1
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Mishra AK, Tripathi MK, Kumar D, Gupta SP. Neurons Specialize in Presynaptic Autophagy: A Perspective to Ameliorate Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04399-8. [PMID: 39141193 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The efficient and prolonged neurotransmission is reliant on the coordinated action of numerous synaptic proteins in the presynaptic compartment that remodels synaptic vesicles for neurotransmitter packaging and facilitates their exocytosis. Once a cycle of neurotransmission is completed, membranes and associated proteins are endocytosed into the cytoplasm for recycling or degradation. Both exocytosis and endocytosis are closely regulated in a timely and spatially constrained manner. Recent research demonstrated the impact of dysfunctional synaptic vesicle retrieval in causing retrograde degeneration of midbrain neurons and has highlighted the importance of such endocytic proteins, including auxilin, synaptojanin1 (SJ1), and endophilin A (EndoA) in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the role of other associated proteins, including leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), adaptor proteins, and retromer proteins, is being investigated for their roles in regulating synaptic vesicle recycling. Research suggests that the degradation of defective vesicles via presynaptic autophagy, followed by their recycling, not only revitalizes them in the active zone but also contributes to strengthening synaptic plasticity. The presynaptic autophagy rejuvenating terminals and maintaining neuroplasticity is unique in autophagosome formation. It involves several synaptic proteins to support autophagosome construction in tiny compartments and their retrograde trafficking toward the cell bodies. Despite having a comprehensive understanding of ATG proteins in autophagy, we still lack a framework to explain how autophagy is triggered and potentiated in compact presynaptic compartments. Here, we reviewed synaptic proteins' involvement in forming presynaptic autophagosomes and in retrograde trafficking of terminal cargos. The review also discusses the status of endocytic proteins and endocytosis-regulating proteins in neurodegenerative diseases and strategies to combat neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Government Shaheed Gendsingh College, Charama, Uttar Bastar Kanker, 494 337, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dipak Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Munger University, Munger, Bihar, India
| | - Satya Prakash Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
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2
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Restrepo LJ, Baehrecke EH. Regulation and Functions of Autophagy During Animal Development. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168473. [PMID: 38311234 PMCID: PMC11260256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is used to degrade cytoplasmic materials, and is critical to maintain cell and organismal health in diverse animals. Here we discuss the regulation, utilization and impact of autophagy on development, including roles in oogenesis, spermatogenesis and embryogenesis in animals. We also describe how autophagy influences postembryonic development in the context of neuronal and cardiac development, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. We describe recent studies of selective autophagy during development, including mitochondria-selective autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-selective autophagy. Studies of developing model systems have also been used to discover novel regulators of autophagy, and we explain how studies of autophagy in these physiologically relevant systems are advancing our understanding of this important catabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Restrepo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
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3
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Roy N, Paira P. Glutathione Depletion and Stalwart Anticancer Activity of Metallotherapeutics Inducing Programmed Cell Death: Opening a New Window for Cancer Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20670-20701. [PMID: 38764686 PMCID: PMC11097382 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The cellular defense system against exogenous substances makes therapeutics inefficient as intracellular glutathione (GSH) exhibits an astounding antioxidant activity in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) or other free radicals produced by the therapeutics. In the cancer cell microenvironment, the intracellular GSH level becomes exceptionally high to fight against oxidative stress created by the production of ROS/RNS or any free radicals, which are the byproducts of intracellular redox reactions or cellular respiration processes. Thus, in order to maintain redox homeostasis for survival of cancer cells and their rapid proliferation, the GSH level starts to escalate. In this circumstance, the administration of anticancer therapeutics is in vain, as the elevated GSH level reduces their potential by reduction or by scavenging the ROS/RNS they produce. Therefore, in order to augment the therapeutic potential of anticancer agents against elevated GSH condition, the GSH level must be depleted by hook or by crook. Hence, this Review aims to compile precisely the role of GSH in cancer cells, the importance of its depletion for cancer therapy and examples of anticancer activity of a few selected metal complexes which are able to trigger cancer cell death by depleting the GSH level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilmadhab Roy
- Department of Chemistry, School of
Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of
Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of
Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of
Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India
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4
