies in humans to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the main immunological and hematological findings from these clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hassani
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology Department of Respiratory Medicine University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - L. Koenderman
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology Department of Respiratory Medicine University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
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Denburg JA, Dolovich J, Ohtoshi T, Cox G, Gauldie J, Jordana M. The Microenvironmental Differentiation Hypothesis of Airway Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2500/105065890782021015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have observed clinically relevant increases and fluctuations in metachromatic cell and eosinophil progenitors in response to antigenic challenge in patients with upper and lower respiratory tract disease. Based on this we have developed in vitro models to assess cytokine and microenvironmental influences on nasal mucosal inflammation. Purified structural cells (nasal epithelial cells or fibroblasts) grown from nasal polyps and atopic or nonatopic inferior turbinate secrete known (GM-CSF, G-CSF, and IL-6) and possibly novel (basophil differentiation factor) hemopoietic cytokines capable of inducing neutrophil, monocyte-macrophage, eosinophil, and metachromatic cell differentiation, as well as influencing their activation and survival. Nasal polyp structural cells are phenotypically different from those derived from allergic rhinitis or normal control subjects, having increased proliferative potential and constitutively producing higher levels of cytokines and extracellular matrices capable of supporting cell growth. These studies emphasize the importance of microenvironmental influences on allergic and nonallergic airway inflammation, and point out potentially new approaches to the diagnosis and therapy of nasal polyposis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judah A. Denburg
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jerry Dolovich
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Takayuki Ohtoshi
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Gerard Cox
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Manel Jordana
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Kurai J, Watanabe M, Sano H, Hantan D, Tohda Y, Shimizu E. Effects of Asian Dust Particles on the Early-Stage Antigen-Induced Immune Response of Asthma in NC/Nga Mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E1144. [PMID: 27854355 PMCID: PMC5129354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asian dust (AD) can aggravate airway inflammation in asthma, but the association between AD and the development of asthma remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of AD on the early stage of antigen sensitization using a mouse model of asthma, as well as the role of leukotrienes (LTs) in antigen-induced airway inflammation potentiated by AD particles. NC/Nga mice were co-sensitized by intranasal instillation of AD particles and/or Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) for five consecutive days. Df-sensitized mice were stimulated with an intranasal Df challenge at seven days. Mice were treated with the type 1 cysteinyl LT (CysLT₁) receptor antagonist orally 4 h before and 1 h after the allergen challenge. At 24 h post-challenge, the differential leukocyte count, inflammatory cytokines, and LTs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were assessed, and airway inflammation was evaluated histopathologically. AD augmented neutrophilic and eosinophilic airway inflammation with increased CysLTs and dihydroxy-LT in a mouse model of asthma. The CysLT₁ receptor antagonist was shown to attenuate both neutrophilic and eosinophilic airway inflammation augmented by AD. Therefore, exposure to AD may be associated with the development of asthma and LTs may play important roles in airway inflammation augmented by AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Masanari Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-0014, Japan.
| | - Degejirihu Hantan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Yuji Tohda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-0014, Japan.
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
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Salimi M, Xue L, Jolin H, Hardman C, Cousins DJ, McKenzie ANJ, Ogg GS. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Express Functional NKp30 Receptor Inducing Type 2 Cytokine Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:45-54. [PMID: 26582946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are important in effector functions for eliciting allergic inflammation, parasite defense, epithelial repair, and lipid homeostasis. ILC2 lack rearranged Ag-specific receptors, and although many soluble factors such as cytokines and lipid mediators can influence ILC2, direct interaction of these cells with the microenvironment and other cells has been less explored. Natural cytotoxicity receptors are expressed by subsets of group 1 ILC and group 3 ILC and thought to be important for their effector function, but they have not been shown to be expressed by ILC2. Therefore, we sought to investigate the expression and functional properties of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp30 on human ILC2. A subset of ex vivo and cultured ILC2 express NKp30 that upon interaction with its cognate activatory ligand B7-H6 induces rapid production of type 2 cytokines. This interaction can be blocked by NKp30 blocking Ab and an inhibitory ligand, galectin-3. Higher expression of B7-H6 was observed in lesional skin biopsies of patients with atopic dermatitis, and incubation of keratinocytes with proinflammatory and type 2 cytokines upregulated B7-H6, leading to increased ILC2 cytokine production. NKp30-B7-H6 interaction is a novel cell contact mechanism that mediates activation of ILC2 and identifies a potential target for the development of novel therapeutics for atopic dermatitis and other atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Salimi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Luzheng Xue
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Immunology Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Jolin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Hardman
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - David J Cousins
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, National Institute for Health Research Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; and Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom;
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Venkateswararao E, Manickam M, Boggu P, Kim Y, Jung SH. Exploration of benzamidochromenone derivatives with conformational restrictor as interleukin-5 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2498-504. [PMID: 25865130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel amidochromen-4-one analogs 8a-k and 9a-f were prepared and studied for their IL-5 inhibitory activity. Among the synthesized compounds, (6-benzamido-2-cyclohexyl-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methyl acetate (8a, 95% inhibition at 30 μM, IC50=6.1 μM) exhibited potent IL-5 inhibitory activity. The conformational restrictor at position 2 like bulky cyclohexyl group is favorable for the formation of effective conformer of side chain small ester like acetoxymethyl at position 3 of these chromenone analogs 8. In addition the hydrophobic planarity of benzamido group at position 6 should be important for the potent IL-5 inhibitory activity. Since replacing acetoxymethyl moiety with hydroxymethyl group at position 3 of chromenone decreases the activity, which indicates that the location of hydrogen bonding group should be near 4 atom distances away from chromenone ring is more optimum for the activity. Therefore, these benzamidochromen-4-one analogs 8 are novel scaffold for finding potent interleukin-5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeda Venkateswararao
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Pullareddy Boggu
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Merves J, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Benitez AJ, Muir AB, Lee AJ, Lim DM, Dods K, Mehta I, Ruchelli ED, Nakagawa H, Spergel JM, Wang ML. Altered esophageal histamine receptor expression in Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE): implications on disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114831. [PMID: 25723478 PMCID: PMC4344302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergic disorder, whose pathobiology is incompletely understood. Histamine-producing cells including mast cells and basophils have been implicated in EoE. However, very little is currently known about the role of histamine and histamine receptor (HR) expression and signaling in the esophageal epithelium. Herein, we characterized HR (H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R) expression in human esophageal biopsies and investigate the role of histamine signaling in inducible cytokine expression in human esophageal epithelial cells in vitro. HR expression was quantified in esophageal biopsies from non-EoE control (N = 23), inactive EoE (<15 eos/hpf, N = 26) and active EoE (>15 eos/hpf, N = 22) subjects using qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent localization. HR expression and histamine-mediated cytokine secretion were evaluated in human primary and telomerase-immortalized esophageal epithelial cells. H1R, H2R, and H4R expression were increased in active EoE biopsies compared to inactive EoE and controls. H2R was the most abundantly expressed receptor, and H3R expression was negligible in all 3 cohorts. Infiltrating eosinophils expressed H1R, H2R, and H4R, which contributed to the observed increase in HR in active subjects. H1R and H2R, but not H3R or H4R, were constitutively expressed by primary and immortalized cells, and epithelial histamine stimulation induced GM-CSF, TNFα, and IL-8, but not TSLP or eotaxin-3 secretion. Epithelial priming with the TLR3 ligand poly (I:C) induced H1R and H2R expression, and enhanced histamine-induced GM-CSF, TNFα, and IL-8 secretion. These effects were primarily suppressed by H1R antagonists, but unaffected by H2R antagonism. Histamine directly activates esophageal epithelial cytokine secretion in vitro in an H1R dependent fashion. However, H1R, H2R and H4R are induced in active inflammation in EoE in vivo. While systemic antihistamine (anti-H1R) therapy may not induce clinical remission in EoE, our study suggests that further study of histamine receptor signaling in EoE is warranted and that targeting of additional histamine receptors may lead to novel treatment strategies for this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Merves
