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Jacob P, Oertlin C, Baselet B, Westerberg LS, Frippiat JP, Baatout S. Next generation of astronauts or ESA astronaut 2.0 concept and spotlight on immunity. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37380641 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although we have sent humans into space for more than 50 years, crucial questions regarding immune response in space conditions remain unanswered. There are many complex interactions between the immune system and other physiological systems in the human body. This makes it difficult to study the combined long-term effects of space stressors such as radiation and microgravity. In particular, exposure to microgravity and cosmic radiation may produce changes in the performance of the immune system at the cellular and molecular levels and in the major physiological systems of the body. Consequently, abnormal immune responses induced in the space environment may have serious health consequences, especially in future long-term space missions. In particular, radiation-induced immune effects pose significant health challenges for long-duration space exploration missions with potential risks to reduce the organism's ability to respond to injuries, infections, and vaccines, and predispose astronauts to the onset of chronic diseases (e.g., immunosuppression, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, gut dysbiosis). Other deleterious effects encountered by radiation may include cancer and premature aging, induced by dysregulated redox and metabolic processes, microbiota, immune cell function, endotoxin, and pro-inflammatory signal production1,2. In this review, we summarize and highlight the current understanding of the effects of microgravity and radiation on the immune system and discuss knowledge gaps that future studies should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jacob
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christian Oertlin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Gent University, Gent, Belgium.
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2
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Nguyen CN, Urquieta E. Contemporary review of dermatologic conditions in space flight and future implications for long-duration exploration missions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2023; 36:147-156. [PMID: 36682824 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Future planned exploration missions to outer space will almost surely require the longest periods of continuous space exposure by the human body yet. As the most external organ, the skin seems the most vulnerable to injury. Therefore, discussion of the dermatological implications of such extended-duration missions is critical. OBJECTIVES In order to help future missions understand the risks of spaceflight on the human skin, this review aims to consolidate data from the current literature pertaining to the space environment and its physiologic effects on skin, describe all reported dermatologic manifestations in spaceflight, and extrapolate this information to longer-duration mission. METHODS AND MATERIALS The authors searched PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords and Mesh terms. The publications that were found to be relevant to the objectives were included and described. RESULTS The space environment causes changes in the skin at the cellular level by thinning the epidermis, altering wound healing, and dysregulating the immune system. Clinically, dermatological conditions represented the most common medical issues occurring in spaceflight. We predict that as exploration missions increase in duration, astronauts will experience further physiological changes and an increased rate and severity of adverse events. CONCLUSION Maximizing astronaut safety requires a continued knowledge of the human body's response to space, as well as consideration and prediction of future events. Dermatologic effects of space missions comprise the majority of health-related issues arising on missions to outer space, and these issues are likely to become more prominent with increasing time spent in space. Improvements in hygiene may mitigate some of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Urquieta
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine. Houston TX, United States; Translational Research Institute for Space Health, Houston, TX, United States
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3
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Hirayama J, Hattori A, Takahashi A, Furusawa Y, Tabuchi Y, Shibata M, Nagamatsu A, Yano S, Maruyama Y, Matsubara H, Sekiguchi T, Suzuki N. Physiological consequences of space flight, including abnormal bone metabolism, space radiation injury, and circadian clock dysregulation: Implications of melatonin use and regulation as a countermeasure. J Pineal Res 2023; 74:e12834. [PMID: 36203395 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the space environment induces a number of pathophysiological outcomes in astronauts, including bone demineralization, sleep disorders, circadian clock dysregulation, cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction, and reduced immune system function. A recent report describing experiments aboard the Space Shuttle mission, STS-132, showed that the level of melatonin, a hormone that provides the biochemical signal of darkness, was decreased during microgravity in an in vitro culture model. Additionally, abnormal lighting conditions in outer space, such as low light intensity in orbital spacecraft and the altered 24-h light-dark cycles, may result in the dysregulation of melatonin rhythms and the misalignment of the circadian clock from sleep and work schedules in astronauts. Studies on Earth have demonstrated that melatonin regulates various physiological functions including bone metabolism. These data suggest that the abnormal regulation of melatonin in outer space may contribute to pathophysiological conditions of astronauts. In addition, experiments with high-linear energy transfer radiation, a ground-based model of space radiation, showed that melatonin may serve as a protectant against space radiation. Gene expression profiling using an in vitro culture model exposed to space flight during the STS-132 mission, showed that space radiation alters the expression of DNA repair and oxidative stress response genes, indicating that melatonin counteracts the expression of these genes responsive to space radiation to promote cell survival. These findings implicate the use of exogenous melatonin and the regulation of endogenous melatonin as countermeasures for the physiological consequences of space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences & Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Sustainable Systems Science, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | | | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibata
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | | | - Sachiko Yano
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
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4
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Effect of Cytomegalovirus on the Immune System: Implications for Aging and Mental Health. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:181-214. [PMID: 35871707 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major modulator of the immune system leading to long-term changes in T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells among others. Perhaps because of this immunomodulatory capacity, HCMV infection has been linked with a host of deleterious effects including accelerated immune aging (premature mortality, increased expression of immunosenescence-linked markers, telomere shortening, speeding-up of epigenetic "clocks"), decreased vaccine immunogenicity, and greater vulnerability to infectious diseases (e.g., tuberculosis) or infectious disease-associated pathology (e.g., HIV). Perhaps not surprisingly given the long co-evolution between HCMV and humans, the virus has also been associated with beneficial effects, such as increased vaccine responsiveness, heterologous protection against infections, and protection against relapse in the context of leukemia. Here, we provide an overview of this literature. Ultimately, we focus on one other deleterious effect of HCMV, namely the emerging literature suggesting that HCMV plays a pathophysiological role in psychiatric illness, particularly depression and schizophrenia. We discuss this literature through the lens of psychological stress and inflammation, two well-established risk factors for psychiatric illness that are also known to predispose to reactivation of HCMV.
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Zheng H, Savitz J. Effect of Cytomegalovirus Infection on the Central Nervous System: Implications for Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:215-241. [PMID: 35505056 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latent infections and interacts extensively with the host immune system, potentially contributing to immune activation and inflammation. Given its proclivity for infecting the brain and its reactivation by inflammatory stimuli, CMV is well known for causing central nervous system complications in the immune-naïve (e.g., in utero) and in the immunocompromised (e.g., in neonates, individuals receiving transplants or cancer chemotherapy, or people living with HIV). However, its potentially pathogenic role in diseases that are characterized by more subtle immune dysregulation and inflammation such as psychiatric disorders is still a matter of debate. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the pathogenic role of CMV in immune-naïve and immunocompromised populations and then review the evidence (i.e., epidemiological studies, serological studies, postmortem studies, and recent neuroimaging studies) for a link between CMV infection and psychiatric disorders with a focus on mood disorders and schizophrenia. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms through which CMV may cause CNS dysfunction in the context of mental disorders and conclude with a summary of the current state of play as well as potential future research directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zheng
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.,Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Lundström W, Gustafsson R. Human Herpesvirus 6A Is a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840753. [PMID: 35222435 PMCID: PMC8866567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role for human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A or HHV-6B in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has been controversial. Possibly because the damage of the virus infection may occur before onset of clinical symptoms and because it has been difficult to detect active infection and separate serological responses to HHV-6A or 6B. Recent studies report that in MS patients the serological response against HHV-6A is increased whereas it is decreased against HHV-6B. This effect seems to be even more pronounced in MS patients prior to diagnosis and supports previous studies postulating a predomination for HHV-6A in MS disease and suggests that the infection is important at early stages of the disease. Furthermore, HHV-6A infection interacts with other factors suspected of modulating MS susceptibility and progression such as infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV), tobacco smoking, HLA alleles, UV irradiation and vitamin D levels. The multifactorial nature of MS and pathophysiological role for HHV-6A in inflammation and autoimmunity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangko Lundström
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Gustafsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pavletić B, Runzheimer K, Siems K, Koch S, Cortesão M, Ramos-Nascimento A, Moeller R. Spaceflight Virology: What Do We Know about Viral Threats in the Spaceflight Environment? ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:210-224. [PMID: 34981957 PMCID: PMC8861927 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses constitute a significant part of the human microbiome, so wherever humans go, viruses are brought with them, even on space missions. In this mini review, we focus on the International Space Station (ISS) as the only current human habitat in space that has a diverse range of viral genera that infect microorganisms from bacteria to eukaryotes. Thus, we have reviewed the literature on the physical conditions of space habitats that have an impact on both virus transmissibility and interaction with their host, which include UV radiation, ionizing radiation, humidity, and microgravity. Also, we briefly comment on the practices used on space missions that reduce virus spread, that is, use of antimicrobial surfaces, spacecraft sterilization practices, and air filtration. Finally, we turn our attention to the health threats that viruses pose to space travel. Overall, even though efforts are taken to ensure safe conditions during human space travel, for example, preflight quarantines of astronauts, we reflect on the potential risks humans might be exposed to and how those risks might be aggravated in extraterrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pavletić
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Katharina Runzheimer
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Katharina Siems
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Stella Koch
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Marta Cortesão
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Ana Ramos-Nascimento
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Ralf Moeller
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
- Address correspondence to: Ralf Moeller, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology, Linder Hoehe, Building 24, Room 104, D-51147 Köln, Germany
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8
