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Sladewski TE, Campbell PC, Billington N, D'Ordine A, Cole JL, de Graffenried CL. Cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei relies on an orphan kinesin that dynamically crosslinks microtubules. Curr Biol 2023; 33:899-911.e5. [PMID: 36787745 PMCID: PMC10023446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Many single-celled eukaryotes have complex cell morphologies defined by microtubules arranged into higher-order structures. The auger-like shape of the parasitic protist Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) is mediated by a parallel array of microtubules that underlies the plasma membrane. The subpellicular array must be partitioned and segregated using a microtubule-based mechanism during cell division. We previously identified an orphan kinesin, KLIF, that localizes to the ingressing cleavage furrow and is essential for the completion of cytokinesis. We have characterized the biophysical properties of a truncated KLIF construct in vitro to gain mechanistic insight into the function of this novel kinesin. We find that KLIF is a non-processive dimeric kinesin that dynamically crosslinks microtubules. Microtubules crosslinked by KLIF in an antiparallel orientation are translocated relative to one another, while microtubules crosslinked parallel to one another remain static, resulting in the formation of organized parallel bundles. In addition, we find that KLIF stabilizes the alignment of microtubule plus ends. These features provide a mechanistic understanding for how KLIF functions to form a new pole of aligned microtubule plus ends that defines the shape of the new cell posterior, which is an essential requirement for the completion of cytokinesis in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Sladewski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Paul C Campbell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Neil Billington
- Laboratory of Physiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra D'Ordine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - James L Cole
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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2
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Walker BC, Tempel W, Zhu H, Park H, Cochran JC. Chromokinesins NOD and KID Use Distinct ATPase Mechanisms and Microtubule Interactions To Perform a Similar Function. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2326-2338. [PMID: 30973712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromokinesins NOD and KID have similar DNA binding domains and functions during cell division, while their motor domain sequences show significant variations. It has been unclear whether these motors have the similar structure, chemistry, and microtubule interactions necessary to follow a similar mechanism of force generation. We used biochemical rate measurements, cosedimentation, and structural analysis to investigate the ATPase mechanisms of the NOD and KID core domains. These studies revealed that NOD and KID have different ATPase mechanisms, microtubule interactions, and catalytic domain structures. The ATPase cycles of NOD and KID have different rate-limiting steps. The ATPase rate of NOD was robustly stimulated by microtubules, and its microtubule affinity was weakened in all nucleotide-bound states. KID bound microtubules tightly in all nucleotide states and remained associated with the microtubule for more than 100 cycles of ATP hydrolysis before dissociating. The structure of KID was most like that of conventional kinesin (KIF5). Key differences in the microtubule binding region and allosteric communication pathway between KID and NOD are consistent with our biochemical data. Our results support the model in which NOD and KID utilize distinct mechanistic pathways to achieve the same function during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Walker
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry , Indiana University , Simon Hall Room 405C, 212 South Hawthorne Drive , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Wolfram Tempel
- Structural Genomics Consortium , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Haizhong Zhu
- Structural Genomics Consortium , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Heewon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Tulane School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Jared C Cochran
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry , Indiana University , Simon Hall Room 405C, 212 South Hawthorne Drive , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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3
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Ye AA, Verma V, Maresca TJ. NOD is a plus end-directed motor that binds EB1 via a new microtubule tip localization sequence. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3007-3017. [PMID: 29899040 PMCID: PMC6122986 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which the Drosophila chromokinesin NOD promotes chromosome congression is unknown. Ye et al. demonstrate that NOD generates force by two mechanisms: plus end–directed motility and microtubule plus-tip tracking via interaction with EB1 through a newly identified motif. Chromosome congression, the process of positioning chromosomes in the midspindle, promotes the stable transmission of the genome to daughter cells during cell division. Congression is typically facilitated by DNA-associated, microtubule (MT) plus end–directed motors called chromokinesins. The Drosophila melanogaster chromokinesin NOD contributes to congression, but the means by which it does so are unknown in large part because NOD has been classified as a nonmotile, orphan kinesin. It has been postulated that NOD promotes congression, not by conventional plus end–directed motility, but by harnessing polymerization forces by end-tracking on growing MT plus ends via a mechanism that is also uncertain. Here, for the first time, it is demonstrated that NOD possesses MT plus end–directed motility. Furthermore, NOD directly binds EB1 through unconventional EB1-interaction motifs that are similar to a newly characterized MT tip localization sequence. We propose NOD produces congression forces by MT plus end–directed motility and tip-tracking on polymerizing MT plus ends via association with EB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Ye
