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Ansari A, Denton KM, Lim R. Strategies for immortalisation of amnion-derived mesenchymal and epithelial cells. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1999-2008. [PMID: 35998259 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal (human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell [HAMSC]) and epithelial cells (human amnion epithelial cell [HAEC]) derived from human amniotic membranes possess characteristics of pluripotency. However, the pluripotency of HAMSC and HAEC are sustained only for a finite period. This in vitro cell growth can be extended by cell immortalisation. Many well-defined immortalisation systems have been used for artificially overexpressing genes such as human telomerase reverse transcriptase in HAMSC and HAEC leading to controlled and prolonged cell proliferation. In recent years, much progress has been made in our understanding of the cellular machinery that regulates the cell cycle when immortalised. This review summarises the current understanding of molecular mechanisms that contribute to cell immortalisation, the strategies that have been employed to immortalise amnion-derived cell types, and their likely applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesa Ansari
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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2
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Miyata S, Saku N, Akiyama S, Javaregowda PK, Ite K, Takashima N, Toyoda M, Yura K, Kimura T, Nishina H, Nakazawa A, Kasahara M, Nonaka H, Kiyono T, Umezawa A. Puromycin-based purification of cells with high expression of the cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 gene from a patient with drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:6. [PMID: 35012658 PMCID: PMC8744258 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many drugs have the potential to induce the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes, particularly cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), in hepatocytes. Hepatocytes can be accurately evaluated for drug-mediated CYP3A4 induction; this is the gold standard for in vitro hepatic toxicology testing. However, the variation from lot to lot is an issue that needs to be addressed. Only a limited number of immortalized hepatocyte cell lines have been reported. In this study, immortalized cells expressing CYP3A4 were generated from a patient with drug-induced liver injury (DILI). METHODS To generate DILI-derived cells with high expression of CYP3A4, a three-step approach was employed: (1) Differentiation of DILI-induced pluripotent stem cells (DILI-iPSCs); (2) Immortalization of the differentiated cells; (3) Selection of the cells by puromycin. It was hypothesized that cells with high cytochrome P450 gene expression would be able to survive exposure to cytotoxic antibiotics because of their increased drug-metabolizing activity. Puromycin, a cytotoxic antibiotic, was used in this study because of its rapid cytocidal effect at low concentrations. RESULTS The hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from DILI-iPSCs were purified by exposure to puromycin. The puromycin-selected cells (HepaSM or SI cells) constitutively expressed the CYP3A4 gene at extremely high levels and exhibited hepatocytic features over time. However, unlike primary hepatocytes, the established cells did not produce bile or accumulate glycogen. CONCLUSIONS iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells with intrinsic drug-metabolizing enzymes can be purified from non-hepatocytes and undifferentiated iPSCs using the cytocidal antibiotic puromycin. The puromycin-selected hepatocyte-like cells exhibited characteristics of hepatocytes after immortalization and may serve as another useful source for in vitro hepatotoxicity testing of low molecular weight drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Miyata
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Noriaki Saku
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Saeko Akiyama
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
- Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Palaksha Kanive Javaregowda
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenta Ite
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Nagisa Takashima
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kei Yura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan
| | - Tohru Kimura
- Department of BioSciences, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakazawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mureo Kasahara
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nonaka
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Project for Prevention of HPV-Related Cancer, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
- Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
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3
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Um S, Ha J, Choi SJ, Oh W, Jin HJ. Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1511-1528. [PMID: 33505598 PMCID: PMC7789129 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a primitive and abundant source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). UCB-derived MSCs have a broad and efficient therapeutic capacity to treat various diseases and disorders. Despite the high latent self-renewal and differentiation capacity of these cells, the safety, efficacy, and yield of MSCs expanded for ex vivo clinical applications remains a concern. However, immunomodulatory effects have emerged in various disease models, exhibiting specific mechanisms of action, such as cell migration and homing, angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, proliferation, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammation and tissue regeneration. Herein, we review the current literature pertaining to the UCB-derived MSC application as potential treatment strategies, and discuss the concerns regarding the safety and mass production issues in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoun Um
- Research Team for Immune Cell Therapy, Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13494, South Korea
| | - Jueun Ha
- Research Team for Osteoarthritis, Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13494, South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13494, South Korea
| | - Wonil Oh
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13494, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jin
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13494, South Korea
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4
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Hoshikawa S, Shimizu K, Watahiki A, Chiba M, Saito K, Wei W, Fukumoto S, Inuzuka H. Phosphorylation-dependent osterix degradation negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation. FASEB J 2020; 34:14930-14945. [PMID: 32931083 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001340r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors exert an anabolic effect on bone formation with elevated levels of osteoblast markers. These findings suggest the important role of the proteasomal degradation of osteogenic regulators, while the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report that the proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and ixazomib markedly increased protein levels of the osteoblastic key transcription factor osterix/Sp7 (Osx). Furthermore, we revealed that Osx was targeted by p38 and Fbw7 for proteasomal degradation. Mechanistically, p38-mediated Osx phosphorylation at S73/77 facilitated Fbw7 interaction to trigger subsequent Osx ubiquitination. Consistent with these findings, p38 knockdown or pharmacological p38 inhibition resulted in Osx protein stabilization. Treatment with p38 inhibitors following osteogenic stimulation efficiently induced osteoblast differentiation through Osx stabilization. Conversely, pretreatment of p38 inhibitor followed by osteogenic challenge impaired osteoblastogenesis via suppressing Osx expression, suggesting that p38 exerts dual but opposite effects in the regulation of Osx level to fine-tune its activity during osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, Fbw7-depleted human mesenchymal stem cells and primary mouse calvarial cells resulted in increased osteogenic capacity. Together, our findings unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying the Osx protein stability control and suggest that targeting the Osx degradation pathway could help enhance efficient osteogenesis and bone matrix regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seira Hoshikawa
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimizu
- Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Asami Watahiki
- Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Chiba
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kan Saito
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Satoshi Fukumoto
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Alrefaei GI, Alkarim SA, Abduljabbar HS. Impact of Mothers' Age on Telomere Length and Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Expression in Human Fetal Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1632-1645. [PMID: 31650883 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related cellular changes and limited replicative capacity of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are few of the challenges confronting stem cell research. MSCs from human fetal membranes (hFM-MSCs), including placental, umbilical cord, and amniotic membrane, are considered an alternative to adult MSCs. However, the effect of mothers' age on hFM-MSC cellular properties is still not clearly established. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mothers' age on hFM-MSC telomere length, telomerase activity, and proliferation ability in three different age groups: GI (20-29 years), GII (30-39 years), and GIII (≥40 years). hFM samples were collected from pregnant women ≤37 weeks after obtaining consent. hFM-MSCs were isolated and cultured to characterize them by flow cytometry and assess proliferation by MTT assay and doubling time. Telomere length and expression levels of human telomerase reverse transcriptase were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-RCR). hFM-MSCs in the three age groups were spindle-shaped, plastic-adherent, and exhibited high proliferation rates and strong expression of hMSC markers. GI showed the longest telomere length in hMSCs in various FM regions, whereas GIII showed the highest level of telomerase expression. There was no difference in telomere length between GII and GIII, and both groups showed the same hMSC characteristics. In conclusion, although the hFM-MSCs derived from different fetal membranes maintained the MSC characteristics in all study groups, the hFM-MSCs of older mothers had shorter telomeres and higher telomerase activity and proliferation rate than did those derived from younger mothers. Thus, the hFM-MSCs of older mothers could be unsuitable for expansion in vitro or stem cell therapy. Determination of telomere length and telomerase expression level of hFM might help characterizing and understanding the biological differences of hFM-MSCs in different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer I Alrefaei