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Schulz H, Strauch SM, Richter P, Wehland M, Krüger M, Sahana J, Corydon TJ, Wise P, Baran R, Lebert M, Grimm D. Latest knowledge about changes in the proteome in microgravity. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:43-59. [PMID: 35037812 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2022.2030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : A long-term stay of humans in space causes a large number of well-known health problems and changes in protists and plants. Deep space exploration will increase the time humans or rodents will spend in microgravity (µg). Moreover, they are exposed to cosmic radiation, hypodynamia, and isolation. OMICS investigations will increase our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of µg-induced alterations in vivo and in vitro. AREAS COVERED : We summarize the findings over the recent 3 years on µg-induced changes in the proteome of protists, plants, rodent and human cells. Considering the thematic orientation of microgravity-related publications in that time frame, we focus on medicine-associated findings such as the µg-induced antibiotic resistance of bacteria, the myocardial consequences of µg-induced calpain activation and the role of MMP13 in osteoarthritis. All these point to the fact that µg is an extreme stressor that could not be evolutionarily addressed on Earth. EXPERT COMMENTARY : In conclusion, when interpreting µg-experiments, the direct, mostly unspecific stress response, must be distinguished from specific µg-effects. For this reason, recent studies often do not consider single protein findings but place them in the context of protein-protein interactions. This enables an estimation of functional relationships, especially if these are supported by epigenetic and transcriptional data (multi-omics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC, CEP 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Petra Wise
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ronni Baran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Space Biology Unlimited SAS, 24 Cours de l'Intendance, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Sardeli AV, Mori MA, Lord JM. Effect of Exercise on Acute Senescent Lymphocyte Counts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gerontology 2022; 68:961-975. [PMID: 35034018 DOI: 10.1159/000520528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly differentiated, senescent lymphocytes are pro-inflammatory and contribute to age-related systemic inflammation, called inflammageing. There are several reports of acute changes in senescent lymphocyte counts post exercise, which potentially have consequences for systemic inflammation. However, there is little consensus since the studies differ with respect to participants, exercise protocols, cellular markers assessed, and the time point of assessment post exercise. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of exercise on senescent lymphocyte counts in blood immediately, 1 h and 2 h post exercise. METHODS The search was performed in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane, on January 11, 2021. The 13 studies selected tested aerobic exercise effects, mainly in young men. They assessed the counts of lymphocytes (CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, and NK cells), with the following immune cell marker combinations: KLRG1+, CD57+ (only NK cells), EMRA T cells (CD45RA+CCR7-CD28-CD27-), CD28-CD27-, KLRG1+CD28-, and CD28-. Independent extraction of articles was done by 2 researchers. RESULTS Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval between baseline and post exercise showed significant increase (SMD >0.9, p < 0.003) in all types of senescent lymphocytes counts immediately post exercise. At 1 h post exercise, senescent CD4 T cells returned to baseline values (p = 0.74), CD8 T cells were reduced (-0.26 [-0.41; -0.11], p = 0.001), and senescent NK cells were raised (0.62 [0.14; 1.10], p = 0.01) above baseline. By 2 h post exercise, senescent CD4 T cells were reduced (-0.94 [-1.40; -0.48], p < 0.001), CD8 T cells remained below baseline (-0.53 [-1.04; -0.009], p = 0.04), and NK cells had returned to baseline values (-0.29 [-0.64; 0.07], p = 0.11). The main determinants of heterogeneity between studies were cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus and the characteristics of exercise protocols. CMV+ individuals had a higher immediate lymphocytosis and 1 h post lymphopenia than CMV- individuals. Exercise performed at higher intensities and shorter durations led to higher magnitude of change in senescent lymphocyte counts at all time-points. CONCLUSION The differing effects of exercise on senescent NK cells and CD4 and CD8 T cells suggest differing susceptibility to factors modulating lymphocyte extravasation such as adrenaline and exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Veiga Sardeli
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (FISEX), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Experimental Medicine Research Cluster, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Janet M Lord
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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A hidden menace? Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with reduced cortical gray matter volume in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4234-4244. [PMID: 33223520 PMCID: PMC8140068 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with neuropathology in patients with impaired immunity and/or inflammatory diseases. However, the association between gray matter volume (GMV) and HCMV has never been examined in major depressive disorder (MDD) despite the presence of inflammation and impaired viral immunity in a subset of patients. We tested this relationship in two independent samples consisting of 179 individuals with MDD and 41 healthy controls (HC) (sample 1) and 124 MDD participants and 148 HCs (sample 2). HCMV positive (HCMV+) and HCMV negative (HCMV-) groups within each sample were balanced on up to 11 different clinical/demographic variables using inverse probability of treatment weighting. GMV of 87 regions was measured with FreeSurfer. There was a main effect of HCMV serostatus but not diagnosis that replicated across samples. Relative to HCMV- subjects, HCMV+ subjects in sample 1 showed a significant reduction of volume in six regions (puncorrected < 0.05). The reductions in GMV of the right supramarginal gyrus (standardized beta coefficient (SBC) = -0.26) and left fusiform gyrus (SBC = -0.25) in sample 1 were replicated in sample 2: right supramarginal gyrus (puncorrected < 0.05, SBC = -0.32), left fusiform gyrus (PFDR < 0.01, SBC = -0.51). Posthoc tests revealed that the effect of HCMV was driven by differences between the HCMV+ and HCMV- MDD subgroups. HCMV IgG level, a surrogate marker of viral activity, was correlated with GMV in the left fusiform gyrus (r = -0.19, Puncorrected = 0.049) and right supramarginal gyrus (r = -0.19, puncorrected = 0.043) in the HCMV+ group of sample 1. Conceivably, HCMV infection may be a treatable source of neuropathology in vulnerable MDD patients.
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Stability of Antimicrobial Drug Molecules in Different Gravitational and Radiation Conditions in View of Applications during Outer Space Missions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082221. [PMID: 33921448 PMCID: PMC8069917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of different antimicrobial drugs in terrestrial, microgravity and hypergravity conditions is presented within this review, in connection with their implementation during human space exploration. Drug stability is of utmost importance for applications in outer space. Instabilities may be radiation-induced or micro-/hypergravity produced. The antimicrobial agents used in space may have diminished effects not only due to the microgravity-induced weakened immune response of astronauts, but also due to the gravity and radiation-altered pathogens. In this context, the paper provides schemes and procedures to find reliable ways of fighting multiple drug resistance acquired by microorganisms. It shows that the role of multipurpose medicines modified at the molecular scale by optical methods in long-term space missions should be considered in more detail. Solutions to maintain drug stability, even in extreme environmental conditions, are also discussed, such as those that would be encountered during long-duration space exploratory missions. While the microgravity conditions may not be avoided in space, the suggested approaches deal with the radiation-induced modifications in humans, bacteria and medicines onboard, which may be fought by novel pharmaceutical formulation strategies along with radioprotective packaging and storage.
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12
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Zheng H, Bergamino M, Ford BN, Kuplicki R, Yeh FC, Bodurka J, Burrows K, Hunt PW, Teague TK, Irwin MR, Yolken RH, Paulus MP, Savitz J. Replicable association between human cytomegalovirus infection and reduced white matter fractional anisotropy in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:928-938. [PMID: 33500556 PMCID: PMC8115597 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with reductions in white matter microstructural integrity as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA), an index derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The neurotropic herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), is a major cause of white matter pathology in immunosuppressed populations but its relationship with FA has never been tested in MDD despite the presence of inflammation and weakened antiviral immunity in a subset of depressed patients. We tested the relationship between FA and HCMV infection in two independent samples consisting of 176 individuals with MDD and 44 healthy controls (HC) (Discovery sample) and 88 participants with MDD and 48 HCs (Replication sample). Equal numbers of HCMV positive (HCMV+) and HCMV negative (HCMV-) groups within each sample were balanced on ten different clinical/demographic variables using propensity score matching. Anti-HCMV IgG antibodies were measured using a solid-phase ELISA. In the Discovery sample, significantly lower FA was observed in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) in HCMV+ participants with MDD compared to HCMV- participants with MDD (cluster size 1316 mm3; pFWE < 0.05, d = -0.58). This association was confirmed in the replication sample by extracting the mean FA from this exact cluster and applying the identical statistical model (p < 0.05, d = -0.45). There was no significant effect of diagnosis or interaction between diagnosis and HCMV in either sample. The effect of chronic HCMV infection on white matter integrity may-in at-risk individuals-contribute to the psychopathology of depression. These findings may provide a novel target of intervention for a subgroup of patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zheng
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Maurizio Bergamino
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Division of Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Bart N Ford
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | - Fang-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | | | - Peter W Hunt
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - T Kent Teague
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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13
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Riis JL, Ahmadi H, Silke O, Granger SW, Bryce CI, Granger DA. Correspondence Between Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin-G Levels Measured in Saliva and Serum. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2095. [PMID: 32983163 PMCID: PMC7484902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects more than 80% of the global population. While mostly asymptomatic, HCMV infection can be serious among the immunocompromised, and it is implicated in chronic disease pathophysiology in adulthood. Large-scale minimally invasive HCMV screening could advance research and public health efforts to monitor infection prevalence and prevent or mitigate downstream risks associated with infection. We examine the utility of measuring HCMV immunoglobulin-G (IgG) levels in saliva as an index of serum levels. Matched serum and saliva samples from healthy adults (N = 98; 44% female; 51% white) were assayed for HCMV IgG, total salivary protein, and salivary markers related to oral inflammation, blood, and tissue integrity. We examine the serum-saliva association for HCMV IgG and assess the influence of participant characteristics and factors specific to the oral compartment (e.g., oral inflammation) on HCMV IgG levels and cross-specimen relations. We found a robust serum-saliva association for HCMV IgG with serum antibody levels accounting for >60% of the variance in salivary levels. This relation remained after adjusting for key demographic and oral immune-related variables. Compared to the serum test, the salivary HCMV IgG test had 51% sensitivity and 97% specificity. With improvements in assay performance and sample optimization, HCMV antibody levels in oral fluids may be a useful proxy for serum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Riis
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hedyeh Ahmadi
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Olivia Silke
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Steve W. Granger
- Salimetrics Research and Technology Center, Carlsbad, CA, United States
| | - Crystal I. Bryce
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Salimetrics Research and Technology Center, Carlsbad, CA, United States
- Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Salivary Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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14
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Bulka CM, Bommarito PA, Aiello AE, Fry RC. Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence, recurrence, and antibody levels: Associations with cadmium and lead exposures in the general United States population. Environ Epidemiol 2020; 4:e100. [PMID: 32832839 PMCID: PMC7423529 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitous metals cadmium and lead are immunotoxic, but little is known about their relations to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a widespread herpesvirus. Although CMV infections are mostly asymptomatic, congenital infections are a leading cause of birth defects. In otherwise healthy individuals, there is also some evidence linking subclinical reactivations to accelerated age-related declines in immune function and chronic disease. METHODS Our objective was to evaluate associations of blood cadmium and lead biomarkers with CMV infection in a representative sample of the United States population. In seropositive individuals, we also examined associations with CMV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels and suspected CMV recurrences. Using cross-sectional data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, we fit multivariable survey-weighted regression models accounting for potential confounding by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and stratifying by age group to allow for heterogeneity. CMV recurrences were defined according to (1) the presence of either CMV-specific immunoglobulin M in sera or CMV viral DNA in urine, and (2) high CMV-specific IgG avidity. RESULTS We observed null associations for blood cadmium. Increasing blood lead quartiles were related to CMV seropositivity and higher CMV IgG levels (both P trend < 0.01), but not CMV recurrence, only among individuals who were 20-29 years of age. CONCLUSION Blood cadmium levels do not appear to be related to immunological markers of CMV infections. The possibility that lead exposures increase the risk of CMV infection and impair immune control of the virus in young adults was suggested. Prospective studies are needed to confirm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Bulka