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA .,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA
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4
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Yue Y, Blasius TL, Zhang S, Jariwala S, Walker B, Grant BJ, Cochran JC, Verhey KJ. Altered chemomechanical coupling causes impaired motility of the kinesin-4 motors KIF27 and KIF7. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1319-1334. [PMID: 29351996 PMCID: PMC5881503 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-4 motors play important roles in cell division, microtubule organization, and signaling. Understanding how motors perform their functions requires an understanding of their mechanochemical and motility properties. We demonstrate that KIF27 can influence microtubule dynamics, suggesting a conserved function in microtubule organization across the kinesin-4 family. However, kinesin-4 motors display dramatically different motility characteristics: KIF4 and KIF21 motors are fast and processive, KIF7 and its Drosophila melanogaster homologue Costal2 (Cos2) are immotile, and KIF27 is slow and processive. Neither KIF7 nor KIF27 can cooperate for fast processive transport when working in teams. The mechanistic basis of immotile KIF7 behavior arises from an inability to release adenosine diphosphate in response to microtubule binding, whereas slow processive KIF27 behavior arises from a slow adenosine triphosphatase rate and a high affinity for both adenosine triphosphate and microtubules. We suggest that evolutionarily selected sequence differences enable immotile KIF7 and Cos2 motors to function not as transporters but as microtubule-based tethers of signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Shashank Jariwala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Benjamin Walker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Barry J Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jared C Cochran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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5
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Li YJ, Zhu SH, Zhang XY, Liu YC, Xue F, Zhao LJ, Sun J. Expression and functional analyses of a Kinesin gene GhKIS13A1 from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fiber. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:50. [PMID: 28606082 PMCID: PMC5469014 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cotton fiber, a natural fiber widely used in the textile industry, is differentiated from single cell of ovule epidermis. A large number of genes are believed to be involved in fiber formation, but so far only a few fiber genes have been isolated and functionally characterized in this developmental process. The Kinesin13 subfamily was found to play key roles during cell division and cell elongation, and was considered to be involved in the regulation of cotton fiber development. Results The full length of coding sequence of GhKIS13A1 was cloned using cDNA from cotton fiber for functional characterization. Expression pattern analysis showed that GhKIS13A1 maintained a lower expression level during cotton fiber development. Biochemical assay showed that GhKIS13A1 has microtubule binding activity and basal ATPase activity that can be activated significantly by the presence of microtubules. Overexpression of GhKIS13A1 in Arabidopsis reduced leaf trichomes and the percentage of three-branch trichomes, and increased two-branch and shriveled trichomes compared to wild-type. Additionally, the expression of GhKIS13A1 in the Arabidopsis Kinesin-13a-1 mutant rescued the defective trichome branching pattern of the mutant, making its overall trichome branching pattern back to normal. Conclusions Our results suggested that GhKIS13A1 is functionally compatible with AtKinesin-13A regarding their role in regulating the number and branching pattern of leaf trichomes. Given the developmental similarities between cotton fibers and Arabidopsis trichomes, it is speculated that GhKIS13A1 may also be involved in the regulation of cotton fiber development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shou-Hong Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong-Chang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fei Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lan-Jie Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 4 Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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6
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Zhong A, Tan FQ, Yang WX. Chromokinesin: Kinesin superfamily regulating cell division through chromosome and spindle. Gene 2016; 589:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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7
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Chromokinesin Kid and kinetochore kinesin CENP-E differentially support chromosome congression without end-on attachment to microtubules. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6447. [PMID: 25743205 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome congression is the alignment of chromosomes at the spindle equator, and is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation. Recent data suggest that before kinetochores attach to the end of microtubules (end-on attachment), chromosomes can move along microtubules towards the spindle equator through attachment of kinetochores to the lateral surface of microtubules (lateral attachment). Here we address this mechanism, focusing on the contribution of two mitotic motors, Kid and CENP-E. In cells depleted of Hec1, which is essential for end-on attachment, chromosomes show partial and transient congression. This transient congression is further perturbed by co-depletion of Kid, suggesting its role in chromosome congression. In comparison, CENP-E suppresses chromosome congression, probably by tethering kinetochores to short, unstable microtubules, and works in congression only when microtubules are stabilized. Our results may reflect the differential contributions of Kid and CENP-E in chromosome congression in physiological conditions where stabilized microtubules are becoming increased.
