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Schmid A, Bello C, Becker CFW. Synthesis of N-Glycosylated Soluble Fas Ligand. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400120. [PMID: 38363216 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Controlled cell death is essential for the regulation of the immune system and plays a role in pathogen defense. It is often altered in pathogenic conditions such as cancer, viral infections and autoimmune diseases. The Fas receptor and its corresponding membrane-bound ligand (FasL) are part of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway activated in these cases. A soluble form of FasL (sFasL), produced by ectodomain shedding, displays a diverse but still elusive set of non-apoptotic functions and sometimes even serves as a pro-survival factor. To gather more knowledge about the characteristics of this protein and the impact N-glycosylations may have, access to homogeneous posttranslationally modified variants of sFasL is needed. Therefore, we developed a flexible strategy to obtain such homogeneously N-glycosylated variants of sFasL by applying chemical protein synthesis. This strategy can be flexibly combined with enzymatic methods to introduce more complex, site selective glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanca Schmid
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Bello
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Tisch N, Ruiz de Almodóvar C. Contribution of cell death signaling to blood vessel formation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3247-3264. [PMID: 33783563 PMCID: PMC8038986 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels is driven by proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs), elongation of maturing vessel sprouts and ultimately vessel remodeling to create a hierarchically structured vascular system. Vessel regression is an essential process to remove redundant vessel branches in order to adapt the final vessel density to the demands of the surrounding tissue. How exactly vessel regression occurs and whether and to which extent cell death contributes to this process has been in the focus of several studies within the last decade. On top, recent findings challenge our simplistic view of the cell death signaling machinery as a sole executer of cellular demise, as emerging evidences suggest that some of the classic cell death regulators even promote blood vessel formation. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of the cell death signaling machinery with a focus on the apoptosis and necroptosis signaling pathways during blood vessel formation in development and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Tisch
- Department of Vascular Dysfunction, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodóvar
- Department of Vascular Dysfunction, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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3
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RIP1 kinase mediates angiogenesis by modulating macrophages in experimental neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23705-23713. [PMID: 31685620 PMCID: PMC6876205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908355116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis has been implicated in diverse pathologies. Infiltrating macrophages, especially those activated to M2-like phenotype, are critically important for angiogenesis. Although the role of RIP1 kinase in the regulation of apoptosis, necroptosis, and inflammation has been well-established, its role in angiogenesis remains elusive, despite being abundantly expressed in angiogenesis-related infiltrating macrophages. This study demonstrates that RIP1 kinase inhibition attenuates angiogenesis in multiple mouse models of pathological angiogenesis in vivo and suggests a therapeutic role of RIP1 kinase inhibition in pathological angiogenesis. Mechanistically, the inhibitory effect on angiogenesis depends on RIP kinase inhibition-mediated caspase activation in infiltrating macrophages through suppression of M2-like polarization, and subsequent attenuation of pathological angiogenesis. Inflammation plays an important role in pathological angiogenesis. Receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) is highly expressed in inflammatory cells and is known to play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis, necroptosis, and inflammation; however, a comprehensive description of its role in angiogenesis remains elusive. Here, we show that RIP1 is abundantly expressed in infiltrating macrophages during angiogenesis, and genetic or pharmacological inhibition of RIP1 kinase activity using kinase-inactive RIP1K45A/K45A mice or necrostatin-1 attenuates angiogenesis in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, Matrigel plug angiogenesis, and alkali injury-induced corneal neovascularization in mice. The inhibitory effect on angiogenesis is mediated by caspase activation through a kinase-independent function of RIP1 and RIP3. Mechanistically, infiltrating macrophages are the key target of RIP1 kinase inhibition to attenuate pathological angiogenesis. Inhibition of RIP1 kinase activity is associated with caspase activation in infiltrating macrophages and decreased expression of proangiogenic M2-like markers but not M1-like markers. Similarly, in vitro, catalytic inhibition of RIP1 down-regulates the expression of M2-like markers in interleukin-4–activated bone marrow-derived macrophages, and this effect is blocked by simultaneous caspase inhibition. Collectively, these results demonstrate a nonnecrotic function of RIP1 kinase activity and suggest that RIP1-mediated modulation of macrophage activation may be a therapeutic target of pathological angiogenesis.
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Krishnan A, Kocab AJ, Zacks DN, Marshak-Rothstein A, Gregory-Ksander M. A small peptide antagonist of the Fas receptor inhibits neuroinflammation and prevents axon degeneration and retinal ganglion cell death in an inducible mouse model of glaucoma. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:184. [PMID: 31570110 PMCID: PMC6767653 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a complex, multifactorial disease where apoptosis, microglia activation, and inflammation have been linked to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axon degeneration. We demonstrated previously that FasL-Fas signaling was required for axon degeneration and death of RGCs in chronic and inducible mouse models of glaucoma and that Fas activation triggered RGC apoptosis, glial activation, and inflammation. Here, we investigated whether targeting the Fas receptor with a small peptide antagonist, ONL1204, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a microbead-induced mouse model of glaucoma. METHODS Intracameral injection of microbeads was used to elevate intraocular pressure (IOP) in Fas-deficient (Faslpr) mice and WT C57BL/6J mice that received an intravitreal injection of the Fas inhibitor, ONL1204 (2 μg/1 μl) (or vehicle only), on day 0 or day 7 after microbead injection. The IOP was monitored by rebound tonometry, and at 28 days post-microbead injection, Brn3a-stained RGCs and paraphenylenediamine (PPD)-stained axons were analyzed. The effects of ONL1204 on retinal microglia activation and the expression of inflammatory genes were analyzed by immunostaining of retinal flatmounts and quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Rebound tonometry showed equivalent elevation of IOP in all groups of microbead-injected mice. At 28 days post-microbead injection, the RGC and axon counts from microbead-injected Faslpr mice were equivalent to saline-injected (no IOP elevation) controls. Treatment with ONL1204 also significantly reduced RGC death and loss of axons in microbead-injected WT mice when compared to vehicle-treated controls, even when administered after IOP elevation. Confocal analysis of Iba1-stained retinal flatmounts and qPCR demonstrated that ONL1204 also abrogated microglia activation and inhibited the induction of multiple genes implicated in glaucoma, including cytokines and chemokines (GFAP, Caspase-8, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, MCPI, and IP10), components of the complement cascade (C3, C1Q), Toll-like receptor pathway (TLR4), and inflammasome pathway (NLRP3). CONCLUSIONS These results serve as proof-of-principal that the small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor, ONL1204, can provide robust neuroprotection in an inducible mouse model of glaucoma, even when administered after IOP elevation. Moreover, Fas signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of glaucoma through activation of both apoptotic and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Krishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Blaes J, Thomé CM, Pfenning PN, Rübmann P, Sahm F, Wick A, Bunse T, Schmenger T, Sykora J, von Deimling A, Wiestler B, Merz C, Jugold M, Haberkorn U, Abdollahi A, Debus J, Gieffers C, Kunz C, Bendszus M, Kluge M, Platten M, Fricke H, Wick W, Lemke D. Inhibition of CD95/CD95L (FAS/FASLG) Signaling with APG101 Prevents Invasion and Enhances Radiation Therapy for Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:767-776. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Le Gallo M, Poissonnier A, Blanco P, Legembre P. CD95/Fas, Non-Apoptotic Signaling Pathways, and Kinases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1216. [PMID: 29021794 PMCID: PMC5623854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells lining new blood vessels that develop during inflammatory disorders or cancers act as doors that either allow or block access to the tumor or inflamed organ. Recent data show that these endothelial cells in cancer tissues and inflamed tissues of lupus patients overexpress CD95L, the biological role of which is a subject of debate. The receptor CD95 (also named Fas or apoptosis antigen 1) belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. Its cognate ligand, CD95L, is implicated in immune homeostasis and immune surveillance. Because mutations of this receptor or its ligand lead to autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cancers, CD95 and CD95L were initially thought to play a role in immune homeostasis and tumor elimination via apoptotic signaling pathways. However, recent data reveal that CD95 also evokes non-apoptotic signals, promotes inflammation, and contributes to carcinogenesis; therefore, it is difficult to dissect its apoptotic effects from its non-apoptotic effects during pathogenesis of disease. CD95L is cleaved by metalloproteases and so exists in two different forms: a transmembrane form and a soluble ligand (s-CD95L). We recently observed that the soluble ligand is overexpressed in serum from patients with triple-negative breast cancer or SLE, in whom it contributes to disease severity by activating non-apoptotic signaling pathways and promoting either metastatic dissemination or accumulation of certain T cell subsets in damaged organs. Here, we discuss the roles of CD95 in modulating immune functions via induction of mainly non-apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Le Gallo
- Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, INSERM U1242 COSS Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Rennes, France.,Université de Rennes-1, Rennes, France
| | - Amanda Poissonnier
- Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, INSERM U1242 COSS Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Rennes, France.,Université de Rennes-1, Rennes, France
| | - Patrick Blanco
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,UMR CNRS 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Legembre
- Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, INSERM U1242 COSS Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Rennes, France.,Université de Rennes-1, Rennes, France
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Fas/FasL Complex Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Brain Endothelial Cells Via FADD-FLIP-TRAF-NF-κB Pathway. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:1319-23. [PMID: 25427888 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that factor associated with suicide ligand (FasL) is a bidirectional regulator. At higher dosage, soluble FasL induced the apoptosis of Fas-expressing brain endothelial cells. Reduced concentration of soluble FasL (sFasL), however, promoted the proliferation and migration of brain endothelial cells. The effect of sFasL on endothelial cells proliferation was completely abolished by silencing Fas expression using siRNA. Treating brain endothelial cells with low-dose sFasL led to increased secretion of VEGF and up-regulated expression of FLIP, TRAF, and NF-κB that played a crucial role in the proliferation of endothelial cells. Our results further underscore the potential stimulating role of Fas/FasL interaction in angiogenesis.