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paige A. Bommarito
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Allison E. Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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15
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Styles JN, Converse RR, Griffin SM, Wade TJ, Klein E, Nylander-French LA, Stewart JR, Sams E, Hudgens E, Egorov AI. Human Cytomegalovirus Infections Are Associated With Elevated Biomarkers of Vascular Injury. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:334. [PMID: 32733818 PMCID: PMC7363776 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects ~50% of adults in the United States. HCMV infections may cause vascular inflammation leading to cardiovascular disease, but the existing evidence is inconsistent. Objective: We investigated demographic predictors of HCMV infection and explored associations between HCMV infection status, the intensity of anti-HCMV Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response, and biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial function which are known predictors of cardiovascular disease. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 694 adults residing in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC metropolitan area. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibody response to HCMV, and for biomarkers of vascular injury including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid A (SAA). Associations between HCMV and biomarker levels were analyzed using two approaches with HCMV serostatus modeled as a binary variable and as an ordinal variable with five categories comprised of seronegative individuals and quartiles of anti-HCMV antibody responses in seropositive individuals. Results: HCMV seroprevalence in the study population was 56%. Increased body mass index, increased age, female gender, racial/ethnic minority status, and current smoking were significantly associated with HCMV seropositivity in a multivariate regression analysis. HCMV seropositivity was also associated with 9% (95% confidence interval 4–15%) and 20% (0.3–44%) increases in median levels of sICAM-1 and CRP, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. The association between HCMV seropositivity and median levels of sVCAM-1 and SAA were positive but not statistically significant. Significant positive associations were observed between the intensity of anti-HCMV IgG responses and levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 (p-values 0.0008 and 0.04 for linear trend, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study to show a relationship between anti-HCMV IgG responses and vascular injury biomarkers sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in the general population. Conclusion: HCMV infections are associated with vascular injury and inflammation biomarkers in adult residents of North Carolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Styles
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Reagan R Converse
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Shannon M Griffin
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Timothy J Wade
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth Klein
- ORAU Student Services Contractor to US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Leena A Nylander-French
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jill R Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth Sams
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Edward Hudgens
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Andrey I Egorov
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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16
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Diagnosis-independent loss of T-cell costimulatory molecules in individuals with cytomegalovirus infection. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:795-803. [PMID: 32209361 PMCID: PMC7594105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with physiological changes commonly observed with increasing age, such as inflammation and impaired immune function. Age-related impaired adaptive immunity is characterized by the loss of naive T-cells and the reciprocal accumulation of memory T-cells together with the loss of T-cell co-stimulatory molecules. Additionally, the presence and activity of cytomegalovirus (CMV) alters the architecture of the T-cell compartment in a manner consistent with premature aging. Because CMV is also thought to reactivate with psychological stress, this study tested whether MDD influences age-related phenotypes of T-cell populations in the context of CMV infection in young and middle-aged adults. Morning blood samples from volunteers with a DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD (n = 98, mean age(SD) = 36(10) years, 74.5% female, 57.1% CMV+) and comparison controls (n = 98, mean age(SD) = 34(10) years, 68.4% female, 51.0% CMV+) were evaluated for CMV IgG antibody status and the distribution of late differentiated (CD27-CD28-) cells within CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets, i.e. naive (CCR7+CD45RA+), effector memory (EM, CCR7-CD45RA-), central memory (CM, CCR7+CD45RA-) and effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA (EMRA, CCR7-CD45RA+). Mixed linear regression models controlling for age, sex, ethnicity and flow cytometry batch showed that CMV seropositivity was associated with a reduction in naive T-cells, expansion of EMRA T-cells, and a greater percent distribution of CD27-CD28- cells within CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cell subsets (p's < 0.004), but there was no significant effect of MDD, nor any significant interaction between CMV and diagnosis. Unexpectedly, depressed men were less likely to be CMV+ and depressed women were more likely to be CMV+ than sex-matched controls suggesting a possible interaction between sex and MDD on CMV susceptibility, but this three-way interaction did not significantly affect the T-cell subtypes. Our findings suggest that depression in young and middle-aged adults does not prematurely advance aging of the T-cell compartment independently of CMV, but there may be significant sex-specific effects on adaptive immunity that warrant further investigation.
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17
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Nenna R, Zhai J, Packard SE, Spangenberg A, Sherrill DL, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Guerra S. High cytomegalovirus serology and subsequent COPD-related mortality: a longitudinal study. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00062-2020. [PMID: 32363208 PMCID: PMC7184115 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00062-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Positive serology for cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been associated with all-cause mortality risk but its role in COPD mortality is unknown. The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between CMV serology and COPD mortality. Methods We analysed data from 806 participants in the Tucson Epidemiological Study of Airway Obstructive Disease who, at enrolment, were aged 28–70 years and had completed lung function tests. We tested CMV serology in sera from enrolment and defined “high CMV serology” as being in the highest tertile. Vital status, date and cause of death were assessed through death certificates and/or linkage with the National Death Index up to January 2017. The association of CMV serology with all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk was tested in Cox models adjusted for age, sex, level of education, body mass index, smoking status and pack-years. Results High CMV serology was marginally associated with all-cause mortality (p=0.071) but the effect was inversely dependent on age, with the association being much stronger among participants <55 years than among participants ≥55 years at enrolment (p-value for CMV-by-age interaction <0.001). Compared with low CMV serology, high CMV serology was associated with mortality from COPD among all subjects (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.38, 95% CI 1.11–5.08; p=0.025) and particularly in subjects <55 years old at enrolment (HR 5.40, 95% CI 1.73–16.9; p=0.004). Consistent with these results, high CMV serology also predicted mortality risk among subjects who already had airflow limitation at enrolment (HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.20–3.68; p=0.009). Conclusions We report a strong relationship between CMV serology and the risk of dying from COPD, and thus identify a novel risk factor for COPD mortality. Using a 45-year longitudinal population-based cohort, it was demonstrated for the first time that high CMV serology predicts COPD mortality risk, particularly in younger subjects, identifying a novel and early risk factor for COPD mortalityhttp://bit.ly/32odP0Q
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Nenna
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Dept of Pediatrics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jing Zhai
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel E Packard
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amber Spangenberg
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Duane L Sherrill
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Fernando D Martinez
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marilyn Halonen
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Dept of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Stefano Guerra
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Aghajari S, Mortazavi SMJ, Kalani M, Nematolahi S, Habibzadeh P, Farjadian S. The Immunomodulatory Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Serum Cytokine Levels in A Mouse Model of Hindlimb Unloading. CELL JOURNAL 2020; 22:401-405. [PMID: 32347032 PMCID: PMC7211291 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.6856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Astronauts are exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses during spaceflights that reduce their
immune responses and make them more susceptible to infections and malignancies. Exposure to a low dose of a
certain stress induces an adaptive response, which leads to resistance to higher doses of the same or other types
of stress. We designed this study to investigate the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF)-induced
adaptive response on immune system modulation in a mouse model of hindlimb unloading (HU) as a ground-based
animal model of spaceflight conditions.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, serum levels of T helper (Th)-mediated cytokines were determined
by the multiplex cytometric bead assay in four groups of mice (n=10 per group): HU mice, RF-EMF-treated mice, HU
mice pre-exposed to RF-EMF; and untreated controls. Mice were exposed to 2450 MHz RF-EMF with SAR 0.478 W/
kg for 12 hours/day for three successive days.
Results Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-9 (IL-9) and IL-22 were significantly decreased in HU mice.
Comparison between HU mice and RF-EMF-treated mice showed an opposite change in IL-6, while IL-9, IL-22, IFN-γ
and TNF-α decreased in both groups. However, just interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was significantly decreased in HU mice
that were pre-exposed to RF-EMF compared to the control group.
Conclusion The effect of RF-EMF in elevating IL-6 and reducing IL-9 in opposite directions in HU mice suggest a
modulating effect of RF-EMF on HU-induced changes in these cytokines, as Th2 and Th9 eventually returned to normal
levels and balances in cytokine ratios were also restored in HU mice pre-exposed to RF-EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Aghajari
- Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Kalani
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Nematolahi
- Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parham Habibzadeh
- R and D Department, Persian BayanGene Research and Training Center, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shirin Farjadian
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic Address:
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19
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Weidner-Glunde M, Kruminis-Kaszkiel E, Savanagouder M. Herpesviral Latency-Common Themes. Pathogens 2020; 9:E125. [PMID: 32075270 PMCID: PMC7167855 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Latency establishment is the hallmark feature of herpesviruses, a group of viruses, of which nine are known to infect humans. They have co-evolved alongside their hosts, and mastered manipulation of cellular pathways and tweaking various processes to their advantage. As a result, they are very well adapted to persistence. The members of the three subfamilies belonging to the family Herpesviridae differ with regard to cell tropism, target cells for the latent reservoir, and characteristics of the infection. The mechanisms governing the latent state also seem quite different. Our knowledge about latency is most complete for the gammaherpesviruses due to previously missing adequate latency models for the alpha and beta-herpesviruses. Nevertheless, with advances in cell biology and the availability of appropriate cell-culture and animal models, the common features of the latency in the different subfamilies began to emerge. Three criteria have been set forth to define latency and differentiate it from persistent or abortive infection: 1) persistence of the viral genome, 2) limited viral gene expression with no viral particle production, and 3) the ability to reactivate to a lytic cycle. This review discusses these criteria for each of the subfamilies and highlights the common strategies adopted by herpesviruses to establish latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Weidner-Glunde
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Str. 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.K.-K.); (M.S.)