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alkarim
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Embryonic and Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan S Abduljabbar
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Yang YHK. Aging of mesenchymal stem cells: Implication in regenerative medicine. Regen Ther 2018; 9:120-122. [PMID: 30525083 PMCID: PMC6222976 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a great candidate for various clinical applications including regenerative medicine. However, aging both in vivo and in vitro can significantly compromise MSC characteristics and performance. This paper highlights current thoughts on senescence-induced damage to MSCs that should be considered prior to their use for regeneration of different cells, tissues or organs. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells give rise to different cell lineages of mesodermal origin. Mesenchymal stem cells can undergo aging process during extensive in-vitro expansion. Senescence, both in vivo and in vitro, damages the regenerative and therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Hsun Kevin Yang
- Grove School of Engineering, The City University of New York - the City College, New York, NY 10031, USA
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7
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Cancer-secreted hsa-miR-940 induces an osteoblastic phenotype in the bone metastatic microenvironment via targeting ARHGAP1 and FAM134A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2204-2209. [PMID: 29440427 PMCID: PMC5834702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717363115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of most common cancers in men worldwide, and osteoblastic bone metastasis is frequently observed in prostate cancer patients. However, the mechanisms responsible for the predominantly osteoblastic phenotype have not been fully elucidated. Cancer-secreted microRNAs (miRNAs) were recently shown to be significant in the modification of the tumor microenvironment. Here, hsa-miR-940, which was highly secreted by prostate cancer cells, promoted osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, and induced extensive osteoblastic lesions in the bone metastatic microenvironment in vivo. Our study provides a demonstration that osteoblastic bone metastasis can be induced by miRNAs secreted by cancer cells in the bone microenvironment. Bone metastatic lesions are classified as osteoblastic or osteolytic lesions. Prostate and breast cancer patients frequently exhibit osteoblastic-type and osteolytic-type bone metastasis, respectively. In metastatic lesions, tumor cells interact with many different cell types, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and mesenchymal stem cells, resulting in an osteoblastic or osteolytic phenotype. However, the mechanisms responsible for the modification of bone remodeling have not been fully elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are transferred between cells via exosomes and serve as intercellular communication tools, and numerous studies have demonstrated that cancer-secreted miRNAs are capable of modifying the tumor microenvironment. Thus, cancer-secreted miRNAs can induce an osteoblastic or osteolytic phenotype in the bone metastatic microenvironment. In this study, we performed a comprehensive expression analysis of exosomal miRNAs secreted by several human cancer cell lines and identified eight types of human miRNAs that were highly expressed in exosomes from osteoblastic phenotype-inducing prostate cancer cell lines. One of these miRNAs, hsa-miR-940, significantly promoted the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro by targeting ARHGAP1 and FAM134A. Interestingly, although MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells are commonly known as an osteolytic phenotype-inducing cancer cell line, the implantation of miR-940–overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells induced extensive osteoblastic lesions in the resulting tumors by facilitating the osteogenic differentiation of host mesenchymal cells. Our results suggest that the phenotypes of bone metastases can be induced by miRNAs secreted by cancer cells in the bone microenvironment.
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8
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Köse Çinar R. Telomere length and hTERT in mania and subsequent remission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 40:19-25. [PMID: 28700015 PMCID: PMC6899417 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The findings of telomere length (TL) studies in bipolar disorder (BD) are controversial. The aim of the present study was to detect TL, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in severe mania and subsequent remission. METHODS Twenty-one medication-free male patients and 20 age and gender matched controls were recruited. The patients were followed in the inpatient clinic, and comparisons were made between the same patients in their remission state and controls. Patients received lithium plus antipsychotics during the follow-up period. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to verify leukocyte TL and whole blood hTERT gene expression levels. Serum BDNF levels were verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Compared to controls, manic patients presented shorter telomeres (p < 0.001) whose length increased with treatment (p = 0.001). Patients in the late stages showed shorter TL than those in the early stages and controls (p < 0.001). hTERT gene expression levels were up-regulated in mania and remission compared to controls (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively). BDNF changes did not reach statistically significant levels. CONCLUSIONS TL and hTERT gene expression might reflect a novel aspect of BD pathophysiology and TL might represent a novel biomarker for BD staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugül Köse Çinar
- Department of Psychiatry, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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9
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Can Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Stromal Cells Serve a Starting Material for Myoblasts? Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7541734. [PMID: 28706537 PMCID: PMC5494578 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7541734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of myocytes are necessary to treat intractable muscular disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy with cell-based therapies. However, starting materials for cellular therapy products such as myoblasts, marrow stromal cells, menstrual blood-derived cells, and placenta-derived cells have a limited lifespan and cease to proliferate in vitro. From the viewpoints of manufacturing and quality control, cells with a long lifespan are more suitable as a starting material. In this study, we generated stromal cells for future myoblast therapy from a working cell bank of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The ESC-derived CD105+ cells with extensive in vitro proliferation capability exhibited myogenesis and genetic stability in vitro. These results imply that ESC-derived CD105+ cells are another cell source for myoblasts in cell-based therapy for patients with genetic muscular disorders. Since ESCs are immortal, mesenchymal stromal cells generated from ESCs can be manufactured at a large scale in one lot for pharmaceutical purposes.
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10
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Saito T, Ohba S, Yano F, Seto I, Yonehara Y, Takato T, Ogasawara T. Runx1 and Runx3 Are Downstream Effectors of Nanog in Promoting Osteogenic Differentiation of the Mouse Mesenchymal Cell Line C3H10T1/2. Cell Reprogram 2016; 17:227-34. [PMID: 26053522 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the transcription factor Nanog, which maintains the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), promotes the osteogenic differentiation of the mouse mesenchymal cell line C3H10T1/2 through a genome reprogramming process. In the present study, to clarify the mechanism underlying the multipotency of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and to develop a novel approach to bone regenerative medicine, we attempted to identify the downstream effectors of Nanog in promoting osteogenic differentiation of mouse mesenchymal cells. We demonstrated that Runx1 and Runx3 are the downstream effectors of Nanog, especially in the early and intermediate osteogenic differentiation of the mouse mesenchymal cell line C3H10T1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahito Saito
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan .,3 Nihon University School of Dentistry , Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ichiro Seto
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yonehara
- 3 Nihon University School of Dentistry , Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takato
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toru Ogasawara
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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11
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Bai H, Li H, Han Z, Zhang C, Zhao J, Miao C, Yan S, Mao A, Zhao H, Han Z. Label-free assessment of replicative senescence in mesenchymal stem cells by Raman microspectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4493-500. [PMID: 26601012 PMCID: PMC4646556 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, Raman microspectroscopy was employed to assess replicative senescence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). A regular spectral change related to the cell senescence was found in the ratio of two peaks at 1157 cm(-1) and 1174 cm(-1), which are assigned to C-C, C-N stretching vibrations in proteins and C-H bending vibrations in tyrosine and phenylalanine, respectively. With the cell aging, the ratio I1157 / I1174 exhibited a monotonic decline and showed small standard deviations, so that it can statistically distinguish between cells having slight changes in terms of aging. We propose that I1157 / I1174 can act as a characteristic spectral signature for label-free assessment of MSC senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Bai
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Haiyu Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhibo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China ;
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Junfa Zhao
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Changyun Miao
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China ;
| | - Shulin Yan
- National Engineering Research Center of Cell Products / AmCellGene Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Aibin Mao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cell Products / AmCellGene Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Zhongchao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China ; National Engineering Research Center of Cell Products / AmCellGene Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300457, China ;
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12