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8
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Fas/Fas Ligand Mediates Keratinocyte Death in Sunitinib-Induced Hand-Foot Skin Reaction. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2768-2775. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Dore-Duffy P. Pericytes and adaptive angioplasticity: the role of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1135:35-52. [PMID: 24510853 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The TNF superfamily member TWEAK has emerged as a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates many cellular functions that include immune/inflammatory activity, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and fate. TWEAK through its inducible receptor, FGF-inducible molecule 14 (Fn14), can induce both beneficial and deleterious activity that has a profound effect on cell survival. Thus it is highly likely that TWEAK and Fn14 expressed by cells of the neurovascular unit help regulate and maintain vascular and tissue homeostasis. In this chapter we discuss the expression of TWEAK and Fn14 signaling in the cerebral microvascular pericyte. Pericytes are a highly enigmatic population of microvascular cells that are important in regulatory pathways that modulate physiological angiogenesis in response to chronic mild hypoxic stress. A brief introduction will identify the microvascular pericyte. A more detailed discussion of pericyte TWEAK signaling during adaptive angioplasticity will follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dore-Duffy
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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10
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Motz GT, Coukos G. The parallel lives of angiogenesis and immunosuppression: cancer and other tales. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:702-11. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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De Paepe ME, Haley SA, Lacourse Z, Mao Q. Effects of Fas-ligand overexpression on alveolar type II cell growth kinetics in perinatal murine lungs. Pediatr Res 2010; 68:57-62. [PMID: 20375852 PMCID: PMC2888646 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181e084af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We determined the time-specific effects of FasL overexpression on perinatal alveolar type II cell growth kinetics. To achieve temporal overexpression of respiratory epithelium-specific FasL expression, tetracycline inducible CCSP-rtTA/FasL-TetOp transgenic mice were given doxycycline (Dox) from gestational d 14 (E14) to E19 (antenatal treatment group), from postnatal d 1 (P1) to P7 (postnatal group), or from E14 to P7 (combined antenatal and postnatal group). Antenatal Dox administration induced an increase of pulmonary FasL mRNA levels in double transgenic animals up to >300-fold over single transgenic littermate controls, associated with massive fetal respiratory epithelial apoptosis and excessive postnatal lethality. Although animals from the combined antenatal/postnatal Dox treatment group continued to display evidence of increased apoptosis, there was a paradoxical increase in alveolar type II cell proliferation, resulting in a net increase in type II cell density, elevated pulmonary surfactant protein C levels and improved postnatal survival. Postnatal Dox administration was also associated with increased type II cell density, although FasL up-regulation was more variable. In conclusion, these results, and our previous studies, suggest that FasL signaling has dual timing-dependent proapoptotic and proproliferative effects on postcanalicular type II cell kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E. De Paepe
- Department of Pathology [M.E.D.P., Z.L., Q.M.], Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine[M.E.D.P., Q.M.], Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry [S.A.H.], Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02905
| | - Sheila A. Haley
- Department of Pathology [M.E.D.P., Z.L., Q.M.], Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine[M.E.D.P., Q.M.], Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry [S.A.H.], Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02905
| | - Zacharie Lacourse
- Department of Pathology [M.E.D.P., Z.L., Q.M.], Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine[M.E.D.P., Q.M.], Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry [S.A.H.], Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02905
| | - Quanfu Mao
- Department of Pathology [M.E.D.P., Z.L., Q.M.], Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine[M.E.D.P., Q.M.], Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry [S.A.H.], Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02905
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12
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Ametller E, García-Recio S, Costamagna D, Mayordomo C, Fernández-Nogueira P, Carbó N, Pastor-Arroyo EM, Gascón P, Almendro V. Tumor promoting effects of CD95 signaling in chemoresistant cells. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:161. [PMID: 20573240 PMCID: PMC2906471 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD95 is a death receptor controlling not only apoptotic pathways but also activating mechanisms promoting tumor growth. During the acquisition of chemoresistance to oxaliplatin there is a progressive loss of CD95 expression in colon cancer cells and a decreased ability of this receptor to induce cell death. The aim of this study was to characterize some key cellular responses controlled by CD95 signaling in oxaliplatin-resistant colon cancer cells. Results We show that CD95 triggering results in an increased metastatic ability in resistant cells. Moreover, oxaliplatin treatment itself stimulates cell migration and decreases cell adhesion through CD95 activation, since CD95 expression inhibition by siRNA blocks the promigratory effects of oxaliplatin. These promigratory effects are related to the epithelia-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomenon, as evidenced by the up-regulation of some transcription factors and mesenchymal markers both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions We conclude that oxaliplatin treatment in cells that have acquired resistance to oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis results in tumor-promoting effects through the activation of CD95 signaling and by inducing EMT, all these events jointly contributing to a metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Ametller
- Medical Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi y Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut Clínic de Malalties Hemato-Oncològiques (ICMHO), Hospital Clínic, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the commonest causes of chronic liver disease in the United States, represents several overlapping clinicopathological states, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although dysregulated lipid accumulation occurs across the spectrum of NAFLD, features of liver cell injury, such as hepatocyte ballooning, cytoskeletal changes (Mallory-Denk bodies), and hepatocyte apoptosis, occur predominantly in NASH and distinguish NASH from simple steatosis. Indeed, NASH is a more serious form of liver damage because cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are potential outcomes of NASH. Meanwhile, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma rarely occur in individuals with simple steatosis. Hepatic injury and apoptosis that occur in adults are often dysregulated and accompanied by the accumulation of immune cells, which produce cytokines and growth factors that drive chronic inflammation and may result in fibrosis. This article summarizes the process of apoptosis and roles of putative cytokines in progressive NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kin Syn
- Division of Gastroenterology Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA,Liver Research Group University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Steve S Choi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Durham Veteran Affairs Medical Center, NC, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA
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14
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Abstract
The elucidation of the intricate molecular network of costimulus and regulatory pathways of the immune system led to the design of molecular therapies that specifically inactivate some cellular responses and ameliorate some autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This innovative concept opens a new class of therapies, and one of the central components that could be targeted in future molecular therapies is the Fas-based pathway. Both soluble and membrane-bound Fas and Fas-L molecules exert a wide range of proinflammatory functions through the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, cellular chemotaxis, transcriptional regulation, cellular death, and others. Accordingly, many chronic inflammatory diseases, including myocarditis, are attenuated in mice lacking either molecule. Although it is tempting to speculate that the Fas/Fas-L pathway could be targeted for in vivo myocarditis therapy, the plurality of Fas/Fas-L functions can be an obstacle, leading to important side effects. In this review, we suggest that the injection of nonagonistic antibodies raised against the Fas molecule or the inactivation of downstream Fas-1,4,5-inositol triphosphate cascade are possible targets for myocarditis treatment.
