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Stolley JM, Scott MC, O'Flanagan SD, Künzli M, Matson CA, Weyu E, Langlois RA, Vezys V, Masopust D. Cutting Edge: First Lung Infection Permanently Enlarges Lymph Nodes and Enhances New T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1621-1625. [PMID: 38619284 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Humans experience frequent respiratory infections. Immunology and vaccinology studies in mice are typically performed in naive specific pathogen-free animals responding to their very first respiratory challenge. We found that the first respiratory infection induces lifelong enlargement of the lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes (medLNs). Furthermore, infection-experienced medLNs supported better naive T cell surveillance and effector responses to new unrelated infections that exhibited more biased accumulation and memory establishment within the lung. Moreover, we observed that weight loss induced by influenza infection was substantially reduced in mice that had recovered from a previous unrelated respiratory viral challenge. These data show that the lack of infectious history and corresponding medLN hypoplasia in specific pathogen-free mice alter their immune response to lung infections. Preclinical vaccination and immunology studies should consider the previous infectious experience of the model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Stolley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Milcah C Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen D O'Flanagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Marco Künzli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Courtney A Matson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Eyob Weyu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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2
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Chang MH, Fuhlbrigge RC, Nigrovic PA. Joint-specific memory, resident memory T cells and the rolling window of opportunity in arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:258-271. [PMID: 38600215 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis, the immune system targets certain joints but not others. The pattern of joints affected varies by disease and by individual, with flares most commonly involving joints that were previously inflamed. This phenomenon, termed joint-specific memory, is difficult to explain by systemic immunity alone. Mechanisms of joint-specific memory include the involvement of synovial resident memory T cells that remain in the joint during remission and initiate localized disease recurrence. In addition, arthritis-induced durable changes in synovial fibroblasts and macrophages can amplify inflammation in a site-specific manner. Together with ongoing systemic processes that promote extension of arthritis to new joints, these local factors set the stage for a stepwise progression in disease severity, a paradigm for arthritis chronicity that we term the joint accumulation model. Although durable drug-free remission through early treatment remains elusive for most forms of arthritis, the joint accumulation paradigm defines new therapeutic targets, emphasizes the importance of sustained treatment to prevent disease extension to new joints, and identifies a rolling window of opportunity for altering the natural history of arthritis that extends well beyond the initiation phase of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Chang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert C Fuhlbrigge
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Cruz de Casas P, Knöpper K, Dey Sarkar R, Kastenmüller W. Same yet different - how lymph node heterogeneity affects immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:358-374. [PMID: 38097778 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs in which immune responses of the adaptive immune system are initiated and regulated. Distributed throughout the body and embedded in the lymphatic system, local lymph nodes are continuously informed about the state of the organs owing to a constant drainage of lymph. The tissue-derived lymph carries products of cell metabolism, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, pathogens and circulating immune cells. Notably, there is a growing body of evidence that individual lymph nodes differ from each other in their capacity to generate immune responses. Here, we review the structure and function of the lymphatic system and then focus on the factors that lead to functional heterogeneity among different lymph nodes. We will discuss how lymph node heterogeneity impacts on cellular and humoral immune responses and the implications for vaccination, tumour development and tumour control by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cruz de Casas
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rupak Dey Sarkar
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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4
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Karakousi T, Mudianto T, Lund AW. Lymphatic vessels in the age of cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41568-024-00681-y. [PMID: 38605228 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Lymphatic transport maintains homeostatic health and is necessary for immune surveillance, and yet lymphatic growth is often associated with solid tumour development and dissemination. Although tumour-associated lymphatic remodelling and growth were initially presumed to simply expand a passive route for regional metastasis, emerging research puts lymphatic vessels and their active transport at the interface of metastasis, tumour-associated inflammation and systemic immune surveillance. Here, we discuss active mechanisms through which lymphatic vessels shape their transport function to influence peripheral tissue immunity and the current understanding of how tumour-associated lymphatic vessels may both augment and disrupt antitumour immune surveillance. We end by looking forward to emerging areas of interest in the field of cancer immunotherapy in which lymphatic vessels and their transport function are likely key players: the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures, immune surveillance in the central nervous system, the microbiome, obesity and ageing. The lessons learnt support a working framework that defines the lymphatic system as a key determinant of both local and systemic inflammatory networks and thereby a crucial player in the response to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllia Karakousi
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tenny Mudianto
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Agbayani G, Akache B, Renner TM, Tran A, Stuible M, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Duque D, Bavananthasivam J, Deschatelets L, Hemraz UD, Régnier S, Durocher Y, McCluskie MJ. Intranasal administration of unadjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen boosts antigen-specific immune responses induced by parenteral protein subunit vaccine prime in mice and hamsters. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350620. [PMID: 38561974 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With the continued transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across widely vaccinated populations, it remains important to develop new vaccines and vaccination strategies capable of providing protective immunity and limiting the spread of disease. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination based on the selection of different vaccine formulations and administration routes for priming and booster doses presents a promising strategy for inducing broader immune responses in key systemic and respiratory mucosal compartments. Intranasal vaccination can induce mucosal immune responses at the site of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, the lack of clinically approved mucosal adjuvants makes it difficult to induce robust immune responses with protein subunit vaccines. Herein, we evaluated the immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost regimens in mice and hamsters based on a parenteral vaccination of the antigen in combination with sulfated lactosylarchaeol (SLA) archaeosomes, a liposome adjuvant comprised of a single semisynthetic archaeal lipid, followed by an intranasally administered unadjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. Intranasal administration of unadjuvanted spike to mice and hamsters increased serum spike-specific IgG titers and spike-neutralizing activity compared with nonboosted animals. Spike-specific IgA responses were also detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the lungs of mice that received an intranasal boost. In hamsters, the intranasal boost showed high efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection by protecting from body weight loss and reducing viral titers in the lungs and nasal turbinate. Overall, our heterologous intramuscular prime-intranasal boost with SLA-adjuvanted and unadjuvanted spike, respectively, demonstrated the potential of protein subunit formulations to promote antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anh Tran
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blair A Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Duque
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jegarubee Bavananthasivam
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Usha D Hemraz
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Régnier
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Lee S, Yeung KK, Watts TH. Tissue-resident memory T cells in protective immunity to influenza virus. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 65:101397. [PMID: 38458064 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Influenza virus is an important human pathogen with significant pandemic potential. Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) in the lung provide critical protection against influenza, but unlike Trm at other mucosal sites, Trm in the respiratory tract (RT) are subject to rapid attrition in mice, mirroring the decline in protective immunity to influenza virus over time. Conversely, dysfunctional Trm can drive fibrosis in aged mice. The requirement for local antigen to induce and maintain RT Trm must be considered in vaccine strategies designed to induce this protective immune subset. Here, we discuss recent studies that inform our understanding of influenza-specific respiratory Trm, and the factors that influence their development and persistence. We also discuss how these biological insights are being used to develop vaccines that induce Trm in the RT, despite the limitations to monitoring Trm in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoo Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Karen Km Yeung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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7
