1
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Gambirasi M, Safa A, Vruzhaj I, Giacomin A, Sartor F, Toffoli G. Oral Administration of Cancer Vaccines: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 38250839 PMCID: PMC10821404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, a burgeoning strategy in cancer treatment, are exploring innovative administration routes to enhance patient and medical staff experiences, as well as immunological outcomes. Among these, oral administration has surfaced as a particularly noteworthy approach, which is attributed to its capacity to ignite both humoral and cellular immune responses at systemic and mucosal tiers, thereby potentially bolstering vaccine efficacy comprehensively and durably. Notwithstanding this, the deployment of vaccines through the oral route in a clinical context is impeded by multifaceted challenges, predominantly stemming from the intricacy of orchestrating effective oral immunogenicity and necessitating strategic navigation through gastrointestinal barriers. Based on the immunogenicity of the gastrointestinal tract, this review critically analyses the challenges and recent advances and provides insights into the future development of oral cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gambirasi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Amin Safa
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Doctoral School in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 98616-15881, Iran
| | - Idris Vruzhaj
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Doctoral School in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Aurora Giacomin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Franca Sartor
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
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2
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Eggesbø LM, Risnes LF, Neumann RS, Lundin KEA, Christophersen A, Sollid LM. Single-cell TCR repertoire analysis reveals highly polyclonal composition of human intraepithelial CD8 + αβ T lymphocytes in untreated celiac disease. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1542-1545. [PMID: 33559929 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We compared the αβ T-cell receptor repertoires of CD8+ αβ intraepithelial lymphocytes from celiac disease patients and healthy subjects by single-cell sequencing. We demonstrate that the repertoires of untreated celiac disease patients were more polyclonal and more diverse than what was observed in both treated patients and healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn M Eggesbø
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Coeliac Disease Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Louise F Risnes
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Coeliac Disease Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital- Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralf S Neumann
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Coeliac Disease Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut E A Lundin
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Coeliac Disease Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ludvig M Sollid
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Coeliac Disease Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital- Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Bilate AM, London M, Castro TBR, Mesin L, Bortolatto J, Kongthong S, Harnagel A, Victora GD, Mucida D. T Cell Receptor Is Required for Differentiation, but Not Maintenance, of Intestinal CD4 + Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. Immunity 2020; 53:1001-1014.e20. [PMID: 33022229 PMCID: PMC7677182 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The gut epithelium is populated by intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), a heterogeneous T cell population with cytotoxic and regulatory properties, which can be acquired at the epithelial layer. However, the role of T cell receptor (TCR) in this process remains unclear. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed distinct clonal expansions between cell states, with CD4+CD8αα+ IELs being one of the least diverse populations. Conditional deletion of TCR on differentiating CD4+ T cells or of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on intestinal epithelial cells prevented CD4+CD8αα+ IEL differentiation. However, TCR ablation on differentiated CD4+CD8αα+ IELs or long-term cognate antigen withdraw did not affect their maintenance. TCR re-engagement of antigen-specific CD4+CD8αα+ IELs by Listeria monocytogenes did not alter their state but correlated with reduced bacterial invasion. Thus, local antigen recognition is an essential signal for differentiation of CD4+ T cells at the epithelium, yet differentiated IELs are able to preserve an effector program in the absence of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M Bilate
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Mariya London
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juliana Bortolatto
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Suppawat Kongthong
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Audrey Harnagel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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4
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Suzuki T, Hayman L, Kilbey A, Edwards J, Coffelt SB. Gut γδ T cells as guardians, disruptors, and instigators of cancer. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:198-217. [PMID: 32840001 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide with nearly 2 million cases per year. Immune cells and inflammation are a critical component of colorectal cancer progression, and they are used as reliable prognostic indicators of patient outcome. With the growing appreciation for immunology in colorectal cancer, interest is growing on the role γδ T cells have to play, as they represent one of the most prominent immune cell populations in gut tissue. This group of cells consists of both resident populations-γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (γδ IELs)-and transient populations that each has unique functions. The homeostatic role of these γδ T cell subsets is to maintain barrier integrity and prevent microorganisms from breaching the mucosal layer, which is accomplished through crosstalk with enterocytes and other immune cells. Recent years have seen a surge in discoveries regarding the regulation of γδ IELs in the intestine and the colon with particular new insights into the butyrophilin family. In this review, we discuss the development, specialities, and functions of γδ T cell subsets during cancer progression. We discuss how these cells may be used to predict patient outcome, as well as how to exploit their behavior for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Suzuki
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Liam Hayman
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Ma H, Qiu Y, Yang H. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: Maintainers of intestinal immune tolerance and regulators of intestinal immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:339-347. [PMID: 32678936 PMCID: PMC7891415 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0220-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immune tolerance is essential for the immune system, as it prevents abnormal immune responses to large quantities of antigens from the intestinal lumen, such as antigens from commensal microorganisms, and avoids self‐injury. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), a special group of mucosal T lymphocytes, play a significant role in intestinal immune tolerance. To accomplish this, IELs exhibit a high threshold of activation and low reactivity to most antigens from the intestinal lumen. In particular, CD8αα+TCRαβ+ IELs, TCRγδ+ IELs, and CD4+CD8αα+ IELs show great potential for maintaining intestinal immune tolerance and regulating intestinal immunity. However, if the intestinal microenvironment becomes abnormal or intestinal tolerance is broken, IELs may be activated abnormally and become pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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6
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McDonald BD, Jabri B, Bendelac A. Diverse developmental pathways of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:514-525. [PMID: 29717233 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier is patrolled by resident intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that are involved in host defence against pathogens, wound repair and homeostatic interactions with the epithelium, microbiota and nutrients. Intestinal IELs are one of the largest populations of lymphocytes in the body and comprise several distinct subsets, the identity and lineage relationships of which have long remained elusive. Here, we review advances in unravelling the complexity of intestinal IEL populations, which comprise conventional αβ T cell receptor (TCRαβ)+ subsets, unconventional TCRαβ+ and TCRγδ+ subsets, group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) and ILC1-like cells. Although these intestinal IEL lineages have partially overlapping effector programmes and recognition properties, they have strikingly different developmental pathways. We suggest that evolutionary pressure has driven the recurrent generation of cytolytic effector lymphocytes to protect the intestinal epithelial layer, but they may also precipitate intestinal inflammatory disorders, such as coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D McDonald