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Prasanna Modayur Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alain J. Benitez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anna J. Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Diana M. Lim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kara Dods
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Isha Mehta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eduardo D. Ruchelli
- Division of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mei-Lun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cho SH, Oh SY, Lane AP, Lee J, Oh MH, Lee S, Zheng T, Zhu Z. Regulation of nasal airway homeostasis and inflammation in mice by SHP-1 and Th2/Th1 signaling pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103685. [PMID: 25090641 PMCID: PMC4121172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease orchestrated by Th2 lymphocytes. Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1 is known to be a negative regulator in the IL-4α/STAT-6 signaling pathway of the lung. However, the role of SHP-1 enzyme and its functional relationship with Th2 and Th1 cytokines are not known in the nasal airway. In this study, we aimed to study the nasal inflammation as a result of SHP-1 deficiency in viable motheaten (mev) mice and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. Cytology, histology, and expression of cytokines and chemokines were analyzed to define the nature of the nasal inflammation. Targeted gene depletion of Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-13) cytokines was used to identify the critical pathways involved. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were studied to demonstrate the clearance mechanism of recruited inflammatory cells into the nasal airway. We showed here that mev mice had a spontaneous allergic rhinitis-like inflammation with eosinophilia, mucus metaplasia, up-regulation of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), chemokines (eotaxin), and MMPs. All of these inflammatory mediators were clearly counter-regulated by Th2 and Th1 cytokines. Deletion of IFN-γ gene induced a strong Th2-skewed inflammation with transepithelial migration of the inflammatory cells. These findings suggest that SHP-1 enzyme and Th2/Th1 paradigm may play a critical role in the maintenance of nasal immune homeostasis and in the regulation of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hyun Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joan Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Min-Hee Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seakwoo Lee
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tao Zheng
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA. Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors; emerging concepts. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014; 6:288-95. [PMID: 24991451 PMCID: PMC4077954 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.4.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) are potent mediators of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid through the 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene C4 synthase pathway. The derivation of their chemical structures and identification of their pharmacologic properties predated the cloning of their classical receptors and the development of drugs that modify their synthesis and actions. Recent studies have revealed unanticipated insights into the regulation of cys-LT synthesis, the function of the cys-LTs in innate and adaptive immunity and human disease, and the identification of a new receptor for the cys-LTs. This review highlights these studies and summarizes their potential pathobiologic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA, United States. ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA, United States. ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Xue L, Salimi M, Panse I, Mjösberg JM, McKenzie ANJ, Spits H, Klenerman P, Ogg G. Prostaglandin D2 activates group 2 innate lymphoid cells through chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:1184-94. [PMID: 24388011 PMCID: PMC3979107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Activation of the group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) population leads to production of the classical type 2 cytokines, thus promoting type 2 immunity. Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2), a receptor for prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), is expressed by human ILC2s. However, the function of CRTH2 in these cells is unclear. Objectives We sought to determine the role of PGD2 and CRTH2 in human ILC2s and compare it with that of the established ILC2 activators IL-25 and IL-33. Methods The effects of PGD2, IL-25, and IL-33 on the cell migration, cytokine production, gene regulation, and receptor expression of ILC2s were measured with chemotaxis, ELISA, Luminex, flow cytometry, quantitative RT-PCR, and QuantiGene assays. The effects of PGD2 under physiologic conditions were evaluated by using the supernatant from activated mast cells. Results PGD2 binding to CRTH2 induced ILC2 migration and production of type 2 cytokines and many other cytokines. ILC2 activation through CRTH2 also upregulated the expression of IL-33 and IL-25 receptor subunits (ST2 and IL-17RA). The effects of PGD2 on ILC2s could be mimicked by the supernatant from activated human mast cells and inhibited by a CRTH2 antagonist. Conclusions PGD2 is an important and potent activator of ILC2s through CRTH2 mediating strong proallergic inflammatory responses. Through IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, these innate cells can also contribute to adaptive type 2 immunity; thus CRTH2 bridges the innate and adaptive pathways in human ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzheng Xue
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Immunology Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Immunology Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Panse
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Immunology Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny M Mjösberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hergen Spits
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Immunology Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Graham Ogg
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Immunology Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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El-Desouki NI, Tabl GA, Elkhodary YAA. Biological studies on the effect of estrogen on experimentally induced asthma in mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:30-8. [PMID: 23863957 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713486959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the influence of estrogen hormone on the experimentally induced asthma in male mice. The animals were divided into four groups, with 20 mice in each group; group I (control mice) included mice that received no treatment, group II included mice that received intraperitoneal estrogen injection (0.25 mg/kg body weight (bw), twice on day 28 of the experiment), group III (asthmatic mice) included asthmatic mice that received intraperitoneal injection of two doses of ovalbumin (OVA; 2 µg of OVA mixed with 100 µg of aluminum potassium sulfate) on days 1 and 14 of the experiment and then challenged intranasally with a single dose of OVA (50 µg dissolved in 0.05 ml phosphate-buffered saline; PBS) on day 28 of the experiment, and group IV (asthmatic mice treated with estrogen) included asthma model male mice that received the estrogen (0.5 mg/kg bw in 40 ml PBS, twice on the day 28 of the experiment). The immunohistochemical studies observed a marked intensity of CD15 immunoreactivity in the lung tissues of asthma model mice. Physiological results recorded that the total and differential count of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of asthma model mice recorded a significant increase in the number of leukocytes especially in the number of eosinophil cells. The BALF of asthma model mice showed high levels of interleukins 4 and 5 (IL-4 and IL-5), and there was a significant decrease in both the levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in BALF of asthma model mice treated with estrogen. In conclusion, the obtained results indicated that the asthma is responsible for certain immunohistochemical and physiological alterations induced in lung tissues of mice. The administration of estrogen to asthmatic male mice could improve these changes. For this reason, the present findings support the possible role of estrogen in modulating the inflammatory effects caused by asthma in male mice and may be helpful to cure many asthmatic progressions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghada A Tabl
- Department of Zoology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Hasan KMM, Rahman MS, Arif KMT, Sobhani ME. Psychological stress and aging: role of glucocorticoids (GCs). AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:1421-1433. [PMID: 21971999 PMCID: PMC3528378 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress has extreme adverse consequences on health. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate and accelerate the process of aging due to stress hormone are not well defined. This review has focused on diverse molecular paths that come out in response to chronic psychological stress via releasing of excessive glucocorticoids (GCs), involved in the aging process. GCs suppress transcription of nuclear cell adhesion molecules which impair synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and cognitive ability. Again, GCs promote muscle atrophy by means of motivating ubiquitin proteasome system and can repress muscle protein synthesis by inhibition of PI3-kinase/Akt pathway. GCs also inhibit interleukin-2 synthesis through suppressing T cell receptor signal that leads to loss of T cell activation, proliferation, and B-cell activation. Moreover, GCs increase the expression of collagenase-3, RANK ligand, and colony stimulating factor-1 that induce bone resorption. In general, stress-induced GCs can play causal role for aging and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Mehedi Hasan
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shaifur Rahman
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208 Bangladesh
| | - K. M. T. Arif
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208 Bangladesh
| | - Mahbub E. Sobhani
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208 Bangladesh
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17