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Liu W, Qi M, Konermann A, Zhang L, Jin F, Jin Y. The p53/miR-17/Smurf1 pathway mediates skeletal deformities in an age-related model via inhibiting the function of mesenchymal stem cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:205-18. [PMID: 25855145 PMCID: PMC4394731 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an age-related progressive bone disease. Trp53 (p53) is not only a famous senescence marker but also a transcription regulator which played a critical role in osteogenesis. However, how p53 contributes to the bone mass loss in age-related osteoporosis is still unclear. Here, we found that bone mass and osteogenic differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is significantly reduced with advancing age. Serum levels of TNF-α and INF-γ and senescence-associated β-galactosidase, p16, p21 and p53 are significantly increased in elder mice, but antipodally, osteogenic marker expression of Runx2, ALP and osterix are reduced. Overexpression p53 by lentivirus inhibits osteogenesis in young MSCs in culture and upon implantation in NOD/SCID mice through inhibiting the transcription of miR-17-92 cluster, which is decreased in old mice. In addition, miR-17 mimics could partially rescue the osteogenesis of old MSCs both in vitro an in vivo. More importantly, Smurf1 as a direct target gene of miR-17, plays an important role in the p53/miR-17 cascade acting on osteogenesis. Our findings reveal that p53 inhibits osteogenesis via affecting the function of MSCs through miRNA signaling pathways and provide a new potential target for treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna Konermann
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontic, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
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13
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Gadupudi G, Gourronc FA, Ludewig G, Robertson LW, Klingelhutz AJ. PCB126 inhibits adipogenesis of human preadipocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:132-41. [PMID: 25304490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are involved in the development of diabetes. Dysfunctional adipocytes play a significant role in initiating insulin resistance. Preadipocytes make up a large portion of adipose tissue and are necessary for the generation of functional mature adipocytes through adipogenesis. PCB126 is a dioxin-like PCB and a potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. We hypothesized that PCB126 may be involved in the development of diabetes through disruption of adipogenesis. Using a newly developed human preadipocyte cell line called NPAD (Normal PreADipocytes), we found that exposure of preadipocytes to PCB126 resulted in significant reduction in their subsequent ability to fully differentiate into adipocytes, more so than when the cells were exposed to PCB126 during differentiation. Reduction in differentiation by PCB126 was associated with downregulation of transcript levels of a key adipocyte transcription factor, PPARγ, and late adipocyte differentiation genes. An AhR antagonist, CH223191, blocked this effect. These studies indicate that preadipocytes are particularly sensitive to the effects of PCB126 and suggest that AhR activation inhibits PPARγ transcription and subsequent adipogenesis. Our results validate the NPAD cell line as a useful model for studying the effects of POPs on adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Gadupudi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Francoise A Gourronc
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Larry W Robertson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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14
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Taka T, Changtam C, Thaichana P, Kaewtunjai N, Suksamrarn A, Lee TR, Tuntiwechapikul W. Curcuminoid derivatives enhance telomerase activity in an in vitro TRAP assay. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5242-6. [PMID: 25305686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The length of telomeres controls the life span of eukaryotic cells. Telomerase maintains the length of telomeres in certain eukaryotic cells, such as germline cells and stem cells, and allows these cells to evade replicative senescence. Here, we report for the first time a number of curcuminoid derivatives that enhance telomerase activity in an in vitro TRAP assay. A preliminary analysis of structure-activity relationships found that the minimal requirement for this enhanced telomerase activity is a curcuminoid core with at least one n-pentylpyridine side chain, while curcuminoids with two such side chains exhibit even greater activity. The finding here might lead to a new class of telomerase activators that act directly or indirectly on telomerase, rather than through the reactivation of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene associated with other telomerase activators found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanachai Taka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Changtam
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Samutprakarn 10540, Thailand
| | - Pak Thaichana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Navakoon Kaewtunjai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - T Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Wirote Tuntiwechapikul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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15
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Karaman M, Tuncel A, Sheidaei S, Senol MG, Karabulut MH, Deveci I, Karaman N. Amniotic membrane covering for facial nerve repair. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:975-82. [PMID: 25206390 PMCID: PMC4145884 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic membranes have been widely used in ophthalmology and skin injury repair because of their anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we measured therapeutic efficacy and determined if amniotic membranes could be used for facial nerve repair. The facial nerves of eight rats were dissected and end-to-end anastomosis was performed. Amniotic membranes were covered on the anastomosis sites in four rats. Electromyography results showed that, at the end of the 3(rd) and 8(th) weeks after amniotic membrane covering, the latency values of the facial nerves covered by amniotic membranes were significantly shortened and the amplitude values were significantly increased. Compared with simple facial nerve anastomosis, after histopathological examination, facial nerve anastomosed with amniotic membrane showed better continuity, milder inflammatory reactions, and more satisfactory nerve conduction. These findings suggest that amniotic membrane covering has great potential in facial nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karaman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ümraniye State Hospital for Research and Training, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Tuncel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Haydarpaşa Numune State Hospital for Research and Training, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Shahrouz Sheidaei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Haydarpaşa Numune State Hospital for Research and Training, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Güney Senol
- Department of Neurology, GATA Haydarpaşa State Hospital for Research and Training, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Hakan Karabulut
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ümraniye State Hospital for Research and Training, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ildem Deveci
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ümraniye State Hospital for Research and Training, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihan Karaman
- Department of Dentistry, Turkish Military Services, İstanbul, Turkey
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16
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Zhao F, Qu Y, Liu H, Du B, Mu D. Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells co-modified by TERT and BDNF: a novel neuroprotective therapy for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 38:147-54. [PMID: 24999119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD), a leading cause of perinatal disability and death, has limited therapeutic options. Stem cell therapy has been demonstrated as a potential novel therapy for neurological disorders. Compared with other types of stem cells, umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) have several unique characteristics, such as a higher rate of cell proliferation and clonality. However, the limited life span of UCB-MSCs hinders their clinical application. Therefore, efforts are urgently needed to circumvent this disadvantage. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), which promotes cell proliferation and survival, plays a protective role in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Thus, it is reasonable to propose that UCB-MSCs modified by exogenous TERT expression might have a longer lifespan and increased viability. Moreover, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin that regulates development, regeneration, survival and maintenance of neurons, facilitates post-injury recovery when administered by infusion or virus-mediated delivery. Therefore, TERT- and BDNF-modified UCB-MSCs may have a longer lifespan and also maintain neural differentiation, thus promoting the recovery of neurological function following hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) and thereby representing a new effective strategy for HIBD in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haiting Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Baowen Du
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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17
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Yazawa T, Imamichi Y, Miyamoto K, Umezawa A, Taniguchi T. Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into gonad and adrenal steroidogenic cells. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:203-212. [PMID: 24772247 PMCID: PMC3999778 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy is necessary for patients with adrenal and gonadal failure. Steroid hormone treatment is also employed in aging people for sex hormone deficiency. These patients undergo such therapies, which have associated risks, for their entire life. Stem cells represent an innovative tool for tissue regeneration and the possibility of solving these problems. Among various stem cell types, mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to differentiate into steroidogenic cells both in vivo and in vitro. In particular, they can effectively be differentiated into steroidogenic cells by expressing nuclear receptor 5A subfamily proteins (steroidogenic factor-1 and liver receptor homolog-1) with the aid of cAMP. This approach will provide a source of cells for future regenerative medicine for the treatment of diseases caused by steroidogenesis deficiencies. It can also represent a useful tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of steroidogenesis and its related diseases.