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Ruscher R, Hogquist KA. Development, ontogeny, and maintenance of TCRαβ + CD8αα IEL. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 58:83-88. [PMID: 31146182 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is the outermost cellular layer that separates the body from the gut lumen. The integrity of this protective mucosal barrier is crucial and maintained by specialized cells-intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). Much research has been conducted on these cells and our overall understanding of them is increasing rapidly. In this review we focus on the TCRαβ+ subset of CD8αα IEL. We discuss recent studies that shed light on the development, ontogeny, maintenance, and functional characteristics of CD8αα IEL, and highlight yet unanswered questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Ruscher
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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8
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Jung J, Surh CD, Lee YJ. Microbial Colonization at Early Life Promotes the Development of Diet-Induced CD8αβ Intraepithelial T Cells. Mol Cells 2019; 42:313-320. [PMID: 30841027 PMCID: PMC6530640 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) develop through the continuous interaction with intestinal antigens such as commensal microbiome and diet. However, their respective roles and mutual interactions in the development of IELs are largely unknown. Here, we showed that dietary antigens regulate the development of the majority of CD8αβ IELs in the small intestine and the absence of commensal microbiota particularly during the weaning period, delay the development of IELs. When we tested specific dietary components, such as wheat or combined corn, soybean and yeast, they were dependent on commensal bacteria for the timely development of diet-induced CD8αβ IELs. In addition, supplementation of intestinal antigens later in life was inefficient for the full induction of CD8αβ IELs. Overall, our findings suggest that early exposure to commensal bacteria is important for the proper development of dietary antigen-dependent immune repertoire in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Jung
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang 37673,
Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673,
Korea
| | - Charles D. Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang 37673,
Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673,
Korea
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA 92037,
USA
| | - You Jeong Lee
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang 37673,
Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673,
Korea
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9
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Konjar Š, Frising UC, Ferreira C, Hinterleitner R, Mayassi T, Zhang Q, Blankenhaus B, Haberman N, Loo Y, Guedes J, Baptista M, Innocentin S, Stange J, Strathdee D, Jabri B, Veldhoen M. Mitochondria maintain controlled activation state of epithelial-resident T lymphocytes. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/24/eaan2543. [PMID: 29934344 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-resident T lymphocytes, such as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) located at the intestinal barrier, can offer swift protection against invading pathogens. Lymphocyte activation is strictly regulated because of its potential harmful nature and metabolic cost, and most lymphocytes are maintained in a quiescent state. However, IELs are kept in a heightened state of activation resembling effector T cells but without cytokine production or clonal proliferation. We show that this controlled activation state correlates with alterations in the IEL mitochondrial membrane, especially the cardiolipin composition. Upon inflammation, the cardiolipin composition is altered to support IEL proliferation and effector function. Furthermore, we show that cardiolipin makeup can particularly restrict swift IEL proliferation and effector functions, reducing microbial containment capability. These findings uncover an alternative mechanism to control cellular activity, special to epithelial-resident T cells, and a novel role for mitochondria, maintaining cells in a metabolically poised state while enabling rapid progression to full functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Konjar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal.,Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ulrika C Frising
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal.,Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, MB#9, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Toufic Mayassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, MB#9, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Birte Blankenhaus
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Nejc Haberman
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Yunhua Loo
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Joana Guedes
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Marta Baptista
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Joerg Stange
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, MB#9, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal. .,Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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10
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Mayassi T, Jabri B. Human intraepithelial lymphocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1281-1289. [PMID: 29674648 PMCID: PMC6178824 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The location of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) between epithelial cells, their effector memory, cytolytic and inflammatory phenotype positions them to kill infected epithelial cells and protect the intestine against pathogens. Human TCRαβ+CD8αβ+ IEL have the dual capacity to recognize modified self via natural killer (NK) receptors (autoreactivity) as well as foreign antigen via the T cell receptor (TCR), which is accomplished in mouse by two cell subsets, the naturally occurring TCRαβ+CD8αα+ and adaptively induced TCRαβ+CD8αβ+ IEL subsets, respectively. The private/oligoclonal nature of the TCR repertoire of both human and mouse IEL suggests local environmental factors dictate the specificity of IEL responses. The line between sensing of foreign antigens and autoreactivity is blurred for IEL in celiac disease, where recognition of stress ligands by induced activating NK receptors in conjunction with inflammatory signals such as IL-15 can result in low-affinity TCR/non-cognate antigen and NK receptor/stress ligand interactions triggering destruction of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufic Mayassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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11
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Schattgen SA, Thomas PG. Bohemian T cell receptors: sketching the repertoires of unconventional lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 2018; 284:79-90. [PMID: 29944761 PMCID: PMC6128411 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, novel populations of unconventional T cells have been identified; defined by an invariant (or nearly invariant) T cell receptor (TCR) with a fixed specificity to non-canonical antigens and major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, they form large, functionally monoclonal populations tasked with surveying for their specific antigens. With residence in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues coupled with their ability to rapidly produce a spectrum of cytokines and effector molecules, the unconventional T cells are poised as some of the first responders to infection/damage and are thought to provide critical coverage before more focused, conventional T cell responses are mobilized. However, new technologies for the measurement and characterization of TCR repertoires have identified an underappreciated amount of TCR diversity in the unconventional T cells. In many cases, the specificities of these diverse TCRs converge on the same or similar antigens as their invariant counterparts, while others have yet to be defined. Here, we will review the current knowledge of the TCR repertoires of unconventional T cells and discuss how repertoires might be used as a framework for their organization, and further our understanding of their role not only during an immune response, but also their contribution in maintaining homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul G Thomas
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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12
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A committed postselection precursor to natural TCRαβ + intraepithelial lymphocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:333-344. [PMID: 28745324 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is a major immune organ with several specialized lymphoid structures and immune cells. Among these are thymus-derived natural intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that lack expression of the classical co-receptors CD4 or CD8αβ (double negative (DN)). Natural IELs are both αβ+ and γδ+ T cells that play important roles in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier at steady state and during inflammation. The transcription factor T-bet is essential for the peripheral development of natural IELs, but its role during thymic development has remained less clear. Here we show that a T-bet gradient in DN TCRαβ+NK1.1- thymocytes (IEL precursors (IELPs)) determines IEL fate in natural TCRαβ+ IELs. Employing T-bet ZsGreen reporter mice in in vitro cultures and in vivo transfer experiments, we demonstrate that with increasing expression of T-bet, DN TCRαβ+NK1.1- thymocytes are gradually restricted to a DN IEL fate. Furthermore, we show that the natural TCRαβ+ IELs seed the intestine within the first month of life. This in turn is preceded by the appearance of T-bet- and T-bet+ IELPs that egress from the thymus in a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-dependent manner. In summary, the use of T-bet reporter mice has enabled us to identify and refine an immediate and clearly committed postselection precursor of natural TCRαβ+ IELs.