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Hansbro PM, Scott GV, Essilfie AT, Kim RY, Starkey MR, Nguyen DH, Allen PD, Kaiko GE, Yang M, Horvat JC, Foster PS. Th2 cytokine antagonists: potential treatments for severe asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:49-69. [PMID: 23126660 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.732997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a major disease burden worldwide. Treatment with steroids and long acting β-agonists effectively manage symptoms in many patients but do not treat the underlying cause of disease and have serious side effects when used long term and in children. Therapies targeting the underlying causes of asthma are urgently needed. T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and the cytokines they release are clinically linked to the presentation of all forms of asthma. They are the primary drivers of mild to moderate and allergic asthma. They also play a pathogenetic role in exacerbations and more severe asthma though other factors are also involved. Much effort using animal models and human studies has been dedicated to the identification of the pathogenetic roles of these cells and cytokines and whether inhibition of their activity has therapeutic benefit in asthma. AREAS COVERED We discuss the current status of Th2 cytokine antagonists for the treatment of asthma. We also discuss the potential for targeting Th2-inducing cytokines, Th2 cell receptors and signaling as well as the use of Th2 cell antagonists, small interfering oligonucleotides, microRNAs, and combination therapies. EXPERT OPINION Th2 antagonists may be most effective in particular asthma subtypes/endotypes where specific cytokines are known to be active through the analysis of biomarkers. Targeting common receptors and pathways used by these cytokines may have additional benefit. Animal models have been valuable in identifying therapeutic targets in asthma, however the results from such studies need to be carefully interpreted and applied to appropriately stratified patient cohorts in well-designed clinical studies and trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Hansbro
- The University of Newcastle, Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Level 2, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia.
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18
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The potential role of recombinant hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors in preventing infections in the immunocompromised host. Can J Infect Dis 2012; 2:74-88. [PMID: 22529714 DOI: 10.1155/1991/782768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1990] [Accepted: 10/15/1990] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors coordinate the proliferation and maturation of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells during normal hematopoiesis. Most of these factors are now available as recombinant human colony-stimulating factors, and preclinical and clinical testing is proceeding rapidly. Granulocyte and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors have been the most extensively studied to date. In human clinical trials, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor improves neutrophil counts and function, reduces episodes of febrile neutropenia, improves neutrophil recovery after disease- or treatment-induced myelosuppression, and reduces the number of serious infections in several neutropenic disease states. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor has similar biological properties but may also improve eosinophil proliferation and function, and platelet cell recovery after myelotoxic bone marrow injury, Interleukin-1 boosts the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but also may promote the resolution of established infections in conjunction with antibiotics. The therapeutic realities and future therapeutic implications of these agents for the therapy of infections, cancer and hemopoietic disorders are discussed.
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19
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Cysteinyl leukotriene overproduction in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease is driven by platelet-adherent leukocytes. Blood 2012; 119:3790-8. [PMID: 22262771 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-384826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotriene (cysLT) overproduction is a hallmark of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), but its mechanism is poorly understood. Because adherent platelets can convert the leukocyte-derived precursor leukotriene (LT)A(4) to LTC(4), the parent cysLT, through the terminal enzyme LTC(4) synthase, we investigated the contribution of platelet-dependent transcellular cysLT production in AERD. Nasal polyps from subjects with AERD contained many extravascular platelets that colocalized with leukocytes, and the percentages of circulating neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes with adherent platelets were markedly higher in the blood of subjects with AERD than in aspirin-tolerant controls. Platelet-adherent subsets of leukocytes had higher expression of several adhesion markers than did platelet nonadherent subsets. Adherent platelets contributed more than half of the total LTC(4) synthase activity of peripheral blood granulocytes, and they accounted for the higher level of LTC(4) generation by activated granulocytes from subjects with AERD compared with aspirin-tolerant controls. Urinary LTE(4) levels, a measure of systemic cysLT production, correlated strongly with percentages of circulating platelet-adherent granulocytes. Because platelet adherence to leukocytes allows for both firm adhesion to endothelial cells and augmented transcellular conversion of leukotrienes, a disturbance in platelet-leukocyte interactions may be partly responsible for the respiratory tissue inflammation and the overproduction of cysLTs that characterize AERD.
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20
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Canbolat MF, Tang C, Bernacki SH, Pourdeyhimi B, Khan S. Mammalian cell viability in electrospun composite nanofiber structures. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:1346-56. [PMID: 21984502 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of mammalian cells into nanofibers (cell electrospinning) and multilayered cell-nanofiber structures (cell layering) via electrospinning are promising techniques for tissue engineering applications. We investigate the viability of 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblasts after incorporation into poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers and multilayering with poly(caprolactone) nanofibers and analyze the possible factors that affect cell viability. We observe that cells do not survive cell electrospinning but survive cell layering. Assessing the factors involved in cell electrospinning, we find that dehydration and fiber stretching are the main causes of cell death. In cell layering, the choice of solvent is critical, as residual solvent in the electrospun fibers could be detrimental to the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Canbolat
- Fiber and Polymer Science, College of Textiles North Carolina State University, 3427 College of Textiles, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301, USA
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21
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Hansbro PM, Kaiko GE, Foster PS. Cytokine/anti-cytokine therapy - novel treatments for asthma? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:81-95. [PMID: 21232048 PMCID: PMC3085870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and there are no preventions or cures. Inflammatory cells through the secretion of cytokines and pro-inflammatory molecules are thought to play a critical role in pathogenesis. Type 2 CD4(+) lymphocytes (Th2 cells) and their cytokines predominate in mild to moderate allergic asthma, whereas severe steroid-resistant asthma has more of a mixed Th2/Th1 phenotype with a Th17 component. Other immune cells, particularly neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells, as well structural cells such as epithelial and airway smooth muscle cells also produce disease-associated cytokines in asthma. Increased levels of these immune cells and cytokines have been identified in clinical samples and their potential role in disease demonstrated in studies using mouse models of asthma. Clinical trials with inhibitors of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, -5 and tumour necrosis factor-α have had success in some studies but not others. This may reflect the design of the clinical trials, including treatments regimes and the patient population included in these studies. IL-13, -9 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are currently being evaluated in clinical trials or preclinically and the outcome of these studies is eagerly awaited. Roles for IL-25, -33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interferon-γ, IL-17 and -27 in the regulation of asthma are just emerging, identifying new ways to treat inflammation. Careful interpretation of results from mouse studies will inform the development and application of therapeutic approaches for asthma. The most effective approaches may be combination therapies that suppress multiple cytokines and a range of redundant and disconnected pathways that separately contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Astute application of these approaches may eventually lead to the development of effective asthma therapeutics. Here we review the current state of knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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22
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Immunologic messenger molecules: cytokines, interferons, and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 125:S53-72. [PMID: 19932918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are secreted proteins involved in numerous aspects of cell growth, differentiation, and activation. A prominent feature of these molecules is their effect on the immune system with regard to cell trafficking and development of immune tissue and organs. The nature of an immune response determines which cytokines are produced and ultimately whether the response is cytotoxic, humoral, cell mediated, or allergic. For this chapter, cytokines are grouped according to those that are predominantly antigen-presenting cell or T lymphocyte derived; that mediate cytotoxic, humoral, cell mediated, and allergic immunity; or that are immunosuppressive. A discussion of chemokine function and their role in cell trafficking and disease follows.