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20
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Noppert GA, Aiello AE, O'Rand AM, Cohen HJ. Race/Ethnic and Educational Disparities in the Association Between Pathogen Burden and a Laboratory-Based Cumulative Deficits Index. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 7:99-108. [PMID: 31642044 PMCID: PMC6980710 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparities in adult morbidity and mortality may be rooted in patterns of biological dysfunction in early life. We sought to examine the association between pathogen burden and a cumulative deficits index (CDI), conceptualized as a pre-clinical marker of an unhealthy biomarker profile, specifically focusing on patterns across levels of social disadvantage. METHODS Using the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 wave (aged 20-49 years), we examined the association of pathogen burden, composed of seven pathogens, with the CDI. The CDI comprised 28 biomarkers corresponding to available clinical laboratory measures. Models were stratified by race/ethnicity and education level. RESULTS The CDI ranged from 0.04 to 0.78. Nearly half of Blacks were classified in the high burden pathogen class compared with 8% of Whites. Among both Mexican Americans and other Hispanic groups, the largest proportion of individuals were classified in the common pathogens class. Among educational classes, 19% of those with less than a high school education were classified in the high burden class compared with 7% of those with at least a college education. Blacks in the high burden pathogen class had a CDI 0.05 greater than those in the low burden class (P < 0.05). Whites in the high burden class had a CDI only 0.03 greater than those in the low burden class (P < 0.01). DISCUSSION Our findings suggest there are significant social disparities in the distribution of pathogen burden across race/ethnic groups, and the effects of pathogen burden may be more significant for socially disadvantaged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Noppert
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, 123 West Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA.
- Duke University Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - A E Aiello
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, 123 West Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
- Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A M O'Rand
- Duke University Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H J Cohen
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Durham, NC, USA
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21
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Amin MM, Bialek SR, Dollard SC, Wang C. Urinary Cytomegalovirus Shedding in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2004. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:587-592. [PMID: 29471326 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no data on the prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) shedding from a representative sample of the US population. This information is critical for understanding and preventing CMV. Methods We tested urine specimens from CMV immunoglobulin (Ig) G-positive participants aged 6-49 years in 3 racial/ethnic groups from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2004 for the presence of CMV DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. We examined the association of sociodemographic characteristics with shedding prevalence and viral loads. Results Among 6828 CMV IgG-positive participants tested, 537 had CMV DNA detected in urine-a shedding prevalence of 9.70%. Among persons aged 6-49 years, shedding prevalence was 3.83%. The prevalence of urinary shedding was inversely associated with increasing age (26.60%, 6.50%, and 3.45% in CMV IgG-positive participants aged 6-11, 12-19, and 20-49 years, respectively; P < .001 for trend test and pairwise comparisons). Urinary viral load also decreased significantly with age (mean, 2.97, 2.69, and 2.43 log10 copies/mL in those age groups, respectively; P < .001 for trend test and pairwise comparisons). Conclusions Urinary CMV shedding and viral loads decreased dramatically with age, likely reflecting higher rates of primary CMV infection and longer duration of shedding in younger individuals. The findings demonstrate that children aged 6-11 years continue to shed CMV at higher rates and viral loads than adolescents and adults and thus may still be an important source for CMV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal M Amin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephanie R Bialek
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sheila C Dollard
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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22
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Marandu T, Dombek M, Cook CH. Impact of cytomegalovirus load on host response to sepsis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:295-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Park SY, Kim JY, Kim JA, Kwon JS, Kim SM, Jeon NY, Kim MC, Chong YP, Lee SO, Choi SH, Kim YS, Woo JH, Kim SH. Diagnostic Usefulness of Varicella-Zoster Virus Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of DNA in Saliva and Plasma Specimens From Patients With Herpes Zoster. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:51-57. [PMID: 29029120 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the diagnostic usefulness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for detecting varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection and reactivation of VZV, using DNA extracted from saliva and plasma specimens obtained from subjects with suspected herpes zoster and from healthy volunteers during stressful and nonstressful conditions. Methods There were 52 patients with a diagnosis of herpes zoster (group 1), 30 with a diagnosis of zoster-mimicking disease (group 2), and 27 healthy volunteers (group 3). Saliva and plasma samples were evaluated for VZV DNA by real-time PCR analysis. Results Among patients with suspected herpes zoster (ie, patients in groups 1 and 2), the sensitivity of PCR analysis of salivary DNA for detecting VZV (88%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 74%-95%) was significantly higher than that of PCR analysis of plasma DNA (28%; 95% CI, 16%-44%; P < .001), whereas the specificity of PCR analysis of salivary DNA (100%; 95% CI, 88%-100%) was similar to that of PCR analysis of plasma DNA (100%; 95% CI, 78%-100%; P > .99). VZV DNA was not detected in saliva and plasma samples from group 3 (0%; 95% CI, 0%-14%). Conclusions Real-time PCR analysis of salivary DNA is more sensitive than that of plasma DNA for detecting VZV among patients with suspected herpes zoster. We found no subclinical reactivation of VZV in group 3 following exposure to common stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yeon Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang
| | - Ji Yeun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kwon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Jeon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pil Chong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Oh Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Soo Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Woo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24
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Rooney BV, Crucian BE, Pierson DL, Laudenslager ML, Mehta SK. Herpes Virus Reactivation in Astronauts During Spaceflight and Its Application on Earth. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:16. [PMID: 30792698 PMCID: PMC6374706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent herpes virus reactivation has been demonstrated in astronauts during shuttle (10–16 days) and International Space Station (≥180 days) flights. Following reactivation, viruses are shed in the body fluids of astronauts. Typically, shedding of viral DNA is asymptomatic in astronauts regardless of mission duration; however, in some cases, live/infectious virus was recovered by tissue culture that was associated with atopic-dermatitis or skin lesions during and after spaceflight. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axes activation during spaceflight occurs as indicated by increased levels of stress hormones including cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. These changes, along with a decreased cell mediated immunity, contribute to the reactivation of latent herpes viruses in astronauts. Currently, 47/89 (53%) astronauts from shuttle-flights and 14/23 (61%) astronauts from ISS missions shed one or more herpes viruses in saliva/urine samples. Astronauts shed Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and herpes-simplex-1 (HSV-1) in saliva and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in urine. Larger quantities and increased frequencies for these viruses were found during spaceflight as compared to before or after flight samples and their matched healthy controls. The shedding did not abate during the longer ISS missions, but rather increased in frequency and amplitude. These findings coincided with the immune system dysregulation observed in astronauts from shuttle and ISS missions. VZV shedding increased from 41% in space shuttle to 65% in ISS missions, EBV increased 82 to 96%, and CMV increased 47 to 61%. In addition, VZV/CMV shed ≤30 days after ISS in contrast to shuttle where VZV/CMV shed up to 5 and 3 days after flight respectively. Continued shedding of infectious-virus post-flight may pose a potential risk for crew who may encounter newborn infants, sero-negative adults or any immunocompromised individuals on Earth. Therefore, developing spaceflight countermeasures to prevent viral reactivation is essential. Our spaceflight-developed technologies for saliva collection/rapid viral detection have been extended to include clinical applications including zoster patients, chicken pox, post-herpetic neuralgia, multiple sclerosis, and various neurological disorders. These protocols are employed in various clinics and hospitals including the CDC and Columbia University in New York, as well as overseas in Switzerland and Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark L Laudenslager
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Satish K Mehta
- Jes Tech, KBR Wyle Laboratories Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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25
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Stockdale L, Nash S, Nalwoga A, Gibson L, Painter H, Raynes J, Asiki G, Newton R, Fletcher H. HIV, HCMV and mycobacterial antibody levels: a cross-sectional study in a rural Ugandan cohort. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 24:247-257. [PMID: 30506614 PMCID: PMC6378403 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A growing evidence base implicates human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) as a risk factor for TB disease. We investigated total IgG and mycobacteria-specific antibodies in a cross-sectional study nested within a rural Ugandan General Population Cohort (GPC), in relation to HIV infection and the magnitude of HCMV IgG response. METHODS Sera from 2189 individuals (including 27 sputum-positive TB cases) were analysed for antibodies against mycobacteria (Ag85A, PPD, LAM, ESAT6/CFP10) and HCMV, tetanus toxoid (TT) and total IgG. RESULTS Anti-mycobacterial antibodies increased with age until approximately 20 years, when they plateaued. Higher HCMV exposure (measured by IgG) was associated with lower levels of some anti-mycobacterial antibodies, but no increase in total IgG. HIV infection was associated with a decrease in all anti-mycobacterial antibodies measured and with an increase in total IgG. CONCLUSIONS The increase in anti-mycobacterial antibodies with age suggests increasing exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and to M.tb itself. HIV infection is associated with decreased levels of all mycobacterial antibodies studied here, and high levels of HCMV IgG are associated with decreased levels of some mycobacterial antibodies. These findings point towards the importance of humoral immune responses in HIV/TB co-infection and highlight a possible role of HCMV as a risk factor for TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stockdale
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Stephen Nash
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Angela Nalwoga
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research InstituteEntebbeUganda
| | - Lorna Gibson
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Hannah Painter
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - John Raynes
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Gershim Asiki
- African Population and Health Research CenterNairobiKenya
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Robert Newton
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research InstituteEntebbeUganda
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- International Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Helen Fletcher
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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26
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Jones AW, Davison G. Exercise, Immunity, and Illness. MUSCLE AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7149380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814593-7.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that moderate amounts of exercise improve immune system functions and hence reduce the risk of infection whereas athletes engaged in regular prolonged and/or intensive training have a higher than “normal” incidence of minor infections, especially of the upper respiratory tract (URT, e.g., common cold and influenza). This is likely related to regular acute (and possibly chronic) periods of exercise-induced changes in immune function. URT infections can compromise performance directly if suffered shortly before or during competition or indirectly if suffered at other times via effects on training and/or physiological adaptations. This chapter covers the effects of exercise (acute and chronic), both positive and negative, on immune function and consequent infection risk, and considers the current state-of-the-art for monitoring and assessing this in athletes.
