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Association of malnutrition with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2683-2690. [PMID: 36343559 PMCID: PMC9579190 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients undergoing dialysis are less likely to develop immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Malnutrition is common in the dialysis population. However, whether malnutrition contributes to the impaired immunogenicity remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the association between nutritional status and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. METHODS A total of 206 hemodialysis patients (mean age, 67 ± 13 years) without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were examined for the primary outcome of seroconversion, defined as the detection of IgG antibodies (≥50 AU/mL) to the receptor-binding domain of the S1 spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 one month after a priming dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, an adenovirus-vectored vaccine. Nutritional status was assessed by using the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, an objective indicator of nutrition incorporating serum albumin, total cholesterol, and total lymphocyte count, as well as the subjective global assessment (SGA). RESULTS Overall, 16.5% of patients were classified as malnourished, and 64.1% of patients were at risk for malnutrition based on the CONUT score. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG were the highest in patients with normal nutrition. In multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, and use of immunosuppressants, patients with malnutrition remained less likely to develop an antibody response than those with normal nutrition (odds ratio 0.23, 95% CI, 0.07-0.76). SGA was a significant predictor of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroconversion in univariate but not multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS Malnutrition according to CONUT score is associated with impaired humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating nutritional assessment into routine dialysis care to identify patients at risk for suboptimal immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Further research is needed to determine whether nutritional intervention can improve immune responses in these vulnerable patients.
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Seban RD, Richard C, Nascimento-Leite C, Ghidaglia J, Provost C, Gonin J, Le Tourneau C, Romano E, Deleval N, Champion L. Absolute lymphocyte count after COVID-19 vaccination is associated with vaccine-induced hypermetabolic lymph nodes on 18F-FDG PET/CT: a focus in breast cancer care. J Nucl Med 2021; 63:1231-1238. [PMID: 34857663 PMCID: PMC9364344 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to predict the presence of vaccine-induced hypermetabolic lymph nodes (v-HLNs) on 18F-FDG PET/CT after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and determine their association with lymphocyte counts. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, we included consecutive patients who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging after messenger RNA– or viral vector–based COVID-19 vaccination between early March and late April 2021. Demographics, clinical parameters, and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) were collected, and their association with the presence of v-HLNs in the draining territory was studied by logistic regression. Results: In total, 260 patients were eligible, including 209 (80%) women and 145 (56%) with breast cancer. The median age was 50 y (range, 23–96 y). The messenger RNA vaccine had been given to 233 (90%). Ninety (35%) patients had v-HLNs, with a median SUVmax of 3.7 (range, 2.0–26.3), and 74 (44%) displayed lymphopenia, with a median ALC of 1.4 × 109/L (range, 0.3–18.3 × 109/L). An age of no more than 50 y (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0–4.5), the absence of lymphopenia (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1–4.3), and less than a 30-d interval from the last vaccine injection to the 18F-FDG PET/CT (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3–5.6) were independent factors for v-HLNs on multivariate analysis. In breast cancer patients, the absence of lymphopenia was the only independent factor significantly associated with v-HLNs (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2–7.4). Conclusion: Patients with a normal ALC after COVID-19 vaccination were more likely to have v-HLNs on 18F-FDG PET/CT, both of which might be associated with a stronger immune response to vaccination.