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Rothenberg ME. 2007 E. Mead Johnson award: scientific pursuit of the allergy problem. Pediatr Res 2008; 64:110-5. [PMID: 18414146 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181794507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
My research has focused on elucidating the allergy problem over the past two decades. The primary approach has been to uncover critical mechanisms of allergic inflammation, with particular focus on eosinophils, a hallmark cellular constituent of allergic responses. Molecular processes that bridge T helper cell type 2 (TH2) immunity with eosinophilia and key checkpoints for regulating eosinophilia have been uncovered. Notably, interleukin (IL)-5 (derived from TH2 cells) has been identified as the chief hematopoietin responsible for eosinophil expansion in the circulation. Pathways for selective eosinophil mobilization from the blood stream to the tissue have been uncovered by defining the role of the eotaxin subfamily of chemokines in eosinophil chemoattraction and activation. Finally, TH2 cell derived IL-4 and IL-13 have been defined as chief inducers of the eotaxins, and upstream orchestrators of eosinophilic inflammation. These translational studies have formulated novel therapeutic strategies (currently being tested) for a variety of eosinophilic conditions, with particular attention on hypereosinophilic syndromes and eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders such as eosinophilic esophagitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc E Rothenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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Mobley JL, En Chin J, Richards IM. Section Review Pulmonary-Allergy, Dermatological, Gastrointestinal & Arthritis: Glucocorticosteroids, old and new: Biological function and use in the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.7.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Emad A, Emad Y. Increased granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) levels in BAL fluid from patients with sulfur mustard gas-induced pulmonary fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 20:352-60. [PMID: 17894541 DOI: 10.1089/jam.2007.0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this article was to show the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis due to sulfur mustard gas inhalation. Eighteen veterans with mustard gas-induced pulmonary fibrosis and 18 normal patients were used as controls. Bronchoalveolar larvage (BAL) and analyses of BAL fluids for cellular and cytokine levels were performed. There was a significant difference in granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) level in the BAL fluid of patients and the controls (p < 0.0001). Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating pulmonary fibrosis (GM-CSF) BAL levels were significantly increased in patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in comparison with controls (p < 0.0001). Patients with PF have highly significant increases in IL-8 level compared to controls (87.94 +/- 59.63 vs. 8.66 +/- 6.97 g/mL(1); p < 0.0001) as well. IL-8 and G-CSF levels in BAL fluid correlate only with the percentage and the absolute number of neutrophils of the BAL fluid in patients with PF (p = 0.02/p = 0.01; p = 0.01/p = 0.01; respectively). A significant correlation was found between GM-CSF BAL fluid level and the percentage and the absolute number of the BAL fluid eosinophils (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03). Neutrophils alveolitis, the presence of eosinophils, and higher concentrations of interleukin-8, G-CSF, and GM-CSF in BAL fluid are associated with the development of fibrosis in sulfur mustard victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Emad
- Pulmonary Department Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Sroka J, Włosiak P, Wilk A, Antonik J, Czyz J, Madeja Z. The effect of tributyltin on human eosinophilic [correction of eosinophylic] leukemia EoL-1 cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2007; 13:67-73. [PMID: 17965975 PMCID: PMC6275921 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-007-0037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotin compounds are chemicals that are widely used in industry and agriculture as plastic stabilizers, catalysts and biocides. Many of them, including tributyltin (TBT), have been detected in human food and, as a consequence, detectable levels have been found in human blood. As organotin compounds were shown to possess immunotoxic activity, we focused our attention on the effect of TBT on the basic determinants of the function of eosinophils, i.e. cell adhesiveness and motility. We used human eosinophylic leukemia EoL-1 cells, a common in vitro cellular model of human eosinophils. Here, we demonstrate that TBT causes a dose-dependent decrease in the viability of EoL-1 cells. When administered at sub-lethal concentrations, TBT significantly decreases the adhesion of EoL-1 cells to human fibroblasts (HSFs) and inhibits their migration on fibroblast surfaces. Since the basic function of eosinophils is to invade inflamed tissues, our results indicate that TBT, and possibly other organotin compounds, may affect major cellular properties involved in the determination of in vivo eosinophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Sroka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-378, Kraków, Poland.