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8
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He M, Subramanian R, Bangs F, Omelchenko T, Liem KF, Kapoor TM, Anderson KV. The kinesin-4 protein Kif7 regulates mammalian Hedgehog signalling by organizing the cilium tip compartment. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:663-72. [PMID: 24952464 PMCID: PMC4085576 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction requires a primary cilium, a microtubule-based organelle, and the Gli-Sufu complexes that mediate Hh signalling, which are enriched at cilia tips. Kif7, a kinesin-4 family protein, is a conserved regulator of the Hh signalling pathway and a human ciliopathy protein. Here we show that Kif7 localizes to the cilium tip, the site of microtubule plus ends, where it limits cilium length and controls cilium structure. Purified recombinant Kif7 binds the plus ends of growing microtubules in vitro, where it reduces the rate of microtubule growth and increases the frequency of microtubule catastrophe. Kif7 is not required for normal intraflagellar transport or for trafficking of Hh pathway proteins into cilia. Instead, a central function of Kif7 in the mammalian Hh pathway is to control cilium architecture and to create a single cilium tip compartment, where Gli-Sufu activity can be correctly regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu He
- 1] Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Radhika Subramanian
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Fiona Bangs
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Tatiana Omelchenko
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Karel F Liem
- 1] Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA [2]
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
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9
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Welburn JPI. The molecular basis for kinesin functional specificity during mitosis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:476-93. [PMID: 24039047 PMCID: PMC4065354 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-based motor proteins play key roles during mitosis to assemble the bipolar spindle, define the cell division axis, and align and segregate the chromosomes. The majority of mitotic motors are members of the kinesin superfamily. Despite sharing a conserved catalytic core, each kinesin has distinct functions and localization, and is uniquely regulated in time and space. These distinct behaviors and functional specificity are generated by variations in the enzymatic domain as well as the non-conserved regions outside of the kinesin motor domain and the stalk. These flanking regions can directly modulate the properties of the kinesin motor through dimerization or self-interactions, and can associate with extrinsic factors, such as microtubule or DNA binding proteins, to provide additional functional properties. This review discusses the recently identified molecular mechanisms that explain how the control and functional specification of mitotic kinesins is achieved. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie P I Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, United Kingdom
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10
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Cane S, Ye AA, Luks-Morgan SJ, Maresca TJ. Elevated polar ejection forces stabilize kinetochore-microtubule attachments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 200:203-18. [PMID: 23337118 PMCID: PMC3549975 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201211119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polar ejection forces, which push chromosomes away from spindle poles, modulate kinetochore–microtubule attachment stability. Chromosome biorientation promotes congression and generates tension that stabilizes kinetochore–microtubule (kt-MT) interactions. Forces produced by molecular motors also contribute to chromosome alignment, but their impact on kt-MT attachment stability is unclear. A critical force that acts on chromosomes is the kinesin-10–dependent polar ejection force (PEF). PEFs are proposed to facilitate congression by pushing chromosomes away from spindle poles, although knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underpinning PEF generation is incomplete. Here, we describe a live-cell PEF assay in which tension was applied to chromosomes by manipulating levels of the chromokinesin NOD (no distributive disjunction; Drosophila melanogaster kinesin-10). NOD stabilized syntelic kt-MT attachments in a dose- and motor-dependent manner by overwhelming the ability of Aurora B to mediate error correction. NOD-coated chromatin stretched away from the pole via lateral and end-on interactions with microtubules, and NOD chimeras with either plus end–directed motility or tip-tracking activity produced PEFs. Thus, kt-MT attachment stability is modulated by PEFs, which can be generated by distinct force-producing interactions between chromosomes and dynamic spindle microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Cane
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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11
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Friel CT, Howard J. Coupling of kinesin ATP turnover to translocation and microtubule regulation: one engine, many machines. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2012; 33:377-83. [PMID: 22447431 PMCID: PMC3521643 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-012-9289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cycle of ATP turnover is integral to the action of motor proteins. Here we discuss how variation in this cycle leads to variation of function observed amongst members of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule associated motor proteins. Variation in the ATP turnover cycle among superfamily members can tune the characteristic kinesin motor to one of the range of microtubule-based functions performed by kinesins. The speed at which ATP is hydrolysed affects the speed of translocation. The ratio of rate constants of ATP turnover in relation to association and dissociation from the microtubule influence the processivity of translocation. Variation in the rate-limiting step of the cycle can reverse the way in which the motor domain interacts with the microtubule producing non-motile kinesins. Because the ATP turnover cycle is not fully understood for the majority of kinesins, much work remains to show how the kinesin engine functions in such a wide variety of molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire T Friel
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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12
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Drummond DR. Regulation of microtubule dynamics by kinesins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:927-34. [PMID: 22001250 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The simple mechanistic and functional division of the kinesin family into either active translocators or non-motile microtubule depolymerases was initially appropriate but is now proving increasingly unhelpful, given evidence that several translocase kinesins can affect microtubule dynamics, whilst non-translocase kinesins can promote microtubule assembly and depolymerisation. Such multi-role kinesins act either directly on microtubule dynamics, by interaction with microtubules and tubulin, or indirectly, through the transport of other factors along the lattice to the microtubule tip. Here I review recent progress on the mechanisms and roles of these translocase kinesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Drummond
