1
|
Sarna NS, Desai SH, Kaufman BG, Curry NM, Hanna AM, King MR. Enhanced and sustained T cell activation in response to fluid shear stress. iScience 2024; 27:109999. [PMID: 38883838 PMCID: PMC11177201 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of T cell therapies in treating solid tumors is limited by poor in vivo persistence, proliferation, and cytotoxicity, which can be attributed to limited and variable ex vivo activation. Herein, we present a 10-day kinetic profile of T cells subjected to fluid shear stress (FSS) ex vivo, with and without stimulation utilizing bead-conjugated anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies. We demonstrate that mechanical stimulation via FSS combined with bead-bound anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies yields a synergistic effect, resulting in amplified and sustained downstream signaling (NF-κB, c-Fos, and NFAT), expression of activation markers (CD69 and CD25), proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2). This study represents the first characterization of the dynamic response of primary T cells to FSS. Collectively, our findings underscore the critical role of mechanosensitive ion channel-mediated mechanobiological signaling in T cell activation and fitness, enabling the development of strategies to address the current challenges associated with poor immunotherapy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Sarna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Shanay H Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Benjamin G Kaufman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Natalie M Curry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Anne M Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weller S, Li X, Petersen LR, Kempen P, Clergeaud G, Andresen TL. Influence of different conjugation methods for activating antibodies on polymeric nanoparticles: Effects for polyclonal expansion of human CD8+ T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111643. [PMID: 38340420 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Particle-based systems have become a state-of-the-art method for in vitro expanding cytotoxic T cells by tailoring their surface with activating molecules. However, commonly used methods utilize facile carbodiimide chemistry leading to uncontrolled orientation of the immobilized antibodies on the particle surface that can lead to poor binding to target cells. To address this, selective coupling strategies utilizing regioselective chemical groups such as disulfide bridges offer a simple approach. In this work we present a set of methods to investigate the effect of polymeric nanoparticles, conjugated with either regioselective- or randomly-immobilized antiCD3 and antiCD28 antibodies, on the activation potential, expansion and expression of activation markers in T cells. We show that nanoparticles with well-oriented monovalent antibodies conjugated via maleimide require fewer ligands on the surface to efficiently expand T cells compared to bivalent antibodies randomly-immobilized via carbodiimide conjugation. Analysis of the T cell expression markers reveal that the T cell phenotype can be fine-tuned by adjusting the surface density of well-oriented antibodies, while randomly immobilized antibodies showed no differences despite their ligand density. Both conjugation techniques induced cytotoxic T cells, evidenced by analyzing their Granzyme B secretion. Furthermore, antibody orientation affects the immunological synapse and T cell activation by changing the calcium influx profile upon activation. Nanoparticles with well-oriented antibodies showed lower calcium influx compared to their bivalent randomly-immobilized counterparts. These results highlight the importance of controlling the antibody density and orientation on the nanoparticle surface via controlled coupling chemistries, helping to develop improved particle-based expansion protocols to enhance T cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Weller
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars R Petersen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gael Clergeaud
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brock VJ, Lory NC, Möckl F, Birus M, Stähler T, Woelk LM, Jaeckstein M, Heeren J, Koch-Nolte F, Rissiek B, Mittrücker HW, Guse AH, Werner R, Diercks BP. Time-resolved role of P2X4 and P2X7 during CD8 + T cell activation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1258119. [PMID: 38426095 PMCID: PMC10902106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1258119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are a crucial part of the adaptive immune system, responsible for combating intracellular pathogens and tumor cells. The initial activation of T cells involves the formation of highly dynamic Ca2+ microdomains. Recently, purinergic signaling was shown to be involved in the formation of the initial Ca2+ microdomains in CD4+ T cells. In this study, the role of purinergic cation channels, particularly P2X4 and P2X7, in CD8+ T cell signaling from initial events to downstream responses was investigated, focusing on various aspects of T cell activation, including Ca2+ microdomains, global Ca2+ responses, NFAT-1 translocation, cytokine expression, and proliferation. While Ca2+ microdomain formation was significantly reduced in the first milliseconds to seconds in CD8+ T cells lacking P2X4 and P2X7 channels, global Ca2+ responses over minutes were comparable between wild-type (WT) and knockout cells. However, the onset velocity was reduced in P2X4-deficient cells, and P2X4, as well as P2X7-deficient cells, exhibited a delayed response to reach a certain level of free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). NFAT-1 translocation, a crucial transcription factor in T cell activation, was also impaired in CD8+ T cells lacking P2X4 and P2X7. In addition, the expression of IFN-γ, a major pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by activated CD8+ T cells, and Nur77, a negative regulator of T cell activation, was significantly reduced 18h post-stimulation in the knockout cells. In line, the proliferation of T cells after 3 days was also impaired in the absence of P2X4 and P2X7 channels. In summary, the study demonstrates that purinergic signaling through P2X4 and P2X7 enhances initial Ca2+ events during CD8+ T cell activation and plays a crucial role in regulating downstream responses, including NFAT-1 translocation, cytokine expression, and proliferation on multiple timescales. These findings suggest that targeting purinergic signaling pathways may offer potential therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J. Brock
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niels Christian Lory
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Möckl
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melina Birus
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Stähler
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena-Marie Woelk
- Department of Applied Medical Informatics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Jaeckstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Guse
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - René Werner
- Department of Applied Medical Informatics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn-Philipp Diercks
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lyu H, Yuan G, Liu X, Wang X, Geng S, Xia T, Zhou X, Li Y, Hu X, Shi Y. Sustained store-operated calcium entry utilizing activated chromatin state leads to instability in iTregs. eLife 2023; 12:RP88874. [PMID: 38055613 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus-originated tTregs and in vitro induced iTregs are subsets of regulatory T cells. While they share the capacity of immune suppression, their stabilities are different, with iTregs losing their phenotype upon stimulation or under inflammatory milieu. Epigenetic differences, particularly methylation state of Foxp3 CNS2 region, provide an explanation for this shift. Whether additional regulations, including cellular signaling, could directly lead phenotypical instability requires further analysis. Here, we show that upon TCR (T cell receptor) triggering, SOCE (store-operated calcium entry) and NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) nuclear translocation are blunted in tTregs, yet fully operational in iTregs, similar to Tconvs. On the other hand, tTregs show minimal changes in their chromatin accessibility upon activation, in contrast to iTregs that demonstrate an activated chromatin state with highly accessible T cell activation and inflammation related genes. Assisted by several cofactors, NFAT driven by strong SOCE signaling in iTregs preferentially binds to primed-opened T helper (TH) genes, resulting in their activation normally observed only in Tconv activation, ultimately leads to instability. Conversely, suppression of SOCE in iTregs can partially rescue their phenotype. Thus, our study adds two new layers, cellular signaling and chromatin accessibility, of understanding in Treg stability, and may provide a path for better clinical applications of Treg cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Lyu
- Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Yuan
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Geng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Tie Xia
- Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinqing Li
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Platzer R, Hellmeier J, Göhring J, Perez ID, Schatzlmaier P, Bodner C, Focke‐Tejkl M, Schütz GJ, Sevcsik E, Stockinger H, Brameshuber M, Huppa JB. Monomeric agonist peptide/MHCII complexes activate T-cells in an autonomous fashion. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57842. [PMID: 37768718 PMCID: PMC10626418 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular crowding of agonist peptide/MHC class II complexes (pMHCIIs) with structurally similar, yet per se non-stimulatory endogenous pMHCIIs is postulated to sensitize T-cells for the recognition of single antigens on the surface of dendritic cells and B-cells. When testing this premise with the use of advanced live cell microscopy, we observe pMHCIIs as monomeric, randomly distributed entities diffusing rapidly after entering the APC surface. Synaptic TCR engagement of highly abundant endogenous pMHCIIs is low or non-existent and affects neither TCR engagement of rare agonist pMHCII in early and advanced synapses nor agonist-induced TCR-proximal signaling. Our findings highlight the capacity of single freely diffusing agonist pMHCIIs to elicit the full T-cell response in an autonomous and peptide-specific fashion with consequences for adaptive immunity and immunotherapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Platzer
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Joschka Hellmeier
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied PhysicsViennaAustria
- Present address:
Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Imaging and BionanotechnologyMartinsriedGermany
| | - Janett Göhring
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Iago Doel Perez
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Present address:
Takeda Manufacturing Austria AGViennaAustria
| | - Philipp Schatzlmaier
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Clara Bodner
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied PhysicsViennaAustria
| | - Margarete Focke‐Tejkl
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Eva Sevcsik
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied PhysicsViennaAustria
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Johannes B Huppa