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Marchesini Tovar G, Gallen C, Bergsbaken T. CD8+ Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells: Versatile Guardians of the Tissue. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:361-368. [PMID: 38227907 PMCID: PMC10794029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are a subset of T cells maintained throughout life within nonlymphoid tissues without significant contribution from circulating memory T cells. CD8+ Trm cells contribute to both tissue surveillance and direct elimination of pathogens through a variety of mechanisms. Reactivation of these Trm cells during infection drives systematic changes within the tissue, including altering the state of the epithelium, activating local immune cells, and contributing to the permissiveness of the tissue for circulating immune cell entry. Trm cells can be further classified by their functional outputs, which can be either subset- or tissue-specific, and include proliferation, tissue egress, and modulation of tissue physiology. These functional outputs of Trm cells are linked to the heterogeneity and plasticity of this population, and uncovering the unique responses of different Trm cell subsets and their role in immunity will allow us to modulate Trm cell responses for optimal control of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Marchesini Tovar
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Corey Gallen
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Tessa Bergsbaken
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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8
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Yang G, Cai S, Hu M, Li C, Yang L, Zhang W, Sun J, Sun F, Xing L, Sun X. Spatial features of specific CD103 +CD8 + tissue-resident memory T cell subsets define the prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:27. [PMID: 38183111 PMCID: PMC10770937 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells can reside in the tumor microenvironment and are considered the primary response cells to immunotherapy. Heterogeneity in functional status and spatial distribution may contribute to the controversial role of TRM cells but we know little about it. METHODS Through multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) (CD8, CD103, PD-1, Tim-3, GZMB, CK), the quantity and spatial location of TRM cell subsets were recognized in the tissue from 274 patients with NSCLC after radical surgery. By integrating multiple machine learning methods, we constructed a TRM-based spatial immune signature (TRM-SIS) to predict the prognosis. Furthermore, we conducted a CD103-related gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and verified its finding by another mIF panel (CD8, CD103, CK, CD31, Hif-1α). RESULTS The density of TRM cells was significantly correlated with the expression of PD-1, Tim-3 and GZMB. Four types of TRM cell subsets was defined, including TRM1 (PD-1-Tim-3-TRM), TRM2 (PD-1+Tim-3-TRM), TRM3 (PD-1-Tim-3+TRM) and TRM4 (PD-1+Tim-3+TRM). The cytotoxicity of TRM2 was the strongest while that of TRM4 was the weakest. Compare with TRM1 and TRM2, TRM3 and TRM4 had better infiltration and stronger interaction with cancer cells. The TRM-SIS was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival [HR = 2.43, 95%CI (1.63-3.60), P < 0.001] and showed a better performance than the TNM staging system for recurrence prediction. Furthermore, by CD103-related GSEA and mIF validation, we found a negative association between tumor angiogenesis and infiltration of TRM cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a significant heterogeneity in the functional status and spatial distribution of TRM cells, and support it as a biomarker for the prognosis of NSCLC patients. Regulating TRM cells by targeting tumor angiogenesis may be a potential strategy to improve current immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Yang
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyu Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chaozhuo Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Liying Yang
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jujie Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fenghao Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ligang Xing
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaorong Sun
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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9
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Kaminski A, Hager FT, Kopplin L, Ticconi F, Leufgen A, Vendelova E, Rüttger L, Gasteiger G, Cerovic V, Kastenmüller W, Pabst O, Ugur M. Resident regulatory T cells reflect the immune history of individual lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadj5789. [PMID: 37874251 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues where they restrict immune activation, prevent autoimmunity, and regulate inflammation. Tregs in nonlymphoid tissues are typically resident, whereas those in lymph nodes (LNs) are considered to recirculate. However, Tregs in LNs are not a homogenous population, and circulation kinetics of different Treg subsets are poorly characterized. Furthermore, whether Tregs can acquire memory T cell properties and persist for extended periods after their activation in LNs is unclear. Here, we used in situ labeling with a stabilized photoconvertible protein to uncover turnover rates of Tregs in LNs in vivo. We found that, whereas most Tregs in LNs recirculate, 10 to 20% are memory-like resident cells that remain in their respective LNs for weeks to months. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that LN-resident cells are a functionally and ontogenetically heterogeneous population and share the same core residency gene signature with conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Resident cells in LNs did not actively proliferate and did not require continuous T cell receptor (TCR) signaling for their residency. However, resident and circulating Tregs had distinct TCR repertoires, and each LN contained exclusive clonal subpopulations of resident Tregs. Our results demonstrate that, similar to conventional T cells, Tregs can form resident memory-like populations in LNs after adaptive immune responses. Specific and local suppression of immune responses by resident Tregs in draining LNs might provide previously unidentified therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of local chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kaminski
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Fabian Tobias Hager
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Lydia Kopplin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Fabio Ticconi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Institute for Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Andrea Leufgen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Emilia Vendelova
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Lennart Rüttger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Milas Ugur
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
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10
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Osman M, Park SL, Mackay LK. Tissue-resident memory T (T RM ) cells: Front-line workers of the immune system. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250060. [PMID: 36597841 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM ) cells play a vital role in local immune protection against infection and cancer. The location of TRM cells within peripheral tissues at sites of pathogen invasion allows for the rapid detection and elimination of microbes, making their generation an attractive goal for the development of next-generation vaccines. Here, we discuss differential requirements for CD8+ TRM cell development across tissues with implications for establishing local prophylactic immunity, emphasizing the role of tissue-derived factors, local antigen, and adjuvants on TRM cell generation in the context of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleika Osman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Diniz MO, Maini MK, Swadling L. T cell control of SARS-CoV-2: When, which, and where? Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101828. [PMID: 37651850 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient immune protection against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 requires the coordinated activity of innate immunity, B and T cells. Accumulating data point to a critical role for T cells not only in the clearance of established infection, but also for aborting viral replication independently of humoral immunity. Here we review the evidence supporting the contribution of antiviral T cells and consider which of their qualitative features favour efficient control of infection. We highlight how studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviridae in animals and humans have provided important lessons on the optimal timing (When), functionality and specificity (Which), and location (Where) of antiviral T cells. We discuss the clinical implications, particularly for the development of next-generation vaccines, and emphasise areas requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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12
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Smith NP, Yan Y, Pan Y, Williams JB, Manakongtreecheep K, Pant S, Zhao J, Tian T, Pan T, Stingley C, Wu K, Zhang J, Kley AL, Sorger PK, Villani AC, Kupper TS. Resident memory T cell development is associated with AP-1 transcription factor upregulation across anatomical niches. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560006. [PMID: 37873428 PMCID: PMC10592877 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (T RM ) cells play a central role in immune responses to pathogens across all barrier tissues after infection. However, the underlying mechanisms that drive T RM differentiation and priming for their recall effector function remains unclear. In this study, we leveraged both newly generated and publicly available single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) data generated across 10 developmental time points to define features of CD8 T RM across both skin and small-intestine intraepithelial lymphocytes (siIEL). We employed linear modeling to capture temporally-associated gene programs that increase their expression levels in T cell subsets transitioning from an effector to a memory T cell state. In addition to capturing tissue-specific gene programs, we defined a consensus T RM signature of 60 genes across skin and siIEL that can effectively distinguish T RM from circulating T cell populations, providing a more specific T RM signature than what was previously generated by comparing bulk T RM to naïve or non-tissue resident memory populations. This updated T RM signature included the AP-1 transcription factor family members Fos, Fosb and Fosl2 . Moreover, ATACseq analysis detected an enrichment of AP-1-specific motifs at open chromatin sites in mature T RM . CyCIF tissue imaging detected nuclear co-localization of AP-1 members Fosb and Junb in resting CD8 T RM >100 days post-infection. Taken together, these results reveal a critical role of AP-1 transcription factor members in T RM biology and suggests a novel mechanism for rapid reactivation of resting T RM in tissue upon antigen encounter.