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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13
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Duchi S, Cavaliere V, Fagnocchi L, Grimaldi MR, Falabella P, Graziani F, Gigliotti S, Pennacchio F, Gargiulo G. The impact on microtubule network of a bracovirus IkappaB-like protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1699-712. [PMID: 20140478 PMCID: PMC11115485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polydnavirus-encoded IkappaB-like proteins are similar to insect and mammalian IkappaB, and an immunosuppressive function in the host cells has been inferred to these proteins. Here we show that the expression of one of these IkappaB-like viral genes, the TnBVank1, in the Drosophila germline affects the localization of gurken, bicoid, and oskar mRNAs whose gene products are relevant for proper embryonic patterning. The altered localization of these mRNAs is suggestive of general defects in the intracellular, microtubule-based, trafficking routes. Analysis of microtubule motor proteins components such as the dynein heavy chain and the kinesin heavy chain revealed defects in the polarized microtubule network. Interestingly, the TnBVANK1 viral protein is uniformly distributed over the entire oocyte cortex, and appears to be anchored to the microtubule ends. Our data open up a very interesting issue on novel function(s) played by the ank gene family by interfering with cytoskeleton organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Duchi
- Dipartimento Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavaliere
- Dipartimento Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Fagnocchi
- Dipartimento Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Falabella
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria ‘F. Silvestri’, Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Dipartimento Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Wordeman L. How kinesin motor proteins drive mitotic spindle function: Lessons from molecular assays. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:260-8. [PMID: 20109570 PMCID: PMC2844474 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins are enzymes that use the energy of ATP to perform mechanical work. There are approximately 14 families of kinesins within the kinesin superfamily. Family classification is derived primarily from alignments of the sequences of the core motor domain. For this reason, the enzymatic behavior and motility of each motor generally reflects its family. At the cellular level, kinesin motors perform a variety of functions during cell division and within the mitotic spindle to ensure that chromosomes are segregated with the highest fidelity possible. The cellular functions of these motors are intimately related to their mechanical and enzymatic properties at the single molecule level. For this reason, motility studies designed to evaluate the activity of purified molecular motors are a requirement in order to understand, mechanistically, how these motors make the mitotic spindle work and what can cause the spindle to fail. This review will focus on a selection of illustrative kinesins, which have been studied at the molecular level in order to inform our understanding of their function in cells. In addition, the review will endeavor to point out some kinesins that have been studied extensively but which still lack sufficient molecular underpinnings to fully predict their contribution to spindle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7290, United States.
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15
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Cochran JC, Sindelar CV, Mulko NK, Collins KA, Kong SE, Hawley RS, Kull FJ. ATPase cycle of the nonmotile kinesin NOD allows microtubule end tracking and drives chromosome movement. Cell 2009; 136:110-22. [PMID: 19135893 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Segregation of nonexchange chromosomes during Drosophila melanogaster meiosis requires the proper function of NOD, a nonmotile kinesin-10. We have determined the X-ray crystal structure of the NOD catalytic domain in the ADP- and AMPPNP-bound states. These structures reveal an alternate conformation of the microtubule binding region as well as a nucleotide-sensitive relay of hydrogen bonds at the active site. Additionally, a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the nucleotide-free microtubule-NOD complex shows an atypical binding orientation. Thermodynamic studies show that NOD binds tightly to microtubules in the nucleotide-free state, yet other nucleotide states, including AMPPNP, are weakened. Our pre-steady-state kinetic analysis demonstrates that NOD interaction with microtubules occurs slowly with weak activation of ADP product release. Upon rapid substrate binding, NOD detaches from the microtubule prior to the rate-limiting step of ATP hydrolysis, which is also atypical for a kinesin. We propose a model for NOD's microtubule plus-end tracking that drives chromosome movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Cochran
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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16
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Gilliland WD, Hughes SF, Vietti DR, Hawley RS. Congression of achiasmate chromosomes to the metaphase plate in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes. Dev Biol 2008; 325:122-8. [PMID: 18977343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chiasmata established by recombination are normally sufficient to ensure accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis by physically interlocking homologs until anaphase I. Drosophila melanogaster female meiosis is unusual in that it is both exceptionally tolerant of nonexchange chromosomes and competent in ensuring their proper segregation. As first noted by Puro and Nokkala [Puro, J., Nokkala, S., 1977. Meiotic segregation of chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes. A cytological approach. Chromosoma 63, 273-286], nonexchange chromosomes move precociously towards the poles following formation of a bipolar spindle. Indeed, metaphase arrest has been previously defined as the stage at which nonexchange homologs are symmetrically positioned between the main chromosome mass and the poles of the spindle. Here we use studies of both fixed images and living oocytes to show that the stage in which achiasmate chromosomes are separated from the main mass does not in fact define metaphase arrest, but rather is a component of an extended prometaphase. At the end of prometaphase, the nonexchange chromosomes retract into the main chromosome mass, which is tightly repackaged with properly co-oriented centromeres. This repackaged state is the true metaphase arrest configuration in Drosophila female meiosis.