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morgan J, Pettmann J, Dushek O, Lindsay AE. T cell microvilli simulations show operation near packing limit and impact on antigen recognition. Biophys J 2022; 121:4128-4136. [PMID: 36181267 PMCID: PMC9675027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are immune cells that continuously scan for foreign-derived antigens on the surfaces of nearly all cells, termed antigen-presenting cells (APCs). They do this by dynamically extending numerous protrusions called microvilli (MVs) that contain T cell receptors toward the APC surface in order to scan for antigens. The number, size, and dynamics of these MVs, and the complex multiscale topography that results, play a yet unknown role in antigen recognition. We develop an anatomically informed model that confines antigen recognition to small areas representing MVs that can dynamically form and dissolve and use the model to study how MV dynamics impact antigen sensitivity and discrimination. We find that MV surveillance reduces antigen sensitivity compared with a completely flat interface, unless MV are stabilized in an antigen-dependent manner, and observe that MVs have only a modest impact on antigen discrimination. The model highlights that MV contacts optimize the competing demands of fast scanning speeds of the APC surface with antigen sensitivity. Our model predicts an interface packing fraction that corresponds closely to those observed experimentally, indicating that T cells operate their MVs near the limits imposed by anatomical and geometric constraints. Finally, we find that observed MV contact lifetimes can be largely influenced by conditions in the T cell/APC interface, with these lifetimes often being longer than the simulation or experimental observation period. This work highlights the role of MVs in antigen recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Morgan
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alan E Lindsay
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Frazer GL, Gawden-Bone CM, Dieckmann NMG, Asano Y, Griffiths GM. Signal strength controls the rate of polarization within CTLs during killing. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212498. [PMID: 34292303 PMCID: PMC8302442 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are key effector cells in the immune response against viruses and cancers, killing targets with high precision. Target cell recognition by CTL triggers rapid polarization of intracellular organelles toward the synapse formed with the target cell, delivering cytolytic granules to the immune synapse. Single amino acid changes within peptides binding MHC class I (pMHCs) are sufficient to modulate the degree of killing, but exactly how this impacts the choreography of centrosome polarization and granule delivery to the target cell remains poorly characterized. Here we use 4D imaging and find that the pathways orchestrating killing within CTL are conserved irrespective of the signal strength. However, the rate of initiation along these pathways varies with signal strength. We find that increased strength of signal leads to an increased proportion of CTLs with prolonged dwell times, initial Ca2+ fluxes, centrosome docking, and granule polarization. Hence, TCR signal strength modulates the rate but not organization of effector CTL responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L Frazer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nele M G Dieckmann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Göhring J, Kellner F, Schrangl L, Platzer R, Klotzsch E, Stockinger H, Huppa JB, Schütz GJ. Temporal analysis of T-cell receptor-imposed forces via quantitative single molecule FRET measurements. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2502. [PMID: 33947864 PMCID: PMC8096839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces acting on ligand-engaged T-cell receptors (TCRs) have previously been implicated in T-cell antigen recognition, yet their magnitude, spread, and temporal behavior are still poorly defined. We here report a FRET-based sensor equipped either with a TCR-reactive single chain antibody fragment or peptide-loaded MHC, the physiological TCR-ligand. The sensor was tethered to planar glass-supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) and informed most directly on the magnitude and kinetics of TCR-imposed forces at the single molecule level. When confronting T-cells with gel-phase SLBs we observed both prior and upon T-cell activation a single, well-resolvable force-peak of approximately 5 pN and force loading rates on the TCR of 1.5 pN per second. When facing fluid-phase SLBs instead, T-cells still exerted tensile forces yet of threefold reduced magnitude and only prior to but not upon activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janett Göhring
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Kellner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - René Platzer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrico Klotzsch
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics/ Mechanobiology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rad S. M. AH, Halpin JC, Mollaei M, Smith Bell SWJ, Hirankarn N, McLellan AD. Metabolic and Mitochondrial Functioning in Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1229. [PMID: 33799768 PMCID: PMC8002030 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized adoptive cell therapy with impressive therapeutic outcomes of >80% complete remission (CR) rates in some haematological malignancies. Despite this, CAR T cell therapy for the treatment of solid tumours has invariably been unsuccessful in the clinic. Immunosuppressive factors and metabolic stresses in the tumour microenvironment (TME) result in the dysfunction and exhaustion of CAR T cells. A growing body of evidence demonstrates the importance of the mitochondrial and metabolic state of CAR T cells prior to infusion into patients. The different T cell subtypes utilise distinct metabolic pathways to fulfil their energy demands associated with their function. The reprogramming of CAR T cell metabolism is a viable approach to manufacture CAR T cells with superior antitumour functions and increased longevity, whilst also facilitating their adaptation to the nutrient restricted TME. This review discusses the mitochondrial and metabolic state of T cells, and describes the potential of the latest metabolic interventions to maximise CAR T cell efficacy for solid tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hosseini Rad S. M.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, Otago, New Zealand; (J.C.H.); (S.W.J.S.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Joshua Colin Halpin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, Otago, New Zealand; (J.C.H.); (S.W.J.S.B.)
| | - Mojtaba Mollaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran;
| | - Samuel W. J. Smith Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, Otago, New Zealand; (J.C.H.); (S.W.J.S.B.)
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Alexander D. McLellan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, Otago, New Zealand; (J.C.H.); (S.W.J.S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ahmadi A, Ayyadevara VSSA, Baudry J, Roh KH. Calcium signaling on Jurkat T cells induced by microbeads coated with novel peptide ligands specific to human CD3ε. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1661-1675. [PMID: 33481966 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02235g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD3ε is expressed on T lymphocytes as a part of the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. Together with other CD3 molecules, CD3ε is responsible for the activation of T cells via transducing the event of antigen recognition by the TCR into intracellular signaling cascades. The present study first aims to identify a novel peptide ligand that binds to human CD3ε in a specific manner and to perform an initial evaluation of its biological efficacy on the human T cell line, Jurkat cells. We screened a phage-display peptide library against human CD3ε using a subtractive biopanning process, from which we identified 13 phage clones displaying unique peptide sequences. One dominant phage clone displaying the 7 amino acid sequence of WSLGYTG, which occupied 90% of tested plaques (18 out of 20) after the 5th round of biopanning, demonstrated a superior binding behavior to other clones in the binding assays against recombinant CD3ε on microbeads or Jurkat cells. The synthesized peptide also showed specific binding to Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner but not to B cell lymphoma line, 2PK3 cells. Molecular modeling and docking simulation confirmed that the selected peptide ligand in an energetically stable conformation binds to a pocket of CD3ε that is not hidden by either CD3γ or CD3δ. Lastly, magnetic microbeads conjugated with the synthesized peptide ligands showed a weak but specific association with Jurkat cells and induced the calcium flux, a hallmark indication of proximal T cell receptor signaling, which gave rise to an enhancement of IL-2 section and cell proliferation. The novel peptide ligand and its various multivalent forms have a great potential in applications related to T cell biology and T cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive NW, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - V S S Abhinav Ayyadevara
- Biotechnology Science and Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Biotechnology Science and Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Kyung-Ho Roh
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive NW, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA. and Biotechnology Science and Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fölser M, Motsch V, Platzer R, Huppa JB, Schütz GJ. A Multimodal Platform for Simultaneous T-Cell Imaging, Defined Activation, and Mechanobiological Characterization. Cells 2021; 10:235. [PMID: 33504075 PMCID: PMC7910839 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell antigen recognition is accompanied by extensive morphological rearrangements of the contact zone between the T-cell and the antigen-presenting cell (APC). This process involves binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex to antigenic peptides presented via MHC on the APC surface, the interaction of costimulatory and adhesion proteins, remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, and the initiation of downstream signaling processes such as the release of intracellular calcium. However, multiparametric time-resolved analysis of these processes is hampered by the difficulty in recording the different readout modalities at high quality in parallel. In this study, we present a platform for simultaneous quantification of TCR distribution via total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, of intracellular calcium levels, and of T-cell-exerted forces via atomic force microscopy (AFM). In our method, AFM cantilevers were used to bring single T-cells into contact with the activating surface. We designed the platform specifically to enable the study of T-cell triggering via functionalized fluid-supported lipid bilayers, which represent a widely accepted model system to stimulate T-cells in an antigen-specific manner. In this paper, we showcase the possibilities of this platform using primary transgenic T-cells triggered specifically via their cognate antigen presented by MHCII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fölser
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Viktoria Motsch
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.F.); (V.M.)