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15
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Zhang JX, Yin JT, Cui L, Dang SC. Dynamic Changes of Soluble Fas and IL-2/IL-10 in serum and Fas Expression in Lung in the Rats of Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology Res 2008; 1:49-54. [PMID: 27994707 PMCID: PMC5154216 DOI: 10.4021/gr2008.11.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the dynamic changes of serum IL-2, IL-10, sFas and IL-2/IL-10 in a rat model with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). To explore the role of Th1/Th2 polarization and the Fas expression in the lung of rats with ANP. METHODS A total of 64 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group and ANP model group. ANP models were induced by injection of 50 g/L sodium taurocholate (4 mL/kg) under the pancreatic membrane. In the normal control group, the rats received isovolumetric injection of 9 g/L normal saline solution. The blood samples in each group were obtained via superior mesenteric vein for measuring IL-2, IL-10 and soluble Fas. The levels of IL-2, IL-10 and soluble Fas were determined by ELISA. The severity of lung injury was evaluated by pathologic score. The expression of Fas in lung was measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the ANP model group, levels of serum IL-2 were significantly higher than those of control group (P < 0.01), and peaked at 6 hours; levels of serum IL-10 were significantly higher than those of control group at 6 and 12 hours (P < 0.01); the ratios of IL-2/IL-10 were significantly higher than those of control group at 0.5 hours and 2 hours, however, they were significantly lower than those of control group at 6 hours, (P < 0.01), and returned to the normal level (P > 0.05). In Fas/APO-1 assay, there was no significant difference between the two groups. The pathological changes were aggravated significantly in model group compared with the control group. Immunohistochemistry stain showed Fas expression was absent in normal pulmonary tissue, whereas in pulmonary tissue Fas expression gradually increased 0.5 hours after induction of pancreatitis, and reached their peaks at 12 hours. CONCLUSIONS Fas are involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis associated lung injury, the mechanism might be related to the Fas mediated T helper cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Tao Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng Chun Dang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
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16
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Mao Q, Gundavarapu S, Patel C, Tsai A, Luks FI, De Paepe ME. The Fas system confers protection against alveolar disruption in hyperoxia-exposed newborn mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:717-29. [PMID: 18587053 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0052oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional significance of the Fas/Fas-ligand (FasL) system in hyperoxia-induced lung injury and alveolar disruption in newborn lungs in vivo remains undetermined. To assess the role of the Fas/FasL system, we compared the effects of hyperoxia (95% O2 from birth to Postnatal Day [P]7) in Fas-deficient lpr mice and wild-type mice. Alveolar disruption was more severe in hyperoxic lpr mice than in wild-type mice. In addition, a transient alveolarization defect was noted in normoxic lpr mice. Hyperoxia induced marked up-regulation of pulmonary Fas expression in wild-type mice, as well as elevated mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic Bax, Bad, and Bak. Pulmonary apoptotic activity was similar in hyperoxic wild-type and lpr mice. In contrast, lung growth and proliferation, assessed by stereologic volumetry and Ki67 proliferation studies, were significantly higher in hyperoxic wild-type mice compared with lpr mice, suggesting the Fas/FasL system has a pro-proliferative role in hyperoxic conditions. Levels of the prosurvival MAPkinase, pERK1/2, were significantly higher in hyperoxic wild-type mice compared with lpr mice, while pAkt levels were similar. These data suggest that the primary role of the Fas/FasL system in hyperoxic newborn lungs is pro-proliferative, rather than pro-apoptotic, and likely mediated through a Fas-ERK1/2 pathway. Fas-induced proliferation and lung growth in hyperoxic newborn lungs may counteract, in part, the detrimental effects of apoptosis mediated by non-Fas pathways, such as pro-apoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 family members. The capacity of the Fas/FasL signaling pathway to mediate protective rather than destructive functions in hyperoxic newborn lungs highlights the versatility of this complex pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfu Mao
- Department of Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA
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Investigation into the role of tumor-associated macrophages in the antitumor activity of Doxil. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1948-55. [PMID: 18523874 PMCID: PMC2469273 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our recent studies show specific localization of long-circulating liposomes (LCL) within the endosomal/lysosomal compartment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Based on this finding, the present study aims to investigate whether clinically applied LCL formulations such as Doxil (LCL-encapsulated doxorubicin), have alternative mechanisms of action additionally to direct drug-mediated cytotoxicity towards tumor cells. METHODS The antitumor activity of Doxil was evaluated in B16.F10 melanoma-bearing mice, in the presence and in the absence of TAM. To suppress TAM functions, liposomal clodronate (Lip-CLOD) was injected 24 h before the actual treatment. The effect of Doxil on the levels of angiogenic factors was determined using an angiogenic protein array. As positive control, the same experiments were conducted with LCL-encapsulated prednisolone phosphate (LCL-PLP), a tumor-targeted formulation with known strong anti-angiogenic/anti-inflammatory effects on TAM. RESULTS Our results show that the antitumor efficacy of Doxil was only partially attributed to the inhibition of TAM-mediated angiogenesis whereas LCL-PLP inhibited tumor growth through strong suppressive effects on pro-angiogenic functions of TAM. As described previously, the main mechanism of Doxil might be a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the antitumor activity of Doxil does not depend mainly on the presence of functional TAM in tumors.
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Ruan W, Lee CT, Desbarats J. A novel juxtamembrane domain in tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily molecules activates Rac1 and controls neurite growth. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:3192-202. [PMID: 18508927 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-02-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily control cell fate determination, including cell death and differentiation. Fas (CD95) is the prototypical "death receptor" of the TNFR superfamily and signals apoptosis through well established pathways. In the adult nervous system, Fas induces apoptosis in the context of neuropathology such as stroke or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, during nervous system development, Fas promotes neurite growth and branching. The molecular mechanisms underlying Fas-induced process formation and branching have remained unknown to date. Here, we define the molecular pathway linking Fas to process growth and branching in cell lines and in developing neurons. We describe a new cytoplasmic membrane proximal domain (MPD) that is essential for Fas-induced process growth and that is conserved in members of the TNFR superfamily. We show that the Fas MPD recruits ezrin, a molecule that links transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton, and activates the small GTPase Rac1. Deletion of the MPD, but not the death domain, abolished Rac1 activation and process growth. Furthermore, an ezrin-derived inhibitory peptide prevented Fas-induced neurite growth in primary neurons. Our results define a new domain, topologically and functionally distinct from the death domain, which regulates neuritogenesis via recruitment of ezrin and activation of Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ruan
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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19
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Dang SC, Zhang JX, Qu JG, Mao ZF, Wang XQ, Zhu B. Dynamic changes of IL-2/IL-10, sFas and expression of Fas in intestinal mucosa in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:2246-50. [PMID: 18407603 PMCID: PMC2703854 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate dynamic changes of serum IL-2, IL-10, IL-2/IL-10 and sFas in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. To explore the expression of Fas in intestinal mucosa of rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP).
METHODS: A total of 64 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups: normal control group (C group), ANP group (P group). An ANP model was induced by injection of 50 g/L sodium taurocholate under the pancreatic membrane. Normal control group received isovolumetric injection of 9 g/L physiological saline solution using the same method. The blood samples of the rats in each group were obtained via superior mesenteric vein to measure levels of IL-2, IL-10, sFas and calculate the value of IL-2/IL-10. The levels of IL-2, IL-10 and sFas were determined by ELISA. The severity of intestinal mucosal injury was evaluated by pathologic score. The expression of Fas in intestinal mucosal tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry staining.
