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Matsuda M, Shimora H, Nagatani Y, Nishikawa K, Takamori I, Haguchi T, Kitatani K, Kaminuma O, Nabe T. Involvement of CCR5 on interstitial macrophages in the development of lung fibrosis in severe asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112331. [PMID: 38795597 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
CCR5 may be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In comparison with a mild asthma model, subepithelial fibrosis was more severe and CCR5 gene expression in the lungs was significantly higher in our recently developed murine model of steroid-resistant severe asthma. Treatment with the CCR5 antagonist, maraviroc, significantly suppressed the development of subepithelial fibrosis in bronchi, whereas dexamethasone did not. On the other hand, increases in leukocytes related to type 2 inflammation, eosinophils, Th2 cells, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells in the lungs were not affected by the treatment with maraviroc. Increases in neutrophils and total macrophages were also not affected by the CCR5 antagonist. However, increases in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-producing interstitial macrophages (IMs) were significantly reduced by maraviroc. The present results confirmed increases in CCR5-expressing IMs in the lungs of the severe asthma model. In conclusion, CCR5 on IMs plays significant roles in the development of subepithelial fibrosis in severe asthma through TGF-β production in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Matsuda
- Laboratory Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Hayato Shimora
- Laboratory Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yukino Nagatani
- Laboratory Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Keitaro Nishikawa
- Laboratory Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Itomi Takamori
- Laboratory Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Tenta Haguchi
- Laboratory Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kitatani
- Laboratory Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaminuma
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nabe
- Laboratory Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
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2
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Mundra A, Yegiazaryan A, Karsian H, Alsaigh D, Bonavida V, Frame M, May N, Gargaloyan A, Abnousian A, Venketaraman V. Pathogenicity of Type I Interferons in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3919. [PMID: 36835324 PMCID: PMC9965986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality due to infectious disease and rates have increased during the emergence of COVID-19, but many of the factors determining disease severity and progression remain unclear. Type I Interferons (IFNs) have diverse effector functions that regulate innate and adaptive immunity during infection with microorganisms. There is well-documented literature on type I IFNs providing host defense against viruses; however, in this review, we explore the growing body of work that indicates high levels of type I IFNs can have detrimental effects to a host fighting TB infection. We report findings that increased type I IFNs can affect alveolar macrophage and myeloid function, promote pathological neutrophil extracellular trap responses, inhibit production of protective prostaglandin 2, and promote cytosolic cyclic GMP synthase inflammation pathways, and discuss many other relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaash Mundra
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Aram Yegiazaryan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Haig Karsian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Dijla Alsaigh
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Victor Bonavida
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Mitchell Frame
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Nicole May
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Areg Gargaloyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Arbi Abnousian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
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3
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Pinilla-Vera M, Xiong Z, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Donahoe MP, Barge S, Horne WT, Kolls JK, McVerry BJ, Birukova A, Tighe RM, Foster WM, Hollingsworth J, Ray A, Mallampalli R, Ray P, Lee JS. Full Spectrum of LPS Activation in Alveolar Macrophages of Healthy Volunteers by Whole Transcriptomic Profiling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159329. [PMID: 27434537 PMCID: PMC4951018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding macrophage activation, little is known regarding how human alveolar macrophages in health calibrate its transcriptional response to canonical TLR4 activation. In this study, we examined the full spectrum of LPS activation and determined whether the transcriptomic profile of human alveolar macrophages is distinguished by a TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dominant type I interferon signature. Bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages were obtained from healthy volunteers, stimulated in the presence or absence of ultrapure LPS in vitro, and whole transcriptomic profiling was performed by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). LPS induced a robust type I interferon transcriptional response and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted interferon regulatory factor (IRF)7 as the top upstream regulator of 89 known gene targets. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase (USP)-18, a negative regulator of interferon α/β responses, was among the top up-regulated genes in addition to IL10 and USP41, a novel gene with no known biological function but with high sequence homology to USP18. We determined whether IRF-7 and USP-18 can influence downstream macrophage effector cytokine production such as IL-10. We show that IRF-7 siRNA knockdown enhanced LPS-induced IL-10 production in human monocyte-derived macrophages, and USP-18 overexpression attenuated LPS-induced production of IL-10 in RAW264.7 cells. Quantitative PCR confirmed upregulation of USP18, USP41, IL10, and IRF7. An independent cohort confirmed LPS induction of USP41 and IL10 genes. These results suggest that IRF-7 and predicted downstream target USP18, both elements of a type I interferon gene signature identified by RNA-Seq, may serve to fine-tune early cytokine response by calibrating IL-10 production in human alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinilla-Vera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zeyu Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Donahoe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suchitra Barge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William T. Horne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bryan J. McVerry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anastasiya Birukova
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - W. Michael Foster
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Hollingsworth
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rama Mallampalli
- The Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Prabir Ray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janet S. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Impaired CXCR1-dependent oxidative defence in active tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:744-750. [PMID: 26316141 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Much of the pronounced host inflammatory response that occurs in tuberculosis (TB) is related to failed immunity against the invading pathogen. The G-protein coupled receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 are implicated in important signal transduction pathways in lung inflammatory responses. We investigated the expression and function of these receptors in a simple whole blood model from 24 patients with pulmonary TB and in subjects with latent TB infection (LTBI). Healthy controls were recruited from close contacts to the pulmonary index patients. We found that pulmonary TB patients had significantly increased CXCR1 expression on blood cells compared to LTBI subjects and controls (p < 0.001). In contrast, LTBI subjects had a significant increase in CXCR2 expression compared to pulmonary TB patients (p < 0.001) and controls (p < 0.01). Leukocyte function, measured as oxidative capacity, was decreased in pulmonary TB patients compared to LTBI and controls (p < 0.001) and correlated with the increased CXCR1 expression. Leukocyte recruitment, measured as the expression of microRNA-223 was increased in pulmonary TB patients compared to LTBI (p < 0.05). We found that variations in receptor expression are linked to disease progression and affect the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).