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - René Platzer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.P.); (J.B.H.)
| | - Johannes B. Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.P.); (J.B.H.)
| | - Gerhard J. Schütz
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (M.F.); (V.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aramesh M, Mergenthal S, Issler M, Plochberger B, Weber F, Qin XH, Liska R, Duda GN, Huppa JB, Ries J, Schütz GJ, Klotzsch E. Functionalized Bead Assay to Measure Three-dimensional Traction Forces during T-cell Activation. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:507-514. [PMID: 33305952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When T-cells probe their environment for antigens, the bond between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and the peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is put under tension, thereby influencing the antigen discrimination. Yet, the quantification of such forces in the context of T-cell signaling is technically challenging. Here, we developed a traction force microscopy platform which allows for quantifying the pulls and pushes exerted via T-cell microvilli, in both tangential and normal directions, during T-cell activation. We immobilized specific T-cell activating antibodies on the marker beads used to read out the hydrogel deformation. Microvilli targeted the functionalized beads, as confirmed by superresolution microscopy of the local actin organization. Moreover, we found that cellular components, such as actin, TCR, and CD45 reorganize upon interaction with the beads, such that actin forms a vortex-like ring structure around the beads and TCR is enriched at the bead surface, whereas CD45 is excluded from bead-microvilli contacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Aramesh
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Mergenthal
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Issler
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Plochberger
- Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Garnisonstrasse 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Florian Weber
- Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Garnisonstrasse 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Xiao-Hua Qin
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Ries
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Klotzsch
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lippert AH, Dimov IB, Winkel AK, Humphrey J, McColl J, Chen KY, Santos AM, Jenkins E, Franze K, Davis SJ, Klenerman D. Soft Polydimethylsiloxane-Supported Lipid Bilayers for Studying T Cell Interactions. Biophys J 2021; 120:35-45. [PMID: 33248128 PMCID: PMC7820804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of what we know about the early stages of T cell activation has been obtained from studies of T cells interacting with glass-supported lipid bilayers that favor imaging but are orders of magnitude stiffer than typical cells. We developed a method for attaching lipid bilayers to polydimethylsiloxane polymer supports, producing "soft bilayers" with physiological levels of mechanical resistance (Young's modulus of 4 kPa). Comparisons of T cell behavior on soft and glass-supported bilayers revealed that whereas late stages of T cell activation are thought to be substrate-stiffness dependent, early calcium signaling was unaffected by substrate rigidity, implying that early steps in T cell receptor triggering are not mechanosensitive. The exclusion of large receptor-type phosphatases was observed on the soft bilayers, however, even though it is yet to be demonstrated at authentic cell-cell contacts. This work sets the stage for an imaging-based exploration of receptor signaling under conditions closely mimicking physiological cell-cell contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Ivan B Dimov
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander K Winkel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Jenkins
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Desalvo A, Bateman F, James E, Morgan H, Elliott T. Time-resolved microwell cell-pairing array reveals multiple T cell activation profiles. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3772-3783. [PMID: 32902549 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00628a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The differences in behaviour between individual cells in a large population are often important, yet are masked in bulk analyses where only average parameters are measured. One unresolved question in the field of immunology is the extent to which important immunological phenomena such as immunodominance to cancer antigens correlates with the average activity of a population of antigen-specific T lymphocytes, or with the activity of individual "outlier" cells. Despite progress in single cell technologies, few platforms are available that can deliver time-resolved, functional analysis at single cell resolution, for these investigations. We have developed an accessible high-throughput platform to measure single T cell signalling in real time following time-controlled stimulation by live antigen presenting cells. The cell-trap array consists of thousands of individual microwells cast in an agarose block, which is biocompatible and permeable to nutrients. Single T cells are isolated in wells via passive sedimentation and size exclusion, achieving up to 90% occupancy. The device enables simultaneous activation of thousands of single CD8+ cells. Stimulation with soluble reagents (ionomycin, anti-CD3 antibodies) or antigen presenting cells leads to changes in intracellular calcium concentrations which were measured using calcium-chelating fluorophore dyes. The platform was used to demonstrate a range of activation profiles among individual cells of a cloned, antigen specific CD8+ T cell hybridoma in response to both nonspecific stimuli and specific, physiologically relevant antigen stimulation. The presence of two different activation profiles was demonstrated, together with rare outlier behaviour among cells that are essentially clonal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Desalvo
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jerison ER, Quake SR. Heterogeneous T cell motility behaviors emerge from a coupling between speed and turning in vivo. eLife 2020; 9:53933. [PMID: 32427565 PMCID: PMC7237209 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells in vivo migrate primarily via undirected random walks, but it remains unresolved how these random walks generate an efficient search. Here, we use light sheet microscopy of T cells in the larval zebrafish as a model system to study motility across large populations of cells over hours in their native context. We show that cells do not perform Levy flight; rather, there is substantial cell-to-cell variability in speed, which persists over timespans of a few hours. This variability is amplified by a correlation between speed and directional persistence, generating a characteristic cell behavioral manifold that is preserved under a perturbation to cell speeds, and seen in Mouse T cells and Dictyostelium. Together, these effects generate a broad range of length scales over which cells explore in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bhattacharyya ND, Feng CG. Regulation of T Helper Cell Fate by TCR Signal Strength. Front Immunol 2020; 11:624. [PMID: 32508803 PMCID: PMC7248325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical in orchestrating protective immune responses to cancer and an array of pathogens. The interaction between a peptide MHC (pMHC) complex on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells initiates T cell activation, division, and clonal expansion in secondary lymphoid organs. T cells must also integrate multiple T cell-intrinsic and extrinsic signals to acquire the effector functions essential for the defense against invading microbes. In the case of T helper cell differentiation, while innate cytokines have been demonstrated to shape effector CD4+ T lymphocyte function, the contribution of TCR signaling strength to T helper cell differentiation is less understood. In this review, we summarize the signaling cascades regulated by the strength of TCR stimulation. Various mechanisms in which TCR signal strength controls T helper cell expansion and differentiation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayan D Bhattacharyya
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma CY, Marioni JC, Griffiths GM, Richard AC. Stimulation strength controls the rate of initiation but not the molecular organisation of TCR-induced signalling. eLife 2020; 9:e53948. [PMID: 32412411 PMCID: PMC7308083 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of naïve T cells with different TCRs may interact with a peptide-MHC ligand, but very few will activate. Remarkably, this fine control is orchestrated using a limited set of intracellular machinery. It remains unclear whether changes in stimulation strength alter the programme of signalling events leading to T cell activation. Using mass cytometry to simultaneously measure multiple signalling pathways during activation of murine CD8+ T cells, we found a programme of distal signalling events that is shared, regardless of the strength of TCR stimulation. Moreover, the relationship between transcription of early response genes Nr4a1 and Irf8 and activation of the ribosomal protein S6 is also conserved across stimuli. Instead, we found that stimulation strength dictates the rate with which cells initiate signalling through this network. These data suggest that TCR-induced signalling results in a coordinated activation program, modulated in rate but not organization by stimulation strength.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Ribosomal Protein S6/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Single-Cell Analysis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y Ma
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Arianne C Richard
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Andreotti AH, Joseph RE, Conley JM, Iwasa J, Berg LJ. Multidomain Control Over TEC Kinase Activation State Tunes the T Cell Response. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 36:549-578. [PMID: 29677469 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activates a series of tyrosine kinases. Directly associated with the TCR, the SRC family kinase LCK and the SYK family kinase ZAP-70 are essential for all downstream responses to TCR stimulation. In contrast, the TEC family kinase ITK is not an obligate component of the TCR cascade. Instead, ITK functions as a tuning dial, to translate variations in TCR signal strength into differential programs of gene expression. Recent insights into TEC kinase structure have provided a view into the molecular mechanisms that generate different states of kinase activation. In resting lymphocytes, TEC kinases are autoinhibited, and multiple interactions between the regulatory and kinase domains maintain low activity. Following TCR stimulation, newly generated signaling modules compete with the autoinhibited core and shift the conformational ensemble to the fully active kinase. This multidomain control over kinase activation state provides a structural mechanism to account for ITK's ability to tune the TCR signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA; ,
| | - Raji E Joseph
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA; ,
| | - James M Conley