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18
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Ding Z, Burghoff S, Buchheiser A, Kögler G, Schrader J. Survival, integration, and differentiation of unrestricted somatic stem cells in the heart. Cell Transplant 2014; 22:15-27. [PMID: 23594819 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) derived from human umbilical cord blood represent an attractive cell source to reconstitute the damaged heart. We have analyzed the cardiomyogenic potential and investigated the fate of USSCs after transplantation into rat heart in vivo. USSCs demonstrated cardiomyogenic differentiation properties characterized by the spontaneously beating activity and the robust expression of cardiac α-actinin and troponin T (cTnT) at protein and mRNA level after cocultivation with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. To study the fate in vivo, eGFP⁺ USSCs were injected transcoronarily into immunosuppressed rats via a catheter-based technique. Nearly 80% USSCs were retained within the myocardium without altering cardiac hemodynamics. After 7 days, 20% of the transplanted cells survived in the host myocardium and showed elongated morphology with weak expression of cardiac-specific markers, while some eGFP⁺ USSCs were found to integrate into the vascular wall. After 21 days, only a small fraction of USSCs were found in the myocardium (0.13%); however, the remaining cells clearly exhibited a sarcomeric structure similar to mature cardiomyocytes. Identical results were also obtained in nude rats. In addition, we found some cells stained positively for activated caspase 3 paralleled by the massive infiltration of CD11b⁺ cells into the myocardium. In summary, USSCs can differentiate into beating cardiomyocytes by cocultivation in vitro. After coronary transplantation in vivo, however, long-term survival of differentiated USSCs was rather low despite a high initial fraction of trapped cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Ding
- Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Miceli M, Franci G, Dell'Aversana C, Ricciardiello F, Petraglia F, Carissimo A, Perone L, Maruotti GM, Savarese M, Martinelli P, Cancemi M, Altucci L. MePR: a novel human mesenchymal progenitor model with characteristics of pluripotency. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2368-83. [PMID: 23597129 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryo stem cells or adult tissues are excellent models for discovery and characterization of differentiation processes. The aims of regenerative medicine are to define the molecular and physiological mechanisms that govern stem cells and differentiation. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that are able to differentiate into a variety of cell types under controlled conditions both in vivo and in vitro, and they have the remarkable ability of self-renewal. hMSCs derived from amniotic fluid and characterized by the expression of Oct-4 and Nanog, typical markers of pluripotent cells, represent an excellent model for studies on stemness. Unfortunately, the limited amount of cells available from each donation and, above all, the limited number of replications do not allow for detailed studies. Here, we report on the immortalization and characterization of novel mesenchymal progenitor (MePR) cell lines from amniotic fluid-derived hMSCs, whose biological properties are similar to primary amniocytes. Our data indicate that MePR cells display the multipotency potential and differentiation rates of hMSCs, thus representing a useful model to study both mechanisms of differentiation and pharmacological approaches to induce selective differentiation. In particular, MePR-2B cells, which carry a bona fide normal karyotype, might be used in basic stem cell research, leading to the development of new approaches for stem cell therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Miceli
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università di Napoli , Napoli, Italy
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20
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Hao H, Chen G, Liu J, Ti D, Zhao Y, Xu S, Fu X, Han W. Culturing on Wharton's jelly extract delays mesenchymal stem cell senescence through p53 and p16INK4a/pRb pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58314. [PMID: 23516461 PMCID: PMC3596399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great therapeutic potential. However, MSCs undergo replication senescence during the in vitro expansion process. Wharton's jelly from the human umbilical cord harbors a large number of MSCs. In this study, we hypothesized that Wharton's jelly would be beneficial for in vitro expansion of MSCs. Wharton's jelly extract (WJEs), which is mainly composed of extracellular matrix and cytokines, was prepared as coating substrate. Human MSCs were isolated and cultured on WJE-coated plates. Although the proliferation capacity of cells was not augmented by WJE in early phase culture, adynamic growth in late-phase culture was clearly reduced, suggesting that the replicative senescence of MSCs was efficiently slowed by WJE. This was confirmed by β-galactosidase staining and telomere length measurements of MSCs in late-phase culture. In addition, the decreased differentiation ability of MSCs after long-term culture was largely ameliorated by WJE. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), p53, and p16INK4a/pRb expression increased with passaging. Analysis at the molecular level revealed that WJE-based culture efficiently suppressed the enhancement of intracellular ROS, p53, and p16INK4a/pRb in MSCs. These data demonstrated that WJE provided an ideal microenvironment for MSCs culture expansion in vitro preserved MSC properties by delaying MSCs senescence, and allowed large numbers of MSCs to be obtained for basic research and clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Hao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiejie Liu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Ti
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shenjun Xu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WH); (XF)
| | - Weidong Han
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WH); (XF)
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21
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Monument MJ, Bernthal NM, Randall RL. Salient features of mesenchymal stem cells-implications for Ewing sarcoma modeling. Front Oncol 2013; 3:24. [PMID: 23443465 PMCID: PMC3580960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a heightened appreciation of the many defining molecular aberrations in Ewing sarcoma, the cooperative genetic environment and permissive cell of origin essential for EWS/ETS-mediated oncogenesis remain elusive. Consequently, inducible animal and in vitro models of Ewing sarcoma from a native cellular context are unable to fully recapitulate malignant transformation. Despite these shortcomings, human, and murine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the closest working in vitro systems available. MSCs are tolerant of ectopic EWS/FLI expression, which is accompanied by a molecular signature most similar to Ewing sarcoma. Whether MSCs are the elusive cell of origin or simply a tolerant platform of the EWS/FLI transcriptome, these cells have become an excellent molecular tool to investigate and manipulate oncogenesis in Ewing sarcoma. Our understanding of the biological complexity and heterogeneity of human MSCs (hMSCs) has increased substantially over time and as such, appreciation and utilization of these salient complexities may greatly enhance the efficient use of these cells as surrogate models for Ewing sarcoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Monument
- Sarcoma Services, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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22
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Teng Z, Yoshida T, Okabe M, Toda A, Higuchi O, Nogami M, Yoneda N, Zhou K, Kyo S, Kiyono T, Nikaido T. Establishment of Immortalized Human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:267-78. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic mesenchymal cells (HAM cells) are known to contain somatic stem cells possessing the characteristics of pluripotency. However, little is known about the biology of these somatic cells because isolated HAM cells from amniotic membrane have a limited lifespan. To overcome this problem, we attempted to prolong the lifespan of HAM cells by infecting retrovirus encoding human papillomavirus type16E6 and E7 (HPV16E6E7), bmi-1, and/or human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) genes and investigated their characteristics as stem cells. We confirmed the immortalization of the four lines of cultured HAM cells for about 1 year. Immortalized human amnion mesenchymal cells (iHAM cells) have continued to proliferate over 200 population doublings (PDs). iHAM cells were positive for CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD44 and negative for CD34, CD14, CD45, and HLA-DR. They expressed stem cell markers such as Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog, Klf4, SSEA4, c-myc, vimentin, and nestin. They showed adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation abilities after induction. These results suggested that immortalized cell lines with characteristics of stem cells can be established. iHAM cells with an extended lifespan can be used to produce good experimental models both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Teng
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, University of Toyama, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiko Yoshida
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, University of Toyama, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Motonori Okabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, University of Toyama, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ayaka Toda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, University of Toyama, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Osamu Higuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toyama, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Makiko Nogami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toyama, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Noriko Yoneda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kaixuan Zhou
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, University of Toyama, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Touru Kiyono
- Virology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Nikaido
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, University of Toyama, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
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23
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Zhou K, Koike C, Yoshida T, Okabe M, Fathy M, Kyo S, Kiyono T, Saito S, Nikaido T. Establishment and characterization of immortalized human amniotic epithelial cells. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:55-67. [PMID: 23298399 PMCID: PMC3567704 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic epithelial cells (HAEs) have a low immunogenic profile and possess potent immunosuppressive properties. HAEs also have several characteristics similar to stem cells, and they are discarded after parturition. Thus, they could potentially be used in cell therapy with fewer ethical problems. HAEs have a short life, so our aim is to establish and characterize immortalized human amniotic epithelial cells (iHAEs). HAEs were introduced with viral oncogenes E6/E7 and with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) to create iHAEs. These iHAEs have proliferated around 200 population doublings (PDs) for at least 12 months. High expression of stem cell markers (Oct 3/4, Nanog, Sox2, Klf4) and epithelial markers (CK5, CK18) were detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These iHAEs were expanded in ultra-low-attachment dishes to form spheroids similarly to epithelial stem/precursor cells. High expression of mesenchymal (CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105) and somatic (CD24, CD29, CD271, Nestin) stem cell markers was detected by flow cytometry. The iHAEs showed adipogenic, osteogenic, neuronal, and cardiac differentiation abilities. In conclusion, the immortalization of HAEs with the characteristics of stem cells has been established, allowing these iHAEs to become useful for cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Zhou