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González-Quiroz JL, Ocampo-Godínez JM, Hernández-González VN, Lezama RA, Reyes-Maldonado E, Vega-López A, Domínguez-López ML. Pentoxifylline and Norcantharidin Modify p62 Expression in 2D and 3D Cultures of B16F1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5140. [PMID: 38791178 PMCID: PMC11121437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell cultures have improved the evaluation of drugs for cancer therapy, due to their high similarity to solid tumors. In melanoma, autophagy appears to show a dual role depending on the progression of the disease. p62 protein has been proposed for the evaluation of autophagic flux since its expression is an indicator of the state of autophagy. Pentoxifylline (PTX) and Norcantharidin (NCTD) are drugs that have been shown to possess anticancer effects. In this work, we used B16F1 mouse melanoma cells in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures and three-dimensional (3D) spheroids to test the effect of PTX and NCTD over the p62 expression. We analyzed the effect on p62 expression through Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. Our results indicate that PTX decreases p62 expression in both cell culture models, while Norcantharidin increases its expression in 3D cultures at 24 h. Therefore, these drugs could have a potential therapeutic use for the regulation of autophagy in melanoma, depending on the state of evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis González-Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico; (J.L.G.-Q.)
| | - Juan Moisés Ocampo-Godínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico; (J.L.G.-Q.)
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería de Tejidos, Departamento de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04360, Mexico
| | - Victoria Noemi Hernández-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico; (J.L.G.-Q.)
| | - Ruth Angélica Lezama
- Laboratorio de Hematopatología, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Elba Reyes-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Hematopatología, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Armando Vega-López
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Ingeniería en Sistemas Ambientales, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - María Lilia Domínguez-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico; (J.L.G.-Q.)
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5
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Ortega MA, Fraile-Martinez O, de Leon-Oliva D, Boaru DL, Lopez-Gonzalez L, García-Montero C, Alvarez-Mon MA, Guijarro LG, Torres-Carranza D, Saez MA, Diaz-Pedrero R, Albillos A, Alvarez-Mon M. Autophagy in Its (Proper) Context: Molecular Basis, Biological Relevance, Pharmacological Modulation, and Lifestyle Medicine. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2532-2554. [PMID: 38725847 PMCID: PMC11077378 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.95122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to various stress conditions by the degradation of intracellular components. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of autophagy's cellular and molecular basis, biological significance, pharmacological modulation, and its relevance in lifestyle medicine. We delve into the intricate molecular mechanisms that govern autophagy, including macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Moreover, we highlight the biological significance of autophagy in aging, immunity, metabolism, apoptosis, tissue differentiation and systemic diseases, such as neurodegenerative or cardiovascular diseases and cancer. We also discuss the latest advancements in pharmacological modulation of autophagy and their potential implications in clinical settings. Finally, we explore the intimate connection between lifestyle factors and autophagy, emphasizing how nutrition, exercise, sleep patterns and environmental factors can significantly impact the autophagic process. The integration of lifestyle medicine into autophagy research opens new avenues for promoting health and longevity through personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego de Leon-Oliva
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Liviu Boaru
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lopez-Gonzalez
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis G Guijarro
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology (CIBEREHD), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Diego Torres-Carranza
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Saez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Central University Hospital of Defence-UAH Madrid, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Raul Diaz-Pedrero
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Príncipe de Asturias Universitary Hospital, 28805 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Agustin Albillos
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service an Internal Medicine (CIBEREHD), Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital, 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain
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6
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Proikas-Cezanne T, Haas ML, Pastor-Maldonado CJ, Schüssele DS. Human WIPI β-propeller function in autophagy and neurodegeneration. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:127-139. [PMID: 38058212 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The four human WIPI β-propellers, WIPI1 through WIPI4, belong to the ancient PROPPIN family and fulfill scaffold functions in the control of autophagy. In this context, WIPI β-propellers function as PI3P effectors during autophagosome formation and loss of WIPI function negatively impacts autophagy and contributes to neurodegeneration. Of particular interest are mutations in WDR45, the human gene that encodes WIPI4. Sporadic WDR45 mutations are the cause of a rare human neurodegenerative disease called BPAN, hallmarked by high brain iron accumulation. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the functions of human WIPI β-propellers and address unanswered questions with a particular focus on the role of WIPI4 in autophagy and BPAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian L Haas