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA; ,
| | - Janet Iwasa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA;
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA; ,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
He L, Raddatz AD, Zhou F, Hwang H, Kemp ML, Lu H. Dynamic Mitochondrial Migratory Features Associated with Calcium Responses during T Cell Antigen Recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:760-768. [PMID: 31201236 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A T cell clone is able to distinguish Ags in the form of peptide-MHC complexes with high specificity and sensitivity; however, how subtle differences in peptide-MHC structures translate to distinct T cell effector functions remains unknown. We hypothesized that mitochondrial positioning and associated calcium responses play an important role in T cell Ag recognition. We engineered a microfluidic system to precisely manipulate and synchronize a large number of cell-cell pairing events, which provided simultaneous real-time signaling imaging and organelle tracking with temporal precision. In addition, we developed image-derived metrics to quantify calcium response and mitochondria movement. Using myelin proteolipid altered peptide ligands and a hybridoma T cell line derived from a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we observed that Ag potency modulates calcium response at the single-cell level. We further developed a partial least squares regression model, which highlighted mitochondrial positioning as a strong predictor of calcium response. The model revealed T cell mitochondria sharply alter direction within minutes following exposure to agonist peptide Ag, changing from accumulation at the immunological synapse to retrograde movement toward the distal end of the T cell body. By quantifying mitochondria movement as a highly dynamic process with rapidly changing phases, our result reconciles conflicting prior reports of mitochondria positioning during T cell Ag recognition. We envision applying this pipeline of methodology to study cell interactions between other immune cell types to reveal important signaling phenomenon that is inaccessible because of data-limited experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luye He
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Andrew D Raddatz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; and
| | - Hyundoo Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Melissa L Kemp
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332; .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Friedmann KS, Bozem M, Hoth M. Calcium signal dynamics in T lymphocytes: Comparing in vivo and in vitro measurements. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:84-93. [PMID: 30630031 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amplitude and kinetics of intracellular Ca2+ signals ([Ca2+]int) determine many immune cell functions. To mimic in vivo changes of [Ca2+]int in human immune cells, two approaches may be best suited: 1) Analyze primary human immune cells taken from blood under conditions resembling best physiological or pathophysiological conditions. 2.) Analyze the immune system in vivo or ex vivo in explanted tissue from small vertebrate animals, such as mice. With the help of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators and intravital microscopy, [Ca2+]int have been investigated in murine T lymphocytes (T cells) in vivo during the last five years and in explanted lymph node (LN) during the last 10 years. There are several important reasons to compare [Ca2+]int measured in primary murine T lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro with [Ca2+]int measured in primary human T lymphocytes in vitro. First, how do human and murine data compare? Second, how do in vivo and in vitro data compare? Third, can in vitro data predict in vivo data? The last point is particularly important considering the many technical challenges that limit in vivo measurements and to reduce the number of animals sacrificed. This review summarizes and compares the results of the available publications on in vivo and in vitro [Ca2+]int measurements in T lymphocytes stimulated focally by antigen-presenting cells (APC) after forming an immunological synapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Friedmann
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Monika Bozem
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kasprowicz R, Rand E, O'Toole PJ, Signoret N. A correlative and quantitative imaging approach enabling characterization of primary cell-cell communication: Case of human CD4 + T cell-macrophage immunological synapses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8003. [PMID: 29789661 PMCID: PMC5964238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication engages signaling and spatiotemporal reorganization events driven by highly context-dependent and dynamic intercellular interactions, which are difficult to capture within heterogeneous primary cell cultures. Here, we present a straightforward correlative imaging approach utilizing commonly available instrumentation to sample large numbers of cell-cell interaction events, allowing qualitative and quantitative characterization of rare functioning cell-conjugates based on calcium signals. We applied this approach to examine a previously uncharacterized immunological synapse, investigating autologous human blood CD4+ T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) forming functional conjugates in vitro. Populations of signaling conjugates were visualized, tracked and analyzed by combining live imaging, calcium recording and multivariate statistical analysis. Correlative immunofluorescence was added to quantify endogenous molecular recruitments at the cell-cell junction. By analyzing a large number of rare conjugates, we were able to define calcium signatures associated with different states of CD4+ T cell-MDM interactions. Quantitative image analysis of immunostained conjugates detected the propensity of endogenous T cell surface markers and intracellular organelles to polarize towards cell-cell junctions with high and sustained calcium signaling profiles, hence defining immunological synapses. Overall, we developed a broadly applicable approach enabling detailed single cell- and population-based investigations of rare cell-cell communication events with primary cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kasprowicz
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rand
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J O'Toole
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Signoret
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
van den Heuvel H, Heutinck KM, van der Meer-Prins EMW, Franke-van Dijk MEI, van Miert PPMC, Zhang X, Ten Berge IJM, Claas FHJ. The avidity of cross-reactive virus-specific T cells for their viral and allogeneic epitopes is variable and depends on epitope expression. Hum Immunol 2017; 79:39-50. [PMID: 29100943 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Virus-specific T cells can recognize allogeneic HLA (allo-HLA) through cross-reactivity of their T-cell receptor (TCR). In a transplantation setting, such allo-HLA cross-reactivity may contribute to harmful immune responses towards the allograft, provided that the cross-reactive T cells get sufficiently activated upon recognition of the allo-HLA. An important determinant of T-cell activation is TCR avidity, which to date, has remained largely unexplored for allo-HLA-cross-reactive virus-specific T cells. For this purpose, cold target inhibition assays were performed using allo-HLA-cross-reactive virus-specific memory CD8+ T-cell clones as responders, and syngeneic cells loaded with viral peptide and allogeneic cells as hot (radioactively-labeled) and cold (non-radioactively-labeled) targets. CD8 dependency of the T-cell responses was assessed using interferon γ (IFNγ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the presence and absence of CD8-blocking antibodies. At high viral-peptide loading concentrations, T-cell clones consistently demonstrated lower avidity for allogeneic versus viral epitopes, but at suboptimal concentrations the opposite was observed. In line, anti-viral reactivity was CD8 independent at high, but not at suboptimal viral-peptide-loading concentrations. The avidity of allo-HLA-cross-reactive virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells is therefore highly dependent on epitope expression, and as a consequence, can be both higher and lower for allogeneic versus viral targets under different (patho)physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heleen van den Heuvel
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Kirstin M Heutinck
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen M W van der Meer-Prins
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marry E I Franke-van Dijk
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paula P M C van Miert
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke J M Ten Berge
- Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mrass P, Oruganti SR, Fricke GM, Tafoya J, Byrum JR, Yang L, Hamilton SL, Miller MJ, Moses ME, Cannon JL. ROCK regulates the intermittent mode of interstitial T cell migration in inflamed lungs. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1010. [PMID: 29044117 PMCID: PMC5647329 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T cell migration through tissues can enable control of infection or mediate inflammatory damage. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms that regulate migration of effector T cells within the interstitial space of inflamed lungs are incompletely understood. Here, we show T cell migration in a mouse model of acute lung injury with two-photon imaging of intact lung tissue. Computational analysis indicates that T cells migrate with an intermittent mode, switching between confined and almost straight migration, guided by lung-associated vasculature. Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) is required for both high-speed migration and straight motion. By contrast, inhibition of Gαi signaling with pertussis toxin affects speed but not the intermittent migration of lung-infiltrating T cells. Computational modeling shows that an intermittent migration pattern balances both search area and the duration of contacts between T cells and target cells. These data identify that ROCK-dependent intermittent T cell migration regulates tissue-sampling during acute lung injury. ROCK is associated with T cell movement in lymph nodes. Here the authors use an LPS lung damage model and two-photon imaging to show that CD8+ T cells in lung tissue engage in ROCK-dependent fast linear migration alternating with bursts of slower confined migration that together optimize contact with target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulus Mrass
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Oruganti
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - G Matthew Fricke
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Justyna Tafoya