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13
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Rotrosen E, Kupper TS. Assessing the generation of tissue resident memory T cells by vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:655-665. [PMID: 37002288 PMCID: PMC10064963 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have been a hugely successful public health intervention, virtually eliminating many once common diseases of childhood. However, they have had less success in controlling endemic pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpesviruses and HIV. A focus on vaccine-mediated generation of neutralizing antibodies, which has been a successful approach for some pathogens, has been complicated by the emergence of escape variants, which has been seen for pathogens such as influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, as well as for HIV-1. We discuss how vaccination strategies aimed at generating a broad and robust T cell response may offer superior protection against pathogens, particularly those that have been observed to mutate rapidly. In particular, we consider here how a focus on generating resident memory T cells may be uniquely effective for providing immunity to pathogens that typically infect (or become reactivated in) the skin, respiratory mucosa or other barrier tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rotrosen
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Longet S, Paul S. Pivotal role of tissue-resident memory lymphocytes in the control of mucosal infections: can mucosal vaccination induce protective tissue-resident memory T and B cells? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216402. [PMID: 37753095 PMCID: PMC10518612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Longet
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Groupe sur l'immunité des muqueuses et agents pathogènes (GIMAP), Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Inserm, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stephane Paul
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Groupe sur l'immunité des muqueuses et agents pathogènes (GIMAP), Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Inserm, Saint-Etienne, France
- Centre d'investigation clinique (CIC) 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Immunology Department, iBiothera Reference Center, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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15
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Heim TA, Schultz AC, Delclaux I, Cristaldi V, Churchill MJ, Lund AW. Lymphatic vessel transit seeds precursors to cytotoxic resident memory T cells in skin draining lymph nodes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555369. [PMID: 37693469 PMCID: PMC10491166 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (TRM) provide rapid, localized protection in peripheral tissues to pathogens and cancer. While TRM are also found in lymph nodes (LN), how they develop during primary infection and their functional significance remains largely unknown. Here, we track the anatomical distribution of anti-viral CD8+ T cells as they simultaneously seed skin and LN TRM using a model of skin infection with restricted antigen distribution. We find exquisite localization of LN TRM to the draining LN of infected skin. LN TRM formation depends on lymphatic transport and specifically egress of effector CD8+ T cells that appear poised for residence as early as 12 days post infection. Effector CD8+ T cell transit through skin is necessary and sufficient to populate LN TRM in draining LNs, a process reinforced by antigen encounter in skin. Importantly, we demonstrate that LN TRM are sufficient to provide protection against pathogenic rechallenge. These data support a model whereby a subset of tissue infiltrating CD8+ T cells egress during viral clearance, and establish regional protection in the draining lymphatic basin as a mechanism to prevent pathogen spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Heim
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Austin C. Schultz
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ines Delclaux
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Cristaldi
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madeline J. Churchill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Amanda W. Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Ramirez DE, Mohamed A, Huang YH, Turk MJ. In the right place at the right time: tissue-resident memory T cells in immunity to cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102338. [PMID: 37229984 PMCID: PMC10631801 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells have recently emerged as essential components of the immune response to cancer. Here, we highlight new studies that demonstrate how CD8+ Trm cells are ideally suited to accumulate in tumors and associated tissues, to recognize a wide range of tumor antigens (Ags), and to persist as durable memory. We discuss compelling evidence that Trm cells maintain potent recall function and serve as principal mediators of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapeutic efficacy in patients. Finally, we propose that Trm and circulating memory T-cell compartments together form a formidable barrier against metastatic cancer. These studies affirm Trm cells as potent, durable, and necessary mediators of cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaney E Ramirez
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Asmaa Mohamed
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Yina H Huang
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells recognize and eliminate infected or cancerous cells. A subset of CD8+ memory T cells called tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM ) resides in peripheral tissues, monitors the periphery for pathogen invasion, and offers a rapid and potent first line of defense at potential sites of re-infection. TRM cells are found in almost all tissues and are transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct from circulating memory populations, which shows their ability to acclimate to the tissue environment to allow for long-term survival. Recent work and the broader availability of single-cell profiling have highlighted TRM heterogeneity among different tissues, as well as identified specialized subsets within individual tissues, that are time and infection dependent. TRM cell phenotypic and transcriptional heterogeneity has implications for understanding TRM function and longevity. This review aims to summarize and discuss the latest findings on CD8+ TRM heterogeneity using single-cell molecular profiling and explore the potential implications for immune protection and the design of immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Heeg
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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18
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Fung HY, Espinal AM, Teryek M, Lemenze AD, Bergsbaken T. STAT4 increases the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:250-263. [PMID: 36925068 PMCID: PMC10327535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trms) are an important subset of lymphocytes that are lodged within non-lymphoid tissues and carry out diverse functions to control local pathogen replication. CD103 has been used to broadly define subsets of Trms within the intestine, with CD103+ and CD103- subsets having unique transcriptional profiles and effector functions. Here we identify signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) as an important regulator of CD103- Trm differentiation. STAT4-deficient cells trafficked to the intestine and localized to areas of infection but displayed impaired Trm differentiation with fewer CD103- Trms. Single-cell RNA-sequencing demonstrated that STAT4-deficiency led to a reduction in CD103- Trm subsets and expansion of a single population of CD103+ cells. Alterations in Trm populations were due, in part, to STAT4-mediated inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-driven expression of Trm signature genes. STAT4-dependent Trm populations expressed genes associated with cytokine production and cell migration, and STAT4-deficient Trm cells had altered localization within the tissue and reduced effector function after reactivation in vivo. Overall, our data indicate that STAT4 leads to increased differentiation of CD103- Trms, in part by modulating the expression of TGF-β-regulated genes, and results in increased Trm heterogeneity and function within the intestinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y Fung
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine & Immunology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA
| | - Angie M Espinal
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine & Immunology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA
| | - Matthew Teryek
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine & Immunology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA
| | - Alexander D Lemenze
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine & Immunology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA
| | - Tessa Bergsbaken
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine & Immunology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA.
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19
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Povoleri GAM, Durham LE, Gray EH, Lalnunhlimi S, Kannambath S, Pitcher MJ, Dhami P, Leeuw T, Ryan SE, Steel KJA, Kirkham BW, Taams LS. Psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis joints differ in the composition of CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cell subsets. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112514. [PMID: 37195862 PMCID: PMC10790246 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD69+CD103+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are important drivers of inflammation. To decipher their role in inflammatory arthritis, we apply single-cell, high-dimensional profiling to T cells from the joints of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We identify three groups of synovial CD8+CD69+CD103+ TRM cells: cytotoxic and regulatory T (Treg)-like TRM cells are present in both PsA and RA, while CD161+CCR6+ type 17-like TRM cells with a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile (IL-17A+TNFα+IFNγ+) are specifically enriched in PsA. In contrast, only one population of CD4+CD69+CD103+ TRM cells is detected and at similarly low frequencies in both diseases. Type 17-like CD8+ TRM cells have a distinct transcriptomic signature and a polyclonal, but distinct, TCR repertoire. Type 17-like cells are also enriched in CD8+CD103- T cells in PsA compared with RA. These findings illustrate differences in the immunopathology of PsA and RA, with a particular enrichment for type 17 CD8+ T cells in the PsA joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A M Povoleri
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Lucy E Durham
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elizabeth H Gray
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sylvine Lalnunhlimi
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shichina Kannambath
- BRC Genomics Core, NIHR Biomedical Research Center, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael J Pitcher
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Pawan Dhami
- BRC Genomics Core, NIHR Biomedical Research Center, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Thomas Leeuw
- Immunology & Inflammation Research TA, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah E Ryan
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kathryn J A Steel
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Bruce W Kirkham
- Rheumatology Department, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Leonie S Taams
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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20
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T-cell-B-cell collaboration in the lung. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 81:102284. [PMID: 36753826 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Collaboration between T and B cells in secondary lymphoid organs is a crucial component of adaptive immunity, but lymphocytes also persist in other tissues. Recent studies have examined T-cell-B-cell interactions in nonlymphoid tissues such as the lung. CD4+ T- resident helper cells (TRH) remain in the lung after influenza infection and support both resident CD8 T cells and B cells. Multiple lung-resident B-cell subsets (B-resident memory (BRM)) that exhibit spatial and phenotypic diversity have also been described. Though not generated by all types of infection, inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue offers a logical place for T and B cells to interact. Perturbations to BRM and TRH cells elicit effects specific to Immunoglobulin A (IgA) production, an antibody isotype with privileged access to mucosa. Understanding the interplay of lymphocytes in mucosal tissues, which can be insulated from systemic immune responses, may improve the design of future vaccines and therapies.