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5
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PknE, a serine/threonine protein kinase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis initiates survival crosstalk that also impacts HIV coinfection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83541. [PMID: 24421891 PMCID: PMC3885422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine threonine protein kinases (STPK) play a major role in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we examined the role of STPK pknE, using a deletion mutant ΔpknE in the modulation of intracellular signaling events that favor M. tuberculosis survival. Phosphorylation kinetics of MAPK (p38MAPK, Erk½ and SAPK/JNK) was defective in ΔpknE compared to wild-type infected macrophages. This defective signaling dramatically delayed and reduced the phosphorylation kinetics of transcription factors ATF-2 and c-JUN in ΔpknE infected macrophages. MAPK inhibitors instead of reducing the phosphorylation in ΔpknE infected macrophages, revealed crosstalks with Erk½ signaling influenced by SAPK/JNK and p38 pathways independently. Modulations in intra cellular signaling altered the expression of coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 in ΔpknE infected macrophages. In conclusion, pknE plays a role in MAPK crosstalks that enables intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis. This survival strategy also impacts HIV/TB coinfection.
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6
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Abstract
The broad variety of pulmonary infections encountered in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals demonstrates that the host defense network is impaired. An improved understanding of these events in the lung can lead to specific interventions aimed at restoration of deficient function. This review summarizes the pulmonary host defense deficits in HIV-infected individuals, focusing on lymphocytes, alveolar macrophages, and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Beck
- Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
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7
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Kalsdorf B, Skolimowska KH, Scriba TJ, Dawson R, Dheda K, Wood K, Hofmeister J, Hanekom WA, Lange C, Wilkinson RJ. Relationship between chemokine receptor expression, chemokine levels and HIV-1 replication in the lungs of persons exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:540-9. [PMID: 23147374 PMCID: PMC3791514 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Increased susceptibility to tuberculosis following HIV-1 seroconversion contributes significantly to the tuberculosis epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Lung-specific mechanisms underlying the interaction between HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are incompletely understood. Here we address these questions by examining the effect of HIV-1 and latent M. tuberculosis co-infection on the expression of viral-entry receptors and ligands in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of HIV-1-infected and -uninfected patients with and without latent M. tuberculosis infection. Irrespective of HIV-1 status, T cells from BAL expressed higher levels of the beta-chemokine receptor (CCR)5 than peripheral blood T cells, in particular the CD8+ T cells of HIV-1-infected persons showed elevated CCR5 expression. The concentrations of the CCR5 ligands RANTES and MIP-1β were elevated in the BAL of HIV-1-infected persons compared with that in HIV-1-uninfected controls. CCR5 expression and RANTES concentration correlated strongly with HIV-1 viral load in the BAL. In contrast, these alterations were not associated with M. tuberculosis sensitisation in vivo, nor did M. tuberculosis infection of BAL cells ex vivo change RANTES expression. These data suggest ongoing HIV-1 replication predominantly drives local pulmonary CCR5+ T-cell activation in HIV/latent M. tuberculosis co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kalsdorf
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
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8
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Slight SR, Khader SA. Chemokines shape the immune responses to tuberculosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 24:105-13. [PMID: 23168132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the intracellular pathogen that causes the disease, tuberculosis. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are key regulators in immune cell recruitment to sites of infection and inflammation. This review highlights our recent advances in understanding the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in cellular recruitment of immune cells to the lung, role in granuloma formation and host defense against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Slight
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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9
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Selvaraj P, Alagarasu K, Singh B, Afsal K. CCL5 (RANTES) gene polymorphisms in pulmonary tuberculosis patients of south India. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 38:397-402. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Abstract
The histologic distinction between bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and other adenocarcinomas is tissue invasion. The clinical importance of lung adenocarcinoma invasion is supported by several recent studies indicating that the risk of death in nonmucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is significantly lower than that of pure invasive tumors and in tumors with greater than 0.5 cm of fibrosis or linear invasion. Using microarray gene expression profiling of human tumors, dysregulation of transforming growth factor-beta signaling was identified as an important mediator of tumor invasion. Subsequent studies showed that the CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed, and presumably secreted was up-regulated in invasive tumors and was required for invasion in cells with repressed levels of the transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor. Taken together, these studies illustrate how information gained from global expression profiling of tumors can be used to identify key pathways and genes mediating tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis.
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11
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent research using genomics to examine lung carcinogenesis, histologic differentiation, and progression.
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12
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Shen R, Richter HE, Clements RH, Novak L, Huff K, Bimczok D, Sankaran-Walters S, Dandekar S, Clapham PR, Smythies LE, Smith PD. Macrophages in vaginal but not intestinal mucosa are monocyte-like and permissive to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2009; 83:3258-67. [PMID: 19153236 PMCID: PMC2655566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01796-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces play a major role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission and pathogenesis, and yet the role of lamina propria macrophages in mucosal HIV-1 infection has received little investigative attention. We report here that vaginal and intestinal macrophages display distinct phenotype and HIV-1 permissiveness profiles. Vaginal macrophages expressed the innate response receptors CD14, CD89, CD16, CD32, and CD64 and the HIV-1 receptor/coreceptors CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4, similar to monocytes. Consistent with this phenotype, green fluorescent protein-tagged R5 HIV-1 entered macrophages in explanted vaginal mucosa as early as 30 min after inoculation of virus onto the epithelium, and purified vaginal macrophages supported substantial levels of HIV-1 replication by a panel of highly macrophage-tropic R5 viruses. In sharp contrast, intestinal macrophages expressed no detectable, or very low levels of, innate response receptors and HIV-1 receptor/coreceptors and did not support HIV-1 replication, although virus occasionally entered macrophages in intestinal tissue explants. Thus, vaginal, but not intestinal, macrophages are monocyte-like and permissive to R5 HIV-1 after the virus has translocated across the epithelium. These findings suggest that genital and gut macrophages have different roles in mucosal HIV-1 pathogenesis and that vaginal macrophages play a previously underappreciated but potentially important role in mucosal HIV-1 infection in the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Shen
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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13
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Méndez-Samperio P. Expression and regulation of chemokines in mycobacterial infection. J Infect 2008; 57:374-84. [PMID: 18838171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are the key molecules that recruit immune cells by chemotaxis and act in leukocyte activation during mycobacterial diseases. Currently, tuberculosis is a leading infectious disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The purpose of this review is to describe a series of recent scientific evidence concerning to the protective role of some members of the CC- and the CXC chemokine subfamilies for the control of mycobacterial infection. The discussion will (1) highlight the effectiveness of some chemokines as potent immunoprophylactic tool for controlling the mycobacterial establishment within the host, (2) describe recent work on the relevance of cellular signaling pathways by which mycobacterial antigens mediate chemokine induction, and (3) summarize current progress in the understanding of the potential use of chemokines as potent adjuvants in antimycobacterial immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN., Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, México D.F. 11340, Mexico.