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13
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Faria AMC, Reis BS, Mucida D. Tissue adaptation: Implications for gut immunity and tolerance. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1211-1226. [PMID: 28432200 PMCID: PMC5413340 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Faria et al. discuss the concept that immune cells undergo specialized adaptation to tissue-specific conditions and its potential implications for tolerance and immunity. Tissue adaptation is an intrinsic component of immune cell development, influencing both resistance to pathogens and tolerance. Chronically stimulated surfaces of the body, in particular the gut mucosa, are the major sites where immune cells traffic and reside. Their adaptation to these environments requires constant discrimination between natural stimulation coming from harmless microbiota and food, and pathogens that need to be cleared. This review will focus on the adaptation of lymphocytes to the gut mucosa, a highly specialized environment that can help us understand the plasticity of leukocytes arriving at various tissue sites and how tissue-related factors operate to shape immune cell fate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M C Faria
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 .,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270901, Brazil
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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14
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Chennupati V, Koch U, Coutaz M, Scarpellino L, Tacchini-Cottier F, Luther SA, Radtke F, Zehn D, MacDonald HR. Notch Signaling Regulates the Homeostasis of Tissue-Restricted Innate-like T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:771-82. [PMID: 27324132 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Notch signaling plays important roles in lineage commitment and differentiation of multiple cell types including conventional T cells, nothing is currently known concerning Notch function in innate-like T cells. We have found that the homeostasis of several well-characterized populations of innate-like T cells including invariant NKT cells (iNKT), CD8ααTCRαβ small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and innate memory phenotype CD8 T cells is controlled by Notch. Notch selectively regulates hepatic iNKT cell survival via tissue-restricted control of B cell lymphoma 2 and IL-7Rα expression. More generally, Notch regulation of innate-like T cell homeostasis involves both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms and relies upon context-dependent interactions with Notch ligand-expressing fibroblastic stromal cells. Collectively, using conditional ablation of Notch receptors on peripheral T cells or Notch ligands on putative fibroblastic stromal cells, we show that Notch signaling is indispensable for the homeostasis of three tissue-restricted populations of innate-like T cells: hepatic iNKT, CD8ααTCRαβ small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and innate memory phenotype CD8 T cells, thus supporting a generalized role for Notch in innate T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar Chennupati
- Ludwig Centre for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland;
| | - Ute Koch
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Coutaz
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Centre, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; and
| | | | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Centre, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; and
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - H Robson MacDonald
- Ludwig Centre for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland;
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Qiu Y, Wang W, Xiao W, Yang H. Role of the intestinal cytokine microenvironment in shaping the intraepithelial lymphocyte repertoire. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:849-857. [PMID: 25765675 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru1014-465r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Local resident IELs are composed of distinct subsets of T cells with potent cytolytic and immunoregulatory capacities. As IELs are located within this unique interface between the core of the body and the outside environment, the specific development and function of intestinal IELs must be tightly regulated. To accomplish this, the cytokine microenvironment of the intestine has evolved sophisticated mechanisms that modulate the phenotype, ontogeny, and function of these cells. In this review, we summarize the evidence demonstrating the origin of certain intestinal cytokines, including IL-7, IL-15, IL-2, TGF-β, and SCF and discuss what influence such cytokines may have on IELs. Moreover, we review data suggesting that the abnormal expression of cytokines that leads to the heightened activation of IELs may also contribute to immunopathological responses or exacerbate inflammatory diseases, such as IBD and celiac disease, or promote cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wensheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Magadan S, Sunyer OJ, Boudinot P. Unique Features of Fish Immune Repertoires: Particularities of Adaptive Immunity Within the Largest Group of Vertebrates. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 57:235-64. [PMID: 26537384 PMCID: PMC5124013 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Fishes (i.e., teleost fishes) are the largest group of vertebrates. Although their immune system is based on the fundamental receptors, pathways, and cell types found in all groups of vertebrates, fishes show a diversity of particular features that challenge some classical concepts of immunology. In this chapter, we discuss the particularities of fish immune repertoires from a comparative perspective. We examine how allelic exclusion can be achieved when multiple Ig loci are present, how isotypic diversity and functional specificity impact clonal complexity, how loss of the MHC class II molecules affects the cooperation between T and B cells, and how deep sequencing technologies bring new insights about somatic hypermutation in the absence of germinal centers. The unique coexistence of two distinct B-cell lineages respectively specialized in systemic and mucosal responses is also discussed. Finally, we try to show that the diverse adaptations of immune repertoires in teleosts can help in understanding how somatic adaptive mechanisms of immunity evolved in parallel in different lineages across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadan
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Oriol J Sunyer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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17
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium harbors a large number of T cells, including TCRαβ cells that lack expression of CD4 and CD8αβ coreceptors. In this issue of Immunity, Mayans et al. (2014) and McDonald et al. (2014) shed light on the specificity and development of this enigmatic T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kurd
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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18
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Mayans S, Stepniak D, Palida S, Larange A, Dreux J, Arlian B, Shinnakasu R, Kronenberg M, Cheroutre H, Lambolez F. αβT cell receptors expressed by CD4(-)CD8αβ(-) intraepithelial T cells drive their fate into a unique lineage with unusual MHC reactivities. Immunity 2014; 41:207-218. [PMID: 25131531 PMCID: PMC4142827 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coreceptor CD4 and CD8αβ double-negative (DN) TCRαβ(+) intraepithelial T cells, although numerous, have been greatly overlooked and their contribution to the immune response is not known. Here we used T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of single cells combined with retrogenic expression of TCRs to study the fate and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction of DN TCRαβ(+) intraepithelial T cells. The data show that commitment of thymic precursors to the DN TCRαβ(+) lineage is imprinted by their TCR specificity. Moreover, the TCRs they express display a diverse and unusual pattern of MHC restriction that is nonoverlapping with that of CD4(+) or CD8αβ(+) T cells, indicating that they sense antigens that are not recognized by the conventional T cell subsets. The new insights indicate that DN TCRαβ(+) T cells form a third lineage of TCRαβ T lymphocytes expressing a variable TCR repertoire, which serve nonredundant immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Mayans
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Clinical Microbiology-Immunology, NUS Building 6C, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dariusz Stepniak
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- eBioscience, 10255 Science center drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sakina Palida
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- HHMI – UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr, George Palade 310 La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Alexandre Larange
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joanna Dreux
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Britni Arlian
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-209, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Riken, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Florence Lambolez
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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McDonald BD, Bunker JJ, Ishizuka IE, Jabri B, Bendelac A. Elevated T cell receptor signaling identifies a thymic precursor to the TCRαβ(+)CD4(-)CD8β(-) intraepithelial lymphocyte lineage. Immunity 2014; 41:219-29. [PMID: 25131532 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The origin and developmental pathway of intestinal T cell receptor αβ(+) CD4(-)CD8β(-) intraepithelial lymphocytes (unconventional iIELs), a major population of innate-like resident cytolytic T cells, have remained elusive. By cloning and expressing several TCRs isolated from unconventional iIELs, we identified immature CD4(lo)CD8(lo)(DP(lo))CD69(hi)PD-1(hi) thymocytes as the earliest postsignaling precursors for these cells. Although these precursors displayed multiple signs of elevated TCR signaling, a sizeable fraction of them escaped deletion to selectively engage in unconventional iIEL differentiation. Conversely, TCRs cloned from DP(lo)CD69(hi)PD-1(hi) thymocytes, a population enriched in autoreactive thymocytes, selectively gave rise to unconventional iIELs upon transgenic expression. Thus, the unconventional iIEL precursor overlaps with the DP(lo) population undergoing negative selection, indicating that, concomitant with the downregulation of both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors, a balance between apoptosis and survival signals results in outcomes as divergent as clonal deletion and differentiation to the unconventional iIEL lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D McDonald