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27
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Spielmann G, Agha N, Kunz H, Simpson RJ, Crucian B, Mehta S, Laughlin M, Campbell J. B cell homeostasis is maintained during long-duration spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:469-476. [PMID: 30496712 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00789.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-duration spaceflights reportedly induce immune dysregulation, which is considered a risk to astronaut safety and mission success. Recent studies have examined the impact of spaceflight on markers of adaptive and innate immunity, but no study, to date, has comprehensively evaluated humoral immunity and serological markers of B cell function. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in B cell numbers and phenotypes, along with plasma Igs and polyclonal free light chains (FLCs)-near-"real-time" biomarkers of Ig synthesis-in response to an ~6-mo mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Whole-blood samples were collected before flight, during flight ("Early flight," "Mid-flight," and "Late flight"), immediately upon return, and during a recovery period (R + 18, R + 30/R + 33, and R + 60/R + 66) from 23 ISS crew members. B Cell counts and phenotypes were measured throughout the duration of the mission, along with total plasma Ig and FLC levels. There was no effect of spaceflight on the number and proportion of the different B cell subsets. There was no difference in kappa FLC between preflight samples and either in-flight or recovery samples ( P > 0.05), and only a marginal reduction was observed in lambda FLC levels upon return to Earth ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, IgG and IgM remained unchanged during and after spaceflight compared with preflight values ( P > 0.05). Of note, plasma IgA concentrations were elevated in-flight compared with baseline and recovery values ( P < 0.05). These results indicate that B cell homeostasis is maintained during long-duration spaceflight, advocating for potential in-flight vaccination as viable countermeasures against viral reactivation during exploration-class missions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas
| | - Hawley Kunz
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Brian Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Satish Mehta
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,Fondren Orthopedic Group, Fondren Orthopedic Research Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - John Campbell
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Department for Health, University of Bath , Bath , United Kingdom
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28
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Bigley AB, Agha NH, Baker FL, Spielmann G, Kunz HE, Mylabathula PL, Rooney BV, Laughlin MS, Mehta SK, Pierson DL, Crucian BE, Simpson RJ. NK cell function is impaired during long-duration spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:842-853. [PMID: 30382809 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00761.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining astronaut health during space travel is paramount for further human exploration of the solar system beyond Earth's orbit. Of concern are potential dysregulations in immunity, which could increase the likelihood of cancer and latent viral reactivation. Natural killer (NK) cells are critical effectors of the innate immune system, and their function and phenotype are important to immunosurveillance of nascent tumors and latent viral infections. We compared changes in NK cell phenotype and function in eight crew members who completed an ~6-mo mission to the International Space Station (ISS) with healthy controls who remained on Earth. Assessments were made before (180 and 60 days before launch), during [flight day + 90 days (FD+90) and 1 day before return (R-1)], and after the mission (at R+0, R+18, R+33, and R+66). These samples, plus an additional in-flight sample (FD+180), were collected from a crew member who spent 340 days (~1 yr) on the ISS. NK cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA) against K562 leukemia targets in vitro was reduced by ~50% at FD+90 in ISS crew but not controls. This decrease was more pronounced in "rookie" compared with "veteran" crew members. The ~1-yr mission crew member did not show declines in NKCA against K562 until late in the mission (R-1 and R+0). NK cell numbers, expression of activating and inhibitory receptors, target cell binding, and expression and degranulation of perforin and granzyme B were unaltered with spaceflight. Similarly, when we exposed an immortalized NK cell line (NK-92) to sera collected at different mission time points (before, during, and after flight), there was no effect on NKCA. This is the first study to report impaired NK cell function during long-duration space travel. Countermeasures may be needed to mitigate immune system impairment in exploration class mission crew during long-duration spaceflight missions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Immune system impairment may inhibit future human space exploration missions to Mars. Natural killer (NK) cells are key components of immunity and vital for tumor surveillance and the prevention of latent virus reactivation. We report that NK cell function is impaired in astronauts during an ~6-mo orbital space mission compared with preflight levels and ground-based controls. Declines in NK cell function were more marked in first-time "rookie" fliers. Countermeasures are needed to preserve NK cell-mediated immunity during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Bigley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas
| | - Nadia H Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas
| | - Forrest L Baker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Hawley E Kunz
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Preteesh L Mylabathula
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bridgette V Rooney
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Mitzi S Laughlin
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas
| | - Satish K Mehta
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Duane L Pierson
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Brian E Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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29
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Mehta SK, Bloom DC, Plante I, Stowe R, Feiveson AH, Renner A, Dhummakupt A, Markan D, Zhang Y, Wu H, Scoles B, Cohen JI, Crucian B, Pierson DL. Reactivation of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus: A Comparison after Exposure to Gamma, Proton, Carbon, and Iron Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102961. [PMID: 30274169 PMCID: PMC6213004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many stressors astronauts are exposed to during spaceflight, cosmic radiation may lead to various serious health effects. Specifically, space radiation may contribute to decreased immunity, which has been documented in astronauts during short- and long-duration missions, as evidenced by several changes in cellular immunity and plasma cytokine levels. Reactivation of latent herpes viruses, either directly from radiation of latently infected cells and/or from perturbation of the immune system, may result in disease in astronauts. Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) is one of the eight human herpes viruses known to infect more than 90% of human adults and persists for the life of the host without normally causing adverse effects. Reactivation of several latent viruses in astronauts is well documented, although the mechanism of reactivation is not well understood. We studied the effect of four different types of radiation, (1) 137Cs gamma rays, (2) 150-MeV protons, (3) 600 MeV/n carbon ions, and (4) 600 MeV/n iron ions on the activation of lytic gene transcription and of reactivation of EBV in a latently infected cell line (Akata) at doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 Gy. The data showed that for all doses used in this study, lytic gene transcription was induced and median viral loads were significantly higher for all types of radiation than in corresponding control samples, with the increases detected as early as four days post-exposure and generally tapering off at later time points. The viability and size of EBV-infected Akata cells were highly variable and exhibited approximately the same trend in time for all radiation types at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 Gy. This work shows that reactivation of viruses can occur due to the effect of different types of radiation on latently infected cells in the absence of changes or cytokines produced in the immune system. In general, gamma rays are more effective than protons, carbon ions, and iron ions in inducing latent virus reactivation, though these high-energy particles did induce more sustained and later reactivation of EBV lytic gene transcription. These findings also challenge the common relative biological effectiveness concept that is often used in radiobiology for other end points.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Bloom
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Ianik Plante
- KBRwyle, 2400 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Adit Dhummakupt
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Dhruv Markan
- Albert Einstein Collège of Médicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Ye Zhang
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, FL 32899, USA.
| | - Honglu Wu
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | - Blaire Scoles
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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30
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Yang FJ, Shu KH, Chen HY, Chen IY, Lay FY, Chuang YF, Wu CS, Tsai WC, Peng YS, Hsu SP, Chiang CK, Wang G, Chiu YL. Anti-cytomegalovirus IgG antibody titer is positively associated with advanced T cell differentiation and coronary artery disease in end-stage renal disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2018; 15:15. [PMID: 29988679 PMCID: PMC6029034 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-018-0120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence indicates that persistent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with several health-related adverse outcomes including atherosclerosis and premature mortality in individuals with normal renal function. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) exhibit impaired immune function and thus may face higher risk of HCMV-related adverse outcomes. Whether the level of anti-HCMV immune response may be associated with the prognosis of hemodialysis patients is unknown. Results Among 412 of the immunity in ESRD study (iESRD study) participants, 408 were HCMV seropositive and were analyzed. Compared to 57 healthy individuals, ESRD patients had higher levels of anti-HCMV IgG. In a multivariate-adjusted logistic regression model, the log level of anti-HCMV IgG was independently associated with prevalent coronary artery disease (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.2~ 3.2, p = 0.01) after adjusting for age, sex, hemoglobin, diabetes, calcium phosphate product and high sensitivity C-reactive protein. Levels of anti-HCMV IgG also positively correlated with both the percentage and absolute number of terminally differentiated CD8+ and CD4+ CD45RA+ CCR7- TEMRA cells, indicating that immunosenescence may participate in the development of coronary artery disease. Conclusion This is the first study showing that the magnitude of anti-HCMV humoral immune response positively correlates with T cell immunosenescence and coronary artery disease in ESRD patients. The impact of persistent HCMV infection should be further investigated in this special patient population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12979-018-0120-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jung Yang
- 1Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,2Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun Lin Branch, Douliu, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsiang Shu
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,4Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yuan Chen
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - I-Yu Chen
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yun Lay
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,4Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Chuang
- 5Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Wu
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chuan Tsai
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sen Peng
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Hsu
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- 6Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - George Wang
- 7Biology of Healthy Aging Program, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yen-Ling Chiu
- 1Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,3Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,8Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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31
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Cao Dinh H, Bautmans I, Beyer I, Mets T, Onyema OO, Forti LN, Renmans W, Vander Meeren S, Jochmans K, Vermeiren S, Vella-Azzopardi R, Njemini R. Association Between Immunosenescence Phenotypes and Pre-frailty in Older Subjects: Does Cytomegalovirus Play a Role? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 74:480-488. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Cao Dinh
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Belgium
- Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Ivan Bautmans
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Belgium
- Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Belgium
| | - Ingo Beyer
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Belgium
- Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Belgium
| | - Tony Mets
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Belgium
- Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Belgium
| | | | | | - Wim Renmans
- Laboratory of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium
| | | | - Kristin Jochmans
- Laboratory of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium
| | | | | | - Rose Njemini
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Belgium
- Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Gaignier F, Legrand-Frossi C, Stragier E, Mathiot J, Merlin JL, Cohen-Salmon C, Lanfumey L, Frippiat JP. A Model of Chronic Exposure to Unpredictable Mild Socio-Environmental Stressors Replicates Some Spaceflight-Induced Immunological Changes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:514. [PMID: 29867558 PMCID: PMC5954118 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During spaceflight, astronauts face radiations, mechanical, and socio-environmental stressors. To determine the impact of chronic socio-environmental stressors on immunity, we exposed adult male mice to chronic unpredictable mild psychosocial and environmental stressors (CUMS model) for 3 weeks. This duration was chosen to simulate a long flight at the human scale. Our data show that this combination of stressors induces an increase of serum IgA, a reduction of normalized splenic mass and tends to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as previously reported during or after space missions. However, CUMS did not modify major splenic lymphocyte sub-populations and the proliferative responses of splenocytes suggesting that these changes could be due to other factors such as gravity changes. Thus, CUMS, which is an easy to implement model, could contribute to deepen our understanding of some spaceflight-associated immune alterations and could be useful to test countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gaignier
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christine Legrand-Frossi
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Emilien Stragier
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Julianne Mathiot
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Louis Merlin
- Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Service de Biopathologie and CNRS UMR 7039 CRAN, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Charles Cohen-Salmon
- INSERM U1141, PROTECT, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Kim CK, Choi YM, Bae E, Jue MS, So HS, Hwang ES. Reduced NK cell IFN-γ secretion and psychological stress are independently associated with herpes zoster. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193299. [PMID: 29466462 PMCID: PMC5821387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of herpes zoster is closely linked to reduced varicella-zoster virus-specific cell-mediated immunity. However, little is known about the interplay between natural killer cells and psychological stress in the pathogenesis of herpes zoster. This study aimed to investigate possible associations among natural killer cells, T cells and psychological stress in herpes zoster. Interferon-gamma secretion from natural killer cell, psychological stress events, stress cognition scale scores and cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity were compared between 44 patients with herpes zoster and 44 age- and gender-matched control subjects. A significantly lower median level of interferon-gamma secreted by natural killer cells was observed in patients with a recent diagnosis of herpes zoster than in control subjects (582.7 pg/ml vs. 1783 pg/ml; P = 0.004), whereas cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity was not associated with herpes zoster. Psychological stress events and high stress cognition scale scores were significantly associated in patients with herpes zoster (P<0.001 and P = 0.037, respectively). However, reduced interferon-gamma secretion from natural killer cell and psychological stress were not associated. In conclusion, patients with a recent diagnosis of herpes zoster display reduced interferon-gamma secretion from natural killer cells and frequent previous psychological stress events compared with controls. However, reduced natural killer cell activity is not an immunological mediator between psychological stress and herpes zoster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Kwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Mi Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunsin Bae
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mihn Sook Jue
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Seok So
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung-Soo Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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Aiello AE, Chiu YL, Frasca D. How does cytomegalovirus factor into diseases of aging and vaccine responses, and by what mechanisms? GeroScience 2017. [PMID: 28624868 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important pathogen for both clinical and population settings. There is a growing body of research implicating CMV in multiple health outcomes across the life course. At the same time, there is mounting evidence that individuals living in poverty are more likely to be exposed to CMV and more likely to experience many of the chronic conditions for which CMV has been implicated. Further research on the causal role of CMV for health and well-being is needed. However, the strong evidence implicating CMV in type 2 diabetes, autoimmunity, cancer, cardiovascular disease, vaccination, and age-related alterations in immune function warrants clinical and public health action. This imperative is even higher among individuals living in socioeconomically disadvantaged settings and those exposed to high levels of chronic psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yen-Ling Chiu
- Department of Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Program of Biomedical Informatics, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Room #3146A, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL, 33101, USA.