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21
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Heim TA, Lin Z, Steele MM, Mudianto T, Lund AW. CXCR6 promotes dermal CD8 + T cell survival and transition to long-term tissue residence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528487. [PMID: 36824892 PMCID: PMC9949075 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) provide important protection against infection, and yet the interstitial signals necessary for their formation and persistence remain incompletely understood. Here we show that antigen-dependent induction of the chemokine receptor, CXCR6, is a conserved requirement for TRM formation in peripheral tissue after viral infection. CXCR6 was dispensable for the early accumulation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in skin and did not restrain their exit. Single cell sequencing indicated that CXCR6-/- CD8+ T cells were also competent to acquire a transcriptional program of residence but exhibited deficiency in multiple pathways that converged on survival and metabolic signals necessary for memory. As such, CXCR6-/- CD8+ T cells exhibited increased rates of apoptosis relative to controls in the dermis, leading to inefficient TRM formation. CXCR6 expression may therefore represent a common mechanism across peripheral non-lymphoid tissues and inflammatory states that increases the probability of long-term residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Heim
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ziyan Lin
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria M. Steele
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tenny Mudianto
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda W. Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Humphries DC, O’Connor RA, Stewart HL, Quinn TM, Gaughan EE, Mills B, Williams GO, Stone JM, Finlayson K, Chabaud-Riou M, Boudet F, Dhaliwal K, Pavot V. Specific in situ immuno-imaging of pulmonary-resident memory lymphocytes in human lungs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100161. [PMID: 36845117 PMCID: PMC9951616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pulmonary-resident memory T cells (TRM) and B cells (BRM) orchestrate protective immunity to reinfection with respiratory pathogens. Developing methods for the in situ detection of these populations would benefit both research and clinical settings. Methods To address this need, we developed a novel in situ immunolabelling approach combined with clinic-ready fibre-based optical endomicroscopy (OEM) to detect canonical markers of lymphocyte tissue residency in situ in human lungs undergoing ex vivo lung ventilation (EVLV). Results Initially, cells from human lung digests (confirmed to contain TRM/BRM populations using flow cytometry) were stained with CD69 and CD103/CD20 fluorescent antibodies and imaged in vitro using KronoScan, demonstrating it's ability to detect antibody labelled cells. We next instilled these pre-labelled cells into human lungs undergoing EVLV and confirmed they could still be visualised using both fluorescence intensity and lifetime imaging against background lung architecture. Finally, we instilled fluorescent CD69 and CD103/CD20 antibodies directly into the lung and were able to detect TRM/BRM following in situ labelling within seconds of direct intra-alveolar delivery of microdoses of fluorescently labelled antibodies. Discussion In situ, no wash, immunolabelling with intra-alveolar OEM imaging is a novel methodology with the potential to expand the experimental utility of EVLV and pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan C. Humphries
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Research & Development, Sanofi, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Richard A. O’Connor
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L. Stewart
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M. Quinn
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Erin E. Gaughan
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Mills
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth O.S. Williams
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Stone
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Photonic and Physics, Bath University, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Finlayson
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Kevin Dhaliwal, ; Vincent Pavot,
| | - Vincent Pavot
- Research & Development, Sanofi, Marcy L’Etoile, France,*Correspondence: Kevin Dhaliwal, ; Vincent Pavot,
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23
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Tang J, Sun J. Lung tissue-resident memory T cells: the gatekeeper to respiratory viral (re)-infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 80:102278. [PMID: 36565508 PMCID: PMC9911367 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of lung tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells and the elucidation of their function in antiviral immunity have inspired considerable efforts to leverage the power of TRM cells, in defense to the infections and reinfections by respiratory viruses. Here, we have reviewed lung TRM cell identification, molecular regulation, and function after influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Furthermore, we have discussed emerging data on TRM responses induced by systemic and mucosal vaccination strategies. We hope that our current outstanding of TRM cells in this review could provide insights toward the development of vaccines capable of inducing highly efficacious mucosal TRM responses for protection against respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Tang
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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24
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Heidarian M, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Sepsis-induced changes in differentiation, maintenance, and function of memory CD8 T cell subsets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130009. [PMID: 36756117 PMCID: PMC9899844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of long-lasting memory lymphocytes is one of the foundational characteristics of adaptive immunity and the basis of many vaccination strategies. Following the rapid expansion and contraction of effector CD8 T cells, the surviving antigen (Ag)-specific cells give rise to the memory CD8 T cells that persist for a long time and are phenotypically and functionally distinct from their naïve counterparts. Significant heterogeneity exists within the memory CD8 T cell pool, as different subsets display distinct tissue localization preferences, cytotoxic ability, and proliferative capacity, but all memory CD8 T cells are equipped to mount an enhanced immune response upon Ag re-encounter. Memory CD8 T cells demonstrate numerical stability under homeostatic conditions, but sepsis causes a significant decline in the number of memory CD8 T cells and diminishes their Ag-dependent and -independent functions. Sepsis also rewires the transcriptional profile of memory CD8 T cells, which profoundly impacts memory CD8 T cell differentiation and, ultimately, the protective capacity of memory CD8 T cells upon subsequent stimulation. This review delves into different aspects of memory CD8 T cell subsets as well as the immediate and long-term impact of sepsis on memory CD8 T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Vladimir P. Badovinac,
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25
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Lin YH, Duong HG, Limary AE, Kim ES, Hsu P, Patel SA, Wong WH, Indralingam CS, Liu YC, Yao P, Chiang NR, Vandenburgh SA, Anderson TR, Olvera JG, Ferry A, Takehara KK, Jin W, Tsai MS, Yeo GW, Goldrath AW, Chang JT. Small intestine and colon tissue-resident memory CD8 + T cells exhibit molecular heterogeneity and differential dependence on Eomes. Immunity 2023; 56:207-223.e8. [PMID: 36580919 PMCID: PMC9904390 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (TRM) cells are a subset of memory T cells that play a critical role in limiting early pathogen spread and controlling infection. TRM cells exhibit differences across tissues, but their potential heterogeneity among distinct anatomic compartments within the small intestine and colon has not been well recognized. Here, by analyzing TRM cells from the lamina propria and epithelial compartments of the small intestine and colon, we showed that intestinal TRM cells exhibited distinctive patterns of cytokine and granzyme expression along with substantial transcriptional, epigenetic, and functional heterogeneity. The T-box transcription factor Eomes, which represses TRM cell formation in some tissues, exhibited unexpected context-specific regulatory roles in supporting the maintenance of established TRM cells in the small intestine, but not in the colon. Taken together, these data provide previously unappreciated insights into the heterogeneity and differential requirements for the formation vs. maintenance of intestinal TRM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hsuan Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Han G Duong
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Abigail E Limary
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eleanor S Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paul Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shefali A Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William H Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Yi Chia Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Priscilla Yao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Natalie R Chiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara A Vandenburgh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Taylor R Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Olvera
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amir Ferry
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kennidy K Takehara
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wenhao Jin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew S Tsai
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, Jennifer Moreno Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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26
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Unique properties of tissue-resident memory T cells in the lungs: implications for COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 23:329-335. [PMID: 36494455 PMCID: PMC9735123 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells were originally identified as a tissue-sequestered population of memory T cells that show lifelong persistence in non-lymphoid organs. That definition has slowly evolved with the documentation of TRM cells having variable terms of tissue residency combined with a capacity to return to the wider circulation. Nonetheless, reductionist experiments have identified an archetypical population of TRM cells showing intrinsic permanent residency in a wide range of non-lymphoid organs, with one notable exception: the lungs. Despite the fact that memory T cells generated during a respiratory infection are maintained in the circulation, local TRM cell numbers in the lung decline concomitantly with a decay in T cell-mediated protection. This Perspective describes the mechanisms that underpin long-term T cell lodgement in non-lymphoid tissues and explains why residency is transient for select TRM cell subsets. In doing so, it highlights the unusual nature of memory T cell egress from the lungs and speculates on the broader disease implications of this process, especially during infection with SARS-CoV-2.