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Bunker
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Isabel E Ishizuka
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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20
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Six A, Mariotti-Ferrandiz ME, Chaara W, Magadan S, Pham HP, Lefranc MP, Mora T, Thomas-Vaslin V, Walczak AM, Boudinot P. The past, present, and future of immune repertoire biology - the rise of next-generation repertoire analysis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:413. [PMID: 24348479 PMCID: PMC3841818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T and B cell repertoires are collections of lymphocytes, each characterized by its antigen-specific receptor. We review here classical technologies and analysis strategies developed to assess immunoglobulin (IG) and T cell receptor (TR) repertoire diversity, and describe recent advances in the field. First, we describe the broad range of available methodological tools developed in the past decades, each of which answering different questions and showing complementarity for progressive identification of the level of repertoire alterations: global overview of the diversity by flow cytometry, IG repertoire descriptions at the protein level for the identification of IG reactivities, IG/TR CDR3 spectratyping strategies, and related molecular quantification or dynamics of T/B cell differentiation. Additionally, we introduce the recent technological advances in molecular biology tools allowing deeper analysis of IG/TR diversity by next-generation sequencing (NGS), offering systematic and comprehensive sequencing of IG/TR transcripts in a short amount of time. NGS provides several angles of analysis such as clonotype frequency, CDR3 diversity, CDR3 sequence analysis, V allele identification with a quantitative dimension, therefore requiring high-throughput analysis tools development. In this line, we discuss the recent efforts made for nomenclature standardization and ontology development. We then present the variety of available statistical analysis and modeling approaches developed with regards to the various levels of diversity analysis, and reveal the increasing sophistication of those modeling approaches. To conclude, we provide some examples of recent mathematical modeling strategies and perspectives that illustrate the active rise of a "next-generation" of repertoire analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Six
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, CIC-BTi Biotherapy , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU), Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B) , Paris , France
| | - Maria Encarnita Mariotti-Ferrandiz
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU), Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B) , Paris , France
| | - Wahiba Chaara
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, CIC-BTi Biotherapy , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU), Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B) , Paris , France
| | - Susana Magadan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Hang-Phuong Pham
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT®, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System®, Institut de Génétique Humaine, UPR CNRS 1142, Université Montpellier 2 , Montpellier , France
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, UMR8550, CNRS and Ecole Normale Supérieure , Paris , France
| | - Véronique Thomas-Vaslin
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU), Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B) , Paris , France
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, UMR8549, CNRS and Ecole Normale Supérieure , Paris , France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires , Jouy-en-Josas , France
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21
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Adagbada AO, Adesida SA, Nwaokorie FO, Niemogha MT, Coker AO. Cholera epidemiology in Nigeria: an overview. Pan Afr Med J 2012; 12:59. [PMID: 22937199 PMCID: PMC3428179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium, Vibrio cholera. Choleragenic V. cholera O1 and O139 are the only causative agents of the disease. The two most distinguishing epidemiologic features of the disease are its tendency to appear in explosive outbreaks and its predisposition to causing pandemics that may progressively affect many countries and spread into continents. Despite efforts to control cholera, the disease continues to occur as a major public health problem in many developing countries. Numerous studies over more than a century have made advances in the understanding of the disease and ways of treating patients, but the mechanism of emergence of new epidemic strains, and the ecosystem supporting regular epidemics, remain challenging to epidemiologists. In Nigeria, since the first appearance of epidemic cholera in 1972, intermittent outbreaks have been occurring. The later part of 2010 was marked with severe outbreak which started from the northern part of Nigeria, spreading to the other parts and involving approximately 3,000 cases and 781 deaths. Sporadic cases have also been reported. Although epidemiologic surveillance constitutes an important component of the public health response, publicly available surveillance data from Nigeria have been relatively limited to date. Based on existing relevant scientific literature on features of cholera, this paper presents a synopsis of cholera epidemiology emphasising the situation in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoke Olutola Adagbada
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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22
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Abadie V, Discepolo V, Jabri B. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:551-66. [PMID: 22660791 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a T cell-mediated immune disorder induced by dietary gluten that is characterized by the development of an inflammatory anti-gluten CD4 T cell response, anti-gluten antibodies, and autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase 2 and the activation of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) leading to the destruction of the intestinal epithelium. Intraepithelial lymphocytes represent a heterogeneous population of T cells composed mainly of cytotoxic CD8 T cells residing within the epithelial layer, whose main role is to maintain the integrity of the epithelium by eliminating infected cells and promoting epithelial repair. Dysregulated activation of IELs is a hallmark of CD and is critically involved in epithelial cell destruction and the subsequent development of villous atrophy. In this review, we compare and contrast the phenotype and function of human and mouse small intestinal IELs under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we discuss how conditions of epithelial distress associated with overexpression of IL-15 and non-classical MHC class I molecules induce cytotoxic IELs to become licensed killer cells that upregulate activating NKG2D and CD94/NKG2C natural killer receptors, acquiring lymphokine killer activity. Pathways leading to dysregulated IEL activation could eventually be targeted to prevent villous atrophy and treat patients who respond poorly to gluten-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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23
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Castro R, Bernard D, Lefranc MP, Six A, Benmansour A, Boudinot P. T cell diversity and TcR repertoires in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:644-654. [PMID: 20804845 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the diverse and extended range of antigenic motifs is matched to large populations of lymphocytes. The concept of immune repertoire was proposed to describe this diversity of lymphocyte receptors--IG and TR--required for the recognition specificity. Immune repertoires have become useful tools to describe lymphocyte and receptor populations during the immune system development and in pathological situations. In teleosts, the presence of conventional T cells was first proposed to explain graft rejection and optimized specific antibody production. The discovery of TR genes definitely established the reality of conventional T cells in fish. The development of genomic and EST databases recently led to the description of several key T cell markers including CD4, CD8, CD3, CD28, CTLA4, as well as important cytokines, suggesting the existence of different T helper (Th) subtypes, similar to the mammalian Th1, Th2 and Th17. Over the last decade, repertoire studies have demonstrated that both public and private responses occur in fish as they do in mammals, and in vitro specific cytotoxicity assays have been established. While such typical features of T cells are similar in both fish and mammals, the structure of particular repertoires such as the one of gut intra-epithelial lymphocytes seems to be very different. Future studies will further reveal the particular characteristics of teleost T cell repertoires and adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Castro
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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24
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Peaudecerf L, Rocha B. Role of the gut as a primary lymphoid organ. Immunol Lett 2011; 140:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that reside within the epithelium of the intestine form one of the main branches of the immune system. As IELs are located at this critical interface between the core of the body and the outside environment, they must balance protective immunity with an ability to safeguard the integrity of the epithelial barrier: failure to do so would compromise homeostasis of the organism. In this Review, we address how the unique development and functions of intestinal IELs allow them to achieve this balance.