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Janie R Byrum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Samantha L Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mark J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Melanie E Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,External Faculty, Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee AM, Colin-York H, Fritzsche M. CalQuo 2 : Automated Fourier-space, population-level quantification of global intracellular calcium responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5416. [PMID: 28710416 PMCID: PMC5511169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium acts as a secondary messenger in a wide variety of crucial biological signaling processes. Advances in fluorescence microscopy and calcium sensitive dyes has led to the routine quantification of calcium responses in non-excitable cells. However, the automatization of global intracellular calcium analysis at the single-cell level within a large population simultaneously remains challenging. One software, CalQuo (Calcium Quantification), offers some automatic features in calcium analysis. Here, we present an advanced version of the software package: CalQuo 2 . CalQuo 2 analyzes the calcium response in the Fourier-domain, allowing the number of user-defined filtering parameters to be reduced to one and a greater diversity of calcium responses to be recognized, compared to CalQuo that directly interprets the calcium intensity signal. CalQuo 2 differentiates cells that release a single calcium response and those that release oscillatory calcium fluxes. We have demonstrated the use of CalQuo 2 by measuring the calcium response in genetically modified Jurkat T-cells under varying ligand conditions, in which we show that peptide:MHCs and anti-CD3 antibodies trigger a fraction of T cells to release oscillatory calcium fluxes that increase with increasing koff rates. These results show that CalQuo 2 is a robust and user-friendly tool for characterizing global, single cell calcium responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Lee
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Huw Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Anikeeva N, Grosso D, Flomenberg N, Sykulev Y. Evaluating frequency and quality of pathogen-specific T cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13264. [PMID: 27786275 PMCID: PMC5095286 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that enumeration and characterization of antigen-specific T cells provide essential information about potency of the immune response. Here, we report a new technique to determine the frequency and potency of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. The assay measures changes of intracellular Ca2+ in real time by fluorescent microscopy in individual CD8 T cells responding to cognate peptides. The T cells form continuous monolayer, enabling the cells to present the peptides to each other. This approach allows us to evaluate the kinetics of intracellular Ca2+ signalling that characterizes the quality of T cell response. We demonstrate the usefulness of the assay examining the frequency and quality of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8 T cells from healthy donor and patient after haploidentical stem cell transplantation. The new assay has a potential to provide essential information determining the status of the immune system, disease morbidity, potency of therapeutic intervention and vaccine efficacy. Characterization of T cell antigen specificity human blood is challenging due to the low clonal frequencies. Here the authors develop a fluorescent microscopy-based method to detect antigen-specific CD8 T cell activation, and apply it to characterize the anti-CMV repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Dolores Grosso
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Neal Flomenberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Conley JM, Gallagher MP, Berg LJ. T Cells and Gene Regulation: The Switching On and Turning Up of Genes after T Cell Receptor Stimulation in CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:76. [PMID: 26973653 PMCID: PMC4770016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) is directly regulated by the dose and affinity of peptide antigen. The strength of TCR signaling drives a multitude of T cell functions from development to differentiation. CD8 T cells differentiate into a diverse pool of effector and memory cells after activation, a process that is critical for pathogen clearance and is highly regulated by TCR signal strength. T cells rapidly alter their gene expression upon activation. Multiple signaling pathways downstream of the TCR activate transcription factors, which are critical for this process. The dynamics between proximal TCR signaling, transcription factor activation and CD8 T cell function are discussed here. We propose that inducible T cell kinase (ITK) acts as a rheostat for gene expression. This unique regulation of TCR signaling by ITK provides a possible signaling mechanism for the promotion of a diverse T cell repertoire in response to pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Conley
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Michael P Gallagher
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
T cell migration is essential for T cell responses; it allows for the detection of cognate antigen at the surface of antigen-presenting cells and for interactions with other cells involved in the immune response. Although appearing random, growing evidence suggests that T cell motility patterns are strategic and governed by mechanisms that are optimized for both the activation stage of the cell and for environment-specific cues. In this Opinion article, we discuss how the combined effects of T cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic forces influence T cell motility patterns in the context of highly complex tissues that are filled with other cells involved in parallel motility. In particular, we examine how insights from 'search theory' can be used to describe T cell movement across an 'exploitation-exploration trade-off' in the context of activation versus effector function and lymph nodes versus peripheral tissues.
Collapse
|
28
|
Fritzsche M, Fernandes RA, Colin-York H, Santos AM, Lee SF, Lagerholm BC, Davis SJ, Eggeling C. CalQuo: automated, simultaneous single-cell and population-level quantification of global intracellular Ca2+ responses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16487. [PMID: 26563585 PMCID: PMC4643230 DOI: 10.1038/srep16487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting intracellular calcium signaling with fluorescent calcium indicator dyes is often coupled with microscopy techniques to follow the activation state of non-excitable cells, including lymphocytes. However, the analysis of global intracellular calcium responses both at the single-cell level and in large ensembles simultaneously has yet to be automated. Here, we present a new software package, CalQuo (Calcium Quantification), which allows the automated analysis and simultaneous monitoring of global fluorescent calcium reporter-based signaling responses in up to 1000 single cells per experiment, at temporal resolutions of sub-seconds to seconds. CalQuo quantifies the number and fraction of responding cells, the temporal dependence of calcium signaling and provides global and individual calcium-reporter fluorescence intensity profiles. We demonstrate the utility of the new method by comparing the calcium-based signaling responses of genetically manipulated human lymphocytic cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Huw Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven F. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - B. Christoffer Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sauer EL, Cloake NC, Greer JM. Taming the TCR: antigen-specific immunotherapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:460-85. [PMID: 25970132 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1027822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for autoimmune diseases are typically non-specific anti-inflammatory agents that affect not only the autoreactive cells but also the parts of the immune system that are required to maintain health. There is a need for the development of antigen-specific therapeutic agents that can effectively prevent the autoimmune attack while leaving the rest of the immune system functioning as normal. The simplest way to achieve this is using the autoantigen itself as a tolerizing agent; however, there is some risk involved with administering a potentially pathogenic antigen. In this review, we focus instead on the development and use of modified T cell receptor (TCR) ligands, in which the peptide ligand is modified to change the response by the T cell from a disease inducing to a protective response, and still retain the antigen-specificity necessary to target the autoreactive T cells. We review the use of modified TCR ligands as therapeutic agents in animal models of autoimmunity and in human autoimmune disease, and finally consider how they need to be improved in order to use them effectively in patients with autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Sauer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Nancy C Cloake
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Judith M Greer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
An imaging flow cytometry-based approach to measuring the spatiotemporal calcium mobilisation in activated T cells. J Immunol Methods 2015; 423:120-30. [PMID: 25967946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) are a ubiquitous transducer of cellular signals controlling key processes such as proliferation, differentiation, secretion and metabolism. In the context of T cells, stimulation through the T cell receptor has been shown to induce the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. This sudden elevation within the cytoplasm triggers the opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane allowing an influx of extracellular Ca(2+) that in turn activates key molecules such as calcineurin. This cascade ultimately results in gene transcription and changes in the cellular state. Traditional methods for measuring Ca(2+) include spectrophotometry, conventional flow cytometry (CFC) and live cell imaging techniques. While each method has strengths and weaknesses, none can offer a detailed picture of Ca(2+) mobilisation in response to various agonists. Here we report an Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC)-based method that combines the throughput and statistical rigour of CFC with the spatial information of a microscope. By co-staining cells with Ca(2+) indicators and organelle-specific dyes we can address the spatiotemporal patterns of Ca(2+) flux in Jurkat cells after stimulation with anti-CD3. The multispectral, high-throughput nature of IFC means that the organelle co-staining functions to direct the measurement of Ca(2+) indicator fluorescence to either the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the mitochondrial compartments without the need to treat cells with detergents such as digitonin to eliminate cytoplasmic background. We have used this system to look at the cellular localisation of Ca(2+) after stimulating cells with CD3, thapsigargin or ionomycin in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Our data suggest that there is a dynamic interplay between the ER and mitochondrial compartments and that mitochondria act as a sink for both intracellular and extracellular derived Ca(2+). Moreover, by generating an NFAT-GFP expressing Jurkat line, we were able to combine mitochondrial Ca(2+) measurements with nuclear translocation. In conclusion, this method enables the high throughput study of spatiotemporal patterns of Ca2(+) signals in T cells responding to different stimuli.