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27
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Künzli M, O’Flanagan SD, LaRue M, Talukder P, Dileepan T, Stolley JM, Soerens AG, Quarnstrom CF, Wijeyesinghe S, Ye Y, McPartlan JS, Mitchell JS, Mandl CW, Vile R, Jenkins MK, Ahmed R, Vezys V, Chahal JS, Masopust D. Route of self-amplifying mRNA vaccination modulates the establishment of pulmonary resident memory CD8 and CD4 T cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eadd3075. [PMID: 36459542 PMCID: PMC9832918 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory tract resident memory T cells (TRM), typically generated by local vaccination or infection, can accelerate control of pulmonary infections that evade neutralizing antibody. It is unknown whether mRNA vaccination establishes respiratory TRM. We generated a self-amplifying mRNA vaccine encoding the influenza A virus nucleoprotein that is encapsulated in modified dendron-based nanoparticles. Here, we report how routes of immunization in mice, including contralateral versus ipsilateral intramuscular boosts, or intravenous and intranasal routes, influenced influenza-specific cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Parabiotic surgeries revealed that intramuscular immunization was sufficient to establish CD8 TRM in the lung and draining lymph nodes. Contralateral, compared with ipsilateral, intramuscular boosting broadened the distribution of lymph node TRM and T follicular helper cells but slightly diminished resulting levels of serum antibody. Intranasal mRNA delivery established modest circulating CD8 and CD4 T cell memory but augmented distribution to the respiratory mucosa. Combining intramuscular immunizations with an intranasal mRNA boost achieved high levels of both circulating T cell memory and lung TRM. Thus, routes of mRNA vaccination influence humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and intramuscular prime-boosting establishes lung TRM that can be further expanded by an additional intranasal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Künzli
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen D. O’Flanagan
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Madeleine LaRue
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - J. Michael Stolley
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew G. Soerens
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Clare F. Quarnstrom
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yanqi Ye
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jason S. Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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28
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Ma C, Zhang N. Lymphoid tissue residency: A key to understand Tcf-1 +PD-1 + T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1074698. [PMID: 36569850 PMCID: PMC9767944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1074698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic antigen exposure, a subset of exhausted CD8+ T cells differentiate into stem cell-like or progenitor-like T cells expressing both transcription factor Tcf-1 (T cell factor-1) and co-inhibitory receptor PD-1. These Tcf-1+ stem-like or progenitor exhausted T cells represent the key target for immunotherapies. Deeper understanding of the biology of Tcf-1+PD-1+ CD8+ T cells will lead to rational design of future immunotherapies. Here, we summarize recent findings about the migratory and resident behavior of Tcf-1+ T cells. Specifically, we will focus on TGF-β-dependent lymphoid tissue residency program of Tcf-1+ T cells, which may represent a key to understanding the differentiation and maintenance of Tcf-1+ stem-like CD8+ T cells during persistent antigen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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29
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Mix MR, Harty JT. Keeping T cell memories in mind. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:1018-1031. [PMID: 36369103 PMCID: PMC9691610 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a vibrant community of resident adaptive immune cells at homeostasis. Among these are memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, which reside in the CNS in the settings of health, aging, and neurological disease. These T cells commonly exhibit a tissue-resident memory (TRM) phenotype, suggesting that they are antigen-experienced and remain separate from the circulation. Despite these characterizations, T cell surveillance of the CNS has only recently been studied through the lens of TRM immunology. In this Review, we outline emerging concepts of CNS TRM generation, localization, maintenance, function, and specificity. In this way, we hope to highlight roles of CNS TRM in health and disease to inform future studies of adaptive neuroimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R Mix
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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30
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von Hoesslin M, Kuhlmann M, de Almeida GP, Kanev K, Wurmser C, Gerullis AK, Roelli P, Berner J, Zehn D. Secondary infections rejuvenate the intestinal CD103
+
tissue-resident memory T cell pool. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabp9553. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abp9553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Resident T lymphocytes (T
RM
) protect tissues during pathogen reexposure. Although T
RM
phenotype and restricted migratory pattern are established, we have a limited understanding of their response kinetics, stability, and turnover during reinfections. Such characterizations have been restricted by the absence of in vivo fate-mapping systems. We generated two mouse models, one to stably mark CD103
+
T cells (a marker of T
RM
cells) and the other to specifically deplete CD103
−
T cells. Using these models, we observed that intestinal CD103
+
T cells became activated during viral or bacterial reinfection, remained organ-confined, and retained their original phenotype but failed to reexpand. Instead, the population was largely rejuvenated by CD103
+
T cells formed de novo during reinfections. This pattern remained unchanged upon deletion of antigen-specific circulating T cells, indicating that the lack of expansion was not due to competition with circulating subsets. Thus, although intestinal CD103
+
resident T cells survived long term without antigen, they lacked the ability of classical memory T cells to reexpand. This indicated that CD103
+
T cell populations could not autonomously maintain themselves. Instead, their numbers were sustained during reinfection via de novo formation from CD103
−
precursors. Moreover, in contrast to CD103
-
cells, which require antigen plus inflammation for their activation, CD103
+
T
RM
became fully activated follwing exposure to inflammation alone. Together, our data indicate that primary CD103
+
resident memory T cells lack secondary expansion potential and require CD103
−
precursors for their long-term maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlaina von Hoesslin
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Miriam Kuhlmann
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Gustavo Pereira de Almeida
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kristiyan Kanev
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christine Wurmser
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Gerullis
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Jacqueline Berner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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31
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Fung HY, Teryek M, Lemenze AD, Bergsbaken T. CD103 fate mapping reveals that intestinal CD103 - tissue-resident memory T cells are the primary responders to secondary infection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl9925. [PMID: 36332012 PMCID: PMC9901738 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells remain poised in the tissue and mediate robust protection from secondary infection. TRM cells within the intestine and other tissues are heterogeneous in their phenotype and function; however, the contributions of these TRM subsets to secondary infection remain poorly defined. To address the plasticity of intestinal TRM subsets and their role in local and systemic immunity, we generated mice to fate map intestinal CD103+ TRM cells and track their location and function during secondary infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We found that CD103+ TRM cells remained lodged in the tissue and were poorly reactivated during secondary challenge. CD103- TRM cells were the primary responders to secondary infection and expanded within the tissue, with limited contribution from circulating memory T cells. The transcriptional profile of CD103- TRM cells demonstrated maintenance of a gene signature similar to circulating T cells along with increased cytokine production and migratory potential. CD103- TRM cells also expressed genes associated with T cell receptor (TCR) activation and displayed enhanced TCR-mediated reactivation both in vitro and in vivo compared with their CD103+ counterparts. These studies reveal the limited recall potential of CD103+ TRM subsets and the role of CD103- TRM cells as central memory-like T cells within peripheral tissues.
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32
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Pallett LJ, Maini MK. Liver-resident memory T cells: life in lockdown. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:813-825. [PMID: 35482059 PMCID: PMC9708784 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00932-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A subset of memory T cells has been identified in the liver with a tissue-resident profile and the capacity for long-term 'lockdown'. Here we review how they are retained in, and adapted to, the hepatic microenvironment, including its unique anatomical features and metabolic challenges. We describe potential interactions with other local cell types and the need for a better understanding of this complex bidirectional crosstalk. Pathogen or tumour antigen-specific tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) can provide rapid frontline immune surveillance; we review the evidence for this in hepatotropic infections of major worldwide importance like hepatitis B and malaria and in liver cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma. Conversely, TRM can be triggered by pro-inflammatory and metabolic signals to mediate bystander tissue damage, with an emerging role in a number of liver pathologies. We discuss the need for liver sampling to gain a window into these compartmentalised T cells, allowing more accurate disease monitoring and future locally targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pallett
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, UCL, Pears Building, Rowland Hill St, London, NW3 2PP, UK.
| | - Mala K Maini
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, UCL, Pears Building, Rowland Hill St, London, NW3 2PP, UK.