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Xu J, Jiang F, Nayeri F, Zetterström O. Apoptotic eosinophils in sputum from asthmatic patients correlate negatively with levels of IL-5 and eotaxin. Respir Med 2007; 101:1447-54. [PMID: 17379492 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic inflammation of the airways is a key characteristic of asthma. A defect in eosinophil apoptosis might contribute to the chronic tissue eosinophilia associated with asthma. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to examine whether the occurrence of apoptotic eosinophils in induced sputum from asthmatic patients correlate with interleukin (IL)-5 and eotaxin. METHODS Thirty stable and 30 exacerbated asthmatic patients were recruited. Twenty healthy subjects were enrolled as a control group. Induced sputum was obtained from asthmatic patients and from control subjects. The number of apoptotic eosinophils in sputum was assessed by flow cytometry. In sputum supernatant, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) was measured by sensitive radioimmunoassay, and IL-5 and eotaxin by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbant assay. RESULTS Levels of eosinophils, apoptotic eosinophils, IL-5, ECP and eotaxin from asthmatic patients were higher than those from healthy subjects. Thirty exacerbated asthmatics showed higher proportions of eosinophils (median 29.3%, range 13.4%-40.9%), more detectable levels of IL-5 (50.44, 32.99-67.01 pg/ml) and eotaxin (644.6, 197.4-937.7 pg/ml) in their sputum than the patients with stable asthma (P<0.05). There were significant inverse correlations between the levels of sputum IL-5 and the proportion of sputum eosinophil apoptosis in patients with exacerbated and stable asthma (r=-0.85 and -0.79, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Also inverse correlations were found between the levels of eotaxin and the proportion of sputum eosinophil apoptosis in exacerbated (r=-0.85, P<0.01), or stable asthma (r=-0.69, P<0.05). Additional positive correlations between the levels of sputum IL-5 and eotaxin in either exacerbatated (r=0.93, P<0.01) or stable asthma (r=0.82, P<0.05) were observed. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis of eosinophils might be suppressed by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-5 and eotaxin leading to their accumulation in the lung. Stimulation of eosinophils in airway with IL-5 and eotaxin may play a crucial role in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
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Shirato K, Motohashi N, Tanihata J, Tachiyashiki K, Tomoda A, Imaizumi K. Effects of two types of inactivity on the number of white blood cells in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 98:590-600. [PMID: 17033793 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged inactivity is known to induce changes in responses of many physiological defense systems such as the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical axis, the sympathetic nervous system, and immuno-responsive systems. However, effects of various types of inactivity on immuno-responsive systems are still unknown. Therefore, the effects of two types of inactivity (immobilization: IMM and whole body suspension: WBS) on the number of white blood cells were studied in rats. Rats were divided into the control group and each inactivity group to compare the number of total white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil during the experimental periods. Both IMM and WBS were maintained for 11 days. IMM markedly increased the number of total white blood cells, monocyte, neutrophil, and eosinophil in the 1st to 10th day. However, the number of total white blood cells, monocyte, neutrophil, and eosinophil during the experiment of WBS were characterized by the presence of a lag phase followed by the significant increased actions. IMM did not change the number of basophil during the experimental period. However, WBS increased the number of basophil in the 1st to 8th day to 2.8-4.8 times, compared with the values of the control. Both IMM and WBS did not change the number of lymphocytes. From these results, WBS increases the number of natural immunity cells without changing acquired immunity cells, and there are different responses in the number of total white blood cells, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil between IMM and WBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Shirato
- Laboratory of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Japan
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ELSAS MICGASPAR, ELSAS PXAVIER, JOSEPH D, HAVET N, DA SILVA LAADELINO, SALGADO DR, SALIOU B, VARGAFTIG BB. Stimulation of early eosinophil progenitors by a heat stable alveolar macrophage product from ovalbumin-sensitized and non-sensitized guinea pigs. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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EUM SY, CRÉMINON C, HAILE S, LEFORT J, VARGAFTIG BB. Inhibition of airways inflammation by dexamethasone is followed by reduced bronchial hyperreactivity in BP2 mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Takahashi Y, Fukusato T, Kobayashi Y, Akiyama S, Tamatani T, Shiga J, Mori S. High expression of eosinophil chemoattractant ecalectin/galectin-9 in drug-induced liver injury. Liver Int 2006; 26:106-15. [PMID: 16420516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecalectin/galectin-9 (ECL/GL9) is an eosinophil chemoattractant isolated from T lymphocytes. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), often caused by an allergic mechanism, is occasionally accompanied by eosinophilic infiltration. In this study, we intended to determine whether DILI can induce augmentation of ECL/GL9 expression. Further, we investigated whether this augmentation is associated with tissue eosinophilia. METHODS We examined the expression of ECL/GL9 in biopsy specimens of DILI using the immunohistochemical technique. A rabbit anti-ECL/GL9 antibody was produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic peptide corresponding to a molecular epitope of ECL/GL9. Thereafter, immunohistochemical staining with the use of this antibody was performed on 16 DILI needle biopsy specimens, and on biopsy specimens of chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and normal liver tissues as controls. RESULTS In all cases of DILI specimens, but not in control liver specimens, a clear positive staining for ECL/GL9 was observed. Such positive staining was noted on Kupffer cells, fibroblasts, and histiocytes, but not on lymphocytes or hepatocytes. However, the intensity of immunolabeling did not correlate with the extent of eosinophile leukocyte infiltration. CONCLUSION High expression of ECL/GL9 is suggested to be a specific finding of DILI. However, tissue eosinophilia in DILI cannot be explained by the augmentation of ECL/GL9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Rossoni G, Manfredi B, Razzetti R, Civelli M, Bongrani S, Berti F. Positive interaction of the beta2-agonist CHF 4226.01 with budesonide in the control of bronchoconstriction induced by acetaldehyde in the guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144:422-9. [PMID: 15655502 PMCID: PMC1576020 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pretreatment of anaesthetized guinea-pigs with either CHF 4226.01 (8-hydroxy-5-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-[N-[(1R)-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino]ethyl] carbostyril hydrochloride), formoterol or budesonide reduced acetaldehyde (AcCHO)-evoked responses in the lungs with a rank order of potency CHF 4226.01 (ED(50) values, from 1.88 to 3.31 pmol) > formoterol (ED(50) values, from 3.03 to 5.51 pmol) >> budesonide (ED(50) values, from 335 to 458 nmol). The duration of action of CHF 4226.01 in antagonizing the airway obstruction elicited by AcCHO was also substantially longer than formoterol (area under the curve) at 10 pmol, 763+/-58 and 480+/-34, respectively; P<0.01). Continuous infusion of a subthreshold dose of AcCHO enhanced the intratracheal pressure (ITP) increases caused by subsequent challenges with substance P (from 9.7+/-0.8 to 27.5+/-1.6 cm H(2)O as a peak, P<0.001). Pretreatment with either CHF 4226.01 or formoterol prevented the sensitizing effect of AcCHO on substance P responses (ED(50) values, 2.85 and 6.11 pmol, respectively; P<0.01). The ED(50) value of budesonide (396 nmol) in preventing AcCHO-evoked ITP increase was reduced when this glucocorticoid was combined with 0.1 pmol CHF 4226.01 (ED(50) 76 nmol; P<0.001). CHF 4226.01/budesonide was two-fold more effective (P<0.01) than the formoterol/budesonide combination. These results suggest that CHF 4226.01/budesonide, by optimizing each other's beneficial potential in the control of pulmonary changes caused by AcCHO in the guinea-pigs, may represent a new fixed combination in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Rossoni
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, USA.