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Chika Koike
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiko Yoshida
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Motonori Okabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Moustafa Fathy
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Virology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshio Nikaido
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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24
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Ogasawara T, Ohba S, Yano F, Kawaguchi H, Chung UI, Saito T, Yonehara Y, Nakatsuka T, Mori Y, Takato T, Hoshi K. Nanog promotes osteogenic differentiation of the mouse mesenchymal cell line C3H10T1/2 by modulating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:163-71. [PMID: 22585661 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How the pluripotency of stem cells is maintained and the role of transcription factors in this maintenance remain major questions. In the present study, in order to clarify the mechanism underlying the pluripotency of stem cells for the advancement of regenerative medicine, we examined the effect of forced Nanog expression in mesenchymal cells, with a particular focus on osteogenic differentiation. The human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) or mouse mesenchymal cell line C3H10T1/2 cells were transduced with the Nanog gene or control green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene by using retrovirus vectors. Short-term, forced Nanog gene expression had few effects on the terminal osteogenic differentiation of either hMSCs or C3H10T1/2 cells. To determine its long-term effects, we established C3H10T1/2 cells expressing Nanog constitutively. Constitutive Nanog expression strongly induced osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells. In regard to cell proliferation, constitutive Nanog expression only repressed the proliferation of the cells treated with rhBMP-2. Moreover, Nanog also had the potential to promote the proliferation of C3H10T1/2 cells in the absence of rhBMP-2. Constitutive Nanog expression enhanced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 and suppressed Cdk4 and cyclinD1. The promoter activities of both the osteocalcin and Id-1 genes were activated in cells expressing Nanog constitutively. To identify downstream molecules of Nanog involved in the promotion of osteogenic differentiation, we performed a DNA microarray analysis and discovered that NFATc1 was one of the downstream effectors of Nanog. These results indicate that Nanog functions as a modulator of BMP signaling in C3H10T1/2 cells probably through a genome reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ogasawara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Higuchi O, Okabe M, Yoshida T, Fathy M, Saito S, Miyawaki T, Nikaido T. Stemness of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal cells is maintained by floating cultivation. Cell Reprogram 2012; 14:448-55. [PMID: 22908943 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Recently, the search for stem cells has become focused on fetal appendages such as the amniotic membrane and umbilical cord. Previously, we have shown the existence of stem cells in the amniotic membrane that can differentiate into various cells. In this study, we attempt to characterize and maintain the stemness characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for Wharton's jelly, an inherent tissue of the umbilical cord. Wharton's jelly cells (WJCs) were isolated, adhered to culture plates, and characterized for stem cell and surface markers expression. They expressed the embryonic stem cell markers Nanog, Oct ¾, and Sox2. On flow cytometric analysis, WJCs predominantly expressed the MSC markers CD73, CD90, and CD105 and did not express the hematopoietic lineage markers CD14, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR. In floating culture, WJCs could maintain stemness, and they could differentiate to osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. In conclusion, WJCs satisfy the criteria of MSCs. Given that extraction of the umbilical cord is not invasive, and the umbilical cord can be obtained without ethical and technical issues, we suggest that WJCs, after maintaining stemness, have a potential contribution to medical treatment for patients, even newborns, with congenital skeletal and cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Higuchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
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Bayasula, Iwase A, Kiyono T, Takikawa S, Goto M, Nakamura T, Nagatomo Y, Nakahara T, Kotani T, Kobayashi H, Kondo M, Manabe S, Kikkawa F. Establishment of a human nonluteinized granulosa cell line that transitions from the gonadotropin-independent to the gonadotropin-dependent status. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2851-60. [PMID: 22467494 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ovary is a complex endocrine organ responsible for steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis. Follicles consist of oocytes and two primary steroidogenic cell types, the granulosa cells, and the theca cells. Immortalized human granulosa cells are essential for researching the mechanism of steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis. We obtained granulosa cells from a 35-yr-old female and immortalized them by lentivirus-mediated transfer of several genes so as to establish a human nonluteinized granulosa cell line (HGrC1). We subsequently characterized HGrC1 and investigated its steroidogenic performance. HGrC1 expressed enzymes related to steroidogenesis, such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, CYP11A, aromatase, and gonadotropin receptors. Stimulation with FSH increased the mRNA levels of aromatase, which consequently induced the aromatization of androstenedione to estradiol. Activin A increased the mRNA levels of the FSH receptor, which were synergistically up-regulated with FSH stimulation. HGrC1 also expressed a series of ligands and receptors belonging to the TGF-β superfamily. A Western blot analysis showed that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, BMP-6, and BMP-7 phosphorylated small mother against decapentaplegic (Smad)1/5/8, whereas growth differentiation factor-9 phosphorylated Smad2/3. BMP-15 and anti-Müllerian hormone phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 while also weakly phosphorylating Smad2/3. These results indicate that HGrC1 may possess the characteristics of granulosa cells belonging to follicles in the early stage. HGrC1 might also be capable of displaying the growth transition from a gonadotropin-independent status to gonadotropin-dependent one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayasula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Mao W, Zhu X, Tang D, Zhao Y, Zhao B, Ma G, Zhang X, An G, Li Y. TNF-α expression in the UCB-MSCs as stable source inhibits gastric cancers growth in nude mice. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:463-72. [PMID: 22536934 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.675385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potentially vehicles for therapy of malignant diseases. In our study, we investigated whether UCB-MSCs are capable to carry TNF-α to target tumor cells in vivo. The human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 were subcutaneously injected into the abdomen near groins of 15 nude mice to establish experiment tumor models. MSC-TNF-α demonstrated a strong suppressive effect on the tumor growth compared with MSC and NaCl. Thus, MSC-TNF-α can obviously inhibit Gastric cancers growth in nude mice, indicating that UCB-MSCs may have the potential to become a prevention approach against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizheng Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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Differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells by hTERT gene transfection in vitro. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:215-21. [PMID: 21988655 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The availability of a large quantity of MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) would greatly advance liver-directed cell therapies. However, MSCs have a limited lifespan in vitro. Therefore we tested whether hUCMSCs (human umbilical cord MSCs) could be immortalized by transduction with a lentiviral vector carrying the hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) catalytic subunit gene, and investigated their differentiation potential. Transfected hUCMSCs overexpressed the hTERT gene and up-regulated their telomerase activity. The transfected hUCMSCs maintained their typical morphology and MSC-specific markers, and vigorously proliferated, undergoing more than 100 PDs (population doublings) to date. Following incubation with hepatogenic agents, the transfected hUCMSCs differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells, and expressed hepatic markers, such as albumin, AFP (α-fetoprotein) and CK-18 (cytokeratin-18). Transfected hUCMSCs showed no transformation into tumours in nude mice. In conclusion, telomerization of hUCMSCs by hTERT overexpression extends their replicative lifespan without influencing their hepatogenic differentiation potential. This offers opportunities for obtaining sufficient quantities of cells for liver-directed therapies.
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Tátrai P, Szepesi Á, Matula Z, Szigeti A, Buchan G, Mádi A, Uher F, Német K. Combined introduction of Bmi-1 and hTERT immortalizes human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells with low risk of transformation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:28-35. [PMID: 22554522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are increasingly being studied for their usefulness in regenerative medicine. However, limited life span and donor-dependent variation of primary cells such as ASCs present major hurdles to controlled and reproducible experiments. We therefore aimed to establish immortalized ASC cell lines that provide steady supply of homogeneous cells for in vitro work while retain essential features of primary cells. To this end, combinations of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), murine Bmi-1, and SV40 large T antigen (SV40T) were introduced by lentiviral transduction into ASCs. The resulting cell lines ASC(hTERT), ASC(Bmi-1), ASC(Bmi-1+hTERT) and ASC(SV40T+hTERT) were tested for transgene expression, telomerase activity, surface immunomarkers, proliferation, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, karyotype, tumorigenicity, and cellular senescence. All cell lines have maintained expression of characteristic surface immunomarkers, and none was tumorigenic. However, ASC(Bmi-1) had limited replicative potential, while the rapidly proliferating ASC(SV40T+hTERT) acquired chromosomal aberrations, departed from MSC phenotype, and lost differentiation capacity. ASC(hTERT) and ASC(hTERT+Bmi-1), on the other hand, preserved all essential MSC features and did not senesce after 100 population doublings. Notably, a subpopulation of ASC(hTERT) also acquired aberrant karyotype and showed signs of transformation after long-term culture. In conclusion, hTERT alone was sufficient to extend the life span of human ASC, but ASC(hTERT) are prone to transformation during extensive subculturing. The combination of Bmi-1 and hTERT successfully immortalized human ASCs without significantly perturbing their phenotype or biological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Tátrai
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Karolina út 29, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary.