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17
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Costal2 functions as a kinesin-like protein in the hedgehog signal transduction pathway. Curr Biol 2008; 18:1215-20. [PMID: 18691888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway initiates an evolutionarily conserved developmental program required for the proper patterning of many tissues [1]. Although Costal2 (Cos2) is a requisite component of the Hh pathway, its mechanistic role is not well understood. Because of its primary sequence, Cos2 was initially predicted to function as a kinesin-like protein [2]. However, evidence showing that Cos2 function might require kinesin-like properties has been lacking [2-6]. Thus, the prevailing dogma in the field is that Cos2 functions solely as a scaffolding protein [7, 8]. Here, we show that Cos2 motility is required for its biological function and that this motility may be Hh regulated. We show that Cos2 motility requires an active motor domain, ATP, and microtubules. Additionally, Cos2 recruits and transports other components of the Hh signaling pathway, including the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci). Drosophila expressing cos2 mutations that encode proteins that lack motility are attenuated in their ability to regulate Ci activity and exhibit phenotypes consistent with attenuated Cos2 function [9]. Combined, these results demonstrate that Cos2 motility plays an important role in its function, regulating the amounts and activity of Ci that ultimately interpret the level of Hh to which cells are exposed.
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18
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Abstract
The body axes of the fruit fly are established in mid-oogenesis by the localization of three mRNA determinants, bicoid, oskar, and gurken, within the oocyte. General mechanisms of RNA localization and cell polarization, applicable to many cell types, have emerged from investigation of these determinants in Drosophila oogenesis. Localization of these RNAs is dependent on the germline microtubules, which reorganize to form a polarized array at mid-oogenesis in response to a signaling relay between the oocyte and the surrounding somatic follicle cells. Here we describe what is known about this microtubule reorganization and the signaling relay that triggers it. Recent studies have identified a number of ubiquitous RNA binding proteins essential for this process. So far, no targets for any of these proteins have been identified, and future work will be needed to illuminate how they function to reorganize microtubes and whether similar mechanisms also exist in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Steinhauer
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Developmental Genetics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016,USA.
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19
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Yamamoto M, Ueda R, Takahashi K, Saigo K, Uemura T. Control of axonal sprouting and dendrite branching by the Nrg-Ank complex at the neuron-glia interface. Curr Biol 2006; 16:1678-83. [PMID: 16920632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with distinct subcellular compartments, including dendritic arbors and an axon. The proper function of the nervous system relies not only on correct targeting of axons, but also on development of neuronal-class-specific geometry of dendritic arbors [1-4]. To study the intercellular control of the shaping of dendritic trees in vivo, we searched for cell-surface proteins expressed by Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons [5-7]. One of them was Neuroglian (Nrg), a member of the Ig superfamily ; Nrg and vertebrate L1-family molecules have been implicated in various aspects of neuronal wiring, such as axon guidance, axonal myelination, and synapse formation [9-12]. A subset of the da neurons in nrg mutant embryos exhibited deformed dendritic arbors and abnormal axonal sprouting. Our functional analysis in a cell-type-selective manner strongly suggested that those da neurons employed Nrg to interact with the peripheral glia for suppressing axonal sprouting and for forming second-order dendritic branches. At least for the former role, Nrg functioned in concert with the intracellular adaptor protein Ankyrin (Ank) [13]. Thus, the neuron-glia interaction that is mediated by Nrg, together with Ank under some situations, contributes to axonal and dendritic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Biostudies, South Campus Research Building, Room 118, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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20
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Shapiro RS, Anderson KV. DrosophilaIk2, a member of the IκB kinase family, is required for mRNA localization during oogenesis. Development 2006; 133:1467-75. [PMID: 16540511 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In both Drosophila and mammals, IκB kinases (IKKs) regulate the activity of Rel/NF-κB transcription factors by targeting their inhibitory partner proteins, IκBs, for degradation. We identified mutations in ik2, the gene that encodes one of two Drosophila IKKs, and found that the gene is essential for viability. During oogenesis, ik2 is required in an NF-κB-independent process that is essential for the localization of oskar and gurken mRNAs; as a result, females that lack ik2 in the germline produce embryos that are both bicaudal and ventralized. The abnormal RNA localization in ik2 mutant oocytes can be attributed to defects in the organization of microtubule minus-ends. In addition, both mutant oocytes and mutant escaper adults have abnormalities in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. These data suggest that this IκB kinase has an NF-κB-independent role in mRNA localization and helps to link microtubule minus-ends to the oocyte cortex, a novel function of the IKK family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa S Shapiro