RESULTS: Levels of serum IL-2 were significantly higher in P group than those of C group (2.79 ± 0.51 vs 3.53 ± 0.62, 2.93 ± 0.89 vs 4.35 ± 1.11, 4.81 ± 1.23 vs 6.94 ± 1.55 and 3.41 ± 0.72 vs 4.80 ± 1.10, respectively, P < 0.01, for all) and its reached peak at 6 h. Levels of serum IL-10 were significantly higher in P group than those of C group at 6 h and 12 h (54.61 ± 15.81 vs 47.34 ± 14.62, 141.15 ± 40.21 vs 156.12 ± 43.10, 89.18 ± 32.52 vs 494.98 ± 11.23 and 77.15 ± 22.60 vs 93.28 ± 25.81, respectively, P < 0.01, for all). The values of IL-2/IL-10 were higher significantly in P group than those of C group at 0.5 h and 2 h (0.05 ± 0.01 vs 0.07 ± 0.02 and 0.02 ± 0.01 vs 0.03 ± 0.01, respectively, P < 0.01, for all), and it were significantly lower than those of C group at 6 h (0.05 ± 0.02 vs 0.01 ± 0.01, P < 0.01) and returned to the control level at 12 h (0.04 ± 0.01 vs 0.05 ± 0.02, P > 0.05). In sFas assay, there was no significant difference between P group and C group (3.16 ± 0.75 vs 3.31 ± 0.80, 4.05 ± 1.08 vs 4.32 ± 1.11, 5.93 ± 1.52 vs 5.41 ± 1.47 and 4.62 ± 1.23 vs 4.44 ± 1.16, respectively, P > 0.05, for all). Comparison of P group and C group, the pathological changes were aggravated significantly in P group. Immunohistochemistry staining show the expression of Fas was absent in normal intestinal tissues, however, it gradually increased after induction of pancreatitis in intestinal tissue, then reached their peaks at 12 h.
CONCLUSION: Fas were involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis associated intestinal injury. The mechanisms of Fas may be associated to Fas mediated T helper cell apoptosis.
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20
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Antitumor activity of liposomal prednisolone phosphate depends on the presence of functional tumor-associated macrophages in tumor tissue. Neoplasia 2008; 10:108-17. [PMID: 18283332 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prednisolone phosphate (PLP) encapsulated in long-circulating liposomes (LCLs) (LCL-PLP) exerts antitumor activity through the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. It is known that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial role in tumor growth as they are actively involved in promoting and maintaining tumor angiogenesis. To gain more insight into the antiangiogenic mechanisms of LCL-PLP, this study aimed to investigate the role of TAM in the antitumor mode of action of LCL-PLP in B16.F10 melanoma-bearing mice. Our results show that TAMs have a pivotal function in the growth of B16.F10 melanoma through the production of pro-angiogenic/pro-inflammatory factors. One of the major inhibitory actions of LCL-PLP on tumor growth is the reduction of the TAM-mediated production of pro-angiogenic factors, whereas production of anti-angiogenic factors by these cells is hardly affected.
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Kleber S, Sancho-Martinez I, Wiestler B, Beisel A, Gieffers C, Hill O, Thiemann M, Mueller W, Sykora J, Kuhn A, Schreglmann N, Letellier E, Zuliani C, Klussmann S, Teodorczyk M, Gröne HJ, Ganten TM, Sültmann H, Tüttenberg J, von Deimling A, Regnier-Vigouroux A, Herold-Mende C, Martin-Villalba A. Yes and PI3K bind CD95 to signal invasion of glioblastoma. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:235-48. [PMID: 18328427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of surrounding brain tissue by isolated tumor cells represents one of the main obstacles to a curative therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. Here we unravel a mechanism regulating glioma infiltration. Tumor interaction with the surrounding brain tissue induces CD95 Ligand expression. Binding of CD95 Ligand to CD95 on glioblastoma cells recruits the Src family member Yes and the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to CD95, which signal invasion via the glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta pathway and subsequent expression of matrix metalloproteinases. In a murine syngeneic model of intracranial GBM, neutralization of CD95 activity dramatically reduced the number of invading cells. Our results uncover CD95 as an activator of PI3K and, most importantly, as a crucial trigger of basal invasion of glioblastoma in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kleber
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Choi K, Song S, Choi C. Requirement of caspases and p38 MAPK for TRAIL-mediated ICAM-1 expression by human astroglial cells. Immunol Lett 2008; 117:168-73. [PMID: 18339430 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Among tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) along with TNF-alpha and FasL is known as death ligand due to its selective cytotoxicity against transformed tumor cells. TRAIL can also induce alternative angiogenic and/or proinflammatory signals other than apoptosis, however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the alternative signals have not been detailed yet. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is thought to be involved in the processes of metastasis and angiogenesis in various tumors. We investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for ICAM-1 expression by death ligands in human astroglial cells to delineate the alternative signals of these ligands. Here, we demonstrate that (1) death ligands induced expression of ICAM-1 at the mRNA and protein levels in human astroglial cells; (2) pre-treatment of z-VAD-fmk and/or SB202190 suppressed death ligand-induced ICAM-1 expression and subsequent adhesion of activated monocytic cells; and (3) inhibition of caspase suppressed death ligand-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and IKK. These findings suggest biological function of death receptors other than apoptosis in human astroglial cells, and the involvement of caspase and/or p38 MAPK in alternative signaling through death receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsun Choi
- Laboratory of Computational Cell Biology, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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23
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Kim WU, Kwok SK, Hong KH, Yoo SA, Kong JS, Choe J, Cho CS. Soluble Fas ligand inhibits angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:R42. [PMID: 17459170 PMCID: PMC1906820 DOI: 10.1186/ar2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathology include the infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes, the proliferation of synovial cells, and the presence of extensive angiogenesis, referred to as rheumatoid pannus. Fas ligand is critical to the homeostatic regulation of the immune response, but its role in the angiogenic process of RA remains to be defined. In this study, we investigated whether soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) induces synoviocyte apoptosis and regulates angiogenesis of endothelial cells in RA. The levels of sFasL were elevated in the synovial fluids of RA patients when compared to those of osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and they correlated inversely with vascular endothelial growth factor165 (VEGF165) concentrations. sFasL, ranging from 10 to 100 ng/ml, induced the apoptosis of RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in vitro, and thereby decreased VEGF165 production. In addition, sFasL inhibited VEGF165-induced migration and chemotaxis of endothelial cells to basal levels in a manner independent of the Fas-mediated cell death. sFasL dose-dependently suppressed the VEGF165-stimulated increase in pAkt expression in endothelial cells, which might be associated with its anti-migratory effect on endothelial cells. Moreover, sFasL strongly inhibited neovascularization in the Matrigel plug in vivo. Our data suggest that sFasL shows anti-angiogenic activity within RA joints not only by inducing apoptosis of VEGF165-producing cells but also by blocking VEGF165-induced migration of endothelial cells, independent of Fas-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Uk Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Kong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Jongseon Choe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chunchon, Kangwon 200-701, Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Cho
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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24
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Johnson NW, Semones M, Adams JL, Hansbury M, Winkler J. Optimization of triarylimidazoles for Tie2: Influence of conformation on potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5514-7. [PMID: 17826092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to understand the effect of N-alkylation of triarylimidazoles on Tie2 inhibition, ortho-substituted C-2 aryl analogs were synthesized to investigate the effect of different torsion angles on potency. This exercise resulted in the identification of a potent and selective tetrasubstituted imidazole that was efficacious in an animal model of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W Johnson
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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25
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Deregibus MC, Cantaluppi V, Calogero R, Lo Iacono M, Tetta C, Biancone L, Bruno S, Bussolati B, Camussi G. Endothelial progenitor cell–derived microvesicles activate an angiogenic program in endothelial cells by a horizontal transfer of mRNA. Blood 2007; 110:2440-8. [PMID: 17536014 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-03-078709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs) are released from the cell surface and are implicated in cell-to-cell communication. We evaluated whether MVs derived from endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are able to trigger angiogenesis. We found that EPC-derived MVs were incorporated in endothelial cells by interaction with α4 and β1 integrins expressed on the MV surface. In vitro, MVs promoted endothelial cell survival, proliferation, and organization in capillary-like structures. In vivo, in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, MV-stimulated human endothelial cells organized in patent vessels. When incubated with RNase, despite their internalization into endothelial cells, MVs failed to induce in vitro and in vivo angiogenic effects. mRNA transfer was shown by transduction of GFP protein in endothelial cells by MVs containing GFP-mRNA and the biologic relevance by the angiogenic effect of MV-mRNA extract delivered by lipofectamine. Microarray ana-lysis and quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of MV-mRNA extract indicated that MVs were shuttling a specific subset of cellular mRNA, such as mRNA associated with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Protein expression and functional studies showed that PI3K and eNOS play a critical role in the angiogenic effect of MVs. These results suggest that EPCs may activate angiogenesis in endothelial cells by releasing MVs able to trigger an angiogenic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Deregibus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS) and Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Torino, Italy
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26
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Affara M, Dunmore B, Savoie C, Imoto S, Tamada Y, Araki H, Charnock-Jones DS, Miyano S, Print C. Understanding endothelial cell apoptosis: what can the transcriptome, glycome and proteome reveal? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007; 362:1469-87. [PMID: 17569639 PMCID: PMC2440409 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis may play an important role in blood vessel development, homeostasis and remodelling. In support of this concept, EC apoptosis has been detected within remodelling vessels in vivo, and inactivation of EC apoptosis regulators has caused dramatic vascular phenotypes. EC apoptosis has also been associated with cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, understanding the regulation of EC apoptosis, with the goal of intervening in this process, has become a current research focus. The protein-based signalling and cleavage cascades that regulate EC apoptosis are well known. However, the possibility that programmed transcriptome and glycome changes contribute to EC apoptosis has only recently been explored. Traditional bioinformatic techniques have allowed simultaneous study of thousands of molecular signals during the process of EC apoptosis. However, to progress further, we now need to understand the complex cause and effect relationships among these signals. In this article, we will first review current knowledge about the function and regulation of EC apoptosis including the roles of the proteome transcriptome and glycome. Then, we assess the potential for further bioinformatic analysis to advance our understanding of EC apoptosis, including the limitations of current technologies and the potential of emerging technologies such as gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Affara
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge UniversityTennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Benjamin Dunmore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cambridge UniversityThe Rosie Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2SW, UK
| | - Christopher Savoie
- GNI Ltd. Kasumigaseki IHF Building 3-5-1Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, 100-0013 Toyko, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Human Genome Centre, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cambridge UniversityThe Rosie Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2SW, UK
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto UniversityGokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Araki
- GNI Ltd. Kasumigaseki IHF Building 3-5-1Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, 100-0013 Toyko, Japan
| | - D. Stephen Charnock-Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cambridge UniversityThe Rosie Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2SW, UK
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Human Genome Centre, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Cristin Print
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland85 Park Road, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
- Author for correspondence ()
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27
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Semones M, Feng Y, Johnson N, Adams JL, Winkler J, Hansbury M. Pyridinylimidazole inhibitors of Tie2 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4756-60. [PMID: 17618114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This communication details the evolution of the screening lead SB-203580, a known CSBP/p38 kinase inhibitor, into a potent and selective Tie2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The optimized compound 5 showed efficacy in an in vivo model of angiogenesis and a MOPC-315 plasmacytoma xenograft model.