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carmen J Pastor-Maldonado
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - David S Schüssele
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Ye J, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang L, Jiang X, Liu B, He G. Targeting autophagy and beyond: Deconvoluting the complexity of Beclin-1 from biological function to cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4688-4714. [PMID: 38045051 PMCID: PMC10692397 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Beclin-1 is the firstly-identified mammalian protein of the autophagy machinery, which functions as a molecular scaffold for the assembly of PI3KC3 (class III phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase) complex, thus controlling autophagy induction and other cellular trafficking events. Notably, there is mounting evidence establishing the implications of Beclin-1 in diverse tumorigenesis processes, including tumor suppression and progression as well as resistance to cancer therapeutics and CSC (cancer stem-like cell) maintenance. More importantly, Beclin-1 has been confirmed as a potential target for the treatment of multiple cancers. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of the structure, functions, and regulations of Beclin-1, and we discuss recent advances in understanding the controversial roles of Beclin-1 in oncology. Moreover, we focus on summarizing the targeted Beclin-1-regulating strategies in cancer therapy, providing novel insights into a promising strategy for regulating Beclin-1 to improve cancer therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanghui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, Chengdu 610041, China
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8
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Xiang H, Zhou M, Li Y, Zhou L, Wang R. Drug discovery by targeting the protein-protein interactions involved in autophagy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4373-4390. [PMID: 37969735 PMCID: PMC10638514 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process in which proteins and organelles are engulfed in autophagosomal vesicles and transported to the lysosome/vacuole for degradation. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a crucial role at many stages of autophagy, which present formidable but attainable targets for autophagy regulation. Moreover, selective regulation of PPIs tends to have a lower risk in causing undesired off-target effects in the context of a complicated biological network. Thus, small-molecule regulators, including peptides and peptidomimetics, targeting the critical PPIs involved in autophagy provide a new opportunity for innovative drug discovery. This article provides general background knowledge of the critical PPIs involved in autophagy and reviews a range of successful attempts on discovering regulators targeting those PPIs. Successful strategies and existing limitations in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Xiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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9
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Ellis RJ, Marquine MJ, Kaul M, Fields JA, Schlachetzki JCM. Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:668-687. [PMID: 37816937 PMCID: PMC11052664 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
People living with HIV are affected by the chronic consequences of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) despite antiretroviral therapies that suppress viral replication, improve health and extend life. Furthermore, viral suppression does not eliminate the virus, and remaining infected cells may continue to produce viral proteins that trigger neurodegeneration. Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus are likely to contribute substantially to CNS injury in people living with HIV, and some components of antiretroviral therapy exert undesirable side effects on the nervous system. No treatment for HIV-associated NCI has been approved by the European Medicines Agency or the US Food and Drug Administration. Historically, roadblocks to developing effective treatments have included a limited understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV-associated NCI and heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations. This heterogeneity might reflect multiple underlying causes that differ among individuals, rather than a single unifying neuropathogenesis. Despite these complexities, accelerating discoveries in HIV neuropathogenesis are yielding potentially druggable targets, including excessive immune activation, metabolic alterations culminating in mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of metal ion homeostasis and lysosomal function, and microbiome alterations. In addition to drug treatments, we also highlight the importance of non-pharmacological interventions. By revisiting mechanisms implicated in NCI and potential interventions addressing these mechanisms, we hope to supply reasons for optimism in people living with HIV affected by NCI and their care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Liu S, Yao S, Yang H, Liu S, Wang Y. Autophagy: Regulator of cell death. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:648. [PMID: 37794028 PMCID: PMC10551038 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process by which cells degrade and recycle proteins and organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Generally, autophagy plays a protective role in cells, but disruption of autophagy mechanisms or excessive autophagic flux usually leads to cell death. Despite recent progress in the study of the regulation and underlying molecular mechanisms of autophagy, numerous questions remain to be answered. How does autophagy regulate cell death? What are the fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms underlying autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) and autophagy-mediated cell death (AMCD)? In this article, we highlight the different roles of autophagy in cell death and discuss six of the main autophagy-related cell death modalities, with a focus on the metabolic changes caused by excessive endoplasmic reticulum-phagy (ER-phagy)-induced cell death and the role of mitophagy in autophagy-mediated ferroptosis. Finally, we discuss autophagy enhancement in the treatment of diseases and offer a new perspective based on the use of autophagy for different functional conversions (including the conversion of autophagy and that of different autophagy-mediated cell death modalities) for the clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiZuo Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - ShuaiJie Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Huan Yang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - ShuaiJie Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - YanJiao Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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11
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Nezhad Nezhad MT, Rajabi M, Nekooeizadeh P, Sanjari S, Pourvirdi B, Heidari MM, Veradi Esfahani P, Abdoli A, Bagheri S, Tobeiha M. Systemic lupus erythematosus: From non-coding RNAs to exosomal non-coding RNAs. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 247:154508. [PMID: 37224659 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as an immunological illness, frequently impacts young females. Both vulnerabilities to SLE and the course of the illness's clinical symptoms have been demonstrated to be affected by individual differences in non-coding RNA expression. Many non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are out of whack in patients with SLE. Because of the dysregulation of several ncRNAs in peripheral blood of patients suffering from SLE, these ncRNAs to be showed valuable as biomarkers for medication response, diagnosis, and activity. NcRNAs have also been demonstrated to influence immune cell activity and apoptosis. Altogether, these facts highlight the need of investigating the roles of both families of ncRNAs in the progress of SLE. Being aware of the significance of these transcripts perhaps elucidates the molecular pathogenesis of SLE and could open up promising avenues to create tailored treatments during this condition. In this review we summarized various non-coding RNAs and Exosomal non-coding RNAs in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadreza Rajabi
- Student Research Committee، Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pegah Nekooeizadeh
- Student Research Committee، Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Siavash Sanjari
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Bita Pourvirdi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Heidari
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Pegah Veradi Esfahani
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Abdoli
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sahar Bagheri
- Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Tobeiha
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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12
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Komlós M, Szinyákovics J, Falcsik G, Sigmond T, Jezsó B, Vellai T, Kovács T. The Small-Molecule Enhancers of Autophagy AUTEN-67 and -99 Delay Ageing in Drosophila Striated Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098100. [PMID: 37175806 PMCID: PMC10179358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (cellular self-degradation) plays a major role in maintaining the functional integrity (homeostasis) of essentially all eukaryotic cells. During the process, superfluous and damaged cellular constituents are delivered into the lysosomal compartment for enzymatic degradation. In humans, age-related defects in autophagy have been linked to the incidence of various age-associated degenerative pathologies (e.g., cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, tissue atrophy and fibrosis, and immune deficiency) and accelerated ageing. Muscle mass decreases at detectable levels already in middle-aged patients, and this change can increase up to 30-50% at age 80. AUTEN-67 and -99, two small-molecule enhancers of autophagy with cytoprotective and anti-ageing effects have been previously identified and initially characterized. These compounds can increase the life span in wild-type and neurodegenerative model strains of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Adult flies were treated with these AUTEN molecules via feeding. Fluorescence and electron microscopy and Western blotting were used to assess the level of autophagy and cellular senescence. Flying tests were used to measure the locomotor ability of the treated animals at different ages. In the current study, the effects of AUTEN-67 and -99 were observed on striated muscle cells using the Drosophila indirect flight muscle (IFM) as a model. The two molecules were capable of inducing autophagy in IFM cells, thereby lowering the accumulation of protein aggregates and damaged mitochondria, both characterizing muscle ageing. Furthermore, the two molecules significantly improved the flying ability of treated animals. AUTEN-67 and -99 decrease the rate at which striated muscle cells age. These results may have a significant medical relevance that could be further examined in mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Komlós
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janka Szinyákovics
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Genetic Research Group, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Falcsik
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Sigmond
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Jezsó
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vellai
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Genetic Research Group, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kovács