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26
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Kappes DJ. Developing intestinal fortitude. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:281-2. [PMID: 21423221 DOI: 10.1038/ni0411-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Mwangi WN, Beal RK, Powers C, Wu X, Humphrey T, Watson M, Bailey M, Friedman A, Smith AL. Regional and global changes in TCRalphabeta T cell repertoires in the gut are dependent upon the complexity of the enteric microflora. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:406-417. [PMID: 19945480 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The repertoire of gut associated T cells is shaped by exposure to microbes, including the natural enteric microflora. Previous studies compared the repertoire of gut associated T cell populations in germ free (GF) and conventional mammals often focussing on intra-epithelial lymphocyte compartments. Using GF, conventional and monocolonised (gnotobiotic) chickens and chicken TCRbeta-repertoire analysis techniques, we determined the influence of microbial status on global and regional enteric TCRbeta repertoires. The gut of conventionally reared chickens exhibited non-Gaussian distributions of CDR3-lengths with some shared over-represented peaks in neighbouring gut segments. Sequence analysis revealed local clonal over-representation. Germ-free chickens exhibited a polyclonal, non-selected population of T cells in the spleen and in the gut. In contrast, gnotobiotic chickens exhibited a biased repertoire with shared clones evident throughout the gut. These data indicate the dramatic influence of enteric microflora complexity on the profile of TCRbeta repertoire in the gut at local and global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Mwangi
- Division of Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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28
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Isakov D, Dzutsev A, Belyakov IM, Berzofsky JA. Non-equilibrium and differential function between intraepithelial and lamina propria virus-specific TCRalphabeta(+) CD8alphabeta(+) T cells in the small intestinal mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2:450-61. [PMID: 19571797 PMCID: PMC3224999 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa regularly encounters commensal and pathogenic microbiota. Gut mucosal lymphocytes consist of two phenotypically different populations residing in the intestinal intraepithelial (IEL) compartment and lamina propria (LP). Little is known about compositional and functional differences of antigen-specific T cells from these mucosal compartments after mucosal infection, or the degree of trafficking between them. We here studied the B8R(20-27)-specific CD8 T-cell response in LP and IEL compartments after intrarectal immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). CD8(+) T cells in the IEL compartment had much lower avidity than in the LP or spleen during acute and memory phases. Surprisingly, the TCR Vbeta-chain distribution of antigen-specific T cells and the length of the CDR3 region of the dominant Vbeta genes showed substantial dissimilarities between IEL and LP antigen-specific CD8alphabeta T cells in individual mice, increasing with time. We show functional and compositional differences between these mucosal compartments during the effector and memory phases of the immune response, indicating limited crosstalk and microenvironmental differences between the IEL, LP, and spleen. The restricted migration of cells from each of these mucosal compartments could partly account for a founder effect we observed in the IEL TCRalphabeta CD8alphabeta epitope-specific repertoire that might impact protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Isakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - A Dzutsev
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - IM Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Midwest Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - JA Berzofsky
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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29
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van Wijk F, Cheroutre H. Intestinal T cells: facing the mucosal immune dilemma with synergy and diversity. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:130-8. [PMID: 19386513 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, which represents the greatest body surface area exposed to the outside environment, is confronted with a plethora of foreign and potentially harmful antigens. Consequently, the immune system of the gut faces the daunting task of distinguishing harmless dietary proteins and commensal bacteria from potentially dangerous pathogens, and of then responding accordingly. Mucosal T cells play a central role in maintaining barrier function and controlling the delicate balance between immune activation and immune tolerance. This review will focus on the unique features of mucosal T cell subsets that reside in the epithelium and lamina propria of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke van Wijk
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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30
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Hendricks DW, Fink PJ. Uneven colonization of the lymphoid periphery by T cells that undergo early TCR{alpha} rearrangements. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:4267-74. [PMID: 19299725 PMCID: PMC2709763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A sparse population of thymocytes undergoes TCRalpha gene rearrangement early in development, before the double-positive stage. The potential of these cells to contribute to the peripheral T cell pool is unknown. To examine the peripheral T cell compartment expressing a repertoire biased to early TCR gene rearrangements, we developed a mouse model in which TCRalpha rearrangements are restricted to the double-negative stage of thymocyte development. These mice carry floxed RAG2 alleles and a Cre transgene driven by the CD4 promoter. As expected, conventional T cell development is compromised in such Cre(+) RAG2(fl/fl) mice, and the TCRalphabeta(+) T cells that develop are limited in their TCRalpha repertoire, preferentially using early rearranging Valpha genes. In the gut, the Thy-1(+)TCRalphabeta(+) intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) compartment is surprisingly intact, whereas the Thy-1(-)TCRalphabeta(+) subset is almost completely absent. Thus, T cells expressing a TCRalpha repertoire that is the product of early gene rearrangements can preferentially populate distinct IEL compartments. Despite this capacity, Cre(+) RAG2(fl/fl) T cell progenitors cannot compete with wild-type T cell progenitors in mixed bone marrow chimeras, suggesting that in normal mice, there is only a small contribution to the peripheral T cell pool by cells that have undergone early TCRalpha rearrangements. In the absence of wild-type competitors, aggressive homeostatic proliferation in the IEL compartment can promote a relatively normal Thy-1(+) TCRalphabeta(+) T cell pool from the limited population derived from Cre(+) RAG2(fl/fl) progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J. Fink
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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31
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Quantitative isolation of mouse and human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes by elutriation centrifugation. J Immunol Methods 2009; 344:26-34. [PMID: 19278662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are specialized subsets of T cells with distinct functional capacities. While some IEL subsets are circulating, others such as CD8alphaalpha TCRalphabeta IEL are believed to represent non-circulating resident T cell subsets [Sim, G.K., Intraepithelial lymphocytes and the immune system. Adv. Immunol., 1995. 58: 297-343.]. Current methods to obtain enriched preparations of intraepithelial lymphocytes are mostly based on Percoll density gradient or magnetic bead-based technologies [Lundqvist, C., et al., Isolation of functionally active intraepithelial lymphocytes and enterocytes from human small and large intestine. J. Immunol. Methods, 1992. 152(2): 253-263.]. However, these techniques are hampered by a generally low yield of isolated cells, and potential artifacts due to the interference of the isolation procedure with subsequent functional assays, in particular, when antibodies against cell surface markers are required. Here we describe a new method for obtaining relatively pure populations of intestinal IEL (55-75%) at a high yield (>85%) by elutriation centrifugation. This technique is equally suited for the isolation and enrichment of intraepithelial lymphocytes of both mouse and human origin. Time requirements for fractionating cell suspensions by elutriation centrifugation are comparable to Percoll-, or MACS-based isolation procedures. Hence, the substantially higher yield and the consistent robust enrichment for intraepithelial lymphocytes, together with the gentle treatment of the cells during elutriation that does not interfere with subsequent functional assays, are important aspects that are in favor of using this elegant technology to obtain unmanipulated, unbiased populations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and, if desired, also of pure epithelial cells.