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28
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Pearl-Yafe M, Yolcu ES, Stein J, Kaplan O, Yaniv I, Shirwan H, Askenasy N. Fas ligand enhances hematopoietic cell engraftment through abrogation of alloimmune responses and nonimmunogenic interactions. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1448-55. [PMID: 17363551 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Early after transplantation, donor lineage-negative bone marrow cells (lin(-) BMC) constitutively upregulated their expression of Fas ligand (FasL), suggesting an involvement of the Fas/FasL axis in engraftment. Following the observation of impaired engraftment in the presence of a dysfunctional Fas/FasL axis in FasL-defective (gld) donors or Fas-defective (lpr) recipients, we expressed a noncleavable FasL chimeric protein on the surface of donor lin(-) BMC. Despite a short life span of the protein in vivo, expression of FasL on the surface of all the donor lin(-) BMC improved the efficiency of engraftment twofold. The FasL-coated donor cells efficiently blunted the host alloimmune responses in primary recipients and retained their hematopoietic reconstituting potential in secondary transplants. Surprisingly, FasL protein improved the efficiency of engraftment in syngeneic transplants. The deficient engraftment in lpr recipients was not reversed in chimeric mice with Fas(-) stroma and Fas(+) BMC, demonstrating that the host marrow stroma was also a target of donor cell FasL. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are insensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis and thus can exploit the constitutive expression of FasL to exert potent veto activities in the early stages of engraftment. Manipulation of the donor cells using ectopic FasL protein accentuated the immunogenic and nonimmunogenic interactions between the donor cells and the host, alleviating the requirement for a megadose of transplanted cells to achieve a potent veto effect. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pearl-Yafe
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, 14 Kaplan Street, Petach Tikva, Israel
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29
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Fujiwara M, Suemoto H, Muragaki Y, Ooshima A. Fas-mediated upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in cultured dermal fibroblasts: Role in the inflammatory response. J Dermatol 2007; 34:99-109. [PMID: 17239146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Fas-Fas ligand interaction is the most important pathway in starting apoptosis. In addition, several recent reports have emerged documenting non-apoptotic roles for Fas. However, a non-apoptotic role of Fas in dermal fibroblasts remains unknown. The present study investigated whether Fas stimulation not only promotes apoptosis but also stimulates elements of the inflammatory response such as angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration. Fas stimulation was performed by treating cultured human dermal fibroblasts with an agonistic anti-Fas monoclonal antibody (mAb). Anti-Fas mAb-treated fibroblasts showed a significantly greater increase of caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity compared with control fibroblasts. Addition of the anti-Fas mAb induced DNA fragmentation, as confirmed by the DNA ladder assay. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining showed that treatment with the anti-Fas mAb induced an increase of apoptotic fibroblasts in a time-dependent manner. At both mRNA and protein levels, anti-Fas mAb-treated fibroblasts showed significantly higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 compared with control fibroblasts. A pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) significantly inhibited VEGF and MCP-1 expression. After transplantation of fibroblasts into mice with severe combined immunodeficiency, the nodules derived from anti-Fas mAb-treated fibroblasts showed more abundant neovascularization, increased macrophage infiltration, and more apoptotic cells in comparison with nodules derived from control fibroblasts. The results of both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed significantly higher angiogenic activity and macrophage chemotactic activity of anti-Fas mAb-treated fibroblasts compared with control fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Fujiwara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Izumo, Japan.
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30
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Choi HJ, Ku JK, Kim MY, Kang H, Cho SH, Kim HO, Park YM. Possible role of Fas/Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis in the pathogenesis of fixed drug eruption. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:419-25. [PMID: 16445769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although epidermal and dermal T cells play roles in the pathogenesis of fixed drug eruption (FDE), not much is known about keratinocyte death and its precise mechanism in FDE. OBJECTIVES Our aim is to elucidate the mechanism that underlies keratinocyte death in FDE, that is, the role of apoptosis and its signalling pathway. METHODS We first examined the involvement of apoptosis in the active FDE lesions by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay and immunohistochemical analysis of caspase-3. We then examined the expressions of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) to deduce the possible upstream signalling pathway of apoptosis, if apoptosis were involved. We finally characterized the infiltrated T-cell subpopulations in the active FDE lesions. RESULTS In the active FDE lesions, TUNEL positivity was strongly observed in the basal keratinocytes, and also weakly observed in the upper dermal infiltrates as well as in a few keratinocytes in the granular layer. The distribution of TUNEL-positive cells was similar to that of the strong staining of active capase-3. Fas was found mainly in the keratinocytes and some infiltrated dermal cells, whereas FasL was identified predominantly in the intraepidermal and dermal infiltrated cells and in some basal keratinocytes. Overlapping expression of Fas and FasL was accompanied by apoptosis in the FDE lesions. Many of the infiltrated mononuclear cells were CD8+. Perforin was rarely observed in the FDE lesions. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that apoptosis of the keratinocyte is highly likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of FDE, and this cytotoxicity might be predominantly mediated by the FasL of the infiltrating CD8+ T cells, possibly also playing an inflammatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Banciu M, Schiffelers RM, Fens MHAM, Metselaar JM, Storm G. Anti-angiogenic effects of liposomal prednisolone phosphate on B16 melanoma in mice. J Control Release 2006; 113:1-8. [PMID: 16707187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prednisolone phosphate (PLP) encapsulated in long-circulating liposomes can inhibit tumor growth after intravenous administration (i.v.). These antitumor effects of liposomal PLP are the result of the tumor-targeting property of the liposome formulation. The mechanism by which liposomal PLP inhibits tumor growth is unclear. We investigated the effects of liposome-encapsulated PLP versus free PLP on angiogenic protein production in tumor tissue in vivo and on viability and proliferation of tumor and endothelial cells in vitro. In vivo, liposomal PLP had a stronger reducing effect on pro-angiogenic protein levels than free PLP, whereas levels of anti-angiogenic proteins were hardly affected. Cell viability was only slightly affected with either treatment. Liposomal PLP had strong anti-proliferative effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, whereas free PLP had hardly any effect. Taken together, the present study points to a strong inhibitory effect of liposomal PLP on tumor angiogenesis by reduction of the intratumoral production of the majority of pro-angiogenic factors studied and direct inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, which is the result of high prolonged levels of prednisolone in the tumor by liposomal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Banciu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gilhar A, Yaniv R, Assy B, Serafimovich S, Ullmann Y, Kalish RS. Fas pulls the trigger on psoriasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:170-5. [PMID: 16400020 PMCID: PMC1592658 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.041354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fas/FasL signaling is best known for induction of apoptosis. However, there is an alternate pathway of Fas signaling that induces inflammatory cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-8. This pathway is prominent in cells that express high levels of anti-apoptotic molecules such as Bcl-xL. Because TNF-alpha is central to the pathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic epidermis has a low apoptotic index with high expression of Bcl-xL, we hypothesized that inflammatory Fas signaling mediates induction of psoriasis by activated lymphocytes. Noninvolved skin from psoriasis patients was grafted to beige-severe combined immunodeficiency mice, and psoriasis was induced by injection of FasL-positive autologous natural