Collapse
|
31
|
Christo SN, Diener KR, Hayball JD. The functional contribution of calcium ion flux heterogeneity in T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:694-704. [PMID: 25823995 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of intracellular calcium ion oscillations in T-cell physiology is being increasingly appreciated by studies that describe how unique temporal and spatial calcium ion signatures can control different signalling pathways. Within this review, we provide detailed mechanisms of calcium ion oscillations, and emphasise the pivotal role that calcium signalling plays in directing crucial events pertaining to T-cell functionality. We also describe methods of calcium ion quantification, and take the opportunity to discuss how a deeper understanding of calcium signalling combined with new detection and quantification methodologies can be used to better design immunotherapies targeting T-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan N Christo
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute and Hanson Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute and Hanson Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute and Hanson Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dura B, Dougan SK, Barisa M, Hoehl MM, Lo CT, Ploegh HL, Voldman J. Profiling lymphocyte interactions at the single-cell level by microfluidic cell pairing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5940. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
33
|
Gérard A, Patino-Lopez G, Beemiller P, Nambiar R, Ben-Aissa K, Liu Y, Totah FJ, Tyska MJ, Shaw S, Krummel MF. Detection of rare antigen-presenting cells through T cell-intrinsic meandering motility, mediated by Myo1g. Cell 2014; 158:492-505. [PMID: 25083865 PMCID: PMC4119593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To mount an immune response, T lymphocytes must successfully search for foreign material bound to the surface of antigen-presenting cells. How T cells optimize their chances of encountering and responding to these antigens is unknown. T cell motility in tissues resembles a random or Levy walk and is regulated in part by external factors including chemokines and lymph-node topology, but motility parameters such as speed and propensity to turn may also be cell intrinsic. Here we found that the unconventional myosin 1g (Myo1g) motor generates membrane tension, enforces cell-intrinsic meandering search, and enhances T-DC interactions during lymph-node surveillance. Increased turning and meandering motility, as opposed to ballistic motility, is enhanced by Myo1g. Myo1g acts as a "turning motor" and generates a form of cellular "flânerie." Modeling and antigen challenges show that these intrinsically programmed elements of motility search are critical for the detection of rare cognate antigen-presenting cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Gérard
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW512, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
| | - Genaro Patino-Lopez
- Experimental Immunology Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, USA
| | - Peter Beemiller
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW512, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
| | - Rajalakshmi Nambiar
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
| | - Khadija Ben-Aissa
- Experimental Immunology Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- Experimental Immunology Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, USA
| | - Fadi J. Totah
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW512, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
| | - Matthew J. Tyska
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
| | - Stephen Shaw
- Experimental Immunology Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, USA
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW512, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lck mediates signal transmission from CD59 to the TCR/CD3 pathway in Jurkat T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85934. [PMID: 24454946 PMCID: PMC3893272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored molecule CD59 has been implicated in the modulation of T cell responses, but the underlying molecular mechanism of CD59 influencing T cell signaling remained unclear. Here we analyzed Jurkat T cells stimulated via anti-CD3ε- or anti-CD59-coated surfaces, using time-resolved single-cell Ca2+ imaging as a read-out for stimulation. This analysis revealed a heterogeneous Ca2+ response of the cell population in a stimulus-dependent manner. Further analysis of T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 deficient or overexpressing cells showed that CD59-mediated signaling is strongly dependent on TCR/CD3 surface expression. In protein co-patterning and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments no direct physical interaction was observed between CD59 and CD3 at the plasma membrane upon anti-CD59 stimulation. However, siRNA-mediated protein knock-downs of downstream signaling molecules revealed that the Src family kinase Lck and the adaptor molecule linker of activated T cells (LAT) are essential for both signaling pathways. Furthermore, flow cytometry measurements showed that knock-down of Lck accelerates CD3 re-expression at the cell surface after anti-CD59 stimulation similar to what has been observed upon direct TCR/CD3 stimulation. Finally, physically linking Lck to CD3ζ completely abolished CD59-triggered Ca2+ signaling, while signaling was still functional upon direct TCR/CD3 stimulation. Altogether, we demonstrate that Lck mediates signal transmission from CD59 to the TCR/CD3 pathway in Jurkat T cells, and propose that CD59 may act via Lck to modulate T cell responses.
Collapse
|
35
|
Salles A, Billaudeau C, Sergé A, Bernard AM, Phélipot MC, Bertaux N, Fallet M, Grenot P, Marguet D, He HT, Hamon Y. Barcoding T cell calcium response diversity with methods for automated and accurate analysis of cell signals (MAAACS). PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003245. [PMID: 24086124 PMCID: PMC3784497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a series of experimental procedures enabling sensitive calcium monitoring in T cell populations by confocal video-microscopy. Tracking and post-acquisition analysis was performed using Methods for Automated and Accurate Analysis of Cell Signals (MAAACS), a fully customized program that associates a high throughput tracking algorithm, an intuitive reconnection routine and a statistical platform to provide, at a glance, the calcium barcode of a population of individual T-cells. Combined with a sensitive calcium probe, this method allowed us to unravel the heterogeneity in shape and intensity of the calcium response in T cell populations and especially in naive T cells, which display intracellular calcium oscillations upon stimulation by antigen presenting cells. The adaptive immune response to pathogen invasion requires the stimulation of lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells. We hypothesized that investigating the dynamics of the T lymphocyte activation by monitoring intracellular calcium fluctuations might help explain the high specificity and selectivity of this phenomenon. However, the quantitative and exhaustive analysis of calcium fluctuations by video microscopy in the context of cell-to-cell contact is a tough challenge. To tackle this, we developed a complete solution named MAAACS (Methods for Automated and Accurate Analysis of Cell Signals), in order to automate the detection, cell tracking, raw data ordering and analysis of calcium signals. Our algorithm revealed that, when in contact with antigen-presenting cells, T lymphocytes generate oscillating calcium signals and not a massive and sustained calcium response as was originally thought. We anticipate our approach providing many more new insights into the molecular mechanisms triggering adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Salles
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Cyrille Billaudeau
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Arnauld Sergé
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (AS); (YH)
| | - Anne-Marie Bernard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Claire Phélipot
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Bertaux
- Institut Fresnel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7249, Marseille, France
- École Centrale Marseille, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Grenot
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Marguet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (AS); (YH)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zuo A, Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. In vivo priming of IL-17(+) uveitogenic T cells is enhanced by Toll ligand receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 agonists via γδ T cell activation. Mol Immunol 2012; 50:125-33. [PMID: 22301006 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the in vivo priming of IL-17(+) autoreactive T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis-prone C57BL/6 (B6) and B10RIII mice using a combination of approaches, including limiting dilution assay. High numbers of in vivo primed IL-17(+) interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)-specific T cells were found in mice immunized with a uveitogenic peptide emulsified in CFA, but not the same peptide emulsified in IFA. Both in vitro and in vivo, at least part of the effect of mycobacterial antigen in CFA could be replaced by TLR2 or TLR4 ligands. TCR-δ(-/-) mice immunized with IRBP peptide in CFA generated significantly lower numbers of IL-17(+) T cells than immunized wild-type B6 mice. Administration of a small number of activated γδ T cells to TCR-δ(-/-) mice significantly increased the number of IL-17(+), but not IFN-γ(+), IRBP-specific T cells in these mice. γδ T cells from CFA- or IFA plus TLR ligand-treated mice were activated and injection of naïve TCR-δ(-/-) mice with γδ T cells from TLR ligand-treated, but not untreated, B6 mice promoted the in vivo priming of IL-17(+) IRBP-reactive T cells. In conclusion, in vivo priming of IL-17(+) uveitogenic T cells in mice is significantly affected by TLR ligation, and is also influenced by activated γδ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Distinct influences of peptide-MHC quality and quantity on in vivo T-cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:881-6. [PMID: 22223661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119763109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation and subsequent T-cell response depend on a combination of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) density and potency. By comparing two different pMHC at doses yielding similar proliferation in vivo, we have highlighted unexpected differences in the qualitative and quantitative effects of TCR ligand. Measurements of cytokine sensitivity and two-photon imaging of T cell-dendritic cell (T-DC) interactions reveal discrimination between comparably weak stimuli resulting from either decreased pMHC potency or pMHC density. In addition, TCR-induced genes in broad gene expression profiles segregate into two groups: one that responds to cumulative TCR signal and another that responds to pMHC quality, independent of quantity. These observations suggest that models of TCR ligand discrimination must account for disparate sensitivity of downstream responses to specific influences of pMHC potency.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