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Jensen LE, Rao S, Schuschnig M, Cada AK, Martens S, Hummer G, Hurley JH. Membrane curvature sensing and stabilization by the autophagic LC3 lipidation machinery. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1436. [PMID: 36516251 PMCID: PMC9750143 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
How the highly curved phagophore membrane is stabilized during autophagy initiation is a major open question in autophagosome biogenesis. Here, we use in vitro reconstitution on membrane nanotubes and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate how core autophagy proteins in the LC3 (Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3) lipidation cascade interact with curved membranes, providing insight into their possible roles in regulating membrane shape during autophagosome biogenesis. ATG12(Autophagy-related 12)-ATG5-ATG16L1 was up to 100-fold enriched on highly curved nanotubes relative to flat membranes. At high surface density, ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 binding increased the curvature of the nanotubes. While WIPI2 (WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2) binding directs membrane recruitment, the amphipathic helix α2 of ATG16L1 is responsible for curvature sensitivity. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that helix α2 of ATG16L1 inserts shallowly into the membrane, explaining its curvature-sensitive binding to the membrane. These observations show how the binding of the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex to the early phagophore rim could stabilize membrane curvature and facilitate autophagosome growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv E. Jensen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Shanlin Rao
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martina Schuschnig
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - A. King Cada
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sascha Martens
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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14
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Minchev D, Kazakova M, Sarafian V. Neuroinflammation and Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease-Novel Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314997. [PMID: 36499325 PMCID: PMC9735607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by the accumulation of α-Synuclein aggregates and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra in the midbrain. Although the exact mechanisms of neuronal degeneration in PD remain largely elusive, various pathogenic factors, such as α-Synuclein cytotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory factors, may significantly impair normal neuronal function and promote apoptosis. In this context, neuroinflammation and autophagy have emerged as crucial processes in PD that contribute to neuronal loss and disease development. They are regulated in a complex interconnected manner involving most of the known PD-associated genes. This review summarizes evidence of the implication of neuroinflammation and autophagy in PD and delineates the role of inflammatory factors and autophagy-related proteins in this complex condition. It also illustrates the particular significance of plasma and serum immune markers in PD and their potential to provide a personalized approach to diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danail Minchev
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Kazakova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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15
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Canonical and Noncanonical ER Stress-Mediated Autophagy Is a Bite the Bullet in View of Cancer Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233773. [PMID: 36497032 PMCID: PMC9738281 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells adapt multiple mechanisms to counter intense stress on their way to growth. Tumor microenvironment stress leads to canonical and noncanonical endoplasmic stress (ER) responses, which mediate autophagy and are engaged during proteotoxic challenges to clear unfolded or misfolded proteins and damaged organelles to mitigate stress. In these conditions, autophagy functions as a cytoprotective mechanism in which malignant tumor cells reuse degraded materials to generate energy under adverse growing conditions. However, cellular protection by autophagy is thought to be complicated, contentious, and context-dependent; the stress response to autophagy is suggested to support tumorigenesis and drug resistance, which must be adequately addressed. This review describes significant findings that suggest accelerated autophagy in cancer, a novel obstacle for anticancer therapy, and discusses the UPR components that have been suggested to be untreatable. Thus, addressing the UPR or noncanonical ER stress components is the most effective approach to suppressing cytoprotective autophagy for better and more effective cancer treatment.
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16
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Saleh D, Ramadan A, Mohammed RH, Alnaggar ARLR, Saleh EM. Autophagy-related genes in Egyptian patients with Behçet's disease. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, multi-systemic, recurrent condition that affects the vascular, ocular, mucocutaneous, and central nervous systems. The diagnosis of this disease depends on its clinical features, which are similar to those observed in several diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, pemphigus vulgaris, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn ҆s disease, and Sjӧgren’s syndrome. Lysosome-mediated autophagy is a catabolic, cytoprotective mechanism that maintains cell homeostasis by degrading undesired long-lived proteins and recycling nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between some autophagy-related genes (ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, LC3b, mTOR) and the pathogenesis and immunopathology of BD. The expression levels of the genes were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 101 individuals that are classified into two groups. Group 1: (n = 71) BD patients, Group 2: (n = 30) healthy controls.