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Grupper A, Sharon N, Finn T, Cohen R, Israel M, Agbaria A, Rechavi Y, Schwartz IF, Schwartz D, Lellouch Y, Shashar M. Humoral Response to the Pfizer BNT162b2 Vaccine in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 16:1037-1042. [PMID: 33824157 PMCID: PMC8425628 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with higher morbidity and mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Patients on dialysis tend to have a reduced immune response to infection or vaccination. We aimed to assess, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the humoral response following vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients on maintenance hemodialysis and the factors associated with it. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS The study included 56 patients on maintenance hemodialysis (dialysis group) and a control group composed of 95 health care workers. All participants had received two doses of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine. The serology testing was done using Quant II IgG anti-Spike severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) assay by Abbott a median of 30 days after receipt of the second dose of the vaccine. RESULTS All subjects in the control group developed an antibody response compared with 96% (54 of 56) positive responders in the dialysis group. The IgG levels in the dialysis group (median, 2900; interquartile range, 1128-5651) were significantly lower than in the control group (median, 7401; interquartile range, 3687-15,471). A Mann-Whitney U test indicated that this difference was statistically significant (U=1238; P<0.001). There was a significant inverse correlation of age and IgG levels in both groups. The odds of being in the lower quartile were significantly higher for older individuals (odds ratio, 1.11 per year of age; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.20; P=0.004) and for the dialysis group compared with the control group (odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 7.51; P=0.05). Within the dialysis group, older age and lower lymphocyte count were associated with antibody response in the lower quartile (odds ratio, 1.22 per 1-year older; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.68; P=0.03 and odds ratio, 0.83 per 10-e3/µl-higher lymphocyte count; 95% confidence interval, 0.58 to 0.97; P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although most patients on maintenance hemodialysis developed a substantial humoral response following the BNT162b2 vaccine, it was significantly lower than controls. Age was an important factor in the humoral response, regardless of chronic medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Grupper
- Nephrology Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nechama Sharon
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Talya Finn
- Ruth and Bruce Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Infectious Disease Unit, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Regev Cohen
- Ruth and Bruce Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Infectious Disease Unit, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Meital Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Nephrology Section, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Amir Agbaria
- Ruth and Bruce Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Nephrology Section, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Yoav Rechavi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Idit F. Schwartz
- Nephrology Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Doron Schwartz
- Nephrology Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yonatan Lellouch
- Ruth and Bruce Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Clinical Laboratories Department, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Moshe Shashar
- Nephrology Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Nephrology Section, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
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Platt JL, Cascalho M. Non-canonical B cell functions in transplantation. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:363-377. [PMID: 30980861 PMCID: PMC6544480 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
B cells are differentiated to recognize antigen and respond by producing antibodies. These activities, governed by recognition of ancillary signals, defend the individual against microorganisms and the products of microorganisms and constitute the canonical function of B cells. Despite the unique differentiation (e.g. recombination and mutation of immunoglobulin gene segments) toward this canonical function, B cells can provide other, "non-canonical" functions, such as facilitating of lymphoid organogenesis and remodeling and fashioning T cell repertoires and modifying T cell responses. Some non-canonical functions are exerted by antibodies, but most are mediated by other products and/or direct actions of B cells. The diverse set of non-canonical functions makes the B cell as much as any cell a central organizer of innate and adaptive immunity. However, the diverse products and actions also confound efforts to weigh the importance of individual non-canonical B cell functions. Here we shall describe the non-canonical functions of B cells and offer our perspective on how those functions converge in the development and governance of immunity, particularly immunity to transplants, and hurdles to advancing understanding of B cell functions in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Departments of Surgery and of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Kaunitz
- Attending Physician, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Professor of Medicine and Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA 90073
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Cavaillon JM. The historical milestones in the understanding of leukocyte biology initiated by Elie Metchnikoff. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:413-24. [PMID: 21628329 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0211094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in science is made with key discoveries, correct analyses, wrong statements, and disputes within the scientific community. Despite scientific controversies, Elie Metchnikoff has allowed the theory of phagocytes to triumph. Starting his career as a zoologist, Metchnikoff became a pathologist, beautifully defining the role of monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils during inflammation and innate immunity. The discoveries of immune cells were made by other outstandings scientists, such as Paul Ehrlich, whose key contributions to humoral immunity led him to share the Nobel Prize with Metchnikoff. Ludwig Aschoff grouped certain cells under the term RES, according to their propensity for absorbing and storing vital stains. This classification was not always a source of accurate discoveries, and research on the exact function of RES cells led to some wanderings. This is illustrated by studies about the nature of the antibody-producing cells, which were first thought to belong to the RES, before being identified as plasmocytes and lymphocytes.