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Park BL, Kim LH, Choi YH, Lee JH, Rhim T, Lee YM, Uh ST, Park HS, Choi BW, Hong SJ, Park CS, Shin HD. Interleukin 3 (IL3) polymorphisms associated with decreased risk of asthma and atopy. J Hum Genet 2004; 49:517-527. [PMID: 15372320 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-004-0184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines, having central functions in immunological and inflammatory process, are always expected to play important roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as asthma. Genetic polymorphisms of those cytokine and cytokine receptor genes are the focus of genetic association studies. In an effort to identify gene(s) whose variant(s) are involved in the development of asthma, we examined the genetic effects of 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms in eight cytokine and cytokine receptor genes, including IL1A, IL1B, IL2, IL3, IL4, IL8, IL10, and IL5RA, on asthma and atopy. Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms in eight cytokine and cytokine receptor genes were genotyped using the single-base extension method in a Korean asthma cohort (n = 723). Logistic regression and multiple regressions were used for statistical analyses controlling for smoking, age, and gender as covariables. Genetic association analysis of polymorphisms revealed that one exonic (exon 1), IL3 + 79T > C ( Ser27Pro), showed significant association with the risk of asthma and atopy. The Pro allele had shown dominant and protective effects on development of asthma in nonatopic subjects (P = 0.002) and also showed significant association with the risk of atopy in normal control subjects (P = 0.007). This information about the genetic association of important genes with asthma might provide valuable insights into strategies for the pathogenesis of asthma and atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Lae Park
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., 11th Floor, MaeHun B/D, 13 Chongro 4 Ga, Chongro-gu, Seoul, 110-834, South Korea
| | - Lyoung Hyo Kim
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., 11th Floor, MaeHun B/D, 13 Chongro 4 Ga, Chongro-gu, Seoul, 110-834, South Korea
| | - Yoo Hyun Choi
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., 11th Floor, MaeHun B/D, 13 Chongro 4 Ga, Chongro-gu, Seoul, 110-834, South Korea
| | - June-Hyuk Lee
- Asthma Genome Research Group, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taiyoun Rhim
- Asthma Genome Research Group, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Mok Lee
- Asthma Genome Research Group, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo-Taek Uh
- Asthma Genome Research Group, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Asthma Genome Research Group, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoung Whui Choi
- Asthma Genome Research Group, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Asthma Genome Research Group, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Asthma Genome Research Group, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., 11th Floor, MaeHun B/D, 13 Chongro 4 Ga, Chongro-gu, Seoul, 110-834, South Korea
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Shinagawa K, Trifilieff A, Anderson GP. Involvement of CCR3-reactive chemokines in eosinophil survival. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2003; 130:150-7. [PMID: 12673069 DOI: 10.1159/000069005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2002] [Accepted: 08/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although eosinophils undergo apoptosis and are thus eliminated from sites of inflammation, they survive longer if survival factors, such as IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF, are present. However, it is often observed that some eosinophils survive even when incubated without any survival factors (spontaneous survival). The aim of the present study was to investigate what kind of factor(s) is associated with this spontaneous survival of eosinophils. METHODS Eosinophils were purified from bronchoalveolar lavage of antigen-exposed Balb/c mice and stained with propidium iodide to detect apoptotic ones. RESULTS We found that the spontaneous survival of eosinophils was reduced by treatment of the cells with anti-CC chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) antibody (Ab). Moreover, eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, and eotaxin-3 all prolonged the survival of eosinophils in a dose-dependent fashion. The survival-prolonging effect of eotaxin-1 was enhanced in the presence of eotaxin-3, indicating that these chemokines might work synergistically. CONCLUSION We speculate that eosinophils survive longer under the influence of CCR3-reactive chemokines, which aid the infiltration of these cells into the tissue and that eosinophils may survive even longer if they encounter survival factors at local inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Shinagawa
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Minamiazumi, Nagano, Japan.
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Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are redundant secreted proteins with growth, differentiation, and activation functions that regulate and determine the nature of immune responses and control immune cell trafficking and the cellular arrangement of immune organs. Which cytokines are produced in response to an immune insult determines initially whether an immune response develops and subsequently whether that response is cytotoxic, humoral, cell-mediated, or allergic. A cascade of responses can be seen in response to cytokines, and often several cytokines are required to synergize to express optimal function. An additional confounding variable in dissecting cytokine function is that each cytokine may have a completely different function, depending on the cellular source, target, and, most important, specific phase of the immune response during which it is presented. Numerous cytokines have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory potential; which activity is observed depends on the immune cells present and their state of responsiveness to the cytokine. For this chapter, cytokines are grouped according to those that are mononuclear phagocytic-derived or T-lymphocytic-derived; that mediate cytotoxic (antiviral and anticancer), humoral, cell-mediated, or allergic immunity; and that are immunosuppressive. The biology of chemokines are then reviewed, grouped by family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry C Borish
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology, Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA
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Foerster M, Haefner D, Kroegel C. Bcl-2-mediated regulation of CD69-induced apoptosis of human eosinophils: identification and characterization of a novel receptor-induced mechanism and relationship to CD95-transduced signalling. Scand J Immunol 2002; 56:417-28. [PMID: 12234263 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of the eosinophils from the airways by selective induction of apoptosis represents a therapeutic approach for asthma. Here we report on a possible target molecule, the surface receptor CD69. To simulate an asthmatic response, segmental allergen challenge in mild asthmatics was performed. Eosinophil numbers increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 18 h. In contrast to blood cells, BAL eosinophils expressed the activation marker CD69. Purified blood eosinophils stimulated with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) expressed CD69 and showed prolonged viability. Only IFN-gamma enhanced constitutive CD95 expression. Coincubation with anti-CD69 or anti-CD95 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) induced apoptosis, as revealed by propidium iodide incorporation, membrane blebbing and nuclear fragmentation. Additionally, both anti-CD69 and anti-CD95 MoAb reduced cytokine-enhanced Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, CD69 transduces a Bcl-2-dependent death signal when ligated by a specific antibody. As, in contrast to the ubiquitous death-inducer CD95, the function of CD69 appears to be restricted to activated eosinophils, it represents an ideal target for therapeutic intervention in asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Allergens
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Bronchial Provocation Tests
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
- Bronchoconstriction/drug effects
- Bronchoscopy
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Design
- Eosinophils/cytology
- Eosinophils/drug effects
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Male
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor Aggregation/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- fas Receptor/biosynthesis
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Foerster