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14
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Lee JS, Lee JY, Son JW, Oh JH, Shin DM, Yuk JM, Song CH, Paik TH, Jo EK. Expression and regulation of the CC-chemokine ligand 20 during human tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2007; 67:77-85. [PMID: 18052967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CC-chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), a unique chemokine ligand of CC-chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), play roles in various pathologic conditions. However, the characteristic expression profiles of CCL20 during human tuberculosis (TB) have been largely unknown. The present study analyzed the production and regulatory mechanisms of CCL20 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from active pulmonary TB patients and healthy controls (HC). The 30-kDa antigen (Ag) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis actively induced the production of CCL20 by human PBMC and MDM. A comparative analysis revealed that the expression of CCL20 protein was prominently up-regulated in PBMC, MDM, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (not in sera) from TB patients compared with the corresponding cells or body fluids from HC. Blockade of either tumour necrosis factor-alpha or interferon-gamma, but not interleukin-10, significantly attenuated the CCL20 production. In addition, recombinant CCL20 induced CCR6 expression by CD45RO+ T lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression of CCR6 was significantly increased in CD45RO+ T lymphocytes from TB patients, as compared with those from HC. Pharmacological inhibition studies showed that the 30-kDa Ag-induced CCL20 mRNA expression involves mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK; extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38)- and NF-kappaB-dependent signalling. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that TB patients show the up-regulated expression of CCL20, which is modulated by proinflammatory cytokines, and through MAPK/NF-kappaB-mediated transcriptional mechanisms. The findings suggest important implications of potential roles of CCL20-CCR6 in immunopathogenesis of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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15
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Usefulness of alternate prognostic serum and plasma markers for antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 15:154-8. [PMID: 18003813 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00193-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In developing countries, the usability of peripheral blood constituents that are low-cost alternatives to CD4-positive (CD4+) T-cell and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA estimation should be evaluated as prognostic markers. The aim of our study was to investigate the use of plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), albumin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) as alternate prognostic markers for antiretroviral treatment (ART) response in place of HIV-1 load measurements. Paired blood samples were collected from 30 HIV-infected individuals before and after initiation of ART, 13 HIV-infected individuals before and after completion of antituberculosis therapy (ATT), and 10 HIV-infected individuals not on either ATT or ART. Because of the nonavailability of samples, the CRP estimation was done for samples from only 19, 9, and 8 individuals in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The measurements of all three markers, i.e., DHEAS, albumin, and CRP, were carried out with commercial assays. The differences in the albumin levels before and after ART or ATT were significant (P < 0.05), while the differences in DHEAS and CRP levels were not significant (P > 0.05). When levels of DHEAS among the individuals who were followed up were analyzed, 13 (44.8%) in the ART group and 9 (69%) in the ATT group showed an increase following treatment. Prior to treatment of HIV-infected individuals, there was a significant positive correlation of CD4+ T-cell counts and a negative correlation of viral load with albumin and DHEAS levels (P < 0.01). Among the three plasma markers we tested, plasma albumin and, to some extent, DHEAS show promise as prognostic markers in monitoring HIV infection.
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16
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Opalek JM, Ali NA, Lobb JM, Hunter MG, Marsh CB. Alveolar macrophages lack CCR2 expression and do not migrate to CCL2. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2007; 4:19. [PMID: 17888174 PMCID: PMC2099427 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-4-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The recruitment of mononuclear cells has important implications for tissue inflammation. Previous studies demonstrated enhanced CCR1 and CCR5 expression and decreased CCR2 expression during in vitro monocyte to macrophage differentiation. To date, no study examined the in vivo differences in chemokine receptor expression between human peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Methods We examined the expression of these receptors in human peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages using microarray analysis, reverse-transcriptase PCR, flow cytometry and migration analyses. Results In contrast to peripheral blood monocytes, alveolar macrophages did not express the CCL2 receptor, CCR2, and did not migrate toward CCL2. In contrast, monocytes and freshly isolated resident alveolar macrophages both migrated towards CCL3. However, up to 6-fold more monocytes migrated toward equivalent concentrations of CCL3 than did alveolar macrophages from the same donor. While peripheral blood monocytes expressed the CCL3 receptor, CCR1, alveolar macrophages expressed the alternate CCL3 receptor, CCR5. The addition of anti-CCR5 blocking antibodies completely abrogated CCL3-induced migration in alveolar macrophages, but did not affect the migration of peripheral blood monocytes. Conclusion These data support the specificity of CCL2 to selectively drive monocyte, but not alveolar macrophage recruitment to the lung and CCR5 as the primary macrophage receptor for CCL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy M Opalek
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Naeem A Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lobb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Melissa G Hunter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Clay B Marsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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de Groot M, Teunissen MBM, Ortonne JP, Lambert JR, Naeyaert JM, Picavet DI, Arreaza MG, Simon JS, Kraan M, Bos JD, de Rie MA. Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in psoriasis and results of a randomized placebo controlled trial with a CCR5 inhibitor. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:305-13. [PMID: 17647003 PMCID: PMC1950346 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have indicated that the chemokine receptor CCR5 and its ligands, especially CCL5 (formerly known as RANTES), may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the expression of CCR5 and its ligands in chronic plaque psoriasis and to evaluate the clinical and immunohistochemical effect of a CCR5 receptor inhibitor. Immunohistochemical analysis showed low but significant increased total numbers of CCR5 positive cells in epidermis and dermis of lesional skin in comparison to non-lesional skin. However, relative expression of CCR5 proportional to the cells observed revealed that the difference between lesional and non-lesional skin was only statistically significant in the epidermis for CD3 positive cells and in the dermis for CD68 positive cells. Quantification of mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction only showed an increased expression of CCL5 (RANTES) in lesional skin. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial in 32 psoriasis patients revealed no significant clinical effect and no changes at the immunohistochemical level comparing patients treated with placebo or a CCR5 inhibitor SCH351125. We conclude that although CCR5 expression is increased in psoriatic lesions, this receptor does not play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan de Groot
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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18
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Abstract
During tuberculosis (TB) infection, the granuloma provides the microenvironment in which antigen-specific T cells colocate with and activate infected macrophages to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the granuloma is the site for mycobacterial killing, virulent mycobacteria have developed a variety of mechanisms to resist this macrophage-mediated killing. These surviving mycobacteria become dormant, however, if host cellular immunity or the signals maintaining granuloma structure wane, or if mycobacteria resume replication, leading to reactivation of TB. This balance of life and death applies not only to the mycobacterium but also to the host macrophages that may undergo apoptosis or necrosis, leading to the characteristic caseous necrosis within the granuloma, and the potential spread of TB infection. The immunological factors controlling the development and maintenance of the granuloma will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette M Saunders
- Mycobacterial Research Programme, Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.