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References. Acta Otolaryngol 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/00016485409121971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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HARRIS TN, HARRIS S. Histochemical changes in lymphocytes during the production of antibodies in lymph nodes of rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 90:169-80. [PMID: 18136196 PMCID: PMC2135898 DOI: 10.1084/jem.90.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Following the injection of various antigenic and non-antigenic materials into the foot-pads of rabbits, the draining (popliteal) lymph nodes were removed on successive days and studied histologically, chemically, and serologically. On the 2nd day after injection of antigen, nucleoli and cytoplasmic granules and crescents stained with pyronine began to appear. They were found first in somewhat altered reticulum cells, later in transitional forms, then in young lymphocytes, and finally in more mature lymphocytes. The identity of this pyronine-stained material as ribonucleic acid was demonstrated by specific digestion with protease-free ribonuclease. The concentration of ribonucleic acid was determined in aqueous extracts of the lymph nodes. It was observed that the concentration had risen to more than twice its normal value by the 2nd to 5th day following the injection of antigens into the foot, and then it declined. The peak of this change occurred at or slightly before the appearance of the maximal concentration of antibodies in the same node. Non-antigenic materials, when injected into the foot, did not give rise to an increase in the ribonucleic acid content of the lymph node. The concentration of desoxyribonucleic acid was constant in all lymph nodes, within the limits of experimental variation.
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Abstract
A study has been made of the relationship of antibody formation and the changes in amount of the nucleic acids in rabbit lymph nodes draining areas injected with typhoid vaccine. The increase in DNA was found to parallel the increase in weight of the nodes, as might be expected from the active multiplication of cells. The peak of PNA increase occurred between the 4th and 6th days after vaccine injection when antibody formation was at its maximum. A histologic study of methyl green- and pyronine-stained sections of the nodes revealed that during the first 6 days of the experiment the cellular reaction was chiefly one of plasma cells. During the first 3 days plasmoblasts predominated; on the 5th and 6th days mature plasma cells were the prevailing cells. Most of the PNA was contained in the plasma cells. The lymphocytes began to proliferate in significant numbers on the 3rd and 4th days, and germinal centers began to appear on the 4th and 5th days. They showed their greatest activity only on the 9th day when PNA and antibody formation had passed their peaks. These results are interpreted as indicating that the plasma cell and not the lymphocyte is responsible for antibody formation.
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CARRYER HM, KOELSCHE GA, PRICKMAN LE, MAYTUM CK, LAKE CF, WILLIAMS HL. The effect of cortisone of bronchial asthma and hay fever occurring in subjects sensitive to ragweed pollen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:282-7. [PMID: 15428180 DOI: 10.1016/0021-8707(50)90059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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WILLIAMS HL. A concept of allergy as autonomic dysfunction suggested as an improved working hypothesis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2004; 60:122-51. [PMID: 14819925 DOI: 10.1177/000348945106000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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LEDUC EH, COONS AH, CONNOLLY JM. Studies on antibody production. II. The primary and secondary responses in the popliteal lymph node of the rabbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 102:61-72. [PMID: 14392241 PMCID: PMC2136490 DOI: 10.1084/jem.102.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
After an antigenic stimulus, antibody is first demonstrable in the cytoplasm, and often in a spot in the nucleus, of large, immature cells in the medullary areas of the lymph node draining the site of injection. Morphologically, these cells have basophilic cytoplasm and a large nucleus, and are typical hematogenous stem cells. As these cells multiply and differentiate, the concentration of antibody in their cytoplasm increases, until colonies of typical mature plasma cells containing antibody have developed. There is a marked difference between the primary and the secondary responses, the former characterized by the development of very few antibody-containing cells while in the latter there are hundreds in a similar area. The morphology of the cells involved in both responses is identical. Occasionally, antibody was also found in low concentration in association with the lymphoid follicles. The implications of these findings for an understanding of antibody synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hamblin
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Castle Lane East, Bournemouth BH7 7DW, UK.