- Pneumology, Medical Clinic IV, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Bureau F, Seumois G, Jaspar F, Vanderplasschen A, Detry B, Pastoret PP, Louis R, Lekeux P. CD40 engagement enhances eosinophil survival through induction of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 expression: Possible involvement in allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:443-9. [PMID: 12209092 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.126781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40 engagement enhances eosinophil survival, suggesting a role for this receptor in the development of eosinophilia. OBJECTIVE We examined whether CD40 enhances eosinophil survival by inducing the expression of antiapoptotic proteins. Three members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, namely cellular (c)-IAP1, c-IAP2, and XIAP, and 2 antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, namely Bcl-x(L) and Bfl-1/A1, were investigated. METHODS Blood and sputum were obtained from healthy subjects and atopic asthmatic patients. Blood eosinophils were isolated by means of magnetic selection. Expression of CD40, IAPs, and Bcl-2 proteins was investigated by using flow cytometry, immunoblotting, or both. CD40 stimulation was achieved with agonistic antibodies or soluble ligands. Apoptosis was assessed by staining with propidium iodide and FITC-conjugated annexin-V. c-IAP2 expression was inhibited with antisense oligonucleotides. RESULTS Freshly isolated eosinophils from healthy and asthmatic patients did not express CD40. Conversely, eosinophils expressed CD40 spontaneously when cultured for 48 hours. At this time point, CD40 stimulation significantly delayed eosinophil apoptosis. Inhibition of eosinophil apoptosis was accompanied by induction of c-IAP2 but not c-IAP1, XIAP, Bcl-x(L), or Bfl-1/A1 expression. Antisense knockdown of c-iap2 abolished CD40-induced enhancement of eosinophil survival. Sputum cells from asthmatic patients, unlike those from healthy subjects, substantially expressed CD40 and c-IAP2. Moreover, a strong correlation was found between the percentage of eosinophils in the sputum from asthmatic patients and the sputum level of CD40 and c-IAP2 expression. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that CD40 engagement enhances eosinophil survival through induction of c-IAP2 expression and suggest a role for this mechanism in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Bureau
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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40
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Matsumoto R, Hirashima M, Kita H, Gleich GJ. Biological activities of ecalectin: a novel eosinophil-activating factor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1961-7. [PMID: 11823532 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ecalectin, produced by Ag-stimulated T lymphocytes, is a potent eosinophil-specific chemoattractant in vitro as well as in vivo and thus is implicated in allergic responses. Ecalectin differs structurally from other known eosinophil chemoattractants (ECAs); ecalectin belongs to the galectin family defined by their affinity for beta-galactosides and by their conserved carbohydrate recognition domains. These characteristic features suggest that ecalectin has unique activities associated with allergic inflammation besides ECA activity. Conversely, ecalectin may mediate ECA activity by binding to a receptor of a known ECA via affinity for the beta-galactosides present on this receptor. In this study, we have tested whether ecalectin mediates ECA activity by binding to a receptor of a known ECA, and we have assessed its effects on eosinophils. Ecalectin did not mediate ECA activity by binding to the IL-5R or to CCR3. Also, the ECA activity of ecalectin was mainly chemokinetic. In addition, ecalectin induced concentration-dependent eosinophil aggregation, a marker for eosinophil activation. Ecalectin induced concentration-dependent superoxide production from eosinophils but did not induce degranulation; usually these two events are coupled in eosinophil activation. Moreover, ecalectin directly prolonged eosinophil survival in vitro and did not trigger eosinophils to secrete cytokines that prolong eosinophil survival. These results demonstrate that ecalectin has several unique effects on eosinophils. Therefore, we conclude that ecalectin is a novel eosinophil-activating factor. Presumably, these effects allow ecalectin to play a distinctive role in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Matsumoto
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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41
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Takeuchi M, Tatsumi Y, Kitaichi K, Baba K, Suzuki R, Shibata E, Takagi K, Miyamoto KI, Hasegawa T, Takagi K. Selective phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors reduce the prolonged survival of eosinophils stimulated by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:184-7. [PMID: 11853162 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that bronchial asthma is defined as chronic eosinophilic inflammation of the respiratory tract and that as one of the various types of inflammatory cells, eosinophils induce the airway inflammation of chronic asthma. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been shown to play an important role in the prolongation of the survival of eosinophils. We investigated the inhibitory effect of the selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors, 3,4-dipropyl-4,5,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-i]purin-5-one (XT-611) and rolipram, and the nonselective PDE inhibitor theophylline, against GM-CSF-induced prolongation of the survival of eosinophils isolated from patients with bronchial asthma. Eosinophils (10(6) cells/ml) were incubated in the presence of GM-CSF together with or without theophylline, rolipram or XT-611 at 37 degrees C, and the viable cells were assessed up to 4d using Trypan blue dye exclusion. The presence of theophylline (10(-4) M), rolipram (10(-4)-10(-5) M) or XT-611 (10(-4)-10(-5) M) significantly reduced the GM-CSF (10 pg/ml)-induced prolongation of viability of eosinophils. These findings suggest that selective PDE 4 inhibitors, including XT-611, may effectively reduce the activities of inflammatory cells in the airway of bronchial asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Takeuchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rothenberg
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
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Abstract
Prolonged eosinophil survival is an essential step in the late and chronic phases of allergic inflammation and is regulated by the eosinophil survival cytokines. Our work has demonstrated that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha enhances survival (Trypan blue exclusion test) of human peripheral blood eosinophils from mildly allergic patients in a dose-dependent manner. The survival activity of TNF-alpha was inhibited by anti-TNF-RI, anti-TNF-RII antagonist antibodies and anti-granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) neutralizing antibodies but not by anti-interleukin (IL)-3 or anti-IL-5 antibodies. Furthermore, TNF-alpha-induced GM-CSF release from eosinophils. Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies also inhibited GM-CSF release from eosinophils induced by rat mast cell sonicate, which enhances eosinophil survival. To define the signal transduction pathway involved in GM-CSF production, eosinophils were incubated either with various mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitors (MEK, JNK, P38), or Cyclosporin A (calcineurin inhibitor), or MG-132 (proteasome inhibitor). Only the proteasome inhibitor significantly decreased both TNF-alpha-enhanced eosinophil survival (from 38.1+/-4.1% to 13.3+/-1.4%) and GM-CSF release (from 6.2+/-0.7 pg/ml to 0.3+/-0.1 pg/ml). TNF-alpha also induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) translocation to the nucleus, an essential step in GM-CSF mRNA production. All these findings provide evidence that NF-kappaB is involved in TNF-alpha-enhanced eosinophil survival through the regulation of GM-CSF production by eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Temkin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Spoelstra FM, Postma DS, Kauffman HF. Mutual activation of pulmonary fibroblasts and eosinophils, and modulation by drugs in relation to asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:808-16. [PMID: 11422143 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F M Spoelstra
- Department of Allergology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Esnault S, Malter JS. Granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor mRNA is stabilized in airway eosinophils and peripheral blood eosinophils activated by TNF-alpha plus fibronectin. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4658-63. [PMID: 11254725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Airway eosinophils show prolonged in vitro survival compared with peripheral blood eosinophils (PBEos). Recent studies have shown that autocrine production and release of GM-CSF is responsible for enhanced survival, but the mechanisms controlling cytokine production remain obscure. We compared GM-CSF mRNA decay in eosinophils from bronchoalveolar lavage (BALEos) after allergen challenge or from PBEos. BALEos showed prolonged survival in vitro (60% at 4 days) and expressed GM-CSF mRNA. The enhanced survival of BALEos was 75% inhibited at 6 days by neutralizing anti-GM-CSF Ab. Based on transfection studies, GM-CSF mRNA was 2.5 times more stable in BALEos than in control PBEos. Treatment of PBEos with fibronectin and TNF-alpha increased their in vitro survival, GM-CSF mRNA expression, and GM-CSF mRNA stability to a comparable level as seen in BALEos. These data suggest that TNF-alpha plus fibronectin may increase eosinophil survival in vivo by controlling GM-CSF production at a posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esnault
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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46