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32
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Probert CSJ, Saubermann LJ, Balk S, Blumberg RS. Repertoire of the alpha beta T-cell receptor in the intestine. Immunol Rev 2007; 215:215-25. [PMID: 17291291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The majority of T cells in the human and mouse intestine express the T-cell receptor (TCR) as an alphabeta heterodimer on their cell surface. As the major recognition element of antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex-derived proteins, an examination of the structure of the alpha beta TCR in intestines has provided significant insights into the potential function of these cells and the major determinants that drive their selection. Studies in the human intestine have shown that the repertoires of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), and likely lamina propria lymphocytes, are polyclonal before and shortly after birth, with the repertoire becoming oligoclonal in adults. Similarly, in adult mice the repertoire is oligoclonal, while in the newborn it is polyclonal. Investigations in mice have shown that some T cells may evade thymic selection. The population size and oligoclonality of IELs is influenced by the microbial content of the luminal microenvironment. This microenvironment probably directly determines the TCR repertoire. Studies in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) indicate that inflammation further skews the TCR repertoire. We speculate that dominant antigens associated with the pathogenesis of IBD are responsible for such skewing and that identifying the antigenic drivers may shed light on the environmental factors that trigger or potentiate human IBD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S J Probert
- Bristol Royal Infirmary, Clinical Science at South Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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33
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Kunisawa J, Takahashi I, Kiyono H. Intraepithelial lymphocytes: their shared and divergent immunological behaviors in the small and large intestine. Immunol Rev 2007; 215:136-53. [PMID: 17291285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At the front line of the body's immunological defense system, the gastrointestinal tract faces a large number of food-derived antigens, allergens, and nutrients, as well as commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. To maintain intestinal homeostasis, the gut immune system regulates two opposite immunological reactions: immune activation and quiescence. With their versatile immunological features, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) play an important role in this regulation. IELs are mainly composed of T cells, but these T cells are immunologically distinct from peripheral T cells. Not only do IELs differ immunologically from peripheral T cells but they are also comprised of heterogeneous populations showing different phenotypes and immunological functions, as well as trafficking and developmental pathways. Though IELs in the small and large intestine share common features, they have also developed differences as they adjust to the two different environments. This review seeks to shed light on the immunological diversity of small and large intestinal IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Jabri B, Ebert E. Human CD8+intraepithelial lymphocytes: a unique model to study the regulation of effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes in tissue. Immunol Rev 2007; 215:202-14. [PMID: 17291290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The epithelium of the human small intestine contains a large population of intraepithelial cytolytic alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) CD8 alpha beta T lymphocytes (IE-CTLs), whose main role is to sustain epithelial integrity by rapidly eliminating infected and damaged cells. In mouse, the recognition of inducible/modified self-molecules, i.e. non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, is mediated by the TCR and natural killer receptors (NKRs) co-expressed on the cell surface of a non-conventional autoreactive CD8 alpha alpha alpha beta TCR cell subset. In contrast, in humans, the recognition of non-classical MHC class I molecules induced by stress and inflammation on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is principally mediated by NKRs expressed on conventional CD8 alpha beta alpha beta TCR cells. By sensing microenvironmental signals of inflammation and stress through NKRs, IE-CTLs fine tune their TCR activation threshold. Furthermore, IE-CTLs under particular conditions, involving interleukin-15 upregulation, acquire the capacity to kill distressed intestinal epithelial cells in an antigen non-specific manner. Adaptive IE-CTLs appear hence to have autoreactive properties and modulate their immune response based on innate signals, reflecting the fitness of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bana Jabri
- Department of Pathology, Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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35
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Ishikawa H, Naito T, Iwanaga T, Takahashi-Iwanaga H, Suematsu M, Hibi T, Nanno M. Curriculum vitae of intestinal intraepithelial T cells: their developmental and behavioral characteristics. Immunol Rev 2007; 215:154-65. [PMID: 17291286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The alimentary tract has an epithelial layer, consisting mainly of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), that is exposed to the exterior world through the intestinal lumen. The IEC layer contains many intestinal intraepithelial T cells (IELs), and the total number of IELs constitutes the largest population in the peripheral T-cell pool. Virtually all gammadelta-IELs and many alphabeta-IELs in the mouse small intestine are known to express CD8 alpha alpha homodimers. A wide range of evidence that supports extrathymic development of these CD8 alpha alpha(+) IELs has been collected. In addition, while several studies identified cells with precursor T-cell phenotypes within the gut epithelium, how these precursors, which are dispersed along the length of the intestine, develop into gammadelta-IELs and/or alphabeta-IELs has not been clarified. The identification of lymphoid cell aggregations named 'cryptopatches' (CPs) in the intestinal crypt lamina propria of mice as sites rich in T-cell precursors in 1996 by our research group, however, provided evidence for a central site, whereby precursor IELs could give rise to T-cell receptor-bearing IELs. In this review, we discuss the development of IELs in the intestinal mucosa and examine the possibility that CPs serve as a production site of extrathymic IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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36
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Abstract
The gut epithelial border is in continuous contact with exogenous antigens and harbors a distinctive and very abundant CD8 alpha alpha intraepithelial T-lymphocyte effector population. We describe here the characteristics of these cells that distinguish them from all other T-cell types in the body as well as their functions in local protection. We also describe how these cells differentiate from local precursors present in the gut cryptopatches (CPs) following a pathway of T-cell differentiation unique to the gut wall. Finally, we describe the origin of the precursors of CD8 alpha alpha T cells, which come from the bone marrow in athymic mice but are first imprinted in the thymus in euthymic mice. Indeed, CD3(-)CD4(-)CD8(-) T-cell-committed precursors can leave the thymus before T-cell receptor rearrangements and then colonize the gut CPs, proceeding with their differentiation within the gut wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedita Rocha
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U591, Faculté de Médecine René Descarte Paris V, Institut Necker, Paris, France.