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19
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Mugwagwa T, Witten G. Coreceptor switching in HIV-1 subtype B and subtype C. Bull Math Biol 2006; 69:55-75. [PMID: 17086370 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-006-9137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We use a mathematical model to determine the factors affecting the delayed or rare coreceptor switch in HIV-1 subtype C infected individuals. The model takes into account the two main target cells for the CXCR4-tropic and CCR5-tropic virus and includes the the lytic and non-lytic immune responses. Computer-based simulations and a sensitivity analysis of the model predict that a persistent immune response suppresses the CXCR4-tropic virus to low levels and hence preventing a phenotypic switch. However, not only should the immune response be persistent, but it should have an efficient lytic immune response rather that an efficient non-lytic response. In addition, we also find that the availability of macrophage cells and enhanced viral kinetics are also crucial for the dominance of the R5 strain. We suggest that an altered host environment probably as a result of immune activation may explain the difference in coreceptor switching kinetics between HIV-1 subtype B and subtype C individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mugwagwa
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
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20
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Arias MA, Pantoja AE, Jaramillo G, Paris SC, Shattock RJ, García LF, Griffin GE. Chemokine receptor expression and modulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens on mononuclear cells from human lymphoid tissues. Immunology 2006; 118:171-84. [PMID: 16771852 PMCID: PMC1782282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor switching on lymphoid cells is an important factor regulating migration and homing, but little is known about the expression of such molecules during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans. We describe CCR2, CCR5 and CCR7 expression on human cells from blood, spleen and pulmonary hilar lymph nodes (PHLN) stimulated by M. tuberculosis antigens. CCR2 was not expressed by CD3+ cells regardless of the presence of antigen, but was highly expressed on CD14+ CD63+ monocytes/macrophages. CCR2 decreased on splenic monocytes/macrophages by nearly 50% in culture, independent of antigen, but remained high in blood and PHLN. CCR5 was low in CD3+ cells and was down-regulated by M. tuberculosis antigens on blood and splenic cells but not in PHLN. CCR5 was highly expressed on monocytes/macrophages and was down-regulated by M. tuberculosis antigens at 48 hr only in blood. Less than 15% of CD3+ cells from spleen and PHLN were CCR7+, whereas nearly 40% from blood expressed this receptor on primary isolation. However, CCR7 in PHLN increased in culture, independent of antigen. Monocytes/macrophages did not express CCR7. Thus, we characterize, for the first time, chemokine receptor expression and differential modulation by M. tuberculosis antigens on human mononuclear cells from spleen, blood and PHLN. Knowledge of chemokine receptor switching in human lymphoid tissue provides novel insight into mechanisms of the immune response to M. tuberculosis with potential effects on directing cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Arias
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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21
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Ma B, Liu W, Homer RJ, Lee PJ, Coyle AJ, Lora JM, Lee CG, Elias JA. Role of CCR5 in the Pathogenesis of IL-13-Induced Inflammation and Remodeling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4968-78. [PMID: 16585593 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-13 is a major effector at sites of Th2 inflammation and tissue remodeling. In these locations, it frequently coexists with the CCR5 chemokine receptor and its ligands MIP-1alpha/CCL3 and MIP-1beta/CCL4. We hypothesized that CCR5 induction and activation play important roles in the pathogenesis of IL-13-induced tissue responses. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of IL-13 on the expression of CCR5 in the murine lung. We also compared the effects of lung-targeted transgenic IL-13 in mice treated with anti-CCR5 or an Ab control and mice with wild-type or null CCR5 loci. These studies demonstrate that IL-13 is a potent stimulator of epithelial cell CCR5 expression. They also demonstrate that CCR5 neutralization or a deficiency of CCR5 significantly decreases IL-13-induced inflammation, alveolar remodeling, structural and inflammatory cell apoptosis, and respiratory failure and death. Lastly, these studies provide mechanistic insights by demonstrating that CCR5 is required for optimal IL-13 stimulation of select chemokines (MIP-1alpha/CCL3, MIP-1beta/CCL4, MCP-1/CCL-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cell death regulators (Fas, TNF, TNFR1, TNFR2, Bid), optimal IL-13 inhibition of alpha1-antitrypsin, and IL-13-induction of and activation of caspases-3, -8, and-9. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that CCR5 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of IL-13-induced inflammation and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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22
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Stegelmann F, Bastian M, Swoboda K, Bhat R, Kiessler V, Krensky AM, Roellinghoff M, Modlin RL, Stenger S. Coordinate expression of CC chemokine ligand 5, granulysin, and perforin in CD8+ T cells provides a host defense mechanism against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7474-83. [PMID: 16301655 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of CD8+ T cells to kill intracellular pathogens depends upon their capacity to attract infected cells as well as their secretion of cytolytic and antimicrobial effector molecules. We examined the Ag-induced expression of three immune effector molecules contained within cytoplasmic granules of human CD8+ T cells: the chemokine CCL5, the cytolytic molecule perforin, and the antimicrobial protein granulysin. Macrophages infected with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis triggered the expression of CCL5 in CD8+ T cells only in donors with previous exposure to the tuberculosis bacteria, not in naive donors. Functionally, CCL5 efficiently attracted M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages, but failed to exert direct antibacterial activity. Infected macrophages also triggered the expression of granulysin in CD8+ T cells, and granulysin was found to be highly active against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis clinical isolates. The vast majority of CCL5-positive cells coexpressed granulysin and perforin. Taken together, this report provides evidence that a subset of CD8+ T cells coordinately expresses CCL5, perforin and granulysin, thereby providing a host mechanism to attract M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages and kill the intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Stegelmann