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Baba K, Yamazaki Y, Ikemoto S, Aoyagi K, Takeda A, Uchinuma E. Osteogenic potential of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells cultured with umbilical cord blood-derived autoserum. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012; 40:768-72. [PMID: 22503080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteogenesis in the bone defect at the site of an alveolar cleft is important to enable patients with cleft lip and palate to acquire dental articulation. The presence of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells has been reported. In this study, we used autoserum derived from the umbilical cord blood (UCB) of neonates in an attempt to examine the osteoblastic differentiation potential of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs) in nude mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS UCB, hydroxyapatite, and rhBMP were used as the supply source of autoserum, scaffold, and osteoinductive growth factor, respectively. MSCs, obtained from Wharton's jelly and cultured for 3-4weeks to induce their differentiation into osteoblasts, were implanted subcutaneously into the dorsum of male nude mice for 6weeks before the assessment by real-time reverse transcriptase chain reaction of osteoblast marker expression. RESULTS UCB-derived autoserum was a viable source for the culture and implantation of UC-MSCs. The osteoblastic differentiation potential of UC-MSCs was demonstrated in nude mice by performing immunohistochemical staining and by the presence of osteoblast marker expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the osteogenic potential of UC-MSCs and provide basic evidence for the realization of regenerative medicine using autologous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Baba
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
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Numasawa Y, Kimura T, Miyoshi S, Nishiyama N, Hida N, Tsuji H, Tsuruta H, Segawa K, Ogawa S, Umezawa A. Treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells with angiotensin receptor blocker improved efficiency of cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation and improved cardiac function via angiogenesis. Stem Cells 2012; 29:1405-14. [PMID: 21755575 DOI: 10.1002/stem.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To improve the modest efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation, the treatment of human MSCs with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) was investigated. MSCs were cultured with or without the medium containing 3 μmol/l of ARBs before cardiomyogenic induction. After cardiomyogenic induction in vitro, cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation efficiency (CTE) was calculated by immunocytochemistry using anticardiac troponin-I antibody. In the nude rat chronic myocardial infarction model, we injected MSCs pretreated with candesartan (A-BM; n = 18) or injected MSCs without pretreatment of candesartan (BM; n = 25), each having survived for 2 weeks. The left ventricular function, as measured by echocardiogram, was compared with cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation in vivo, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Pretreatment with ARBs significantly increased the CTE in vitro (10.1 ± 0.8 n = 12 vs. 4.6 ± 0.3% n = 25, p < .05). Transplantation of candesartan-pretreated MSCs significantly improved the change in left ventricular ejection fraction (BM; -7.2 ± 2.0 vs. A-BM; 3.3 ± 2.3%). Immunohistochemistry revealed significant improvement of cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation in A-BM in vivo (BM; 0 ± 0 vs. A-BM; 0.014 ± 0.006%). Transplantation of ARB-pretreated MSCs significantly improved cardiac function and can be a promising cardiac stem cell source from which to expect cardiomyogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Numasawa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Sources of mesenchymal stem cells: current and future clinical use. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:267-86. [PMID: 23117644 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yao CL, Hwang SM. Immortalization of human mesenchymal stromal cells with telomerase and red fluorescence protein expression. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 879:471-8. [PMID: 22610577 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-815-3_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) play a crucial role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and thus have important clinical potential for cell-based therapy. However, the limited cell number and the difficulty in detecting these cells in vivo have restricted many hMSC studies. Therefore, the development of hMSCs immortalized with telomerase and expressing red fluorescence protein will facilitate their expansion and detection in vivo, and these cells will be important for both to stem cell research and clinical use. In this chapter, we describe the protocols used to establish telomerase- and red fluorescence protein-expressing immortalized hMSCs using a nonviral transfection method. These cells will be useful tools for stem cell research and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ling Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
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Replicative senescence of human bone marrow and umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells and their differentiation to adipocytes and osteoblasts. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:5161-8. [PMID: 21188535 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) which have self-renewal and multiple differentiation potential in vitro play important roles in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, long-term culture in vitro leads to senescence which results in the growth arrest and reduction of differentiation. In this study, MSC derived from human bone-marrow (BM-MSC) and umbilical cord (UC-MSC) were cultured in vitro lasted to senescence. Senescence and apoptosis detection showed that the senescent cells increased significantly but the increase of apoptosis was not significant in the long term culture. Senescence related genes p16, p21 and p53 increased gradually in BM-MSC. However, p16 and p53 reduced and then increased but with the gradual increase of p21 in UC-MSC. Adipogenic differentiation decreased whereas the propensity for osteogenic differentiation increased in senescent MSC. Real time RT-PCR demonstrated that both C/EBPα and PPARγ decreased in senescent BM-MSC. However, in UC-MSC, PPARγ decreased but C/EBPα increased in late phase compared to early phase. The study demonstrated p21 was important in the senescence of BM-MSC and UC-MSC. C/EBPα and PPARγ could regulate the balance of adipogenic differentiation in BM-MSC but only PPARγ not C/EBPα was involved in the adipogenic differentiation in UC-MSC.
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Ardianto B, Sugimoto T, Kawano S, Kasagi S, Jauharoh SNA, Kurimoto C, Tatsumi E, Morikawa K, Kumagai S, Hayashi Y. The HPB-AML-I cell line possesses the properties of mesenchymal stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:163. [PMID: 21144016 PMCID: PMC3016278 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background In spite of its establishment from the peripheral blood of a case with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-M1, HPB-AML-I shows plastic adherence with spindle-like morphology. In addition, lipid droplets can be induced in HPB-AML-I cells by methylisobutylxanthine, hydrocortisone, and indomethacin. These findings suggest that HPB-AML-I is similar to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or mesenchymal stromal cells rather than to hematopoietic cells. Methods To examine this possibility, we characterized HPB-AML-I by performing cytochemical, cytogenetic, and phenotypic analyses, induction of differentiation toward mesenchymal lineage cells, and mixed lymphocyte culture analysis. Results HPB-AML-I proved to be negative for myeloperoxidase, while surface antigen analysis disclosed that it was positive for MSC-related antigens, such as CD29, CD44, CD55, CD59, and CD73, but not for CD14, CD19, CD34, CD45, CD90, CD105, CD117, and HLA-DR. Karyotypic analysis showed the presence of complicated abnormalities, but no reciprocal translocations typically detected in AML cases. Following the induction of differentiation toward adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes, HPB-AML-I cells showed, in conjunction with extracellular matrix formation, lipid accumulation, proteoglycan synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase expression. Mixed lymphocyte culture demonstrated that CD3+ T-cell proliferation was suppressed in the presence of HPB-AML-I cells. Conclusions We conclude that HPB-AML-I cells appear to be unique neoplastic cells, which may be derived from MSCs, but are not hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bambang Ardianto
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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Bieback K, Brinkmann I. Mesenchymal stromal cells from human perinatal tissues: From biology to cell therapy. World J Stem Cells 2010; 2:81-92. [PMID: 21607124 PMCID: PMC3097927 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v2.i4.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based regenerative medicine is of growing interest in biomedical research. The role of stem cells in this context is under intense scrutiny and may help to define principles of organ regeneration and develop innovative therapeutics for organ failure. Utilizing stem and progenitor cells for organ replacement has been conducted for many years when performing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Since the first successful transplantation of umbilical cord blood to treat hematological malignancies, non-hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations have recently been identified within umbilical cord blood and other perinatal and fetal tissues. A cell population entitled mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) emerged as one of the most intensely studied as it subsumes a variety of capacities: MSCs can differentiate into various subtypes of the mesodermal lineage, they secrete a large array of trophic factors suitable of recruiting endogenous repair processes and they are immunomodulatory.Focusing on perinatal tissues to isolate MSCs, we will discuss some of the challenges associated with these cell types concentrating on concepts of isolation and expansion, the comparison with cells derived from other tissue sources, regarding phenotype and differentiation capacity and finally their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bieback