T cell recognition of antigen is a crucial aspect of the adaptive immune response. One of the most common means of pathogen immune evasion is mutation of T cell epitopes. T cell recognition of such ligands can result in a variety of outcomes including activation, apoptosis and anergy. The ability of a given T cell to respond to a specific peptide-MHC ligand is regulated by a number of factors, including the affinity, on- and off-rates and half-life of the TCR-peptide-MHC interaction. Interaction of T cells with low-potency ligands results in unique signaling patterns and requires engagement with a larger number of T cell receptors than agonist ligands. This review will address these aspects of T cell interaction with weak ligands and the ways in which these ligands have been utilized therapeutically.
Collapse
|
39
|
Corse E, Gottschalk RA, Allison JP. Strength of TCR-peptide/MHC interactions and in vivo T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5039-45. [PMID: 21505216 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TCR can detect subtle differences in the strength of interaction with peptide/MHC ligand and transmit this information to influence downstream events in T cell responses. Manipulation of the factor commonly referred to as TCR signal strength can be achieved by changing the amount or quality of peptide/MHC ligand. Recent work has enhanced our understanding of the many variables that contribute to the apparent cumulative strength of TCR stimulation during immunogenic and tolerogenic T cell responses. In this review, we consider data from in vitro studies in the context of in vivo immune responses and discuss in vivo consequences of manipulation of strength of TCR stimulation, including influences on T cell-APC interactions, the magnitude and quality of the T cell response, and the types of fate decisions made by peripheral T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Corse
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Manz BN, Jackson BL, Petit RS, Dustin ML, Groves J. T-cell triggering thresholds are modulated by the number of antigen within individual T-cell receptor clusters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9089-94. [PMID: 21576490 PMCID: PMC3107331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018771108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells react to extremely small numbers of activating agonist peptides. Spatial organization of T-cell receptors (TCR) and their peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands into microclusters is correlated with T-cell activation. Here we have designed an experimental strategy that enables control over the number of agonist peptides per TCR cluster, without altering the total number engaged by the cell. Supported membranes, partitioned with grids of barriers to lateral mobility, provide an effective way of limiting the total number of pMHC ligands that may be assembled within a single TCR cluster. Observations directly reveal that restriction of pMHC content within individual TCR clusters can decrease T-cell sensitivity for triggering initial calcium flux at fixed total pMHC density. Further analysis suggests that triggering thresholds are determined by the number of activating ligands available to individual TCR clusters, not by the total number encountered by the cell. Results from a series of experiments in which the overall agonist density and the maximum number of agonist per TCR cluster are independently varied in primary T cells indicate that the most probable minimal triggering unit for calcium signaling is at least four pMHC in a single cluster for this system. This threshold is unchanged by inclusion of coagonist pMHC, but costimulation of CD28 by CD80 can modulate the threshold lower.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boryana N. Manz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, and
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Bryan L. Jackson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, and
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Rebecca S. Petit
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, and
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jay Groves
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, and
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Akbar M, Brewer JM, Grant MH. Effect of chromium and cobalt ions on primary human lymphocytesin vitro. J Immunotoxicol 2011; 8:140-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.553845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
42
|
Zhang EY, Parker BL, Yankee TM. Gads regulates the expansion phase of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4579-89. [PMID: 21411729 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Gads adaptor protein is critical for TCR-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization. We investigated the effect of Gads deficiency on the proliferation of CD8(+) T cells following peptide stimulation and in the context of infection with an intracellular pathogen. We stimulated CD8(+) T cells from Gads(+/+) OT-I and Gads(-/-) OT-I mice with cognate Ag (SIINFEKL) or altered peptide ligand. In vitro experiments revealed that Gads was required for optimal proliferation of CD8(+) T cells. This defect was most evident at the early time points of proliferation and when low doses of Ag were used as stimuli. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that Gads(-/-) CD8(+) T cells had impaired TCR-mediated exit from the G(0) phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, Gads(-/-) CD8(+) T cells had delayed expression of c-myc and CD69 upon the stimulation with SIINFEKL. We then investigated how Gads deficiency would impact CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity in the context of infection with an intracellular pathogen. At early time points, Gads(+/+) and Gads(-/-) CD8(+) T cells proliferated to a similar extent, despite the fact that expression of CD69 and CD25 was reduced in the absence of Gads. After 5 d postinfection, Gads was required to sustain the expansion phase of the immune response; the peak response of Gads(-/-) cells was significantly lower than for Gads(+/+) cells. However, Gads was not required for the differentiation of naive CD8(+) T cells into memory cells. We conclude that the primary function of Gads is to regulate the sensitivity of the TCR to Ag ligation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jiang N, Huang J, Edwards LJ, Liu B, Zhang Y, Beal CD, Evavold BD, Zhu C. Two-stage cooperative T cell receptor-peptide major histocompatibility complex-CD8 trimolecular interactions amplify antigen discrimination. Immunity 2011; 34:13-23. [PMID: 21256056 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) and CD8 bind peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) glycoproteins to initiate adaptive immune responses, yet the trimolecular binding kinetics at the T cell membrane is unknown. By using a micropipette adhesion frequency assay, we show that this kinetics has two stages. The first consists of TCR-dominant binding to agonist pMHC. This triggers a second stage consisting of a step increase in adhesion after a one second delay. The second-stage binding requires Src family kinase activity to initiate CD8 binding to the same pMHC engaged by the TCR. This induced trimeric-cooperative interaction enhances adhesion synergistically to favor potent ligands, which further amplifies discrimination. Our data reveal a TCR-CD8 positive-feedback loop involved in initial signaling steps that is sensitive to a single pMHC is rapid, reversible, synergistic, and peptide discriminative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Friedman RS, Beemiller P, Sorensen CM, Jacobelli J, Krummel MF. Real-time analysis of T cell receptors in naive cells in vitro and in vivo reveals flexibility in synapse and signaling dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2733-49. [PMID: 21041455 PMCID: PMC2989766 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Real-time imaging defines the dynamics of TCR and T cell motility during early T cell activation in lymph nodes. The real-time dynamics of the T cell receptor (TCR) reflect antigen detection and T cell signaling, providing valuable insight into the evolving events of the immune response. Despite considerable advances in studying TCR dynamics in simplified systems in vitro, live imaging of subcellular signaling complexes expressed at physiological densities in intact tissues has been challenging. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse with a TCR fused to green fluorescent protein to provide insight into the early signaling events of the immune response. To enable imaging of TCR dynamics in naive T cells in the lymph node, we enhanced signal detection of the fluorescent TCR fusion protein and used volumetric masking with a second fluorophore to mark the T cells expressing the fluorescent TCR. These in vivo analyses and parallel experiments in vitro show minimal and transient incorporation of TCRs into a stable central supramolecular activating cluster (cSMAC) structure but strong evidence for rapid, antigen-dependent TCR internalization that was not contingent on T cell motility arrest or cSMAC formation. Short-lived antigen-independent TCR clustering was also occasionally observed. These in vivo observations demonstrate that varied TCR trafficking and cell arrest dynamics occur during early T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Friedman