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene der Friedrich Alexander Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Chen E, Moller D. Cytokines and Chemokines in Sarcoidosis. LUNG BIOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2005. [DOI: 10.1201/b13773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hanna LE, Bose JC, Nayak K, Subramanyam S, Swaminathan S. Short communication: Influence of active tuberculosis on chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in HIV-infected persons. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:997-1002. [PMID: 16379602 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the major opportunistic infection of HIV-1-infected patients in developing countries. Concurrent infection with TB results in immune cells having enhanced susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, which facilitates entry and replication of the virus. Cumulative data from earlier studies indicate that TB provides a milieu of continuous cellular activation and irregularities in cytokine and chemokine circuits that favor viral replication and disease progression. To better understand the interaction of the host with HIV-1 during active tuberculosis, we investigated in vivo expression of the HIV-1 coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, and circulating levels of the inhibitory beta-chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-1-alpha (MIP-1alpha), macrophage inflammatory protein-1-beta (MIP-1beta), and regulated upon activation T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), in HIV-positive individuals with and without active pulmonary tuberculosis. We found a significant decrease from normal in the fraction of CD4+ T cells expressing CCR5 and CXCR4 in individuals infected with HIV. However, CCR5 and CXCR4 expression did not differ significantly between HIV patients with and without tuberculosis. Higher amounts of MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES were detected in plasma of HIV-1-positive individuals, particularly those with dual infection, although the increase was not found to be statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chetput, Chennai-600 031, India
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25
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Ma B, Kang MJ, Lee CG, Chapoval S, Liu W, Chen Q, Coyle AJ, Lora JM, Picarella D, Homer RJ, Elias JA. Role of CCR5 in IFN-gamma-induced and cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:3460-72. [PMID: 16284650 PMCID: PMC1280966 DOI: 10.1172/jci24858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Th1 inflammation and remodeling characterized by tissue destruction frequently coexist in human diseases. To further understand the mechanisms of these responses, we defined the role(s) of CCR5 in the pathogenesis of IFN-gamma-induced inflammation and remodeling in a murine emphysema model. IFN-gamma was a potent stimulator of the CCR5 ligands macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha/CCL-3 (MIP-1alpha/CCL-3), MIP-1beta/CCL-4, and RANTES/CCL-5, among others. Antibody neutralization or null mutation of CCR5 decreased IFN-gamma-induced inflammation, DNA injury, apoptosis, and alveolar remodeling. These interventions decreased the expression of select chemokines, including CCR5 ligands and MMP-9, and increased levels of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. They also decreased the expression and/or activation of Fas, FasL, TNF, caspase-3, -8, and -9, Bid, and Bax. In accordance with these findings, cigarette smoke induced pulmonary inflammation, DNA injury, apoptosis, and emphysema via an IFN-gamma-dependent pathway(s), and a null mutation of CCR5 decreased these responses. These studies demonstrate that IFN-gamma is a potent stimulator of CC and CXC chemokines and highlight the importance of CCR5 in the pathogenesis of IFN-gamma-induced and cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, tissue remodeling, and emphysema. They also demonstrate that CCR5 is required for optimal IFN-gamma stimulation of its own ligands, other chemokines, MMPs, caspases, and cell death regulators and the inhibition of antiproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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26
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Wolday D, Tegbaru B, Kassu A, Messele T, Coutinho R, van Baarle D, Miedema F. Expression of Chemokine Receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 on CD4+ T Cells and Plasma Chemokine Levels During Treatment of Active Tuberculosis in HIV-1-Coinfected Patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 39:265-71. [PMID: 15980685 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000163027.47147.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of persistently elevated plasma HIV viremia in patients coinfected with tuberculosis (TB) during anti-TB treatment in Africans remains unknown. We examined the expression of chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 on CD4+ T cells and plasma chemokine levels of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, regulated on activation normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha among TB patients with HIV coinfection during the first 2 months of anti-TB treatment. During treatment of TB, the plasma HIV-1 load and CD4+ T-cell count remained unchanged. Levels of CCR5 and CXCR4 expression on CD4+ T cells as well as plasma levels of chemokines remained persistently elevated during anti-TB treatment. Persistently elevated plasma HIV viremia also paralleled persistently elevated expressions of activated CCR5+ or CXCR4+ CD4+ T cells. These results suggest that increased expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 on an activated CD4+ T-cell population coupled with persistently elevated chemokines may provide a suitable condition for continuous replication of HIV associated with TB coinfection. This, in turn, may contribute, at least in part, to the observed persistently elevated plasma HIV viremia in coinfected patients despite anti-TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Wolday
- Ethio-Netherlands AIDS Research Project (ENARP) and Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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27
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Kulkarni S, Tripathy S, Agnihotri K, Jatkar N, Jadhav S, Umakanth W, Dhande K, Tondare P, Gangakhedkar R, Paranjape R. Indian primary HIV-2 isolates and relationship between V3 genotype, biological phenotype and coreceptor usage. Virology 2005; 337:68-75. [PMID: 15914221 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine coreceptors play a significant role in HIV entry and pathogenesis. The V3 region of HIV envelope glycoprotein is considered as a principal determinant for viral phenotype and tropism. The present study describes lack of association between the V3 genotype and viral phenotype of 18 Indian HIV-2 isolates. The viruses were isolated, confirmed by PCR and the HIV subtypes were determined by sequencing V3 region of the env gene. The coreceptor usage and syncytium inducing (SI) capacity of isolates was determined. Our study indicated that CCR5 coreceptor usage and NSI phenotype is predominant among Indian HIV-2 isolates obtained from patients in the early stage of infection. Two of the four HIV-2 isolates obtained from the late stage patients were SI and dual tropic. Phylogenetic analysis of these isolates revealed close relatedness to the isolates from western and southern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kulkarni
- Department of Molecular Virology, National AIDS Research Institute, Bhosari, India.
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28
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people worldwide. HIV-positive children are at risk of diagnostic error as well as delayed diagnosis of TB because of overlapping clinical and radiographic features with other lung diseases. Acute pneumonias and chronic lung diseases such as bronchiectasis and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis are difficult to distinguish from TB. TB manifestations are more severe in HIV-positive children and progression to death is more rapid than in HIV-negative children. The response to standard short-course therapy in HIV-positive children is not as good as in HIV-negative children due to lower cure rates and higher mortality. TB hastens the progression of HIV disease by increasing viral replication and reducing CD4 counts further. Although Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination could lead to disseminated Mycobacterium bovis disease in the presence of immunosuppression, this has been rarely reported. More studies are required to assess the role of newer diagnostic tests, TB preventive therapy and co-administration of anti-retroviral therapy in the control of TB among HIV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Swaminathan
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, Mayor VR Ramanathan Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600 031, India.