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33
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Crooks SD, Varga SM, Harty JT. Influenza-Induced CD103 + T Resident Memory Cells Exhibit Enhanced Functional Avidity over CD103 - Memory T Cells in the Mediastinal Lymph Node. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:705-715. [PMID: 36220187 PMCID: PMC9605862 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus–specific tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (Trms) targeting conserved viral proteins provide strain-transcending heterosubtypic immunity to infection. Trms in the lung combat reinfection through rapid cytolytic function and production of inflammatory cytokines to recruit other immune cells. Influenza-specific Trms are also generated in the lung draining mediastinal lymph node (mLN) and can provide immunity to heterologous virus infection in this tissue, although their role in combating influenza infection is less well defined. Functional avidity, a measure of T cell sensitivity to Ag stimulation, correlates with control of viral infection and may be important for immune detection of recently infected cells, when low numbers of surface peptide–MHC complexes are displayed. However, the functional avidity of influenza-specific Trms has not been previously compared with that of other memory CD8 T cell subsets. In this article, a methodology is presented to compare the functional avidity of CD8 T cell subsets across murine tissues, with a focus on influenza-specific mLNs compared with splenic CD8 T cells, by stimulating both populations in the same well to account for CD8 T cell–extrinsic variables. The functional avidity of influenza-specific mLN effector CD8 T cells is slightly increased relative to splenic effector CD8 T cells. However, CD103+ mLN Trms display increased functional avidity compared with splenic memory CD8 T cells and CD103− memory CD8 T cells within the mLN. In contrast, lung-derived CD103+ Trms did not exhibit enhanced functional avidity. mLN CD103+ Trms also exhibit increased TCR expression, providing a potential mechanism for their enhanced functional avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sequoia D. Crooks
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - John T. Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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34
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Miteva D, Peshevska-Sekulovska M, Snegarova V, Batselova H, Alexandrova R, Velikova T. Mucosal COVID-19 vaccines: Risks, benefits and control of the pandemic. World J Virol 2022; 11:221-236. [PMID: 36188733 PMCID: PMC9523321 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i5.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on mucosal immunization to promote both mucosal and systemic immune responses, next-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines would be administered intranasally or orally. The goal of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is to provide adequate immune protection and avoid severe disease and death. Mucosal vaccine candidates for COVID-19 including vector vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines and live attenuated vaccines are under development. Furthermore, subunit protein vac-cines and virus-vectored vaccines have made substantial progress in preclinical and clinical settings, resulting in SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccines based on the previously successfully used nasal vaccines. Additional to their ability to trigger stable, protective immune responses at the sites of pathogenic infection, the development of ‘specific’ mucosal vaccines targeting coronavirus antigens could be an excellent option for preventing future pandemics. However, their efficacy and safety should be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrina Miteva
- Department of Genetics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski,” Faculty of Biology, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Monika Peshevska-Sekulovska
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Snegarova
- Clinic of Internal Diseases, Naval Hospital - Varna, Military Medical Academy, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Varna 9000, Bulgaria
| | - Hristiana Batselova
- Department of Epidemiology and Disaster Medicine, Medical University, Plovdiv, University Hospital “St George”, Plovdiv 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Radostina Alexandrova
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Tsvetelina Velikova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
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35
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Nian X, Zhang J, Huang S, Duan K, Li X, Yang X. Development of Nasal Vaccines and the Associated Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1983. [PMID: 36297419 PMCID: PMC9609876 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and several other pathogenic microorganisms usually infect the host via the surface cells of respiratory mucosa. Nasal vaccination could provide a strong mucosal and systemic immunity to combat these infections. The intranasal route of vaccination offers the advantage of easy accessibility over the injection administration. Therefore, nasal immunization is considered a promising strategy for disease prevention, particularly in the case of infectious diseases of the respiratory system. The development of a nasal vaccine, particularly the strategies of adjuvant and antigens design and optimization, enabling rapid induction of protective mucosal and systemic responses against the disease. In recent times, the development of efficacious nasal vaccines with an adequate safety profile has progressed rapidly, with effective handling and overcoming of the challenges encountered during the process. In this context, the present report summarizes the most recent findings regarding the strategies used for developing nasal vaccines as an efficient alternative to conventional vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Nian
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jiayou Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shihe Huang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Kai Duan
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xinguo Li
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- China National Biotech Group Company Limited, Beijing 100029, China
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36
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Yenyuwadee S, Sanchez-Trincado Lopez JL, Shah R, Rosato PC, Boussiotis VA. The evolving role of tissue-resident memory T cells in infections and cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5871. [PMID: 35977028 PMCID: PMC9385156 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (TRM) form a distinct type of T memory cells that stably resides in tissues. TRM form an integral part of the immune sensing network and have the ability to control local immune homeostasis and participate in immune responses mediated by pathogens, cancer, and possibly autoantigens during autoimmunity. TRM express residence gene signatures, functional properties of both memory and effector cells, and remarkable plasticity. TRM have a well-established role in pathogen immunity, whereas their role in antitumor immune responses and immunotherapy is currently evolving. As TRM form the most abundant T memory cell population in nonlymphoid tissues, they are attractive targets for therapeutic exploitation. Here, we provide a concise review of the development and physiological role of CD8+ TRM, their involvement in diseases, and their potential therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasitorn Yenyuwadee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Trincado Lopez
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rushil Shah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 , USA
| | - Pamela C. Rosato
- The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Vassiliki A. Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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37
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Zhang M, Li N, He Y, Shi T, Jie Z. Pulmonary resident memory T cells in respiratory virus infection and their inspiration on therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:943331. [PMID: 36032142 PMCID: PMC9412965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.943331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system generates memory cells on infection with a virus for the first time. These memory cells play an essential role in protection against reinfection. Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells can be generated in situ once attacked by pathogens. TRM cells dominate the defense mechanism during early stages of reinfection and have gradually become one of the most popular focuses in recent years. Here, we mainly reviewed the development and regulation of various TRM cell signaling pathways in the respiratory tract. Moreover, we explored the protective roles of TRM cells in immune response against various respiratory viruses, such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and influenza. The complex roles of TRM cells against SARS-CoV-2 infection are also discussed. Current evidence supports the therapeutic strategies targeting TRM cells, providing more possibilities for treatment. Rational utilization of TRM cells for therapeutics is vital for defense against respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchao He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyun Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Jie,
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38
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Fonseca R, Burn TN, Gandolfo LC, Devi S, Park SL, Obers A, Evrard M, Christo SN, Buquicchio FA, Lareau CA, McDonald KM, Sandford SK, Zamudio NM, Zanluqui NG, Zaid A, Speed TP, Satpathy AT, Mueller SN, Carbone FR, Mackay LK. Runx3 drives a CD8 + T cell tissue residency program that is absent in CD4 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1236-1245. [PMID: 35882933 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) provide rapid and superior control of localized infections. While the transcription factor Runx3 is a critical regulator of CD8+ T cell tissue residency, its expression is repressed in CD4+ T cells. Here, we show that, as a direct consequence of this Runx3-deficiency, CD4+ TRM cells lacked the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-responsive transcriptional network that underpins the tissue residency of epithelial CD8+ TRM cells. While CD4+ TRM cell formation required Runx1, this, along with the modest expression of Runx3 in CD4+ TRM cells, was insufficient to engage the TGF-β-driven residency program. Ectopic expression of Runx3 in CD4+ T cells incited this TGF-β-transcriptional network to promote prolonged survival, decreased tissue egress, a microanatomical redistribution towards epithelial layers and enhanced effector functionality. Thus, our results reveal distinct programming of tissue residency in CD8+ and CD4+ TRM cell subsets that is attributable to divergent Runx3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Fonseca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas N Burn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke C Gandolfo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Obers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan N Christo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frank A Buquicchio
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Caleb A Lareau
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Keely M McDonald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah K Sandford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha M Zamudio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nagela G Zanluqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ali Zaid
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Terence P Speed
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francis R Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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39
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Rahimi RA, Cho JL, Jakubzick CV, Khader SA, Lambrecht BN, Lloyd CM, Molofsky AB, Talbot S, Bonham CA, Drake WP, Sperling AI, Singer BD. Advancing Lung Immunology Research: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:e1-18. [PMID: 35776495 PMCID: PMC9273224 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0167st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian airways and lungs are exposed to a myriad of inhaled particulate matter, allergens, and pathogens. The immune system plays an essential role in protecting the host from respiratory pathogens, but a dysregulated immune response during respiratory infection can impair pathogen clearance and lead to immunopathology. Furthermore, inappropriate immunity to inhaled antigens can lead to pulmonary diseases. A complex network of epithelial, neural, stromal, and immune cells has evolved to sense and respond to inhaled antigens, including the decision to promote tolerance versus a rapid, robust, and targeted immune response. Although there has been great progress in understanding the mechanisms governing immunity to respiratory pathogens and aeroantigens, we are only beginning to develop an integrated understanding of the cellular networks governing tissue immunity within the lungs and how it changes after inflammation and over the human life course. An integrated model of airway and lung immunity will be necessary to improve mucosal vaccine design as well as prevent and treat acute and chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases. Given the importance of immunology in pulmonary research, the American Thoracic Society convened a working group to highlight central areas of investigation to advance the science of lung immunology and improve human health.