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Hamblin T. Historical aspects of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2000.02215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Commentary on and reprint of King H, Shumacker HB Jr, Splenic study. 1. Susceptibility to infection after splenectomy performed in infancy, in Annals of Surgery (1952) 136:239–242. Hematology 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012448510-5.50113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Silverstein AM. History of immunology. Cellular versus humoral immunity: determinants and consequences of an epic 19th century battle. Cell Immunol 1979; 48:208-21. [PMID: 389439 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Nakatto K. HISTOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE NUMERICAL CHANGE OF PLASMA CELLS IN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE CARCINOMATOUS STOMACH. Pathol Int 1976. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1976.tb03290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Taub RN, Douglas SD. Physiological and Immunologic Activities of Lymphocytes. Blood 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-595705-2.50017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Leopold IH. The role of lymphocyte (cell-mediated) immunity in ocular disease. The fifth Frederick H. Verhoeff lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 1973; 76:619-31. [PMID: 4594070 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(73)90554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Rose S. Augmentation of immune activity by elimination of antibody and its implications in cancer. J Surg Oncol 1973; 5:137-66. [PMID: 4735761 DOI: 10.1002/jso.2930050208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yamaguchi H, Fukuda J, Baba K, Takeuchi H, Kageyama K. The behaviour of lymphogeneously given antigen in the lymph node--the localization of given antigen and newly formed antibody. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1972; 22:427-40. [PMID: 4566376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1972.tb01842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Richter M, Algom D. The heterogeneity of lymphocytes. A consideration of future developments and their impact on clinical medicine. Med Clin North Am 1972; 56:305-17. [PMID: 4111876 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)32398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Jonas U, Liebich HG, Walter P. [Light-and electronmicroscopic studies of lymphnode after immunisation]. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1972; 158:43-57. [PMID: 5053065 DOI: 10.1007/bf01851685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hummeler K, Harris TN, Harris S, Farber MB. Studies on antibody-producing cells. IV. Ultrastructue of plaque-forming cells of rabbit lymph. J Exp Med 1972; 135:491-502. [PMID: 4550768 PMCID: PMC2139126 DOI: 10.1084/jem.135.3.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferent lymph of the popliteal lymph nodes of rabbits was collected 4 days after a single footpad injection of SRBC. Thin-layer agar plating was done to isolate plaque-forming cells of the lymph for electron microscope examination, and the numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in cells from the lymph and lymph nodes were determined. Of 71 PFC of lymph isolated and examined, 93% were lymphocytes, most of them with signs of substantial levels of physiologic activity. The cytoplasm showed an abundance of free ribosomes and many finger-like projections. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was barely detectable in most of the active lymphocytic PFC, and in some, a few short narrow channels of ER could be seen. Approximately one-fifth of the lymphocytic PFC presented an appearance of senescence, with signs of degeneration: rounded cells, with amorphous nuclear chromatin, and very few microvilli. The remaining 7% of the PFC of the lymph showed an unusual combination of features: small round cells with a narrow ring of cytoplasm which, however, contained well-organized channels of ER. Such cells had been found only among PFC of peripheral blood of the rabbit. The number of PFC per million cells was higher in the lymph than in the suspensions of lymph node cells. In both the contralateral lymph node and its efferent lymph, the number of PFC was less than 1% that of the injected side.
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Gudat FG, Harris TN, Harris S, Hummeler K. Studies on antibody-producing cells. 3. Identification of young plaque-forming cells by thymidine- 3 H labeling. J Exp Med 1971; 134:1155-69. [PMID: 4939369 PMCID: PMC2139006 DOI: 10.1084/jem.134.5.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice injected with sheep RBC and then, 4 days later with thymidine-(3)H, were sacrificed on the day of thymidine-(3)H injection or 1 or 2 days later. Hemolytic antibody plaque preparations were made of cells from the draining lymph nodes by a thin-plating procedure permitting collection of isolated PFC for electron microscopic examination and radioautography. Of cells obtained on the day of thymidine-(3)H injections, 65% of the labeled PFC were in the lymphocytic category, in comparison with 13% found previously in the entire population of such cells. The remaining 35% were plasmablasts in early stages of differentiation. Cells obtained 1 day after the thymidine-(3)H injections showed a shift to a majority of labeled cells in the plasmacytic category. Also, the plasmablasts were substantially more differentiated than those of the previous day, and some mature plasma cells were now seen. The labeled PFC obtained on day 2 gave no indication of further differentiation. Cells of rabbit lymph nodes labeled in vitro with thymidine-(3)H showed a range of labeled PFC. The majority were in the plasmacytic category, including some mature plasma cells. The data from the experiments with in vivo labeling suggest a direct differentiation from antibody-synthesizing lymphocytes to plasma cells. Further, the in vivo experiments indicated that differentiation from nascent lymphocyte to plasma cell could be essentially completed within 1 day.