killer cells that were activated by IL-2. Induction of psoriasis was inhibited by injection of a blocking anti-Fas (ZB4) or anti-FasL (4A5) antibody on days 3 and 10 after natural killer cell injection. Anti-Fas monoclonal antibody significantly reduced cell proliferation (Ki-67) and epidermal thickness, with inhibition of epidermal expression of TNF-alpha, IL-15, HLA-DR, and ICAM-1. Fas/FasL signaling is an essential early event in the induction of psoriasis by activated lymphocytes and is necessary for induction of key inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha and IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin Research, Rappaport Building, Technion Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 9649, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Palao G, Santiago B, Galindo MA, Rullas JN, Alcamí J, Ramirez JC, Pablos JL. Fas activation of a proinflammatory program in rheumatoid synoviocytes and its regulation by FLIP and caspase 8 signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:1473-81. [PMID: 16646028 DOI: 10.1002/art.21768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The expansion of an aggressive population of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium occurs despite their expression of functional death receptors and exposure to death receptor ligands. FLS can survive Fas challenge because of the constitutive expression of FLIP apoptosis inhibitor. We investigated whether Fas signaling plays a pathogenetic role by activating a nonapoptotic proinflammatory program in RA FLS. METHODS Cultured RA FLS were stimulated with an agonistic anti-Fas antibody in the presence or absence of the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK or after RNA interference with a short hairpin RNA expression plasmid directed against FLIP. NF-kappaB and activator protein 1 (AP-1) activation was studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and p65 immunofluorescence analysis, and expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin-8, IkappaB alpha, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1, 9, and 13 was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Chemotactic activity of Fas-activated FLS-conditioned media was studied in Transwell migration assays. RESULTS Fas stimulation activated NF-kappaB and AP-1, and this response required caspase activity, since Z-VAD-FMK inhibitor precluded it. FLIP was processed to p43 protein after Fas stimulation in a caspase-dependent manner, and inhibition of FLIP expression resulted in reduced Fas-triggered NF-kappaB activation. Fas stimulation increased expression of mRNA for IkappaB alpha, MMPs, and chemokines, and Fas-activated RA FLS displayed increased chemotactic activity for monocytic cells. CONCLUSION Fas triggering may contribute to the proinflammatory features of RA FLS by activating NF-kappaB and AP-1 and by expression of relevant target genes, such as MMPs and chemokines. Fas proinflammatory signaling is dependent upon caspase activity and FLIP expression. These data implicate FLIP as a potentially important molecular switch that turns the Fas signaling away from apoptosis and toward induction of a proinflammatory phenotype in RA FLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Palao
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leni Moldovan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Ave., Room 305A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Brat DJ, Bellail AC, Van Meir EG. The role of interleukin-8 and its receptors in gliomagenesis and tumoral angiogenesis. Neuro Oncol 2005; 7:122-33. [PMID: 15831231 PMCID: PMC1871893 DOI: 10.1215/s1152851704001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8, or CXCL8), which is a chemokine with a defining CXC amino acid motif that was initially characterized for its leukocyte chemotactic activity, is now known to possess tumorigenic and proangiogenic properties as well. In human gliomas, IL-8 is expressed and secreted at high levels both in vitro and in vivo, and recent experiments suggest it is critical to glial tumor neovascularity and progression. Levels of IL-8 correlate with histologic grade in glial neoplasms, and the most malignant form, glioblastoma, shows the highest expression in pseudopalisading cells around necrosis, suggesting that hypoxia/anoxia may stimulate expression. In addition to hypoxia/anoxia stimulation, increased IL-8 in gliomas occurs in response to Fas ligation, death receptor activation, cytosolic Ca(2+), TNF-alpha, IL-1, and other cytokines and various cellular stresses. The IL-8 promoter contains binding sites for the transcription factors NF-kappaB, AP-1, and C-EBP/NF-IL-6, among others. AP-1 has been shown to mediate IL-8 upregulation by anoxia in gliomas. The potential tumor suppressor ING4 was recently shown to be a critical regulator of NF-kappaB-mediated IL-8 transcription and subsequent angiogenesis in gliomas. The IL-8 receptors that could contribute to IL-8-mediated tumorigenic and angiogenic responses include CXCR1 and CXCR2, both of which are G-protein coupled, and the Duffy antigen receptor for cytokines, which has no defined intracellular signaling capabilities. The proangiogenic activity of IL-8 occurs predominantly following binding to CXCR2, but CXCR1 appears to contribute as well through independent, small-GTPase activity. A precise definition of the mechanisms by which IL-8 exerts its proangiogenic functions requires further study for the development of effective IL-8-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Send correspondence to Erwin G. Van Meir, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Room C-5078, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA (
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Smyth LA, Brady HJM. cMet and Fas receptor interaction inhibits death-inducing signaling complex formation in endothelial cells. Hypertension 2005; 46:100-6. [PMID: 15911745 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000167991.82153.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fas receptor is constitutively expressed on endothelial cells; however, these cells are highly resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis. In this study, we examined death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation in endothelial cells after Fas receptor stimulation. Nonfunctional DISC formation was observed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and large amounts of FADD-like interleukin-1--converting enzyme--inhibitory protein-L were recruited to the receptor; however, no caspase 8 recruitment was observed. A role for the cell surface molecule cMet in controlling Fas sensitivity in endothelial cells was observed. Here, we report that Fas is associated with cMet in HUVECs. Such an interaction may inhibit self-association of Fas in these cells, as suggested by the fact that monomeric Fas is expressed in these cells. Endothelial cells undergoing cell matrix detachment, anoikis, are sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Despite upregulating the level of Fas receptor, endothelial cells undergoing anoikis have reduced cMet/Fas interaction, in part because of cMet being cleaved in these cells. Dimeric Fas was observed on anoikis cells. These data suggest that cMet/Fas interaction may inhibit self-association of Fas receptor such that reduced DISC formation occurs in these cells after Fas receptor ligation. cMet/Fas interaction may help explain why endothelial cells are resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Ann Smyth
- Molecular Hematology and Cancer Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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Söderström TS, Nyberg SD, Eriksson JE. CD95 capping is ROCK-dependent and dispensable for apoptosis. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:2211-23. [PMID: 15855233 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon engagement, the CD95 receptor is rapidly clustered into cellular 'caps'. This receptor capping is one of the first events to take place following activation and it has been proposed to be important for the initiation of apoptotic signaling. As the biological roles of CD95 capping are still elusive, we explored in detail the role of capping in induction of apoptosis in lymphocytes. CD95 capping was shown to be uncoupled from apoptosis, as apoptosis could occur in the absence of CD95 capping and, vice versa, capping could occur without inducing apoptosis. CD95 capping occurred concomitantly with reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and aggregation of lipid rafts. While inhibition of actin polymerization and caspase-8 activity had cell type-specific effects on capping in type I and type II cells, the rapid CD95-mediated cellular polarization, as visualized by the orchestrated reorganization of CD95, F-actin and lipid rafts, was shown to be dependent on signaling by Rho kinase (ROCK) in both cell types, however, by distinct activation mechanisms in the respective cell type. CD95 activated RhoA exclusively in the type II cell, whereas ROCK activation was caspase-dependent in the type I cell. Taken together, our results imply that CD95 capping and the subsequent cellular polarization is a ROCK signaling-regulated process that does not correlate with the induction of apoptosis, but is more likely to be involved in the emerging non-apoptotic functions of CD95.