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Sasi SP, Yan X, Zuriaga-Herrero M, Gee H, Lee J, Mehrzad R, Song J, Onufrak J, Morgan J, Enderling H, Walsh K, Kishore R, Goukassian DA. Different Sequences of Fractionated Low-Dose Proton and Single Iron-Radiation-Induced Divergent Biological Responses in the Heart. Radiat Res 2017; 188:191-203. [PMID: 28613990 DOI: 10.1667/rr14667.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Deep-space travel presents risks of exposure to ionizing radiation composed of a spectrum of low-fluence protons (1H) and high-charge and energy (HZE) iron nuclei (e.g., 56Fe). When exposed to galactic cosmic rays, each cell in the body may be traversed by 1H every 3-4 days and HZE nuclei every 3-4 months. The effects of low-dose sequential fractionated 1H or HZE on the heart are unknown. In this animal model of simulated ionizing radiation, middle-aged (8-9 months old) male C57BL/6NT mice were exposed to radiation as follows: group 1, nonirradiated controls; group 2, three fractionated doses of 17 cGy 1H every other day (1H × 3); group 3, three fractionated doses of 17 cGy 1H every other day followed by a single low dose of 15 cGy 56Fe two days after the final 1H dose (1H × 3 + 56Fe); and group 4, a single low dose of 15 cGy 56Fe followed (after 2 days) by three fractionated doses of 17 cGy 1H every other day (56Fe + 1H × 3). A subgroup of mice from each group underwent myocardial infarction (MI) surgery at 28 days postirradiation. Cardiac structure and function were assessed in all animals at days 7, 14 and 28 after MI surgery was performed. Compared to the control animals, the treatments that groups 2 and 3 received did not induce negative effects on cardiac function or structure. However, compared to all other groups, the animals in group 4, showed depressed left ventricular (LV) functions at 1 month with concomitant enhancement in cardiac fibrosis and induction of cardiac hypertrophy signaling at 3 months. In the irradiated and MI surgery groups compared to the control group, the treatments received by groups 2 and 4 did not induce negative effects at 1 month postirradiation and MI surgery. However, in group 3 after MI surgery, there was a 24% increase in mortality, significant decreases in LV function and a 35% increase in post-infarction size. These changes were associated with significant decreases in the angiogenic and cell survival signaling pathways. These data suggest that fractionated doses of radiation induces cellular and molecular changes that result in depressed heart functions both under basal conditions and particularly after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath P Sasi
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xinhua Yan
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,b Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marian Zuriaga-Herrero
- f Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hannah Gee
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juyong Lee
- c Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Raman Mehrzad
- d Steward Carney Hospital, Dorchester, Massachusetts
| | - Jin Song
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jillian Onufrak
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Morgan
- b Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,d Steward Carney Hospital, Dorchester, Massachusetts
| | - Heiko Enderling
- e Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- f Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raj Kishore
- 7 Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Goukassian
- a Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,f Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,7 Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Is spaceflight-induced immune dysfunction linked to systemic changes in metabolism? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174174. [PMID: 28542224 PMCID: PMC5443495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Space Shuttle Atlantis launched on its final mission (STS-135) on July 8, 2011. After just under 13 days, the shuttle landed safely at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) for the last time. Female C57BL/6J mice flew as part of the Commercial Biomedical Testing Module-3 (CBTM-3) payload. Ground controls were maintained at the KSC facility. Subsets of these mice were made available to investigators as part of NASA’s Bio-specimen Sharing Program (BSP). Our group characterized cell phenotype distributions and phagocytic function in the spleen, catecholamine and corticosterone levels in the adrenal glands, and transcriptomics/metabolomics in the liver. Despite decreases in most splenic leukocyte subsets, there were increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related activity. Although there were increases noted in corticosterone levels in both the adrenals and liver, there were no significant changes in catecholamine levels. Furthermore, functional analysis of gene expression and metabolomic profiles suggest that the functional changes are not due to oxidative or psychological stress. Despite changes in gene expression patterns indicative of increases in phagocytic activity (e.g. endocytosis and formation of peroxisomes), there was no corresponding increase in genes related to ROS metabolism. In contrast, there were increases in expression profiles related to fatty acid oxidation with decreases in glycolysis-related profiles. Given the clear link between immune function and metabolism in many ground-based diseases, we propose a similar link may be involved in spaceflight-induced decrements in immune and metabolic function.
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Kim YJ, Jeong AJ, Kim M, Lee C, Ye SK, Kim S. Time-averaged simulated microgravity (taSMG) inhibits proliferation of lymphoma cells, L-540 and HDLM-2, using a 3D clinostat. Biomed Eng Online 2017; 16:48. [PMID: 28427408 PMCID: PMC5399336 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-017-0337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gravity is omnipresent on Earth; however, humans in space, such as astronauts at the International Space Station, experience microgravity. Long-term exposure to microgravity is considered to elicit physiological changes, such as muscle atrophy, in the human body. In addition, certain types of cancer cells demonstrate inhibited proliferation under condition of time-averaged simulated microgravity (taSMG). However, the response of human Hodgkin’s lymphoma cancer cells to reduced gravity, and the associated physiological changes in these cells, have not been elucidated. Methods In this study, the proliferation of human Hodgkin’s lymphoma cancer cells (L-540 and HDLM-2) under taSMG condition (<10−3 G, 1 G is defined as 9.8 m/s2) was studied using a 3D clinostat. Normal human dermal fibroblast (HDF) was proliferated in the same condition as a control group. For the development of 3D clinostat, two motors were used to actuate the frames. Electrical wires for power supply and communication were connected via slip ring. For symmetrical path of gravitational vector, optimal angular velocities of the motors were found using simulation results. Under the condition of taSMG implemented by the 3D clinostat, proliferation of the cells was observed for 3 days. Results The results indicated that proliferation of these cancer cells was significantly (p < 0.0005) inhibited under taSMG, whereas proliferation of normal HDF cells was not affected. Conclusions Findings in this study could be significantly valuable in developing novel strategies for selective killing of cancer cells such as lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jae Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ae Jin Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungjoon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Chiwon Lee
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Neuro-Immune Information Storage Network Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungwan Kim
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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Li Z, Tang Y, Tang N, Feng Q, Zhong H, Liu YM, Wang LM, He F. High anti-human cytomegalovirus antibody levels are associated with the progression of essential hypertension and target organ damage in Han Chinese population. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181440. [PMID: 28837559 PMCID: PMC5570371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with hypertension and has been linked with the pathogenesis of increased arterial blood pressure (BP). Currently, whether CMV infection is associated with the progression of hypertension and hypertensive target organ damage (TOD) remains to be identified. We aimed to examine the relationship between CMV infection and the progression of hypertension and hypertensive TOD, which could provide clues on the possible mediating mechanisms, in the Han Chinese population. A total of 372 patients with hypertension and 191 healthy controls (Han participants from Xinjiang, China) were included in the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and qPCR were used to detect CMV infection. C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) titers were also analyzed using an ELISA kit. Moreover, cardiovascular disease markers were evaluated by echocardiography, carotid ultrasonography, and tomographic scans. Essential hypertension (EH) patients exhibited a marked increase in CMV IgG antibody, CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels. Higher grade of hypertension and hypertensive TOD had higher CMV IgG antibody and CRP levels. The CMV IgG antibody titers were positively correlated with arterial BP, greater grade of hypertension and hypertensive TOD, and CRP and IL-6 levels. The higher quartile of CMV IgG titer and CRP level were associated with the incidence of hypertension and the progression of hypertension and hypertensive TOD. In the Han Chinese population, high CMV IgG titers are associated with the progression of hypertension and hypertensive TOD. CMV IgG titer >4.25 U could be an independent predictor of hypertension and progression of hypertension, while that >4.85 U could be an independent risk factor for hypertensive TOD. The underlying mechanism may be largely mediated by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Department of Emergency and critical care medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yong-min Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - La-mei Wang
- Centre of Medical Functional Experiments, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- * E-mail:
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Frippiat JP, Crucian BE, de Quervain DJF, Grimm D, Montano N, Praun S, Roozendaal B, Schelling G, Thiel M, Ullrich O, Choukèr A. Towards human exploration of space: The THESEUS review series on immunology research priorities. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16040. [PMID: 28725745 PMCID: PMC5515533 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune system occurs during spaceflight and may represent a crew health risk during exploration missions because astronauts are challenged by many stressors. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the biology of immune modulation under spaceflight conditions in order to be able to maintain immune homeostasis under such challenges. In the framework of the THESEUS project whose aim was to develop an integrated life sciences research roadmap regarding human space exploration, experts working in the field of space immunology, and related disciplines, established a questionnaire sent to scientists around the world. From the review of collected answers, they deduced a list of key issues and provided several recommendations such as a maximal exploitation of currently available resources on Earth and in space, and to increase increments duration for some ISS crew members to 12 months or longer. These recommendations should contribute to improve our knowledge about spaceflight effects on the immune system and the development of countermeasures that, beyond astronauts, could have a societal impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Lorraine University, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicola Montano
- Cardiovascular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Department of Anaesthesiology, 'Stress and Immunity' Laboratory, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Thiel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Ullrich
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Choukèr