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29
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Algood HMS, Flynn JL. CCR5-Deficient Mice ControlMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection despite Increased Pulmonary Lymphocytic Infiltration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3287-96. [PMID: 15322191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is dependent on the development of an adaptive immune response, which is mediated by granulomas. The granuloma is a dynamic structure that forms in the lung and consists primarily of macrophages and lymphocytes. For this structure to be effective in containment of the bacillus, it must develop in an organized and timely manner. The formation of the granuloma is dependent on recruitment of activated cells through adhesion molecules and chemokines. M. tuberculosis infection causes an increase in the expression of beta-chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, and their receptor CCR5, in the lungs. In this study, we demonstrate that CCR5-transgenic knockout mice were capable of recruiting immune cells to the lung to form granulomas. CCR5(-/-) mice successfully induced a Th1 response and controlled infection. Unexpectedly, M. tuberculosis infection in these mice resulted in greater numbers of lymphocytes migrating to the lung and higher levels of many inflammatory cytokines, compared with wild-type mice, without apparent long-term detrimental effects. In the absence of CCR5, there were more dendritic cells in the lung-draining lymph nodes and more primed T lymphocytes in these mice. Bacterial numbers in the lymph nodes were also higher in CCR5(-/-) mice. Therefore, CCR5 may play a role in the migration of dendritic cells to and from the lymph nodes during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Scott Algood
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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30
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Israël-Biet D, Esvant H, Laval AM, Cadranel J. Impairment of beta chemokine and cytokine production in patients with HIV related Pneumocystis jerovici pneumonia. Thorax 2004; 59:247-51. [PMID: 14985564 PMCID: PMC1746968 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2003.013763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jerovici pneumonia (PJP) remains a frequent opportunistic infection in HIV infected patients which markedly upregulates HIV replication by mechanisms so far poorly elucidated. PJP triggers the production of proinflammatory mediators with activating effects on HIV. However, anti-inflammatory factors with inhibiting effects on HIV are normally produced in parallel. We postulated that an imbalance of mediators normally controlling HIV replication could underlie its marked increase during PJP. METHODS The production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukins IL-6 and IL-10, and beta-chemokine by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells recovered from HIV infected patients with and without PJP was compared. The pulmonary viral load was determined and correlations with cytokine and chemokine production were examined. RESULTS TNFalpha and IL-6 release was similar in patients with and without PJP but IL-10 and beta-chemokine release was markedly lower in the PJP group (IL-10: p<10(-2), RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta: p<0.001). The pulmonary viral load was markedly higher in patients with PJP (p<0.001) and correlated negatively with levels of MIP-1alpha, RANTES and IL-10 in BAL fluid cells (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Pulmonary IL-10 and beta-chemokine production is markedly defective in HIV infected patients with PJP, while pulmonary TNFalpha and IL-6 levels are normal. The resulting excess of these latter factors, which are known to upregulate HIV replication, might contribute to the increase in pulmonary viral load and to the more rapid HIV disease progression observed in patients with PJP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Israël-Biet
- Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie Pulmonaire, UPRES EA220, Université Paris V, Paris, France.
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31
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Day RB, Wang Y, Knox KS, Pasula R, Martin WJ, Twigg HL. Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected subjects are resistant to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:403-10. [PMID: 12972398 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0059oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals frequently develop Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the initial host defense against this organism. We measured MTB growth in AM from normal and HIV-infected subjects after in vitro exposure. Intracellular growth of MTB was reduced in AM from HIV-infected subjects compared with normal macrophages. This was confined to subjects with CD4 counts greater than 200/microl. Growth of avirulent mycobacteria in HIV macrophages was significantly less than virulent MTB. Because avirulent MTB is more sensitive to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), we examined the relationship between cytokine secretion and mycobacterial growth. Higher AM spontaneous TNF-alpha secretion was associated with reduced MTB growth in normal AM. This relationship was not seen in HIV-infected subjects, suggesting that other factors contributed to mycobacteria resistance. Mycobacteria-induced TNF-alpha secretion was inversely associated with growth in normal AM but not in HIV-infected subjects. Finally, binding and internalization of MTB was augmented in HIV macrophages compared with normal, demonstrating that reduced intracellular MTB growth was not due to impaired phagocytosis. In conclusion, the increased incidence of MTB infection in HIV-infected subjects does not appear to be due to a defect in macrophage innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Day
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, 1481 West 10th St., 111P-IU, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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32
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Cilliers T, Nhlapo J, Coetzer M, Orlovic D, Ketas T, Olson WC, Moore JP, Trkola A, Morris L. The CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors are both used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates from subtype C. J Virol 2003; 77:4449-56. [PMID: 12634405 PMCID: PMC150635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4449-4456.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C viruses with different coreceptor usage profiles were isolated from 29 South African patients with advanced AIDS. All 24 R5 isolates were inhibited by the CCR5-specific agents, PRO 140 and RANTES, while the two X4 viruses and the three R5X4 viruses were sensitive to the CXCR4-specific inhibitor, AMD3100. The five X4 or R5X4 viruses were all able to replicate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells that did not express CCR5. When tested using coreceptor-transfected cell lines, one R5 virus was also able to use CXCR6, and another R5X4 virus could use CCR3, BOB/GPR15, and CXCR6. The R5X4 and X4 viruses contained more-diverse V3 loop sequences, with a higher overall positive charge, than the R5 viruses. Hence, some HIV-1 subtype C viruses are able to use CCR5, CXCR4, or both CXCR4 and CCR5 for entry, and they are sensitive to specific inhibitors of entry via these coreceptors. These observations are relevant to understanding the rapid spread of HIV-1 subtype C in the developing world and to the design of intervention and treatment strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Benzylamines
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists
- Cell Line
- Chemokine CCL5/pharmacology
- Cyclams
- Female
- HIV Antibodies
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV-1/classification
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/isolation & purification
- HIV-1/pathogenicity
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/physiology
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/physiology
- Receptors, HIV/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, HIV/genetics
- Receptors, HIV/physiology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- South Africa
- Transfection
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonie Cilliers
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
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33