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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21
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Gamberi C, Johnstone O, Lasko P. Drosophila RNA Binding Proteins. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 248:43-139. [PMID: 16487790 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)48002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins are fundamental mediators of gene expression. The use of the model organism Drosophila has helped to elucidate both tissue-specific and ubiquitous functions of RNA binding proteins. These proteins mediate all aspects of the mRNA lifespan including splicing, nucleocytoplasmic transport, localization, stability, translation, and degradation. Most RNA binding proteins fall into several major groups, based on their RNA binding domains. As well, experimental data have revealed several proteins that can bind RNA but lack canonical RNA binding motifs, suggesting the presence of as yet uncharacterized RNA binding domains. Here, we present the major classes of Drosophila RNA binding proteins with special focus on those with functional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gamberi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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22
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Mazumdar M, Misteli T. Chromokinesins: multitalented players in mitosis. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 15:349-55. [PMID: 15946846 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motors generate cellular forces and act in a multitude of intracellular transport processes. The chromokinesins are a subgroup of kinesin motors. Chromokinesins act in various steps of mitosis, including chromosome condensation, metaphase alignment, chromosome segregation, cytokinesis and they help maintain genome stability. The emerging multifunctional nature of the chromokinesins provides insights into the coordination of distinct mitotic steps, and their role in maintenance of genome stability makes them attractive potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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23
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Cui W, Sproul LR, Gustafson SM, Matthies HJG, Gilbert SP, Hawley RS. Drosophila Nod protein binds preferentially to the plus ends of microtubules and promotes microtubule polymerization in vitro. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:5400-9. [PMID: 16148044 PMCID: PMC1266435 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-06-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nod, a nonmotile kinesin-like protein, plays a critical role in segregating achiasmate chromosomes during female meiosis. In addition to localizing to oocyte chromosomes, we show that functional full-length Nod-GFP (Nod(FL)-GFP) localizes to the posterior pole of the oocyte at stages 9-10A, as does kinesin heavy chain (KHC), a plus end-directed motor. This posterior localization is abolished in grk mutants that no longer maintain the microtubule (MT) gradient in the oocyte. To test the hypothesis that Nod binds to the plus ends of MTs, we expressed and purified both full-length Nod (Nod(FL)) and a truncated form of Nod containing only the motor-like domain (Nod318) from Escherichia coli and assessed their interactions with MTs in vitro. Both Nod(FL) and Nod318 demonstrate preferential binding to the ends of the MTs, displaying a strong preference for binding to the plus ends. When Nod318-GFP:MT collision complexes were trapped by glutaraldehyde fixation, the preference for binding to plus ends versus minus ends was 17:1. Nod(FL) and Nod318 also promote MT polymerization in vitro in a time-dependent manner. The observation that Nod is preferentially localized to the plus ends of MTs and stimulates MT polymerization suggests a mechanism for its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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24
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Cui W, Hawley RS. The HhH2/NDD domain of the Drosophila Nod chromokinesin-like protein is required for binding to chromosomes in the oocyte nucleus. Genetics 2005; 171:1823-35. [PMID: 16143607 PMCID: PMC1456107 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.047464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nod is a chromokinesin-like protein that plays a critical role in segregating achiasmate chromosomes during female meiosis. The C-terminal half of the Nod protein contains two putative DNA-binding domains. The first of these domains, known as the HMGN domain, consists of three tandemly repeated high-mobility group N motifs. This domain was previously shown to be both necessary and sufficient for binding of the C-terminal half of Nod to mitotic chromosomes in embryos. The second putative DNA-binding domain, denoted HhH(2)/NDD, is a helix-hairpin-helix(2)/Nod-like DNA-binding domain. Although the HhH(2)/NDD domain is not required or sufficient for chromosome binding in embryos, several well-characterized nod mutations have been mapped in this domain. To characterize the role of the HhH(2)/NDD domain in mediating Nod function, we created a series of UAS-driven transgene constructs capable of expressing either a wild-type Nod-GFP fusion protein or proteins in which the HhH(2)/NDD domain had been altered by site-directed mutagenesis. Although wild-type Nod-GFP localizes to the oocyte chromosomes and rescues the segregation defect in nod mutant oocytes, two of three proteins carrying mutants in the HhH(2)/NDD domain fail to either rescue the nod mutant phenotype or bind to oocyte chromosomes. However, these mutant proteins do bind to the polytene chromosomes in nurse-cell nuclei and enter the oocyte nucleus. Thus, even though the HhH(2)/NDD domain is not essential for chromosome binding in other cell types, it is required for chromosome binding in the oocyte. These HhH(2)/NDD mutants also block the localization of Nod to the posterior pole of stage 9-10A oocytes, a process that is thought to facilitate the interaction of Nod with the plus ends of microtubules (Cui et al. 2005). This observation suggests that the Nod HhH2/NDD domain may play other roles in addition to binding Nod to meiotic chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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25