- Department of Anaesthesiology, 'Stress and Immunity' Laboratory, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Crucian B, Babiak-Vazquez A, Johnston S, Pierson DL, Ott CM, Sams C. Incidence of clinical symptoms during long-duration orbital spaceflight. Int J Gen Med 2016; 9:383-391. [PMID: 27843335 PMCID: PMC5098747 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s114188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The environment of spaceflight may elevate an astronaut’s clinical risk for specific diseases. The purpose of this study was to derive, as accurately as currently possible, an assessment of in-flight clinical “incidence” data, based on observed clinical symptoms in astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS). Methods Electronic medical records were examined from 46 long-duration ISS crew members, each serving approximately a 6-month mission on board the ISS, constituting 20.57 total flight years. Incidence for immunological-related adverse health events or relevant clinical symptoms was tabulated in a non-identifiable fashion. Event categories included infectious diseases, allergies, and rashes/hypersensitivities. A subsequent re-evaluation of more notable events, either of prolonged duration or unresponsive to treatment, was performed. Results For the disease/symptom categories used in this evaluation, the ISS incidence rate was 3.40 events per flight year. Skin rashes were the most reported event (1.12/flight year) followed by upper respiratory symptoms (0.97/flight year) and various other (non-respiratory) infectious processes. During flight, 46% of crew members reported an event deemed “notable”. Among the notable events, 40% were classified as rashes/hypersensitivities. Characterization of on-orbit rashes manifested as redness with irritation, and could present on a variety of body locations. Conclusion Based on reported symptoms, astronauts experience adverse medical events of varying severity during long-duration spaceflights. The data suggests caution, from both a vehicle design and biomedical countermeasures perspective, as space agencies plan for prolonged deep space exploration missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Crucian
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA-Johnson Space Center
| | | | - Smith Johnston
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA-Johnson Space Center
| | - Duane L Pierson
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA-Johnson Space Center
| | - C Mark Ott
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA-Johnson Space Center
| | - Clarence Sams
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA-Johnson Space Center
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Murdock KW, Fagundes CP, Peek MK, Vohra V, Stowe RP. The effect of self-reported health on latent herpesvirus reactivation and inflammation in an ethnically diverse sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 72:113-8. [PMID: 27398881 PMCID: PMC5116910 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-rated health (SRH) is a reliable predictor of health outcomes including morbidity and mortality. Immune dysregulation is one hypothesized mechanism underlying the association between SRH and health outcomes. Indeed, poorer SRH is associated with greater inflammation. The association between SRH and reactivation of latent herpesviruses is unknown, representing an important gap in the literature given that reactivation of latent herpesviruses leads to enhanced inflammation. The present study addressed this important gap in the literature by examining associations between SRH, inflammation (i.e., peripheral cytokines in the blood), and reactivation of latent herpesviruses among a sample of 1208 individuals participating in the Texas City Stress and Health Study. Participants completed a self-report measure of SRH and a blood draw. Results indicated that higher SRH was associated with lower reactivation of latent herpesviruses and inflammation. Moreover, reactivation of latent herpesviruses partially mediated the association between SRH and inflammation. Accordingly, findings add to our growing understanding of the association between SRH and immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Murdock
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Christopher P. Fagundes
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
,Department of Symptoms Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
,Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza - BCM350, Houston, Texas 77030 , USA
| | - M. Kristen Peek
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vansh Vohra
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Raymond P. Stowe
- Microgen Laboratories, 903 Texas Avenue, La Marque, TX 77568, USA
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Benjamin CL, Stowe RP, St. John L, Sams CF, Mehta SK, Crucian BE, Pierson DL, Komanduri KV. Decreases in thymopoiesis of astronauts returning from space flight. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e88787. [PMID: 27699228 PMCID: PMC5033888 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the advent of molecular assays that measure T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) present in recent thymic emigrants, it has been conclusively shown that thymopoiesis persists in most adults, but that functional output decreases with age, influencing the maintenance of a diverse and functional T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Space flight has been shown to result in a variety of phenotypic and functional changes in human T cells and in the reactivation of latent viruses. While space flight has been shown to influence thymic architecture in rodents, thymopoiesis has not previously been assessed in astronauts. Here, we assessed thymopoiesis longitudinally over a 1-year period prior to and after long-term space flight (median duration, 184 days) in 16 astronauts. While preflight assessments of thymopoiesis remained quite stable in individual astronauts, we detected significant suppression of thymopoiesis in all subjects upon return from space flight. We also found significant increases in urine and plasma levels of endogenous glucocorticoids coincident with the suppression of thymopoiesis. The glucocorticoid induction and thymopoiesis suppression were transient, and they normalized shortly after return to Earth. This is the first report to our knowledge to prospectively demonstrate a significant change in thymopoiesis in healthy individuals in association with a defined physiologic emotional and physical stress event. These results suggest that suppression of thymopoiesis has the potential to influence the maintenance of the TCR repertoire during extended space travel. Further studies of thymopoiesis and endogenous glucocorticoids in other stress states, including illness, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L. Benjamin
- Adult Stem Cell Transplant Program, University of Miami Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Lisa St. John
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Krishna V. Komanduri
- Adult Stem Cell Transplant Program, University of Miami Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
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Söderberg-Nauclér C, Fornara O, Rahbar A. Cytomegalovirus driven immunosenescence-An immune phenotype with or without clinical impact? Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 158:3-13. [PMID: 27318107 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The continuous emerging increase in life span has led to vulnerability to a number of different diseases in the elderly. Some of these risks may be attributed to specific changes in the immune system referred to as immunoscenescence. This term aims to describe decreased immune functions among elderly individuals, and is characterized to be harmful age-associated changes in the immune system that lead to its gradual immune dysfunction. An impaired function of the immune system may increase susceptibility to various diseases in the elderly population such as infections, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Although it is unclear how this immune phenotype develops, emerging evidence suggest that it may reflect an exhaustion of the immune system, possibly caused by one or several chronic infections. The main candidate is human cytomegalovirus (CMV), which can induce immune dysfunctions observed in immunoscenescence. Although the immune system is currently considered to be exhausted in CMV positive elderly individuals, it is not known whether such dysfunction of the immune system is a main reason for increased susceptibility to other diseases, or if direct effects of the virus in disease pathogenesis reflect the increased vulnerability to them. These aspects will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Olesja Fornara
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mayer T, Blachowicz A, Probst AJ, Vaishampayan P, Checinska A, Swarmer T, de Leon P, Venkateswaran K. Microbial succession in an inflated lunar/Mars analog habitat during a 30-day human occupation. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:22. [PMID: 27250991 PMCID: PMC4890489 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For potential future human missions to the Moon or Mars and sustained presence in the International Space Station, a safe enclosed habitat environment for astronauts is required. Potential microbial contamination of closed habitats presents a risk for crewmembers due to reduced human immune response during long-term confinement. To make future habitat designs safer for crewmembers, lessons learned from characterizing analogous habitats is very critical. One of the key issues is that how human presence influences the accumulation of microorganisms in the closed habitat. RESULTS Molecular technologies, along with traditional microbiological methods, were utilized to catalog microbial succession during a 30-day human occupation of a simulated inflatable lunar/Mars habitat. Surface samples were collected at different time points to capture the complete spectrum of viable and potential opportunistic pathogenic bacterial population. Traditional cultivation, propidium monoazide (PMA)-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assays were employed to estimate the cultivable, viable, and metabolically active microbial population, respectively. Next-generation sequencing was used to elucidate the microbial dynamics and community profiles at different locations of the habitat during varying time points. Statistical analyses confirm that occupation time has a strong influence on bacterial community profiles. The Day 0 samples (before human occupation) have a very different microbial diversity compared to the later three time points. Members of Proteobacteria (esp. Oxalobacteraceae and Caulobacteraceae) and Firmicutes (esp. Bacillaceae) were most abundant before human occupation (Day 0), while other members of Firmicutes (Clostridiales) and Actinobacteria (esp. Corynebacteriaceae) were abundant during the 30-day occupation. Treatment of samples with PMA (a DNA-intercalating dye for selective detection of viable microbial population) had a significant effect on the microbial diversity compared to non-PMA-treated samples. CONCLUSIONS Statistical analyses revealed a significant difference in community structure of samples over time, particularly of the bacteriomes existing before human occupation of the habitat (Day 0 sampling) and after occupation (Day 13, Day 20, and Day 30 samplings). Actinobacteria (mainly Corynebacteriaceae) and Firmicutes (mainly Clostridiales Incertae Sedis XI and Staphylococcaceae) were shown to increase over the occupation time period. The results of this study revealed a strong relationship between human presence and succession of microbial diversity in a closed habitat. Consequently, it is necessary to develop methods and tools for effective maintenance of a closed system to enable safe human habitation in enclosed environments on Earth and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mayer
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Adriana Blachowicz
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Probst
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Parag Vaishampayan
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Aleksandra Checinska
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Swarmer
- Department of Space Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Pablo de Leon