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Dasgupta B, Roychoudhury K, Ganguly S, Akbar MA, Das P, Roy S. Infection of human mononuclear phagocytes and macrophage-like THP1 cells with Leishmania donovani results in modulation of expression of a subset of chemokines and a chemokine receptor. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:366-74. [PMID: 12662300 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors was studied in Leishmania donovani (LD)-infected human mononuclear phagocytes and the human monocytic cell line THP1. Our studies showed that LD infection caused the upregulation of three beta chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted)), one alpha chemokine (interleukin-8 (IL-8)) and the CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) but not CCR1, as evident from reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The CCR5 upregulation in human mononuclear phagocytes and THP1 cells was also evident by confocal microscopy. The possible association of such upregulation in relation to Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dasgupta
- Department of Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta 700-032, West Bengal, India
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Engele M, Stössel E, Castiglione K, Schwerdtner N, Wagner M, Bölcskei P, Röllinghoff M, Stenger S. Induction of TNF in human alveolar macrophages as a potential evasion mechanism of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1328-37. [PMID: 11801673 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of macrophages to release cytokines is crucial to the host response to intracellular infection. In particular, macrophage-derived TNF plays an important role in the host response to infection with the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In mice, TNF is indispensable for the formation of tuberculous granulomas, which serve to demarcate the virulent bacterium. TNF is also implicated in many of the immunopathological features of tuberculosis. To investigate the role of TNF in the local immune response, we infected human alveolar macrophages with virulent and attenuated mycobacteria. Infection with virulent strains induced the secretion of significantly higher levels of bioactive TNF than attenuated strains correlating with their ability to multiply intracellularly. Treatment of infected macrophages with neutralizing anti-TNF Abs reduced the growth rate of intracellular bacteria, whereas bacterial replication was augmented by addition of exogenous TNF. Infected and uninfected macrophages contributed to cytokine production as determined by double-staining of M. tuberculosis and intracellular TNF. The induction of TNF by human alveolar macrophages at the site of infection permits the multiplication of intracellular bacteria and may therefore present an evasion mechanism of human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Engele
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene der Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstrasse 3, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
The resurgence of tuberculosis worldwide has intensified research efforts directed at examining the host defense and pathogenic mechanisms operative in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This review summarizes our current understanding of the host immune response, with emphasis on the roles of macrophages, T cells, and the cytokine/chemokine network in engendering protective immunity. Specifically, we summarize studies addressing the ability of the organism to survive within macrophages by controlling phagolysosome fusion. The recent studies on Toll-like receptors and the impact on the innate response to M. tuberculosis are discussed. We also focus on the induction, specificity, and effector functions of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and the roles of cytokines and chemokines in the induction and effector functions of the immune response. Presentation of mycobacterial antigens by MHC class I, class II, and CD1 as well as the implications of these molecules sampling various compartments of the cell for presentation to T cells are discussed. Increased attention to this disease and the integration of animal models and human studies have afforded us a greater understanding of tuberculosis and the steps necessary to combat this infection. The pace of this research must be maintained if we are to realize an effective vaccine in the next decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Flynn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Di Stefano A, Capelli A, Lusuardi M, Caramori G, Balbo P, Ioli F, Sacco S, Gnemmi I, Brun P, Adcock IM, Balbi B, Barnes PJ, Chung KF, Donner CF. Decreased T lymphocyte infiltration in bronchial biopsies of subjects with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:893-902. [PMID: 11422154 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the inflammatory process in the large airways of patients with mild/moderate COPD have shown a prevalent T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration of the bronchial mucosa. However, bronchial inflammation in more severe disease has not been extensively studied. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to characterize the lymphocyte infiltration in the bronchial mucosa of subjects with severe, compared to mild, COPD, and to examine the relationship between airflow limitation and T lymphocyte numbers in the bronchial mucosa. METHODS We examined bronchial biopsies obtained from nine smokers with severe airflow limitation, nine smokers with mild/moderate airflow limitation and 14 smokers with normal lung function. Immunohistochemical methods on cryostat sections were used to assess the number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells and the number of CD3+ cells coexpressing the chemokine receptor CCR5 (CCR5+CD3+) in the subepithelium. RESULTS Subjects with severe COPD had lower numbers of CD3+, CD8+ and CCR5+CD3+ cells than mild/moderate COPD (P < 0.012, P < 0.02 and P < 0.02, respectively) and control smokers (P < 0.015, P < 0.005 and P < 0.015, respectively). In subjects with airflow limitation the number of CD3+ and CD8+ cells was inversely correlated with the degree of airway obstruction (r = 0.59, P < 0.015 and r = 0.52, P < 0.032, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Bronchial inflammation in severe COPD is characterized by lower numbers of CD3+ and CD8+ cells and decreased numbers of CD3+ cells coexpressing the chemokine receptor CCR5. T lymphocyte infiltration is inversely correlated with the degree of airflow limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Stefano
- Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Medical Center of Rehabilitation, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Veruno, Italy.
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Morris L, Cilliers T, Bredell H, Phoswa M, Martin DJ. CCR5 is the major coreceptor used by HIV-1 subtype C isolates from patients with active tuberculosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:697-701. [PMID: 11429110 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750236979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the major opportunistic infection of HIV-infected patients in developing countries and is associated with activation of the immune system and increased HIV-1 expression. The aim of this study was to explore the biological properties of HIV-1 isolates from patients with active TB. Ten HIV-1 subtype C isolates were analyzed for biological phenotypes, using MT-2 cells, and for coreceptor usage, using coreceptor-transfected cell lines. All isolates were nonsyncytium inducing (NSI) in the MT-2 assay and replicated in CCR5-expressing cells. None of the isolates used CXCR4 or any of the minor coreceptors (CCR1, CCR2b, or CCR3) efficiently. Analysis of the V3 region showed that all isolates contained the GPGQ motif characteristic of subtype C and also had a sequence profile typical of NSI viruses. These data indicate that despite their advanced disease state, patients with TB harbor viruses that use the CCR5 coreceptor. It is possible that activation of monocytes and macrophages during TB infection results in the expansion of macrophage-tropic isolates that preferentially use CCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Morris