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Abstract
mRNA localization is a widespread post-transcriptional mechanism for targeting protein synthesis to specific cellular sites. It is involved in the generation of cell polarity, asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants and germ cell specification. Actin and microtubule filaments have key functions during RNA localization, especially during transport of mRNAs and anchoring at target sites. Recent advances in understanding the role of motors and filament systems have mainly resulted from the contribution of live imaging of mRNA movement and from the purification of putative localization ribonucleoproteins. There have also been new findings on the role of centrosomes in RNA localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López de Heredia
- Gene Center and Institute for Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
The motor protein kinesin moves along microtubules, driven by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. However, it remains unclear how kinesin converts the chemical energy into mechanical movement. We report crystal structures of monomeric kinesin KIF1A with three transition-state analogs: adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-vanadate, and ADP-AlFx (aluminofluoride complexes). These structures, together with known structures of the ADP-bound state and the adenylyl-(beta,gamma-methylene) diphosphate (AMP-PCP)-bound state, show that kinesin uses two microtubule-binding loops in an alternating manner to change its interaction with microtubules during the ATP hydrolysis cycle; loop L11 is extended in the AMP-PNP structure, whereas loop L12 is extended in the ADP structure. ADP-vanadate displays an intermediate structure in which a conformational change in two switch regions causes both loops to be raised from the microtubule, thus actively detaching kinesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nitta
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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27
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Harris D, Orme C, Kramer J, Namba L, Champion M, Palladino MJ, Natzle J, Hawley RS. A Deficiency Screen of the Major Autosomes Identifies a Gene (matrimony) That Is Haplo-insufficient for Achiasmate Segregation in Drosophila Oocytes. Genetics 2003; 165:637-52. [PMID: 14573476 PMCID: PMC1462769 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/165.2.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In Drosophila oocytes, euchromatic homolog-homolog associations are released at the end of pachytene, while heterochromatic pairings persist until metaphase I. A screen of 123 autosomal deficiencies for dominant effects on achiasmate chromosome segregation has identified a single gene that is haploinsufficient for homologous achiasmate segregation and whose product may be required for the maintenance of such heterochromatic pairings. Of the deficiencies tested, only one exhibited a strong dominant effect on achiasmate segregation, inducing both X and fourth chromosome nondisjunction in FM7/X females. Five overlapping deficiencies showed a similar dominant effect on achiasmate chromosome disjunction and mapped the haplo-insufficient meiotic gene to a small interval within 66C7-12. A P-element insertion mutation in this interval exhibits a similar dominant effect on achiasmate segregation, inducing both high levels of X and fourth chromosome nondisjunction in FM7/X females and high levels of fourth chromosome nondisjunction in X/X females. The insertion site for this P element lies immediately up-stream of CG18543, and germline expression of a UAS-CG18543 cDNA construct driven by nanos-GAL4 fully rescues the dominant meiotic defect. We conclude that CG18543 is the haplo-insufficient gene and have renamed this gene matrimony (mtrm). Cytological studies of prometaphase and metaphase I in mtrm hemizygotes demonstrate that achiasmate chromosomes are not properly positioned with respect to their homolog on the meiotic spindle. One possible, albeit speculative, interpretation of these data is that the presence of only a single copy of mtrm disrupts the function of whatever “glue” holds heterochromatically paired homologs together from the end of pachytene until metaphase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Harris
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
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28
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Abstract
In this review, we describe the pathway for generating meiotic crossovers in Drosophila melanogaster females and how these events ensure the segregation of homologous chromosomes. As appears to be common to meiosis in most organisms, recombination is initiated with a double-strand break (DSB). The interesting differences between organisms appear to be associated with what chromosomal events are required for DSBs to form. In Drosophila females, the synaptonemal complex is required for most DSB formation. The repair of these breaks requires several DSB repair genes, some of which are meiosis-specific, and defects at this stage can have effects downstream on oocyte development. This has been suggested to result from a checkpoint-like signaling between the oocyte nucleus and gene products regulating oogenesis. Crossovers result from genetically controlled modifications to the DSB repair pathway. Finally, segregation of chromosomes joined by a chiasma requires a bipolar spindle. At least two kinesin motor proteins are required for the assembly of this bipolar spindle, and while the meiotic spindle lacks traditional centrosomes, some centrosome components are found at the spindle poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S McKim
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020, USA.