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40
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Hirai T, Yoshioka Y. Considerations of CD8+ T Cells for Optimized Vaccine Strategies Against Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918611. [PMID: 35774782 PMCID: PMC9237416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of vaccines that protect against respiratory viruses appears to be the induction of neutralizing antibodies for a long period. Although this goal need not be changed, recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have drawn strong attention to another arm of acquired immunity, CD8+ T cells, which are also called killer T cells. Recent evidence accumulated during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed that even variants of SARS-CoV-2 that escaped from neutralizing-antibodies that were induced by either infection or vaccination could not escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. In addition, although traditional vaccine platforms, such as inactivated virus and subunit vaccines, are less efficient in inducing CD8+ T cells, newly introduced platforms for SARS-CoV-2, namely, mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines, can induce strong CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in addition to inducing neutralizing antibodies. However, CD8+ T cells function locally and need to be at the site of infection to control it. To fully utilize the protective performance of CD8+ T cells, it would be insufficient to induce only memory cells circulating in blood, using injectable vaccines; mucosal immunization could be required to set up CD8+ T cells for the optimal protection. CD8+ T cells might also contribute to the pathology of the infection, change their function with age and respond differently to booster vaccines in comparison with antibodies. Herein, we overview cutting-edge ideas on CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity that can enable the rational design of vaccines for respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshiro Hirai,
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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41
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Evans TG, Bussey L, Eagling-Vose E, Rutkowski K, Ellis C, Argent C, Griffin P, Kim J, Thackwray S, Shakib S, Doughty J, Gillies J, Wu J, Druce J, Pryor M, Gilbert S. Efficacy and safety of a universal influenza A vaccine (MVA-NP+M1) in adults when given after seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccine immunisation (FLU009): a phase 2b, randomised, double-blind trial. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:857-866. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Rodda LB, Morawski PA, Pruner KB, Fahning ML, Howard CA, Franko N, Logue J, Eggenberger J, Stokes C, Golez I, Hale M, Gale M, Chu HY, Campbell DJ, Pepper M. Imprinted SARS-CoV-2-specific memory lymphocytes define hybrid immunity. Cell 2022; 185:1588-1601.e14. [PMID: 35413241 PMCID: PMC8926873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune memory is tailored by cues that lymphocytes perceive during priming. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic created a situation in which nascent memory could be tracked through additional antigen exposures. Both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination induce multifaceted, functional immune memory, but together, they engender improved protection from disease, termed hybrid immunity. We therefore investigated how vaccine-induced memory is shaped by previous infection. We found that following vaccination, previously infected individuals generated more SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific memory B cells and variant-neutralizing antibodies and a distinct population of IFN-γ and IL-10-expressing memory SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ T cells than previously naive individuals. Although additional vaccination could increase humoral memory in previously naive individuals, it did not recapitulate the distinct CD4+ T cell cytokine profile observed in previously infected subjects. Thus, imprinted features of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory lymphocytes define hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Rodda
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter A Morawski
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kurt B Pruner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mitchell L Fahning
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Christian A Howard
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicholas Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie Eggenberger
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Caleb Stokes
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Inah Golez
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Malika Hale
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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43
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Files MA, Naqvi KF, Saito TB, Clover TM, Rudra JS, Endsley JJ. Self-adjuvanting nanovaccines boost lung-resident CD4 + T cell immune responses in BCG-primed mice. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35474079 PMCID: PMC9043212 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous vaccine regimens could extend waning protection in the global population immunized with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). We demonstrate that pulmonary delivery of peptide nanofibers (PNFs) bearing an Ag85B CD4+ T cell epitope increased the frequency of antigen-specific T cells in BCG-primed mice, including heterogenous populations with tissue resident memory (Trm) and effector memory (Tem) phenotype, and functional cytokine recall. Adoptive transfer of dendritic cells pulsed with Ag85B-bearing PNFs further expanded the frequency and functional repertoire of memory CD4+ T cells. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that the adjuvanticity of peptide nanofibers is, in part, due to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. A single boost with monovalent Ag85B PNF in BCG-primed mice did not reduce lung bacterial burden compared to BCG alone following aerosol Mtb challenge. These findings support the need for novel BCG booster strategies that activate pools of Trm cells with potentially diverse localization, trafficking, and immune function.