- Department of Space Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Wang GC, Han C, Detrick B, Casolaro V, Levine DM, Fried LP, Walston JD. Herpesvirus Infections and Risk of Frailty and Mortality in Older Women: Women's Health and Aging Studies. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64:998-1005. [PMID: 27131018 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between herpesvirus infections and mortality and incident frailty risks in community-dwelling older women. DESIGN Nested prospective cohort study. SETTING Women's Health and Aging Studies I and II. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling older women aged 70 to 79 (n = 633). MEASUREMENTS Baseline serum antibody (immunoglobulin G) levels against four herpesviruses (herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 7 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)), 3-year incident frailty rates, and 5-year mortality. RESULTS Women seropositive for HSV-1 and HSV-2, but not VZV and EBV, had higher risk of 3-year incident frailty (HSV-1: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96-3.74; HSV-2: HR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.05-4.37) and 5-year mortality (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 0.93-3.20; HR = 1.80, 95% CI = 0.94-3.44, respectively) than seronegative women. Incremental increases in serum HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibody levels were associated with incrementally higher risks of incident frailty and mortality. After adjustment for potential confounders, only higher serum HSV-2 antibody level was independently predictive of higher risk of mortality in older women (for each unit increase in antibody index, HR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.05-2.07). CONCLUSION HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibody levels are not independently associated with risk of incident frailty in older women. Only HSV-2 antibody level is independently predictive of 5-year mortality risk, with each incremental increase in the antibody level adding further risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Wang
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christina Han
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - David M Levine
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Linda P Fried
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Urbaniak C, Reid G. The potential influence of the microbiota and probiotics on women during long spaceflights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:193-8. [PMID: 26901697 DOI: 10.2217/whe.15.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Humans have been exploring space for almost 55 years but space travel comes with many psychological and physiological changes that astronauts have to adapt to, both during and post flight missions. Now, with the reality of such missions lasting years, maintaining proper health of the flight crew is a high priority. While conditions such as nausea, bone loss, renal calculi and depression have been recognized, and approaches to medical and surgical care in space considered, the influence of the microbiota could be of added significance in maintaining astronaut health. While probiotics have long been part of the Russian cosmonaut diet, their use for specific health concerns of women has not been assessed. In this article, we explore the ways in which the microbiome may influence the health of female astronauts during long space flights, and present a rationale for the use of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Urbaniak
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Zhang J, Liu YY, Sun HL, Li S, Xiong HR, Yang ZQ, Xiang GD, Jiang XJ. High Human Cytomegalovirus IgG Level is Associated with Increased Incidence of Diabetic Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:4102-10. [PMID: 26717490 PMCID: PMC4699628 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, whether human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is debatable. The effect of active HCMV infection on glucose regulation has been poorly studied. Although HCMV infection is correlated with atherosclerosis in cardiovascular disease, the role of HCMV infection in the development of diabetic atherosclerosis in T2DM is unclear and is usually neglected by endocrinologists. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of HCMV infection on glucose regulation and the development of diabetic atherosclerosis in T2DM patients. Material/Methods A total of 222 hospitalized T2DM patients were enrolled. Nested polymerase chain reactions were used to detect HCMV DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine viral load. HCMV IgG antibody concentrations were analyzed by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results HCMV active infection, viral load, and HCMV IgG titers were not correlated with glucose regulation. Binary logistic regression demonstrated that the highest quartile of HCMV IgG concentration (>500 U/ml) was correlated with the incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis (OR: 8.0, 95%CI: 2.3–27.2), and that titer >127U/ml of HCMV IgG is an independent predictor for the development of diabetic atherosclerosis in T2DM patients (OR: 4.6, 95%CI: 1.9–11.3) after adjustment for all potential confounding factors. Conclusions Active HCMV infection is unlikely to influence glucose regulation in T2DM. However, HCMV IgG titers are associated with the incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis, and titer >127U/ml of HCMV IgG might be an independent risk factor for the development of diabetic atherosclerosis in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan-yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Hui-ling Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Hai-rong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhan-qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Guang-da Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-jing Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Bigley AB, Rezvani K, Pistillo M, Reed J, Agha N, Kunz H, O'Connor DP, Sekine T, Bollard CM, Simpson RJ. Acute exercise preferentially redeploys NK-cells with a highly-differentiated phenotype and augments cytotoxicity against lymphoma and multiple myeloma target cells. Part II: impact of latent cytomegalovirus infection and catecholamine sensitivity. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:59-65. [PMID: 25578514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that acute exercise is associated with a preferential redeployment of highly-differentiated NK-cells and increased cytotoxicity against HLA-expressing tumor cell lines during exercise recovery. In this part II study, we retrospectively analyzed these findings in the context of latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and performed additional experiments to explore potential mechanisms underpinning the marked reduction in NK-cell redeployment with exercise in CMV-seropositive individuals. We show here that latent CMV infection impairs NK-cell mobilization with exercise, only when the intensity of the exercise bout exceeds the individual blood lactate threshold (BLT). This impaired mobilization is associated with increased proportions of poorly exercise-responsive NK-cell subsets (NKG2C+/KIR-, NKG2C+/NKG2A-, and NKG2C+/CD57+) and decreased NK-cell β(2)-adrenergic receptor (AR) expression in those with CMV. As a result, NK-cell production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in response to in vitro isoproterenol (synthetic β-agonist) stimulation was drastically lower in those with CMV (6.0 vs. 20.3pmol/mL, p<0.001) and correlated highly with the proportion of NKG2C+/CD57+ NK-cells (R(2)=0.97). Moreover, NK-cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA) against the K562 (36.6% vs. 22.7%, p<0.05), U266 (23.6% vs. 15.9%, p<0.05), and 221.AEH (41.3% vs. 13.3%, p<0.001) cell lines was increased at baseline in those infected with CMV; however, latent CMV infection abated the post-exercise increase in NKCA as a result of decreased NK-cell mobilization. Additionally, NKCA per cell against the U266 (0.24 vs. 0.12, p<0.01), RPMI-8226 (0.17 vs. 0.11, p<0.05), and 221.AEH (0.18 vs. 0.11, p<0.05) cell lines was increased 1h post-exercise (relative to baseline) in CMV-seronegative subjects, but not in those infected with CMV. Collectively, these data indicate that latent CMV infection may compromise NK-cell mediated immunosurveillance after acute exercise due to an increased proportion of "CMV-specific" NK-cell subsets with impaired β-adrenergic receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Bigley
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mira Pistillo
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Justin Reed
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Nadia Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Hawley Kunz
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Daniel P O'Connor
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, and Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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Crucian B, Stowe RP, Mehta S, Quiriarte H, Pierson D, Sams C. Alterations in adaptive immunity persist during long-duration spaceflight. NPJ Microgravity 2015; 1:15013. [PMID: 28725716 PMCID: PMC5515498 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It is currently unknown whether immune system alterations persist during long-duration spaceflight. In this study various adaptive immune parameters were assessed in astronauts at three intervals during 6-month spaceflight on board the International Space Station (ISS). AIMS: To assess phenotypic and functional immune system alterations in astronauts participating in 6-month orbital spaceflight. Methods: Blood was collected before, during, and after flight from 23 astronauts participating in 6-month ISS expeditions. In-flight samples were returned to Earth within 48 h of collection for immediate analysis. Assays included peripheral leukocyte distribution, T-cell function, virus-specific immunity, and mitogen-stimulated cytokine production profiles. Results: Redistribution of leukocyte subsets occurred during flight, including an elevated white blood cell (WBC) count and alterations in CD8+ T-cell maturation. A reduction in general T-cell function (both CD4+ and CD8+) persisted for the duration of the 6-month spaceflights, with differential responses between mitogens suggesting an activation threshold shift. The percentage of CD4+ T cells capable of producing IL-2 was depressed after landing. Significant reductions in mitogen-stimulated production of IFNγ, IL-10, IL-5, TNFα, and IL-6 persisted during spaceflight. Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, production of IL-10 was reduced, whereas IL-8 production was increased during flight. Conclusions: The data indicated that immune alterations persist during long-duration spaceflight. This phenomenon, in the absence of appropriate countermeasures, has the potential to increase specific clinical risks for crewmembers during exploration-class deep space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Crucian
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Satish Mehta
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heather Quiriarte
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, JES Tech, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duane Pierson
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clarence Sams
- Space and Clinical Operations Division, Houston, TX, USA
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Mark S, Scott GBI, Donoviel DB, Leveton LB, Mahoney E, Charles JB, Siegel B. The impact of sex and gender on adaptation to space: executive summary. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2015; 23:941-7. [PMID: 25401937 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2014.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article is a compendium of six individual manuscripts, a Commentary, and an Executive Summary. This body of work is entitled "The Impact of Sex and Gender on Adaptation to Space" and was developed in response to a recommendation from the 2011 National Academy of Sciences Decadal Survey, "Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences for a New Era," which emphasized the need to fully understand sex and gender differences in space. To ensure the health and safety of male and female astronauts during long-duration space missions, it is imperative to examine and understand the influences that sex and gender have on physiological and psychological changes that occur during spaceflight. In this collection of manuscripts, six workgroups investigated and summarized the current body of published and unpublished human and animal research performed to date related to sex- and gender-based differences in the areas of cardiovascular, immunological, sensorimotor, musculoskeletal, reproductive, and behavioral adaptations to human spaceflight. Each workgroup consisted of scientists and clinicians from academia, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and other federal agencies and was co-chaired by one representative from NASA and one from the external scientific community. The workgroups met via telephone and e-mail over 6 months to review literature and data from space- and ground-based studies to identify sex and gender factors affecting crew health. In particular, the Life Sciences Data Archive and the Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health were extensively mined. The groups identified certain sex-related differences that impact the risks and the optimal medical care required by space-faring women and men. It represents innovative research in sex and gender-based biology that impacts those individuals that are at the forefront of space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saralyn Mark
- 1 Advanced Exploration Systems Division, Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC
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