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29
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Schoch CL, Aist JR, Yoder OC, Gillian Turgeon B. A complete inventory of fungal kinesins in representative filamentous ascomycetes. Fungal Genet Biol 2003; 39:1-15. [PMID: 12742059 DOI: 10.1016/s1087-1845(03)00022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Complete inventories of kinesins from three pathogenic filamentous ascomycetes, Botryotinia fuckeliana, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, and Gibberella moniliformis, are described. These protein sequences were compared with those of the filamentous saprophyte, Neurospora crassa and the two yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Data mining and phylogenetic analysis of the motor domain yielded a constant set of 10 kinesins in the filamentous fungal species, compared with a smaller set in S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. The filamentous fungal kinesins fell into nine subfamilies when compared with well-characterized kinesins from other eukaryotes. A few putative kinesins (one in B. fuckeliana and two in C. heterostrophus) could not be defined as functional, due to unorthodox organization and lack of experimental data. The broad representation of filamentous fungal kinesins across most of the known subfamilies and the ease of gene manipulation make fungi ideal models for functional and evolutionary investigation of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad L Schoch
- Department of Plant Pathology, 334 Plant Science Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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30
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Ohsugi M, Tokai-Nishizumi N, Shiroguchi K, Toyoshima YY, Inoue JI, Yamamoto T. Cdc2-mediated phosphorylation of Kid controls its distribution to spindle and chromosomes. EMBO J 2003; 22:2091-103. [PMID: 12727876 PMCID: PMC156080 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromokinesin Kid is important in chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate. Here, we report that Kid function is regulated by phosphorylation. We identify Ser427 and Thr463 as M phase-specific phosphorylation sites and Cdc2-cyclin B as a Thr463 kinase. Kid with a Thr463 to alanine mutation fails to be localized on chromosomes and is only detected along spindles, although it retains the ability to bind DNA or chromosomes. Localization of rigor-type mutant Kid, which shows nucleotide-independent microtubule association, is also confined to the spindle, implying that strong association of Kid with the spindle can sequester it from chromosomes. T463A substitution in DNA-binding domain-truncated Kid consistently enhances its spindle localization. At physiological ionic strength, unphosphorylated Kid shows ATP-independent microtubule association, whereas Thr463-phosphorylated Kid shows ATP dependency. Moreover, the stalk region of unphosphorylated Kid interacts with microtubules and the interaction is weakened when Thr463 is phosphorylated. Our data suggest that phosphorylation on Thr463 of Kid downregulates its affinity for microtubules to ensure reversible association with spindles, allowing Kid to bind chromosomes and exhibit its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Ohsugi
- Departments of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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31
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Yajima J, Edamatsu M, Watai-Nishii J, Tokai-Nishizumi N, Yamamoto T, Toyoshima YY. The human chromokinesin Kid is a plus end-directed microtubule-based motor. EMBO J 2003; 22:1067-74. [PMID: 12606572 PMCID: PMC150335 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kid is a kinesin-like DNA-binding protein known to be involved in chromosome movement during mitosis, although its actual motor function has not been demonstrated. Here, we describe the initial characterization of Kid as a microtubule-based motor using optical trapping microscopy. A bacterially expressed fusion protein consisting of a truncated Kid fragment (amino acids 1-388 or 1-439) is indeed an active microtubule motor with an average speed of approximately 160 nm/s, and the polarity of movement is plus end directed. We could not detect processive movement of either monomeric Kid or dimerizing chimeric Kid; however, low levels of processivity (a few steps) cannot be detected with our method. These results are consistent with Kid having a role in chromosome congression in vivo, where it would be responsible for the polar ejection forces acting on the chromosome arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Yajima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902 and The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan Present address: Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Masaki Edamatsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902 and The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan Present address: Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Junko Watai-Nishii
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902 and The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan Present address: Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Noriko Tokai-Nishizumi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902 and The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan Present address: Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902 and The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan Present address: Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Yoko Y. Toyoshima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902 and The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan Present address: Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
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32
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Arn EA, Cha BJ, Theurkauf WE, Macdonald PM. Recognition of a bicoid mRNA localization signal by a protein complex containing Swallow, Nod, and RNA binding proteins. Dev Cell 2003; 4:41-51. [PMID: 12530962 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Localization of mRNAs, a process essential for embryonic body patterning in Drosophila, requires recognition of cis-acting signals by cellular components responsible for movement and anchoring. We have purified a large multiprotein complex that binds a minimal form of the bicoid mRNA localization signal in a manner both specific and sensitive to inactivating mutations. Identified complex components include the RNA binding proteins Modulo, PABP, and Smooth, the known localization factor Swallow, and the kinesin family member Nod. We demonstrate that localization of bcd mRNA is defective in modulo mutants. The presence of three required localization components (Swallow, Modulo, and specific RNA binding activity) within the recognition complex strongly implicates it in mRNA localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Arn
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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33
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