- Karen Bieback, Irena Brinkmann, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, DRK-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg - Hessen gGmbH, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Tsuji H, Miyoshi S, Ikegami Y, Hida N, Asada H, Togashi I, Suzuki J, Satake M, Nakamizo H, Tanaka M, Mori T, Segawa K, Nishiyama N, Inoue J, Makino H, Miyado K, Ogawa S, Yoshimura Y, Umezawa A. Xenografted human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells are immunologically tolerated and transdifferentiated into cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 2010; 106:1613-23. [PMID: 20508201 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.205260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Amniotic membrane is known to have the ability to transdifferentiate into multiple organs and is expected to stimulate a reduced immunologic reaction. OBJECTIVE Determine whether human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal cells (hAMCs) can be an ideal allograftable stem cell source for cardiac regenerative medicine. METHODS AND RESULTS We established hAMCs. After cardiomyogenic induction in vitro, hAMCs beat spontaneously, and the calculated cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation efficiency was 33%. Transplantation of hAMCs 2 weeks after myocardial infarction improved impaired left ventricular fractional shortening measured by echocardiogram (34+/-2% [n=8] to 39+/-2% [n=11]; P<0.05) and decreased myocardial fibrosis area (18+/-1% [n=9] to 13+/-1% [n=10]; P<0.05), significantly. Furthermore hAMCs transplanted into the infarcted myocardium of Wistar rats were transdifferentiated into cardiomyocytes in situ and survived for more than 4 weeks after the transplantation without using any immunosuppressant. Immunologic tolerance was caused by the hAMC-derived HLA-G expression, lack of MHC expression of hAMCs, and activation of FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells. Administration of IL-10 or progesterone, which is known to play an important role in feto-maternal tolerance during pregnancy, markedly increased HLA-G expression in hAMCs in vitro and, surprisingly, also increased cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation efficiency in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Because hAMCs have a high ability to transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes and to acquire immunologic tolerance in vivo, they can be a promising cellular source for allograftable stem cells for cardiac regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tsuji
- Department of Obstetrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Hung CJ, Yao CL, Cheng FC, Wu ML, Wang TH, Hwang SM. Establishment of immortalized mesenchymal stromal cells with red fluorescence protein expression for in vivo transplantation and tracing in the rat model with traumatic brain injury. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:455-65. [PMID: 20230225 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903555827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) play a crucial role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and have important clinical potential for cell therapy. However, many hMSC studies have been restricted by limited cell numbers and difficult detection in vivo. To expand the lifespan, hMSC are usually immortalized by virus-mediated gene transfer. However, these genetically modified cells easily lose critical phenotypes and stable genotypes because of insertional mutagenesis. METHODS We used a non-viral transfection method to establish human telomerase reverse transcriptase-immortalized cord blood hMSC (hTERT-cbMSC). We also established red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing hTERT-cbMSC (hTERT/RFP-cbMSC) by the same non-viral transfection method, and these cells were injected into a rat model with traumatic brain injury for in vivo detection analysis. RESULTS The hTERT-cbMSC could grow more than 200 population doublings with a stable doubling time and maintained differentiation capacities. hTERT/RFP-cbMSC could proliferate efficiently within 2 weeks at the injury location and could be detected easily under a fluorescent microscope. Importantly, both hTERT-cbMSC and hTERT/RFP-cbMSC showed no chromosomal abnormalities by karyotype analysis and no tumor formation in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice by transplantation assay. CONCLUSIONS We have developed immortalized cbMSC with hTERT expression and RFP expression, which will be useful tools for stem cell research and translational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jen Hung
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Varghese S, Hwang NS, Ferran A, Hillel A, Theprungsirikul P, Canver AC, Zhang Z, Gearhart J, Elisseeff J. Engineering musculoskeletal tissues with human embryonic germ cell derivatives. Stem Cells 2010; 28:765-74. [PMID: 20178108 DOI: 10.1002/stem.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cells derived from differentiating embryoid bodies of human embryonic germ (hEG) cells express a broad spectrum of gene markers and have been induced toward ecto- and endodermal lineages. We describe here in vitro and in vivo differentiation of hEG-derived cells (LVEC line) toward mesenchymal tissues. The LVEC cells express many surface marker proteins characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells and differentiated into cartilage, bone, and fat. Homogenous hyaline cartilage was generated from cells after 63 population doublings. In vivo results demonstrate cell survival, differentiation, and tissue formation. The high proliferative capacity of hEG-derived cells and their ability to differentiate and form three-dimensional mesenchymal tissues without teratoma formation underscores their significant potential for regenerative medicine. The adopted coculture system also provides new insights into how a microenvironment comprised of extracellular and cellular components may be harnessed to generate hierarchically complex tissues from pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyni Varghese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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40
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Momin EN, Vela G, Zaidi HA, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. The Oncogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Cancer: Directions for Future Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:137-148. [PMID: 20490366 DOI: 10.2174/157339510791111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising new approach to the treatment of several diseases that are associated with dismal outcomes. These include myocardial damage, graft versus host disease, and possibly cancer. Although the potential therapeutic aspects of MSCs continue to be well-researched, the possible hazards of MSCs, and in particular their oncogenic capacity are poorly understood. This review addresses the oncogenic and tumor-supporting potential of MSCs within the context of cancer treatment. The risk for malignant transformation is discussed for each stage of the clinical lifecycle of MSCs. This includes malignant transformation in vitro during production phases, during insertion of potentially therapeutic transgenes, and finally in vivo via interactions with tumor stroma. The immunosuppressive qualities of MSCs, which may facilitate evasion of the immune system by a tumor, are also addressed. Limitations of the methods employed in clinical trials to date are reviewed, including the absence of long term follow-up and lack of adequate screening methods to detect formation of new tumors. Through discussions of the possible oncogenic and tumor-supporting mechanisms of MSCs, directions for future research are identified which may eventually facilitate the future clinical translation of MSCs for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Momin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Kawamichi Y, Cui CH, Toyoda M, Makino H, Horie A, Takahashi Y, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Ohta H, Saito K, Umezawa A. Cells of extraembryonic mesodermal origin confer human dystrophin in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:695-702. [PMID: 20162617 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive genetic disease characterized by severe skeletal muscular degeneration. The placenta is considered to be a promising candidate cell source for cellular therapeutics because it contains a large number of cells and heterogenous cell populations with myogenic potentials. We analyzed the myogenic potential of cells obtained from six parts of the placenta, that is, umbilical cord, amniotic epithelium, amniotic mesoderm, chorionic plate, villous chorion, and decidua basalis. In vitro cells derived from amniotic mesoderm, chorionic plate, and villous chorion efficiently transdifferentiate into myotubes. In addition, in vivo implantation of placenta-derived cells into dystrophic muscles of immunodeficient mdx mice restored sarcolemmal expression of human dystrophin. Differential contribution to myogenesis in this study may be attributed to placental portion-dependent default cell state. Molecular taxonomic characterization of placenta-derived maternal and fetal cells in vitro will help determine the feasibility of cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kawamichi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Yazawa T, Inaoka Y, Okada R, Mizutani T, Yamazaki Y, Usami Y, Kuribayashi M, Orisaka M, Umezawa A, Miyamoto K. PPAR-gamma coactivator-1alpha regulates progesterone production in ovarian granulosa cells with SF-1 and LRH-1. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:485-96. [PMID: 20133449 PMCID: PMC5419099 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into steroidogenic cells such as Leydig and adrenocortical cells by the introduction of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) and treatment with cAMP. In this study, we employed the same approach to differentiate umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived MSCs. Despite UCB-MSCs differentiating into steroidogenic cells, they exhibited characteristics of granulosa-luteal-like cells. We found that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) was expressed and further induced by cAMP stimulation in UCB-MSCs. Consistent with these results, tissue-specific expression of Pgc-1alpha was observed in rat ovarian granulosa cells. PGC-1alpha binds to the NR5A family [SF-1 and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1)] of proteins and markedly enhances their transcriptional activities. Reporter assays revealed that PGC-1alpha activated the promoter activities of SF-1 and LRH-1 target genes. Infection of KGN cells (a human cell line derived from granulosa cells) with adenoviruses expressing PGC-1alpha resulted in the induction of steroidogenesis-related genes and stimulation of progesterone production. PGC-1alpha also induced SF-1 and LRH-1, with the latter induced to a greater extent. Knockdown of Pgc-1alpha in cultured rat granulosa cells resulted in attenuation of gene expression as well as progesterone production. Transactivation of the NR5A family by PGC-1alpha was repressed by Dax-1. PGC-1alpha binds to the activation function 2 domain of NR5A proteins via its consensus LXXLL motif. These results indicate that PGC-1alpha is involved in progesterone production in ovarian granulosa cells by potentiating transcriptional activities of the NR5A family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Shimoaizuki 23-3, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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43