Results
Patients with BD had lower mRNA expression levels of ATG5 and mTOR and higher levels of LC3b mRNA than the controls. No significant differences in the levels of both ATG7 and ATG12 were observed between the two groups. According to the area under the curve analysis, LC3b was considered the best candidate biomarker among the selected markers for the diagnosis of BD. The mRNA expression of ATG5 was significantly correlated with patient age and the presence of oral ulcers. The mRNA expression of ATG7 was significantly associated with age and the presence of erythema nodosum and vascular lesions, whereas that of LC3b was significantly correlated with the presence of pustules.
Conclusion
These findings indicated that elevated levels of LC3b were strongly associated with BD. Likewise, the levels of ATG5 and ATG7 were associated with the complications and outcomes of this disease. Additional assessments of the mRNA expression levels of these autophagy-related genes might prove beneficial in diagnosing this autoimmune disorder.
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17
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Li W, Luo LX, Zhou QQ, Gong HB, Fu YY, Yan CY, Li E, Sun J, Luo Z, Ding ZJ, Zhang QY, Mu HL, Cao YF, Ouyang SH, Kurihara H, Li YF, Sun WY, Li M, He RR. Phospholipid peroxidation inhibits autophagy via stimulating the delipidation of oxidized LC3-PE. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102421. [PMID: 35964342 PMCID: PMC9389305 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids at the bis-allylic position drives ferroptosis. Here we identify a novel role for phospholipid peroxidation in the inhibition of autophagy. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we report that phospholipid peroxidation induced by glutathione peroxidase-4 inhibition and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase overexpression leads to overload of peroxidized phospholipids and culminate in inhibition of autophagy. Functional and lipidomics analysis further demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy was associated with an increase of peroxidized phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) conjugated LC3. We further demonstrate that autophagy inhibition occurred due to preferential cleavage of peroxidized LC3-PE by ATG4B to yield delipidated LC3. Mouse models of phospholipid peroxidation and autophagy additionally supported a role for peroxidized PE in autophagy inhibition. Our results agree with the recognized role of endoplasmic reticulum as the primary source for autophagosomal membranes. In summary, our studies demonstrated that phospholipid peroxidation inhibited autophagy via stimulating the ATG4B-mediated delipidation of peroxidized LC3-PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lian-Xiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Qing-Qing Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hai-Biao Gong
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chang-Yu Yan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - E Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhuo Luo
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Ding
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qiong-Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Han-Lu Mu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yun-Feng Cao
- Joint Laboratory of Dalian Runsheng Kangtai and Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shu-Hua Ouyang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Joint Laboratory of Dalian Runsheng Kangtai and Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Joint Laboratory of Dalian Runsheng Kangtai and Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Joint Laboratory of Dalian Runsheng Kangtai and Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wan-Yang Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Joint Laboratory of Dalian Runsheng Kangtai and Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Min Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Joint Laboratory of Dalian Runsheng Kangtai and Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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18
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Basak P, Maitra P, Khan U, Saha K, Bhattacharya SS, Dutta M, Bhattacharya S. Capsaicin Inhibits Shigella flexneri Intracellular Growth by Inducing Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903438. [PMID: 35873583 PMCID: PMC9298657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment plays an essential role in preventing Shigella infection. However, incidences of global rise in antibiotic resistance create a major challenge to treat bacterial infection. In this context, there is an urgent need for newer approaches to reduce S. flexneri burden. This study largely focuses on the role of the herbal compound capsaicin (Caps) in inhibiting S. flexneri growth and evaluating the molecular mechanism behind bacterial clearance. Here, we show for the first time that Caps inhibits intracellular S. flexneri growth by inducing autophagy. Activation of autophagy by Caps is mediated through transcription factor TFEB, a master regulator of autophagosome biogenesis. Caps induced the nuclear localization of TFEB. Activation of TFEB further induces the gene transcription of autophagosomal genes. Our findings revealed that the inhibition of autophagy by silencing TFEB and Atg5 induces bacterial growth. Hence, Caps-induced autophagy is one of the key factors responsible for bacterial clearance. Moreover, Caps restricted the intracellular proliferation of S. flexneri-resistant strain. The efficacy of Caps in reducing S. flexneri growth was confirmed by an animal model. This study showed for the first time that S. flexneri infection can be inhibited by inducing autophagy. Overall observations suggest that Caps activates TFEB to induce autophagy and thereby combat S. flexneri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Basak