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Chessin LN, Börjeson J, Welsh PD, Douglas SD, Cooper HL. Studies on human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. II. Morphological and biochemical studies on the transformation of lymphocytes by pokeweed mitogen. J Exp Med 1966; 124:873-84. [PMID: 5926301 PMCID: PMC2138260 DOI: 10.1084/jem.124.5.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of the kinetics of RNA and DNA synthesis in PWM-stimulated lymphocytes revealed that RNA synthesis preceded the onset of DNA synthesis by approximately 24 hr and that DNA synthesis and transformation was maximal between 66 to 78 hr. Histochemical and radioautographic studies on PWM stimulated cultures indicated that at 72 hr 50 to 60% of the cell population had been transformed by PWM, and that a distinct cell type bearing cytologic resemblance to the early plasma cell had emerged. The RNA sedimentation profile for newly synthesized RNA in PWM-stimulated cells showed that a large peak of 45 to 50 S material was formed after 24 and 40 hr. PWM thus produces a distinctive transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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Harris TN, Hummeler K, Harris S. Electron microscopic observations on antibody-producing lymph node cells. J Exp Med 1966; 123:161-72. [PMID: 5948153 PMCID: PMC2138121 DOI: 10.1084/jem.123.1.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph node cells of rabbits injected with sheep erythrocytes, identified as antibody-producing by their ability to produce plaques of hemolysis in erythrocyte-containing agar layers, have been examined by electron microscopy, by the use of a procedure devised for subjecting single cells to such examination. The antibody-producing cells thus examined were found to fall into two classes, according to the current terminology: some were in the category of lymphocytes, and others, in the category of plasma cells. Within each class, cells were found to vary in certain characteristics, especially in the degree of development of such organelles as the nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, and the endoplasmic reticulum. In the case of the endoplasmic reticulum especially, it could be seen that a series of these plaque-producing cells, ranked in order of increasing size and development of the endoplasmic reticulum, would extend over a considerable range from those lymphocytes with the least developed organelles to the mature plasma cells with the greatest development of these structures.
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Fontalin LN. Interaction between lymph nodes during immunization. Bull Exp Biol Med 1963. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00784553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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BECKER W. [The clinical picture of cervical lymph node diseases]. ARCHIV FUR OHREN-, NASEN- UND KEHLKOPFHEILKUNDE 1963; 182:125-304. [PMID: 13970142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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ROSSAN RN. Serum proteins of animals infected with Leishmania donovani, with special reference to electrophoretic patterns. Exp Parasitol 1960; 9:302-33. [PMID: 14439190 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(60)90038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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WALZER M, BOWMAN KL. Leukocytic transfer of the immediate types of allergic reaction in man. II. The correlation of leukocytic transfer with other sensitivity factors. J Allergy (Cairo) 1960; 31:46-67. [PMID: 13842774 DOI: 10.1016/0021-8707(60)90024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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PETERKIN GAG. Drug Eruptions; Their Causation and Treatment. Postgrad Med 1959; 25:2-10. [PMID: 13614070 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1959.11712308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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REBUCK JW, MONTO RW, MONAGHAN EA, RIDDLE JM. POTENTIALITIES OF THE LYMPHOCYTE, WITH AN ADDITIONAL REFERENCE TO ITS DYSFUNCTION IN HODGKIN'S DISEASE. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1958; 73:8-38. [PMID: 13583838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb40790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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WHITE A. EFFECTS OF STEROIDS ON ASPECTS OF THE METABOLISM AND FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHOCYTE: A HYPOTHESIS OF THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS IN ANTIBODY FORMATION AND RELATED IMMUNE PHENOMENA. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1958; 73:79-104. [PMID: 13583841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb40793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Trowell O. The Lymphocyte. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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NAGEL W, LAHANN H, WEIHRAUCH EL. Isolierung von Lymphocyten aus peripherem Blut. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958; 36:34-7. [PMID: 13540111 DOI: 10.1007/bf01491126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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