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen JL, Morgan AJ, Stewart-Jones G, Shepherd D, Bossi G, Wooldridge L, Hutchinson SL, Sewell AK, Griffiths GM, van der Merwe PA, Jones EY, Galione A, Cerundolo V. Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum of NY-ESO-1-specific T cells is modulated by the affinity of TCR and by the use of the CD8 coreceptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:1829-1839. [PMID: 20053942 PMCID: PMC4222200 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although several cancer immunotherapy strategies are based on the use of analog peptides and on the modulation of the TCR affinity of adoptively transferred T cells, it remains unclear whether tumor-specific T cell activation by strong and weak TCR stimuli evoke different Ca(2+) signatures from the Ca(2+) intracellular stores and whether the amplitude of Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be further modulated by coreceptor binding to peptide/MHC. In this study, we combined functional, structural, and kinetic measurements to correlate the intensity of Ca(2+) signals triggered by the stimulation of the 1G4 T cell clone specific to the tumor epitope NY-ESO-1(157-165). Two analogs of the NY-ESO-1(157-165) peptide, having similar affinity to HLA-A2 molecules, but a 6-fold difference in binding affinity for the 1G4 TCR, resulted in different Ca(2+) signals and T cell activation. 1G4 stimulation by the stronger stimulus emptied the ER of stored Ca(2+), even in the absence of CD8 binding, resulting in sustained Ca(2+) influx. In contrast, the weaker stimulus induced only partial emptying of stored Ca(2+), resulting in significantly diminished and oscillatory Ca(2+) signals, which were enhanced by CD8 binding. Our data define the range of TCR/peptide MHC affinities required to induce depletion of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores and provide insights into the ability of T cells to tailor the use of the CD8 coreceptor to enhance Ca(2+) release from the ER. This, in turn, modulates Ca(2+) influx from the extracellular environment, ultimately controlling T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Li Chen
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, OX3 9DS, Oxford
| | - Anthony J. Morgan
- Dept of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Guillaume Stewart-Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dawn Shepherd
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, OX3 9DS, Oxford
| | - Giovanna Bossi
- Immunocore, Limited, 57c Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, UK
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Dept of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, The Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN
| | | | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Dept of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, The Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN
| | - Gillian M. Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 139, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - E. Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Antony Galione
- Dept of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Walker LJ, Sewell AK, Klenerman P. T cell sensitivity and the outcome of viral infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:245-55. [PMID: 19968665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of CD8(+) T cells in the control of viral infections is well established. However, what differentiates CD8(+) T cell responses in individuals who control infection and those who do not is not well understood. 'Functional sensitivity' describes an important quality of the T cell response and is determined in part by the affinity of the T cell receptor for antigen. A more sensitive T cell response is generally believed to be more efficient and associated with better control of viral infection, yet may also drive viral mutation and immune escape. Various in vitro techniques have been used to measure T cell sensitivity; however, rapid ex vivo analysis of this has been made possible by the application of the 'magic' tetramer technology. Such tools have potentially important applications in the design and evaluation of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Programme, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Singleton KL, Roybal KT, Sun Y, Fu G, Gascoigne NRJ, van Oers NSC, Wülfing C. Spatiotemporal patterning during T cell activation is highly diverse. Sci Signal 2009; 2:ra15. [PMID: 19351954 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial variations in the concentrations of signaling intermediates in a living cell are important for signaling in complex networks because they modulate the probabilities that signaling intermediates will interact with each other. We have studied 30 signaling sensors, ranging from receptors to transcription factors, in the physiological activation of murine ex vivo T cells by antigen-presenting cells. Spatiotemporal patterning of these molecules was highly diverse and varied with specific T cell receptors and T cell activation conditions. The diversity and variability observed suggest that spatiotemporal patterning controls signaling interactions during T cell activation in a physiologically important and discriminating manner. In support of this, the effective clustering of a group of ligand-engaged receptors and signaling intermediates in a joint pattern consistently correlated with efficient T cell activation at the level of the whole cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentner L Singleton
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Carpentier B, Pierobon P, Hivroz C, Henry N. T-cell artificial focal triggering tools: linking surface interactions with cell response. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4784. [PMID: 19274104 PMCID: PMC2653282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation is a key event in the immune system, involving the interaction of several receptor ligand pairs in a complex intercellular contact that forms between T-cell and antigen-presenting cells. Molecular components implicated in contact formation have been identified, but the mechanism of activation and the link between molecular interactions and cell response remain poorly understood due to the complexity and dynamics exhibited by whole cell-cell conjugates. Here we demonstrate that simplified model colloids grafted so as to target appropriate cell receptors can be efficiently used to explore the relationship of receptor engagement to the T-cell response. Using immortalized Jurkat T cells, we monitored both binding and activation events, as seen by changes in the intracellular calcium concentration. Our experimental strategy used flow cytometry analysis to follow the short time scale cell response in populations of thousands of cells. We targeted both T-cell receptor CD3 (TCR/CD3) and leukocyte-function-associated antigen (LFA-1) alone or in combination. We showed that specific engagement of TCR/CD3 with a single particle induced a transient calcium signal, confirming previous results and validating our approach. By decreasing anti-CD3 particle density, we showed that contact nucleation was the most crucial and determining step in the cell-particle interaction under dynamic conditions, due to shear stress produced by hydrodynamic flow. Introduction of LFA-1 adhesion molecule ligands at the surface of the particle overcame this limitation and elucidated the low TCR/CD3 ligand density regime. Despite their simplicity, model colloids induced relevant biological responses which consistently echoed whole cell behavior. We thus concluded that this biophysical approach provides useful tools for investigating initial events in T-cell activation, and should enable the design of intelligent artificial systems for adoptive immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Carpentier
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Université Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Université Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Immunité et Cancer, INSERM U 653, Pavillon Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Henry
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Université Paris VI, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Engagement of transgenic Ly49A inhibits mouse CD4 cell activation by disrupting T cell receptor, but not CD28, signaling. Cell Immunol 2009; 257:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
50
|
Bullen A, Friedman RS, Krummel MF. Two-photon imaging of the immune system: a custom technology platform for high-speed, multicolor tissue imaging of immune responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 334:1-29. [PMID: 19521679 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern imaging approaches are proving important for addressing contemporary issues in the immune system. These approaches are especially useful for characterizing the complex orchestration of immune responses in vivo. Multicolor, two-photon imaging has been proven to be especially enabling for such studies because of its superior tissue penetration, reduced image degradation by light scattering leading to better resolution, and its high image quality deep inside tissues. Here, we examine the functional requirements of two-photon imaging instruments necessary for such immune studies. These requirements include frame rate, spatial resolution and the number of emission channels. We use this discussion as a starting point to compare commercial systems and to introduce a custom technology platform that meets those requirements. This platform is noteworthy because it is very cost-effective, flexible and experimentally useful. Representative data collected with this instrument is used to demonstrate the utility of this platform. Finally, as the field is rapidly evolving, consideration is given to some of the cutting-edge developments in multiphoton microscopy that will likely improve signal strength, depth penetration and/or the experimental usefulness of this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bullen
- Department of Pathology and Biological Imaging Development Center, University of California-San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|