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Maitra
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Uzma Khan
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Kalyani Saha
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Moumita Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushmita Bhattacharya
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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19
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Yang CC, Zheng CC, Luo Y, Guo KW, Gao D, Zhang L, Li L, Zhang L. Cornel Iridoid Glycoside and Its Effective Component Regulate ATPase Vps4A/JNK to Alleviate Autophagy Deficit with Autophagosome Accumulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:1599-1615. [PMID: 35786171 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving autophagy-lysosome fusion has been considered a key method in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cornel iridoid glycoside (CIG) is extracted from Cornus officinalis and has been shown to promote the clearance of tau oligomers via the autophagy pathway. However, the mechanisms of CIG on autophagy deficits are not understood. Here, we found autophagy deficit and tau aggregation in the brains of P301S tau transgenic mice and MAPT cells edited using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. CIG decreased tau aggregation and alleviated autophagic markers involving the JNK/Beclin-1 signaling pathway which demonstrated CIG that might enhance lysosome formation by upregulating ATPase Vps4A expression. Knocking down VPS4A increased autophagosome accumulation and attenuated the effect of CIG on p62. In addition, CIG had no effect on tau oligomers but still inhibited the level of tau monomer in VPS4A knockout cells. The effective component (Sweroside, SWE) of CIG attenuated tau oligomers accumulation and increased Vps4A level but not CHMP2B. SWE could not change the level of tau oligomers in VPS4A knockout cells. In conclusion, CIG suppressed autophagosome accumulation by regulating the ATPase Vps4A/JNK. SWE is a core of active factors of CIG in Vps4A regulation. These findings suggest CIG may be a potential drug in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Ceng-Ceng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Wen Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
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20
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Po WW, Choi WS, Khing TM, Lee JY, Lee JH, Bang JS, Min YS, Jeong JH, Sohn UD. Benzyl Isothiocyanate-Induced Cytotoxicity via the Inhibition of Autophagy and Lysosomal Function in AGS Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:348-359. [PMID: 35768332 PMCID: PMC9252883 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma is among the top causes of cancer-related death and is one of the most commonly diagnosed carcinomas worldwide. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) has been reported to inhibit the gastric cancer metastasis. In our previous study, BITC induced apoptosis in AGS cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of BITC on autophagy mechanism in AGS cells. First, the AGS cells were treated with 5, 10, or 15 μM BITC for 24 h, followed by an analysis of the autophagy mechanism. The expression level of autophagy proteins involved in different steps of autophagy, such as LC3B, p62/SQSTM1, Atg5-Atg12, Beclin1, p-mTOR/mTOR ratio, and class III PI3K was measured in the BITC-treated cells. Lysosomal function was investigated using cathepsin activity and Bafilomycin A1, an autophagy degradation stage inhibitor. Methods including qPCR, western blotting, and immunocytochemistry were employed to detect the protein expression levels. Acridine orange staining and omnicathepsin assay were conducted to analyze the lysosomal function. siRNA transfection was performed to knock down the LC3B gene. BITC reduced the level of autophagy protein such as Beclin 1, class III PI3K, and Atg5-Atg12. BITC also induced lysosomal dysfunction which was shown as reducing cathepsin activity, protein level of cathepsin, and enlargement of acidic vesicle. Overall, the results showed that the BITC-induced AGS cell death mechanism also comprises the inhibition of the cytoprotective autophagy at both initiation and degradation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wah Wah Po
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Tin Myo Khing
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seok Bang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sil Min
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan 28024, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, and Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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21