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Takafuji S, Miyakuni Y, Nakagawa T, Shoji S, Murata S, Yamamoto K, Ito K. Effects of human lung fibroblasts on eosinophil degranulation. Allergy 2000; 55:1170-8. [PMID: 11117275 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although eosinophils and fibroblasts are thought to contribute to the mechanisms of chronic asthmatic inflammation, the interaction between eosinophils and fibroblasts has not been thoroughly clarified. We examined eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) release from human eosinophils cultured in the presence of human lung fibroblast HFL-1. METHODS Eosinophils from healthy donors were cultured with or without C5a for 16 h in the presence of human fetal lung fibroblasts which had previously been incubated with or without TNF for 4 h. ECP in supernatants was measured by RIA. RESULTS ECP release was potentiated only when both eosinophils and fibroblasts were activated by C5a and TNF, respectively, while it was not significantly potentiated when either eosinophils or fibroblasts were activated. Paraformaldehyde fixation of fibroblasts had some suppressive effect on ECP enhancement, and mAb against GM-CSF partly inhibited ECP enhancement. Coculture of eosinophils and fibroblasts with stimulus treatment resulted in the enhancement of both eosinophil adhesion and ECP release. The potentiation of ECP release was partially inhibited by anti-ICAM-1 mAb, anti-CD18 mAb, and anti-CD29 mAb, which caused partial and comparable inhibition of the enhancement of eosinophil adhesion. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the activation of fibroblasts may have some role in the potentiation of ECP release from cocultured eosinophils, and that adhesion of eosinophils to fibroblasts may partly be involved in the mechanism of ECP potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takafuji
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Adcock
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
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48
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Kim J, Sanders SP, Siekierski ES, Casolaro V, Proud D. Role of NF-kappa B in cytokine production induced from human airway epithelial cells by rhinovirus infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3384-92. [PMID: 10975857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection of human epithelial cells with human rhinovirus (HRV)-16 induces rapid production of several proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-8, IL-6, and GM-CSF. We evaluated the role of NF-kappaB in HRV-16-induced IL-8 and IL-6 production by EMSA using oligonucleotides corresponding to the binding sites for NF-kappaB in the IL-6 and IL-8 gene promoters. Consistent with the rapid induction of mRNA for IL-8 and IL-6, maximal NF-kappaB binding to both oligonucleotides was detected at 30 min after infection. NF-kappaB complexes contained p65 and p50, but not c-Rel. The IL-8 oligonucleotide bound recombinant p50 with only about one-tenth the efficiency of the IL-6 oligonucleotide, even though epithelial cells produced more IL-8 protein than IL-6. Neither the potent glucocorticoid, budesonide (10-7 M), nor a NO donor inhibited NF-kappaB binding to either cytokine promoter or induction of mRNA for either IL-8 or IL-6. Sulfasalazine and calpain inhibitor I, inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation, blocked HRV-16-induced formation of NF-kappaB complexes with oligonucleotides from both cytokines, but did not inhibit mRNA induction for either cytokine. By contrast, sulfasalazine clearly inhibited HRV-16 induction of mRNA for GM-CSF in the same cells. Thus, HRV-16 induces epithelial expression of IL-8 and IL-6 by an NF-kappaB-independent pathway, whereas induction of GM-CSF is at least partially dependent upon NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Divisions of Clinical Immunology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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49
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Yamamoto H, Sedgwick JB, Vrtis RF, Busse WW. The effect of transendothelial migration on eosinophil function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23:379-88. [PMID: 10970830 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.23.3.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In bronchial asthma, eosinophils found in the airways have an enhanced inflammatory capacity. We hypothesized that, at least in part, changes in functional phenotype are due to the effect of transendothelial migration. To model in vivo eosinophil trafficking to the lung, we cultured human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (HPMEC) monolayers on Transwell filters. The HPMECs were activated with interleukin (IL)-1beta to increase cell expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and, hence, eosinophil transmigration. Peripheral blood eosinophils from allergic patients were added to HPMEC-covered Transwell filters and incubated for 3 h at 37 degrees C. The eosinophils were collected from below (migrated cells) and above (nonmigrated cells) the HPMEC monolayer to determine surface receptor expression, in vitro survival, and oxidative burst. Eosinophils never exposed to HPMECs were used as controls. Eosinophil cell surface expression of CD69, human leukocyte-associated antigen-DR (HLA-DR), and CD54 (ICAM-1) was significantly increased after transendothelial migration through IL-1beta-treated HPMECs compared with control cells (CD69: P<0.0005; HLA-DR and CD54: P<0.05) and nonmigrated eosinophils (CD69 and HLA-DR: P<0.05). Moreover, the percent in vitro survival (48 h) of migrated eosinophils was also significantly greater (P<0.0001 by trypan blue exclusion, P< 0.05 by flow cytometry) than that of control or nonmigrated eosinophils. Prolonged survival of migrated eosinophils was inhibited by addition of anti-granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies (P<0.05) to the 48-h survival culture, suggesting that autocrine production of GM-CSF was, at least partially, responsible for increased eosinophil survival. Although GM-CSF protein was not measurable in survival culture supernates, GM-CSF messenger RNA (mRNA) was expressed in both nonmigrated and migrated eosinophils but not in control cells. Similarly, the eosinophils' oxidative burst induced by platelet-activating factor, formylmethionyl leucylphenylalanine, or phorbol myristate acetate was equally, and significantly, increased in both nonmigrated and migrated eosinophils (P<0.05 versus control). Therefore, whereas exposure of eosinophils to cytokine-activated HPMECs can increase surface receptor expression, in vitro survival, GM-CSF mRNA, and the respiratory burst, transendothelial migration can further potentiate receptor expression and survival in migrated cells. These results suggest that the process of transendothelial migration selectively participates in determining the eventual phenotype of airway eosinophils.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Asthma/immunology
- Biomarkers
- Capillaries/chemistry
- Capillaries/cytology
- Capillaries/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Eosinophils/chemistry
- Eosinophils/cytology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/analysis
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-5/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Respiratory Burst/immunology
- Rhinitis/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamamoto
- Pulmonary Division, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan
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50
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Throsby M, Herbelin A, Pléau JM, Dardenne M. CD11c+ eosinophils in the murine thymus: developmental regulation and recruitment upon MHC class I-restricted thymocyte deletion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:1965-75. [PMID: 10925279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived cells released into the circulation during hypersensitivity reactions and parasitic infections. Under normal conditions most eosinophils are tissue bound, where their physiologic role is unclear. During in situ analysis of the thymic microenvironment for CD11c+ dendritic cell subpopulations (APC critical in the process of thymic negative selection) a discrete population of CD11b/CD11c double-positive cells concentrated in the cortico-medullary region of young mice was detected. Thymic CD11c+ cells were isolated, and the CD11b+ subpopulation (CD44high, class IIlow, CD11cint) was identified as mature eosinophils based on: scatter characteristics, major basic protein mRNA expression, and eosinophilic granules. They are hypodense, release high levels of superoxide anion, and express CD25, CD69, and mRNA for IL-4 and IL-13, but not GM-CSF or IL-5, suggesting a distinct state of activation. Thymic eosinophils are preferentially recruited during the neonatal period; absolute numbers increased 10-fold between 7-14 days to reach parity with dendritic cells before diminishing. In a model of acute negative selection, eosinophil numbers were increased 2-fold 6 h after cognate peptide injection into MHC class I-restricted female H-Y TCR transgenic mice. In both peptide-treated female and negatively selecting male H-Y TCR mice, clusters of apoptotic bodies were associated with eosinophils throughout the thymus. Our data demonstrate a temporal and spatial association between eosinophil recruitment and class I-restricted selection in the thymus, suggesting an immunomodulatory role for eosinophils under nonpathological conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/growth & development
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Eosinophils/cytology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Integrin alphaXbeta2/biosynthesis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Superoxides/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/anatomy & histology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Throsby
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8603 Université Paris V, Paris, France.
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