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Pozzobon M, Ghionzoli M, De Coppi P. ES, iPS, MSC, and AFS cells. Stem cells exploitation for Pediatric Surgery: current research and perspective. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:3-10. [PMID: 19727766 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advancements that have been made in treating infants with congenital malformations, these still represent a major cause of disease and death during the first years of life and childhood. Regeneration of natural tissue from living cells to restore damaged tissues and organs is the main purpose of regenerative medicine. This relatively new field has emerged by the combination of tissue engineering and stem cell transplantation as a possible strategy for the replacement of damaged organs or tissues. This review would like to offer an insight on the latest evolution of stem cells with a glance at their possible application for regenerative medicine, particularly in the Paediatric Surgery field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pozzobon
- Stem Cell Processing Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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44
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Immortalization of ameloblastoma cells via reactivation of telomerase function: Phenotypic and molecular characteristics. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:e239-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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45
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Takahashi H, Toyoda M, Birumachi JI, Horie A, Uyama T, Miyado K, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Umezawa A. Shortening of human cell life span by induction of p16ink4a through the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:335-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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46
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Ksiazek K. A comprehensive review on mesenchymal stem cell growth and senescence. Rejuvenation Res 2009; 12:105-16. [PMID: 19405814 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have generated a great deal of excitement as an attractive alternative to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in cell-based regenerative medicine. In contrast to cells of embryonic origin, however, the clinical application of MSCs is heavily restricted by their finite ability of self-renewal, in which they resemble the rest of the somatic cells. Yet the mechanisms controlling MSC proliferation and senescence remain unclear. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the factors affecting MSC expansion in vitro and discusses the pattern of their senescence with particular emphasis on the role of telomere shortening, activation of effectory pathways, and oxidative stress. The issues associated with MSC growth and senescence will be shown in the context of other somatic cells, and all of the parallels and disparities will be delineated precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ksiazek
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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47
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Chen W, Johnson SL, Marcotti W, Andrews PW, Moore HD, Rivolta MN. Human fetal auditory stem cells can be expanded in vitro and differentiate into functional auditory neurons and hair cell-like cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1196-204. [PMID: 19418454 DOI: 10.1002/stem.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the quest to develop the tools necessary for a cell-based therapy for deafness, a critical step is to identify a suitable stem cell population. Moreover, the lack of a self-renovating model system for the study of cell fate determination in the human cochlea has impaired our understanding of the molecular events involved in normal human auditory development. We describe here the identification and isolation of a population of SOX2+OCT4+ human auditory stem cells from 9-week-old to 11-week-old fetal cochleae (hFASCs). These cells underwent long-term expansion in vitro and retained their capacity to differentiate into sensory hair cells and neurons, whose functional and electrophysiological properties closely resembled their in vivo counterparts during development. hFASCs, and the differentiating protocols defined here, could be used to study developing human cochlear neurons and hair cells, as models for drug screening and toxicity and may facilitate the development of cell-based therapies for deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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48
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Makino H, Toyoda M, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Nishino K, Fukawatase Y, Machida M, Akutsu H, Uyama T, Miyagawa Y, Okita H, Kiyokawa N, Fujino T, Ishikawa Y, Nakamura T, Umezawa A. Mesenchymal to embryonic incomplete transition of human cells by chimeric OCT4/3 (POU5F1) with physiological co-activator EWS. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:2727-40. [PMID: 19559696 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
POU5F1 (more commonly known as OCT4/3) is one of the stem cell markers, and affects direction of differentiation in embryonic stem cells. To investigate whether cells of mesenchymal origin acquire embryonic phenotypes, we generated human cells of mesodermal origin with overexpression of the chimeric OCT4/3 gene with physiological co-activator EWS (product of the EWSR1 gene), which is driven by the potent EWS promoter by translocation. The cells expressed embryonic stem cell genes such as NANOG, lost mesenchymal phenotypes, and exhibited embryonal stem cell-like alveolar structures when implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of immunodeficient mice. Hierarchical analysis by microchip analysis and cell surface analysis revealed that the cells are subcategorized into the group of human embryonic stem cells and embryonal carcinoma cells. These results imply that cells of mesenchymal origin can be traced back to cells of embryonic phenotype by the OCT4/3 gene in collaboration with the potent cis-regulatory element and the fused co-activator. The cells generated in this study with overexpression of chimeric OCT4/3 provide us with insight into cell plasticity involving OCT4/3 that is essential for embryonic cell maintenance, and the complexity required for changing cellular identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsune Makino
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
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49
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Zhan X, Hill C, Brayton CF, Shamblott MJ. Cells derived from human umbilical cord blood support the long-term growth of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 10:513-22. [PMID: 18823264 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2007.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Various types of human cells have been tested as feeder cells for the undifferentiated growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in vitro. We report here the successful culture of two hESC lines (H1 and H9) on human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived fibroblast-like cells. These cells permit the long-term continuous growth of undifferentiated and pluripotent hESCs. The cultured hESCs had normal karyotypes, expressed OCT-4, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81, formed cystic embryonic body in vitro and teratomas in vivo after injected into immunodeficient mice. The wide availability of clinical-grade human UCB makes it a promising source of support cells for the growth of hESC for use in cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcan Zhan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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50
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Fujita S, Toguchida J, Morita Y, Iwata H. Clonal Analysis of Hematopoiesis-Supporting Activity of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Association with Jagged1 Expression and Osteogenic Potential. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:1169-79. [DOI: 10.3727/096368908787236611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are promising feeder cells for expanding hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but their potential is heterogeneous. We examined the hematopoiesis-supporting activity of hMSC at the clonal level in relation to the osteogenic potential and gene expression. Hematopoiesis-supporting activities of stably immortalized clonal hMSC lines were evaluated by the expansion of CD34+CD38- cells after 7-day coculture with human cord blood-derived CD34+ cells. Six of 16 clones expanded the numbers of CD34+CD38- cells >500-fold. These hematopoiesis-supportive clones also showed high gene expression of Jagged1, a Notch ligand, as well as high potential to deposit calcium after osteogenic induction. Thus, osteogenic hMSC clones may provide proper microenvironments for HSC expansion, ultimately conveying self-renewal signals to HSCs via the Notch pathway. However, they lost hematopoiesis-supporting activity after osteogenic differentiation. The hematopoiesis-supportive clones are potentially useful for hematopoietic microenvironment studies and as components of a coculture system for expansion of HSCs, free from contamination by xenogeneic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Reparative Materials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8211, Japan
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Itabashi Chuo Medical Center, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Itabashi Chuo Medical Center, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Morita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Itabashi Chuo Medical Center, Tokyo 174-0051, Japan
| | - Hiroo Iwata
- Department of Reparative Materials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8211, Japan
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