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Manero F, Ljubic-Thibal V, Moulin M, Goutagny N, Yvin JC, Arrigo AP. Stimulation of Fas agonistic antibody-mediated apoptosis by heparin-like agents suppresses Hsp27 but not Bcl-2 protective activity. Cell Stress Chaperones 2005; 9:150-66. [PMID: 15497502 PMCID: PMC1065295 DOI: 10.1379/csc-16r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that in Jurkat T cells or freshly isolated T lymphocytes, physiological concentrations of high-molecular weight sulfated polysaccharides such as heparin, heparan sulfate, and dextran sulfate significantly increased the percentage of cell death induced by Fas IgM agonistic antibody. The phenomenon was caspase dependent and P53 independent and correlated with an increased accessibility of cell surface Fas receptors. We also observed that the Fas IgM agonistic antibody-dependent formation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-resistant large structures containing Fas receptor was decreased in the presence of heparin-like agents. In contrast, the different agents had no effect when cell death was triggered by FasL, the natural ligand of Fas that does not generate SDS-resistant forms of Fas. Interestingly, the synergistic effect of heparin-like agents toward Fas IgM agonistic antibody-mediated cell death abolished Hsp27 antiapoptotic activity but did not alter much the protection generated by Bcl-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Manero
- Laboratoire Stress Oxydant, Chaperons et Apoptose, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-l, Villeurbanne, France
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Wu X, Pan G, McKenna MA, Zayzafoon M, Xiong WC, McDonald JM. RANKL regulates Fas expression and Fas-mediated apoptosis in osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:107-16. [PMID: 15619676 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteoclast apoptosis is an influential determinant of osteoclast bone-resorbing activity. RANKL, a critical factor for osteoclastogenesis, is also important in osteoclast survival. However, the mechanisms by which RANKL prevents osteoclast apoptosis remain largely unknown. INTRODUCTION Fas, a death receptor, mediates apoptosis in multiple types of cells including osteoclasts. Here we report that RANKL acts as a survival factor in osteoclasts by downregulating Fas-mediated apoptosis and Fas expression in mature osteoclasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW264.7 and mouse bone marrow macrophage/monocyte progenitors and progenitor-derived osteoclasts, in the presence of various concentrations of RANKL, were used in this study. Western blotting, semiquantitative RT-PCR, flow cytometry, nuclear staining, and a fluorescent caspase-3 activity assay were used to assess the effect of RANKL on Fas expression and Fas-mediated apoptosis. The involvement of NF-kappaB in the regulation of Fas by RANKL was analyzed by luciferase assay and EMSA. RESULTS Mature osteoclasts generated in the presence of a high concentration of RANKL (3.33 nM) failed to respond to Fas-induced apoptosis. The lack of responsiveness in mature osteoclasts is caused by the low level of Fas expression, as detected by both semiquantitative PCR and Western blotting. Fas protein and mRNA expression are inhibited by RANKL in concentration-dependent manners. The downregulation of Fas expression by RANKL is not because of modulation of the stability of Fas protein or mRNA. The regulation of Fas expression by RANKL is biphasic. During the early stage of osteoclastogenesis (1 day) when Fas is expressed at a very low level, RANKL upregulates Fas promoter activity by 2.4 +/- 0.1-fold in a concentration-dependent manner and increases Fas mRNA and protein. This event correlates with regulation of the binding activity of NF-kappaB to the Fas promoter by RANKL, as detected by EMSA. In osteoclast precursors, the induction of Fas promoter activity by RANKL was dramatically reduced when NF-kappaB binding sites on the Fas promoter were mutated. CONCLUSION RANKL upregulates Fas expression in osteoclast progenitors through NF-kappaB, making osteoclasts targets of Fas-stimulated apoptosis. In differentiated mature osteoclasts, RANKL reduces the levels of Fas expression and Fas-mediated apoptosis, acting as a survival factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA
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Abstract
Genome-wide expression profiling has identified significant alterations in the abundance of specific mRNA populations in Alzheimer's disease brain when compared to age-matched controls. Increases in the expression of certain brain genes are in contrast to the majority of expressed RNAs (55-67%), which are down-regulated. The data presented here shows, that at the level of mRNA abundance, there is marked up-regulation in a family of stress-related genes that have significant potential to promote angiogenesis. This supports the hypothesis of an advancement in angiogenic signaling in Alzheimer's disease brain. Angiogenesis, perhaps as the result of dysfunctional cerebral vasculature, may be both a consequence and a contributory factor to the etiopathology of the Alzheimer's disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen I Pogue
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 8B8, New Orleans LA 70112-2272, USA
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Kawakita T, Shiraki K, Yamanaka Y, Yamaguchi Y, Saitou Y, Enokimura N, Yamamoto N, Okano H, Sugimoto K, Murata K, Nakano T. Functional expression of TWEAK in human hepatocellular carcinoma: possible implication in cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:726-33. [PMID: 15144899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a member of the TNF family whose transcripts are expressed in various human tissues. Since TWEAK has a variety of biological activities, we investigated TWEAK sensitivity, expression, and physiological role in human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Tweak receptor was detected in four kinds of HCC cells. TWEAK significantly promoted cell proliferation and induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in all HCC cells. Surprisingly, we found that HCC cells constitutively express TWEAK. In addition, soluble TWEAK was detected in culture medium. We found that TWEAK also promotes cell proliferation and induces the secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Finally, culture medium from Sh-Hep1 cells incubated with anti-TWEAK antibody significantly inhibited endothelial cell tube formation. In conclusion, these results indicate that TWEAK might play a critical role in HCC cellular proliferation using both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, and modulate tumor-related angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawakita
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Hasegawa A, Cheng X, Kajino K, Berezov A, Murata K, Nakayama T, Yagita H, Murali R, Greene MI. Fas-disabling small exocyclic peptide mimetics limit apoptosis by an unexpected mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6599-604. [PMID: 15084739 PMCID: PMC404091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401597101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas ligand- (FasL) mediated apoptosis is an important element of tissue-specific organ damage. We have developed biologically active small exocyclic peptide mimetics that disable apoptotic functions of Fas. The most effective mimetic binds to both its receptor and FasL with comparable affinity. In vitro, the most effective antagonist blocked FasL-induced cytotoxicity completely and specifically. In vivo, the antagonistic mimetic also prevented Concanavilin A (Con A) induced hepatitis, a CD4(+) T cell-mediated animal model of liver injury. Although current approaches prevent Fas receptor signaling by excluding FasL binding to Fas, the small molecule mimetics reported here disable Fas by promoting a defective Fas-FasL receptor complex. This event desensitizes FasL-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting extracellular signal regulated kinase activity and up-regulating NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 252 John Morgan Building, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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Bussolati B, Ahmed A, Pemberton H, Landis RC, Di Carlo F, Haskard DO, Mason JC. Bifunctional role for VEGF-induced heme oxygenase-1 in vivo: induction of angiogenesis and inhibition of leukocytic infiltration. Blood 2004; 103:761-6. [PMID: 14525760 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHeme-oxygenases (HOs) catalyze the conversion of heme into carbon monoxide and biliverdin. HO-1 is induced during hypoxia, ischemia/reperfusion, and inflammation, providing cytoprotection and inhibiting leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites. Although in vitro studies have suggested an additional role for HO-1 in angiogenesis, the relevance of this in vivo remains unknown. We investigated the involvement of HO-1 in angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced prolonged HO-1 expression and activity in human endothelial cells and HO-1 inhibition abrogated VEGF-driven angiogenesis. Two murine models of angiogenesis were used: (1) angiogenesis initiated by addition of VEGF to Matrigel and (2) a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–induced model of inflammatory angiogenesis in which angiogenesis is secondary to leukocyte invasion. Pharmacologic inhibition of HO-1 induced marked leukocytic infiltration that enhanced VEGF-induced angiogenesis. However, in the presence of an anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to block leukocyte migration, VEGF-induced angiogenesis was significantly inhibited by HO-1 antagonists. Furthermore, in the LPS-induced model of inflammatory angiogenesis, induction of HO-1 with cobalt protoporphyrin significantly inhibited leukocyte invasion into LPS-conditioned Matrigel and thus prevented the subsequent angiogenesis. We therefore propose that during chronic inflammation HO-1 has 2 roles: first, an anti-inflammatory action inhibiting leukocyte infiltration; and second, promotion of VEGF-driven noninflammatory angiogenesis that facilitates tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Reproductive and Vascular Biology, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B12 2TG, United Kingdom.