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37
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Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) contain several subsets, but the origin of the T-cell receptor (TCR)alphabeta(+) CD8 alpha alpha(+) IELs has been particularly controversial. Here we provide a synthesis, based on recent work, that attempts to unify the divergent views. The intestine has a primordial function in lymphopoiesis, and precursors with the potential to differentiate into T cells are found both in the epithelium and underlying lamina propria. Moreover, the thymus has been reported to export cells to the intestine that are not fully differentiated. TCR alpha beta(+) CD8 alpha alpha(+) IELs can differentiate in the intestine from each of these sources, but in normal euthymic mice, the thymus appears to be the major source for TCR alpha beta(+) CD8 alpha alpha(+) IELs. This unique IEL subset is a self-reactive population that requires exposure to self-agonists for selection in the thymus, similar to other regulatory T-cell populations. IELs transition through a double-positive (DP) intermediate in the thymus, but they originate from a subset of the DP cells that can be identified by its expression of CD8 alpha alpha homodimers. The agonist-selected cells in the thymus are TCRbeta(+) but CD4 and CD8 double negative. The evidence suggests that reacquired expression of CD8 alpha alpha and downregulation of CD5 occur after thymus export, perhaps in the intestine under the influence of interleukin-15. As a result of agonist exposure, a new gene expression program is activated. Therefore, the increased understanding of the developmental origin of TCR alpha beta(+) CD8 alpha alpha(+) IELs may help us to understand how they participate in immune regulation and protection in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lambolez
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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38
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Probert CSJ, Williams AM, Stepankova R, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Phillips A, Bland PW. The effect of weaning on the clonality of alpha beta T-cell receptor T cells in the intestine of GF and SPF mice. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:606-17. [PMID: 17055051 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 08/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In humans, intestinal antigen exposure during neonatal life influences the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. To define the relative effects of bacteria and food antigens in early life, we examined TCR diversity in the intestine of SPF and GF mice. TCR repertoire was assessed at a single time point pre-, peri- and post-weaning in the small and large intestine of SPF and GF mice using spectratyping and/or TCR-beta-chain sequencing. There was good concordance of data obtained by the two techniques. In SPF mice, the repertoire was polyclonal shortly after birth in the small and large intestine. After weaning, there was a significant change towards an oligoclonal repertoire in the small intestine. There was some evidence that specific clones were shared between the small and large intestine. In contrast, in GF mice, the repertoire was oligoclonal after birth, and remained restricted. These data show: firstly, that under SPF conditions, the intestine is seeded with a diverse T-cell population that becomes oligoclonal around the time of weaning; secondly, that GF mice were oligoclonal at each time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S J Probert
- Department of Clinical Science at South Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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39
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Mazumdar S, Bhattacharyya S, Ghosh S, Majumdar S, Ganguly NK. The role of a heat shock protein from V. cholerae 0139 in the gut immune response. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 297:9-19. [PMID: 17006619 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An immunodominant heat shock protein (Hsp 24) was purified from Vibrio cholerae O139 at 42 degrees C and used as an immunomodulator for studying the gut immune response. T cell clone and T cell line specific for the Hsp 24 were generated from the lymphocytes of lamina propria and intra-epithelial lymphocytes of mice orally infected with V. cholerae O139, respectively. The T cell clone was TCR alphabeta(+), CD4(+) and appeared to play an important role in the functioning of gut B-lymphocytes. The T cell line had heterogenous population of CD8+ and CD4+ cells, most of which were found to be TCR alphabeta(+) and a minor population was TCR gammadelta(+). The lymphokine profile of T cell line showed IFN-gamma to be the most abundant lymphokine followed by IL-2 and IL-4. The possible involvement of alternative pathway of activation for T cell clone was also addressed in this study. The splenocytes showed an up-regulation of their CD2 receptor expression on stimulation with the Hsp-24. The pattern of lymphokines released by splenocytes stimulated with the Hsp-24 showed no particular cell type to be responsible for mounting immune response. Thus, there is involvement of both, mucosal and peripheral arm of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibnath Mazumdar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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40
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Staton TL, Habtezion A, Winslow MM, Sato T, Love PE, Butcher EC. CD8+ recent thymic emigrants home to and efficiently repopulate the small intestine epithelium. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:482-8. [PMID: 16582913 DOI: 10.1038/ni1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Prevailing knowledge dictates that naive alphabeta T cells require activation in lymphoid tissues before differentiating into effector or memory T cells capable of trafficking to nonlymphoid tissues. Here we demonstrate that CD8(+) recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) migrated directly into the small intestine. CCR9, CCL25 and alpha(4)beta(7) integrin were required for gut entry of CD8(+) RTEs. After T cell receptor stimulation, intestinal CD8(+) RTEs proliferated and acquired a surface phenotype resembling that of intraepithelial lymphocytes. CD8(+) RTEs efficiently populated the gut of lymphotoxin-alpha-deficient mice, which lack lymphoid organs. These studies challenge the present understanding of naive alphabeta T cell trafficking and suggest that RTEs may be involved in maintaining a diverse immune repertoire at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Staton
- Program in Immunology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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41
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Bernard D, Six A, Rigottier-Gois L, Messiaen S, Chilmonczyk S, Quillet E, Boudinot P, Benmansour A. Phenotypic and Functional Similarity of Gut Intraepithelial and Systemic T Cells in a Teleost Fish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3942-9. [PMID: 16547228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.3942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphocytes were described in fish, but their involvement in immune responses is still unknown. In rainbow trout, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are scattered between gut epithelial cells, but neither Peyer's patches nor mesenteric lymph nodes were identified. Rainbow trout IELs contain mainly T cells, because they expressed transcripts of T cell marker homologs of CD8, CD4, CD28, CD3epsilon, TCRzeta, TCRgamma, and TCRbeta and lacked IgM. However, trout IELs did not show specific homing to the gut mucosa, which in mammals defines IELs as a distinctive mucosal population. A detailed analysis of the TCRbeta repertoire of rainbow trout IELs was performed in both naive and virus-infected animals. TCRbeta transcripts of rainbow trout IELs were highly diverse and polyclonal in adult naive individuals, in sharp contrast with the restricted diversity of IEL oligoclonal repertoires described in birds and mammals. Significant modifications of the trout IEL TCRbeta repertoire were observed after a systemic infection with a fish rhabdovirus and were especially marked for Vbeta4-bearing receptors as previously reported for spleen cells. Thus, we could not find any specific properties of the trout IEL TCRbeta repertoire compared with the spleen and pronephros TCRbeta repertoire, which questions the reality of a distinct IEL compartment in teleosts. Our findings suggest that a highly diversified alphabeta TauCR repertoire is maintained in fish IELs in the absence of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, whereas the restricted diversity of mouse alphabeta IELs is attributed to multiple cycles of activation and recirculation, allowing a progressive narrowing of the repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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42
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Abstract
The intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are mostly T cells dispersed as single cells within the epithelial cell layer that surrounds the intestinal lumen. IELs are, therefore, strategically located at the interface between the antigen-rich outside world and the sterile core of the body. The intestine of higher vertebrates has further evolved to harbor numerous commensal bacteria that carry out important functions for the host, and while defensive immunity can effectively protect against the invasion of pathogens, similar immune reactions against food-derived antigens or harmless colonizing bacteria can result in unnecessary and sometimes damaging immune responses. Probably as a result of this unique dilemma imposed by the gut environment, multiple subsets of IEL have differentiated, which all display characteristics of 'activated yet resting' immune cells. Despite this common feature, IELs are heterogeneous with regard to their phenotype, ontogeny, and function. In this review, we discuss the different subtypes of IELs and highlight the distinct pathways they took that led to their unique differentiation into highly specialized effector memory T cells, which provide the most effective immune protection yet in a strictly regulated fashion to preserve the integrity and vital functions of the intestinal mucosal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Cheroutre
- The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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43
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Rocha B. Comment on "Thymic Origin of Intestinal T Cells Revealed by Fate Mapping of ROR t+ Cells". Science 2005. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1107363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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44
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Laouar A, Haridas V, Vargas D, Zhinan X, Chaplin D, van Lier RAW, Manjunath N. CD70+ antigen-presenting cells control the proliferation and differentiation of T cells in the intestinal mucosa. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:698-706. [PMID: 15937486 PMCID: PMC1444945 DOI: 10.1038/ni1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One unresolved issue in gut immunity is how mucosal T lymphocytes are activated and which antigen-presenting cell (APC) is critical for the regulation of this process. We have identified a unique population of APCs that is exclusively localized in the lamina propria. These APCs constitutively expressed the costimulatory molecule CD70 and had antigen-presenting functions. After oral infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes, proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific T cells occurred in the gut mucosa in situ and blockade of CD70 costimulation abrogated the mucosal T cell proliferation and effector functions. Thus, a potent CD70-dependent stimulation via specialized tissue-specific APCs is required for the proliferation and differentiation of gut mucosal T cells after oral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amale Laouar
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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45
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Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M. Mucosal T lymphocytes--peacekeepers and warriors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:147-65. [PMID: 15931528 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-005-0205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Normal immune homeostasis of the intestine requires peaceful coexistence with commensal flora, combined with host defense against pathogens. Perhaps as a result of this unique dilemma, distinct populations of regulatory and effector T lymphocytes are found in the lamina propria and epithelium of the intestine. Here we summarize the properties and functions of these unusual T cells, and describe the molecular and cellular interactions that lead to their development and function. Some mucosal T cells, sometimes called type a, are conventional activated/memory T cells that have received instructions to migrate to the intestine during priming by dendritic cells in the mesenteric lymph node and elsewhere. Others, however, particularly subsets residing permanently in the epithelium, are intestine-specific T cell subpopulations generated by an atypical differentiation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Cheroutre
- The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, USA.
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46
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Helgeland L, Dissen E, Dai KZ, Midtvedt T, Brandtzaeg P, Vaage JT. Microbial colonization induces oligoclonal expansions of intraepithelial CD8 T cells in the gut. Eur J Immunol 2005; 34:3389-400. [PMID: 15517613 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two populations of CD8(+) IEL generally express restricted, but apparently random and non-overlapping TCR repertoires. Previous studies in mice suggested that this could be explained by a dual origin of CD8(+) IEL, i.e. that CD8alphabeta(+) IEL derive from a few peripheral CD8(+) T cell lymphoblasts stimulated by microbial antigens in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, whereas CD8alphaalpha(+) IEL descend from an inefficient intestinal maturation pathway. We show here that the gut mucosa, instead, becomes seeded with surprisingly broad and generally non-overlapping CD8 IEL repertoires and that oligoclonality is induced locally after microbial colonization. In germ-free (GF) rats, both CD8alphabeta(+) and CD8alphaalpha(+) IEL displayed surprisingly diverse TCR Vbeta repertoires, although beta-chain diversity tended to be somewhat restricted in the CD8alphaalpha(+) subset. CDR3 length displays in individual Vbeta-Cbeta and Vbeta-Jbeta combinations generally revealed polyclonal distributions over 6-11 different lengths, similar to CD8(+) lymph node T cells, and CDR3beta sequencing provided further documentation of repertoire diversity. By contrast, in ex-GF rats colonized with normal commensal microflora, both CD8alphabeta(+) and CD8alphaalpha(+) IEL displayed oligoclonal CDR3 length distributions for most of the Vbeta genes analyzed. Our data suggest that microbial colonization induces apparently random clonal expansions of CD8alphabeta(+) and CD8alphaalpha(+) IEL locally in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Helgeland
- LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Cebra JJ, Jiang HQ, Boiko N, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. The Role of Mucosal Microbiota in the Development, Maintenance, and Pathologies of the Mucosal Immune System. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [PMCID: PMC7150267 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Development and Function of Organized Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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49
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the central organ for uptake of fluids and nutrients, and at the same time it forms the main protective barrier between the sterile environment of the body and the outside world. In mammals, the intestine has further evolved to harbor a vast load of commensal bacteria that have important functions for the host. Discrimination by the host defense system of nonself from self can prevent invasion of pathogens, but equivalent responses to dietary or colonizing bacteria can lead to devastating consequences for the organism. This dilemma imposed by the gut environment has probably contributed significantly to the evolutionary drive that has led to sophisticated mechanisms and diversification of the immune system to allow for protection while maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier. The immense expansion and specialization of the immune system is particularly mirrored in the phylogeny, ontogeny, organization, and regulation of the adaptive intraepithelial lymphocytes, or IEL, which are key players in the unique intestinal defense mechanisms that have evolved in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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50
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Klonowski KD, Williams KJ, Marzo AL, Blair DA, Lingenheld EG, Lefrançois L. Dynamics of blood-borne CD8 memory T cell migration in vivo. Immunity 2004; 20:551-62. [PMID: 15142524 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(04)00103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells are distributed throughout the body following infection, but the migratory dynamics of the memory pool in vivo is unknown. The ability of circulating microbe-specific memory T cells to populate lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues was examined using adoptive transfer and parabiosis systems. While migration of memory CD8 T cells to lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity required G(i)-coupled receptor signaling, migration to the spleen, bone marrow, lung, and liver was independent of this pathway. Following parabiosis, memory T cells rapidly equilibrated into the lymphoid tissues, lung, and liver of each parabiont, implying most memory cells were not obligately tissue resident. Equilibration of memory cell populations was delayed in the brain, peritoneal cavity, and intestinal lamina propria, indicating controlled gating for entry into these tissues. In addition, memory cell migration to the lamina propria required beta7 integrins. Thus, the blood-borne T cell pool serves to maintain the homeostasis of tissue-based memory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Klonowski
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
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