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Virology, Sandringham 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Pillay T, Adhikari M, Mokili J, Moodley D, Connolly C, Doorasamy T, Coovadia HM. Severe, rapidly progressive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease in newborns with coinfections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:404-10. [PMID: 11332665 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200104000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe a severe form of rapidly progressive HIV-1 infection manifesting in the neonatal period. METHOD Prospective cohort study, King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa. HIV-1-exposed neonates with hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy or persistent pneumonia within the first 28 days of life were investigated for perinatal infections. Confirmation of neonatal HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 subtype and clinical outcomes were studied. RESULTS Twenty-three (72%) of 32 symptomatic HIV-1-exposed neonates recruited at a mean of 15.2 days were HIV-1-infected. HIV-1 infection was detected in 5 patients who were tested within 48 h of birth, confirming congenital infection. Congenital infection was not excluded in any case. Median neonatal viral load at recruitment was 471,932 copies/ml and median CD4 was 777 cells/mm3. The predominant clinical presentation was growth retardation and prematurity. Perinatal infections detected included: tuberculosis (8), syphilis (6) and cytomegalovirus (10). All of the neonates with perinatal tuberculosis were HIV-1-coinfected. Maternal and neonatal viral load and CD4 at recruitment were not statistically different between the groups with tuberculosis vs. other coinfections. Gag gene sequence analysis confirmed closely aligned HIV-1 subtype C in mothers and neonates. Nineteen (83%) died by 9 months, with a mean age at death of 3.5 months. CONCLUSIONS A distinct group of HIV-1-infected babies may clinically manifest in the neonatal period with perinatal coinfections, subsequent rapidly progressive HIV-1 and early death.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pillay
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Natal, Medical School, South Africa
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Ciaramella A, Martino A, Cicconi R, Colizzi V, Fraziano M. Mycobacterial 19-kDa lipoprotein mediates Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced apoptosis in monocytes/macrophages at early stages of infection. Cell Death Differ 2000; 7:1270-2. [PMID: 11270362 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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40
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Croix DA, Capuano S, Simpson L, Fallert BA, Fuller CL, Klein EC, Reinhart TA, Murphey-Corb M, Flynn JL. Effect of mycobacterial infection on virus loads and disease progression in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:1895-908. [PMID: 11118075 DOI: 10.1089/08892220050195856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a mycobacterial infection on AIDS disease was studied in the simian model. Monkeys were infected with the primary virulent isolate SIV/DeltaB670 and inoculated 90 days later with BCG, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis. All monkeys experienced a dramatic transient increase in plasma viremia and CCR5 expression on T lymphocytes after BCG inoculation. Only two of the four SIV+ animals had substantial proliferative responses to PPD, with poor responders developing disseminated BCG during the course of the experiment. BCG inoculation of SIV-infected long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) monkeys was also performed. Similar to the acutely infected animals, two of three LTNPs experienced increases in plasma viral levels and CCR5 expression. In the majority of animals studied, there was no accelerated progression to AIDS despite the concomitant transient stimulation of virus replication and CCR5 expression on T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Croix
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Miyagi T, Chuang LF, Doi RH, Carlos MP, Torres JV, Chuang RY. Morphine induces gene expression of CCR5 in human CEMx174 lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31305-10. [PMID: 10887175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001269200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
All HIV-1 strains studied to date use CCR5, CXCR4, or both receptors to enter cells. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of non-human primates has served as a useful model for understanding AIDS pathogenesis in humans. Research on several genetically divergent SIV isolates has revealed that SIV uses CCR5, and not CXCR4, for entry. CEM x174, a human lymphoid cell line, has been routinely used to cultivate and maintain various SIV strains. However, questions have arisen about how CEM x174, which reportedly was unable to express detectable amounts of CCR5 transcripts, efficiently supports the growth of SIV. In searching for an answer, we resorted to a sensitive competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction procedure in an attempt to detect as well as quantify the amount of CCR5 expression. Here we present our findings, which indicate that CEM x174 indeed expresses CCR5 and that the amount of CCR5 is increased in cells pretreated with morphine. These results correlate well with our previous observations that morphine treatment causes CEM x174 cells to be more susceptible to SIV infection. Similar morphine effect was not observed on CEM x174 cells infected with simian retroviruses, which do not depend on CCR5 for entry. These findings suggest a plausible mechanism whereby opiate drug users render themselves more susceptible to HIV infection, thereby explaining the vast prevalence of HIV infection among endemic drug use populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyagi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, the Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Bentwich
- Ruth Ben-Ari Institute of Clinical Immunology & AIDS Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Rehovot, Israel
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Wahl SM, Greenwell‐Wild T, Hale‐Donze H, Moutsopoulos N, Orenstein JM. Permissive factors for HIV‐1 infection of macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.3.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M. Wahl
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pathology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Teresa Greenwell‐Wild
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pathology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Hollie Hale‐Donze
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pathology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Niki Moutsopoulos
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pathology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Jan M. Orenstein
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pathology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Cecilia D, Kulkarni SS, Tripathy SP, Gangakhedkar RR, Paranjape RS, Gadkari DA. Absence of coreceptor switch with disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus infections in India. Virology 2000; 271:253-8. [PMID: 10860879 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) utilizes CD4 as a receptor and CCR5 and/or CXCR4 as coreceptor to gain entry into the cell. The CCR5-tropic viruses, observed early in infection, could be important in transmission and the CXCR4-tropic viruses, observed late, may play an important role in disease progression. Viruses from 40 HIV-positive, asymptomatic or symptomatic individuals in India were isolated. Of 40 isolates 39 used CCR5. Thirty-three isolates were subtype C, 3 isolates were subtype A, and 4 isolates were HIV-2. Only 1 HIV-2 isolate, from a symptomatic individual, was dualtropic. Therefore, a majority of isolates from India belonged to subtype C and all the isolates utilized CCR5 exclusively irrespective of HIV disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cecilia
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411001, India.
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46
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Ghassemi M, Asadi FK, Andersen BR, Novak RM. Mycobacterium avium induces HIV upregulation through mechanisms independent of cytokine induction. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:435-40. [PMID: 10772529 DOI: 10.1089/088922200309098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) can induce upregulation of HIV. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, the effect of MAC-induced cytokines on HIV replication was first studied. Semiquantitative RT-PCR, followed by Northern blot analysis, revealed that mRNA encoding IL-6 and TNF-alpha was induced by MAC. However, production of these cytokines was undetectable and the addition of anti-cytokine antibodies to coinfected cells could only minimally block the MAC effect on HIV. Infection of U38 cells with MAC resulted in enhancement of HIV-1 LTR-CAT transcription. In addition, transient transfection of U937 cells with full-length wild-type as well as NF-kappaB-binding site-deleted mutant HIV-1 LTR-CAT constructs revealed that MAC-induced HIV-LTR CAT is NF-kappaB dependent. These findings, together with our previous work, indicate that MAC-induced cytokine expression increases the formation of NF-kappaB, which in turn enhances HIV-1 LTR-CAT transcription. However, additional factor(s) yet to be elucidated may play a more significant role in MAC-mediated HIV-upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghassemi
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612, USA.
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