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Grants
- R01 AI130278 NIAID NIH HHS
- R21 AI115302 NIAID NIH HHS
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
- Predoctoral Fellowship, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
- Predoctoral Fellowship, James W. McLaughlin Endowment, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
- Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Commitment Funds (12-360-94361J)
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Files
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kubra F Naqvi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tais B Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Tara M Clover
- Comprehensive Industrial Hygiene Laboratory (CIHL), Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine Unit TWO (NEPMU-2), Department of the Navy, Norfolk, VA, 23551, USA
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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44
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Cautivo KM, Matatia PR, Lizama CO, Mroz NM, Dahlgren MW, Yu X, Sbierski-Kind J, Taruselli MT, Brooks JF, Wade-Vallance A, Caryotakis SE, Chang AA, Liang HE, Zikherman J, Locksley RM, Molofsky AB. Interferon gamma constrains type 2 lymphocyte niche boundaries during mixed inflammation. Immunity 2022; 55:254-271.e7. [PMID: 35139352 PMCID: PMC8852844 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic immunity is orchestrated by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and type 2 helper T (Th2) cells prominently arrayed at epithelial- and microbial-rich barriers. However, ILC2s and Th2 cells are also present in fibroblast-rich niches within the adventitial layer of larger vessels and similar boundary structures in sterile deep tissues, and it remains unclear whether they undergo dynamic repositioning during immune perturbations. Here, we used thick-section quantitative imaging to show that allergic inflammation drives invasion of lung and liver non-adventitial parenchyma by ILC2s and Th2 cells. However, during concurrent type 1 and type 2 mixed inflammation, IFNγ from broadly distributed type 1 lymphocytes directly blocked both ILC2 parenchymal trafficking and subsequent cell survival. ILC2 and Th2 cell confinement to adventitia limited mortality by the type 1 pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Our results suggest that the topography of tissue lymphocyte subsets is tightly regulated to promote appropriately timed and balanced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Cautivo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peri R Matatia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Mroz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madelene W Dahlgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sbierski-Kind
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcela T Taruselli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Brooks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Wade-Vallance
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sofia E Caryotakis
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony A Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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45
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Alu A, Chen L, Lei H, Wei Y, Tian X, Wei X. Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines: From bench to bed. EBioMedicine 2022; 76:103841. [PMID: 35085851 PMCID: PMC8785603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are all designed for intramuscular (IM) immunization. However, vaccination today failed to prevent the virus infection through the upper respiratory tract, which is partially due to the absence of mucosal immunity activation. Despite the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, the next generation of COVID-19 vaccine is in demand and intranasal (IN) vaccination method has been demonstrated to be potent in inducing both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Presently, although not licensed, various IN vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are under intensive investigation, with 12 candidates reaching clinical trials at different phases. In this review, we give a detailed description about current status of IN COVID-19 vaccines, including virus-vectored vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines and live attenuated vaccines. The ongoing clinical trials for IN vaccines are highlighted. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms of mucosal immunity and potential mucosal adjuvants and nasal delivery devices are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqu Alu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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46
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de Almeida GP, Lichtner P, Eckstein G, Brinkschmidt T, Chu CF, Sun S, Reinhard J, Mädler SC, Kloeppel M, Verbeek M, Zielinski CE. Human skin-resident host T cells can persist long term after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and maintain recirculation potential. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabe2634. [PMID: 35089814 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) have recently emerged as crucial cellular players for host defense in a wide variety of tissues and barrier sites. Insights into the maintenance and regulatory checkpoints of human TRM cells remain scarce, especially due to the difficulties associated with tracking T cells through time and space in humans. We therefore sought to identify and characterize skin-resident T cells in humans defined by their long-term in situ lodgment. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) preceded by myeloablative chemotherapy unmasked long-term sequestration of host T cell subsets in human skin despite complete donor T cell chimerism in the blood. Single-cell chimerism analysis paired with single-cell transcriptional profiling comprehensively characterized these bona fide long-term skin-resident T cells and revealed differential tissue maintenance for distinct T cell subsets, specific TRM cell markers such as galectin-3, but also tissue exit potential with retention of the transcriptomic TRM cell identity. Analysis of 26 allo-HSCT patients revealed profound interindividual variation in the tissue maintenance of host skin T cells. The long-term persistence of host skin T cells in a subset of these patients did not correlate with the development of chronic GvHD. Our data exemplify the power of exploiting a clinical situation as a proof of concept for the existence of bona fide human skin TRM cells and reveal long-term persistence of host T cells in a peripheral tissue but not in the circulation or bone marrow in a subset of allo-HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo P de Almeida
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gertrud Eckstein
- Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tonio Brinkschmidt
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Chang-Feng Chu
- TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Shan Sun
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research partner site, Munich, Germany.,Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Kloeppel
- Klinikum rechts der Isar and Praxisklinik für Ästhetische Chirurgie und Medizin, Munich, Germany
| | - Mareike Verbeek
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina E Zielinski
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research partner site, Munich, Germany.,Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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47
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Evrard M, Wynne-Jones E, Peng C, Kato Y, Christo SN, Fonseca R, Park SL, Burn TN, Osman M, Devi S, Chun J, Mueller SN, Kannourakis G, Berzins SP, Pellicci DG, Heath WR, Jameson SC, Mackay LK. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 5 (S1PR5) regulates the peripheral retention of tissue-resident lymphocytes. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20210116. [PMID: 34677611 PMCID: PMC8546662 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide long-lasting immune protection. One of the key events controlling TRM cell development is the local retention of TRM cell precursors coupled to downregulation of molecules necessary for tissue exit. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5 (S1PR5) is a migratory receptor with an uncharted function in T cells. Here, we show that S1PR5 plays a critical role in T cell infiltration and emigration from peripheral organs, as well as being specifically downregulated in TRM cells. Consequentially, TRM cell development was selectively impaired upon ectopic expression of S1pr5, whereas loss of S1pr5 enhanced skin TRM cell formation by promoting peripheral T cell sequestration. Importantly, we found that T-bet and ZEB2 were required for S1pr5 induction and that local TGF-β signaling was necessary to promote coordinated Tbx21, Zeb2, and S1pr5 downregulation. Moreover, S1PR5-mediated control of tissue residency was conserved across innate and adaptive immune compartments. Together, these results identify the T-bet-ZEB2-S1PR5 axis as a previously unappreciated mechanism modulating the generation of tissue-resident lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Evrard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erica Wynne-Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Changwei Peng
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Yu Kato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan N. Christo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raissa Fonseca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone L. Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas N. Burn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maleika Osman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Scott N. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Federation University Australia and Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart P. Berzins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University Australia and Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel G. Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Cellular Immunology Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William R. Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen C. Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Laura K. Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Zheng MZM, Wakim LM. Tissue resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:379-388. [PMID: 34671115 PMCID: PMC8526531 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their capacity to rapidly spread across the population, airborne pathogens represent a significant risk to global health. Indeed, several of the past major global pandemics have been instigated by respiratory pathogens. A greater understanding of the immune cells tasked with protecting the airways from infection will allow for the development of strategies that curb the spread and impact of these airborne diseases. A specific subset of memory T-cell resident in both the upper and lower respiratory tract, termed tissue-resident memory (Trm), have been shown to play an instrumental role in local immune responses against a wide breadth of both viral and bacterial infections. In this review, we discuss factors that influence respiratory tract Trm development, longevity, and immune surveillance and explore vaccination regimes that harness these cells, such approaches represent exciting new strategies that may be utilized to tackle the next global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Z. M. Zheng
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
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49
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Mucosal tissue regulatory T cells are integral in balancing immunity and tolerance at portals of antigen entry. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:398-407. [PMID: 34845322 PMCID: PMC8628059 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T cells that exert suppressive control over other immune cells. Tregs are critical for preventing systemic autoimmunity and maintaining peripheral tolerance, and yet they also assist in orchestration of immunity to pathogenic insult, wherein they limit collateral immunopathology and assist in facilitating a fine balance between immune tolerance and effector activity. Tregs have been extensively studied in lymphoid tissues, and a growing body of work has characterized phenotypically distinct Tregs localized in various nonlymphoid tissue compartments. These tissue Tregs can perform location-specific, alternative functions, highlighting their dynamic, context-dependent roles. Tregs have also been identified in mucosal tissues where specialized physiological functions are paramount, including helping the host to respond appropriately to pathogenic versus innocuous antigens that are abundant at mucosal portals of antigen entry. As in other tissue Treg compartments, mucosal Tregs in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts are distinct from circulating counterparts and can carry out mucosa-specific functions as well as classic suppressive functions that are the hallmark of Tregs. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding mucosal Tregs in both health and disease.
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50
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Kok L, Masopust D, Schumacher TN. The precursors of CD8 + tissue resident memory T cells: from lymphoid organs to infected tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:283-293. [PMID: 34480118 PMCID: PMC8415193 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are essential for immune defence against pathogens and malignancies, and the molecular processes that lead to TRM cell formation are therefore of substantial biomedical interest. Prior work has demonstrated that signals present in the inflamed tissue micro-environment can promote the differentiation of memory precursor cells into mature TRM cells, and it was therefore long assumed that TRM cell formation adheres to a 'local divergence' model, in which TRM cell lineage decisions are exclusively made within the tissue. However, a growing body of work provides evidence for a 'systemic divergence' model, in which circulating T cells already become preconditioned to preferentially give rise to the TRM cell lineage, resulting in the generation of a pool of TRM cell-poised T cells within the lymphoid compartment. Here, we review the emerging evidence that supports the existence of such a population of circulating TRM cell progenitors, discuss current insights into their formation and highlight open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Kok
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Masopust
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Ton N. Schumacher
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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