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Choi K, Benveniste EN, Choi C. Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by Fas ligation: proinflammatory roles of Fas in human astroglioma cells. Neurosci Lett 2004; 352:21-4. [PMID: 14615040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
FasL has been shown to induce angiogenesis in vivo, however, the mechanism remains to be determined. We have previously shown that Fas ligation induces expression of chemokines such as interleukin-8 by human astrogliomas, which may partially explain the in vivo angiogenic property of FasL. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 is increased in various human tumors, and is thought to be involved in the processes of metastasis and angiogenesis. We demonstrate that Fas ligation induces ICAM-1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels in human astroglioma cells. Studies using Boc-D-Fmk, a pharmacological inhibitor, show that caspase activation is required for Fas-mediated ICAM-1 induction. To study the in vivo expression of Fas and ICAM-1, human low-grade astrogliomas and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples were examined by ELISA for Fas and ICAM-1. Human GBM samples express higher levels of Fas compared to normal control brain, which correlates with increased ICAM-1 expression. These findings suggest that Fas ligation on human glioma cells leads to the induction of ICAM-1 expression, which involves caspase cascade signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsun Choi
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences and Center for Cell Signaling Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
A variety of factors cooperate to regulate neovessel formation and persistence. Proangiogenic growth factors have remained an area of intense interest due to their capacity to promote endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and to initiate the angiogenic program. These growth factors are associated with increased cell survival, yet paradoxically, angiogenic ECs are more susceptible to apoptosis than quiescent ECs. Survival is regulated by cooperation between growth factor receptors and integrins, which are in turn governed by the composition of the local extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrin-mediated signaling is altered or disrupted by the presence of soluble, rather than matrix-bound ligands, thus providing a means by which ECM remodeling can influence both integrin- and growth factor-mediated events. Ultimately, the collaboration of these factors determines whether ECs survive or die, thereby regulating neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne G Stupack
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Han S, Yoon K, Lee K, Kim K, Jang H, Lee NK, Hwang K, Young Lee S. TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis receptor, a TNF receptor superfamily member, activates NF-kappa B through TNF receptor-associated factors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 305:789-96. [PMID: 12767899 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a member of the TNF ligand family that induces angiogenesis in vivo. The TWEAK receptor (TweakR) is a recently identified member of the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily and is expressed on smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). In this report we identify the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of signal transducers as important components of TweakR-mediated NF-kappa B activation. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggested potential interactions between the cytoplasmic tail of TweakR with TRAFs 1, 2, 3, and 5. Dominant negative forms of TRAF2 and TRAF5 substantially inhibited TweakR-mediated NF-kappa B activation, suggesting a role of TRAFs in regulating smooth muscle and endothelial cell function. Using alanine-scanning analysis, we defined a TRAF-binding motif, PIEET, in TweakR that mediates TRAF binding and NF-kappa B activation. Furthermore, TweakR mutations within the TRAF-binding motif abolished TweakR-stimulated SMC migration, revealing a role for TRAFs in TweakR-induced activation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyi Han
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences and Center for Cell Signaling Research, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
FasL (CD95L) is a well-known and well-characterized death-inducing ligand. Spontaneous mutations in FasL and its cognate receptor Fas (CD95) have helped understand the role of these molecules in the disease. Once thought to be mainly involved in the homeostasis of immune system, the territory of FasL regulation has been expanded to angiogenesis and tumor progression. Here, we review what is currently known about the role of FasL in many areas of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-ock Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Desbarats J, Birge RB, Mimouni-Rongy M, Weinstein DE, Palerme JS, Newell MK. Fas engagement induces neurite growth through ERK activation and p35 upregulation. Nat Cell Biol 2003; 5:118-25. [PMID: 12545171 DOI: 10.1038/ncb916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2002] [Revised: 11/14/2002] [Accepted: 12/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fas (also known as CD95), a member of the tumour-necrosis receptor factor family of 'death receptors', can induce apoptosis or, conversely, can deliver growth stimulatory signals. Here we report that crosslinking Fas on primary sensory neurons induces neurite growth through sustained activation of the extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and the consequent upregulation of p35, a mediator of neurite outgrowth. In addition, functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury is delayed in Fas-deficient lpr mice and accelerated by local administration of antibodies against Fas, which indicates that Fas engagement may contribute to nerve regeneration in vivo. Our findings define a role for Fas as an inducer of both neurite growth in vitro and accelerated recovery after nerve injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Desbarats
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6.
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Jarad G, Wang B, Khan S, DeVore J, Miao H, Wu K, Nishimura SL, Wible BA, Konieczkowski M, Sedor JR, Schelling JR. Fas activation induces renal tubular epithelial cell beta 8 integrin expression and function in the absence of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:47826-33. [PMID: 12324452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204901200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fate following Fas (CD95) ligand or agonistic anti-Fas antibody stimulation is determined by multiple factors, including Fas expression level, microdomain localization, and modulating cytokines. Highly expressed Fas clusters and activates a canonical apoptosis signaling pathway. In less susceptible cells, Fas transduces apoptosis-independent signals, which are not well defined, but have been linked to inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. To identify apoptosis-independent Fas pathways, cultured renal tubular epithelial cells were stimulated with agonistic anti-Fas antibodies under conditions that did not cause cell death. Analysis of filter cDNA microarrays revealed beta(8) integrin subunit mRNA induction in Fas-stimulated cells. beta(8) integrin mRNA expression increased within 3-6 h of Fas ligation due to enhanced mRNA stabilization, and mRNA increases were sustained for 48-72 h. Expression of plasma membrane beta(8) integrin, as well as its heterodimer partner alpha(v), was increased by Fas activation with a similar kinetic pattern. Fas-induced alpha(v)beta(8) expression correlated with increased migration to vitronectin, the ligand for alpha(v)beta(8). Results from studies with function-blocking antibodies against other alpha(v)beta integrins or suppression of beta(8) integrin expression by RNA interference demonstrated that induced beta(8) integrin expression mediated Fas-stimulated migration. We conclude that alpha(v)beta(8) integrin induction defines an unexpected role for Fas in cell migration, rather than as a cell death receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jarad
- Department of Medicine, Rammelkamp Center for Education and Research, MetroHealth Medical Center Campus, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44109-1998, USA
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Fujita T, Maruyama M, Araya J, Sassa K, Kawagishi Y, Hayashi R, Matsui S, Kashii T, Yamashita N, Sugiyama E, Kobayashi M. Hydrogen peroxide induces upregulation of Fas in human airway epithelial cells via the activation of PARP-p53 pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:542-52. [PMID: 12397013 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas mediates apoptosis following binding with Fas ligand. Fas is expressed in human airway epithelial cells and has a critical role in the pathophysiology of various pulmonary disorders. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is an important mediator of airway epithelial injury. In this context, we hypothesized that H(2)O(2) would increase the expression of cell surface Fas in human airway epithelial cells. To test this hypothesis, the modulation of Fas expression with H(2)O(2) was assessed in normal human bronchial epithelial cells and A549 cells. The majority of Fas was cytoplasmic in both cell types without any stimulation. Hydrogen peroxide significantly increased Fas in the plasma membrane fraction, while decreasing Fas in the cytoplasmic fraction. Incubation with an agonistic antibody for Fas induced apoptosis in H(2)O(2)-treated cells in proportion to the level of surface Fas expression on those cells. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase abrogated the H(2)O(2)-induced Fas translocation to the plasma membrane and p53 activation. Expression of dominant-negative p53 also inhibited the Fas translocation induced by H(2)O(2) in A549 cells. These results indicate that H(2)O(2) induces Fas upregulation by promoting cytoplasmic transport of Fas to the cell surface in human airway epithelial cells, and that the activation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-p53 pathway may be involved in this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Fujita
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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