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Tumor protein D54 binds intracellular nanovesicles via an extended amphipathic region. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102136. [PMID: 35714773 PMCID: PMC9270247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor Protein D54 (TPD54) is an abundant cytosolic protein that belongs to the TPD52 family, a family of four proteins (TPD52, 53, 54 and 55) that are overexpressed in several cancer cells. Even though the functions of these proteins remain elusive, recent investigations indicate that TPD54 binds to very small cytosolic vesicles with a diameter of ca. 30 nm, half the size of classical (e.g. COPI and COPII) transport vesicles. Here, we investigated the mechanism of intracellular nanovesicle capture by TPD54. Bioinformatical analysis suggests that TPD54 contains a small coiled-coil followed by four amphipathic helices (AH1-4), which could fold upon binding to lipid membranes. Limited proteolysis, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, tryptophan fluorescence, and cysteine mutagenesis coupled to covalent binding of a membrane sensitive probe showed that binding of TPD54 to small liposomes is accompanied by large structural changes in the amphipathic helix region. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis indicated that AH2 and AH3 have a predominant role in TPD54 binding to membranes both in cells and using model liposomes. We found that AH3 has the physicochemical features of an Amphipathic Lipid Packing Sensor (ALPS) motif, which, in other proteins, enables membrane binding in a curvature-dependent manner. Accordingly, we observed that binding of TPD54 to liposomes is very sensitive to membrane curvature and lipid unsaturation. We conclude that TPD54 recognizes nanovesicles through a combination of ALPS-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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22
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Zhang H, Sun H, Zhang W, Xu Y, Geng D. Identification of Key Genes and Potential Mechanisms Based on the Autophagy Regulatory Network in Osteoclasts Using a Murine Osteoarthritis Model. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2333-2347. [PMID: 35437349 PMCID: PMC9013268 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s354824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that acts as a major cause of early disability in the old population. However, the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in osteoclasts involved in OA remain unclear. Methods The gene expression profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. The NCBI GEO2R and ScanGEO analysis tool were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was predicted by the STRING website and visualized with Cytoscape software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway were performed to enrich GO terms and signaling pathways using Metascape database. To predict LC3-interacting region (LIR) motif among these DEGs, the iLIR database was selected to assess specific short linear sequences. To obtain potential upstream miRNA targets of these DEGs, the mRNA-miRNA interaction networks were predicted by miRWalk database. The knee OA model was performed in mice, and autophagy related mRNAs of osteoclasts were identified. Experimental specimens were further verified with histopathological staining. Results Becn1, Atg3, Atg12, Pik3c3, and Gabarapl2 were obtained as coexpressed differential genes. PPI network was constructed and deduced the other 60 related genes. GO and KEGG enrichment networks indicated that autophagy-animal, selective autophagy, and mitophagy mainly participated in autophagy regulation in osteoclasts. The possible LIR sequences were collected to predict motifs. The mRNA–miRNA interaction networks suggested that many miRNAs could regulate autophagy-related genes individually and collectively. The RT–PCR results suggested that these five genes were upregulated in the OA group. Histopathological staining revealed that osteoclasts were increased in subchondral bone, and higher expression of these DEGs in the OA group was compared to the sham group. Conclusion Our results reveal that the role of autophagy in osteoclasts could be a regulatory mechanism in OA and that these autophagy-related genes might be targets for the intervention of OA disease. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/ZZ91COavgjA
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Houyi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Dechun Geng; Yaozeng Xu, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 512-67780999; +86 512-67780249, Email ;
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23
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Majumder S, Pushpakumar S, Juin SK, Jala VR, Sen U. Toll-like receptor 4 mutation protects the kidney from Ang-II-induced hypertensive injury. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:106030. [PMID: 34896544 PMCID: PMC8755630 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular autophagy is a protective mechanism where cells degrade damaged organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Apoptosis, on the other hand, is considered as programmed cell death. Interestingly, autophagy inhibits apoptosis by degrading apoptosis regulators. In hypertension, an imbalance of autophagy and apoptosis regulators can lead to renal injury and dysfunction. Previously, we have reported that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mutant mice are protective against renal damage, in part, due to reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the detailed mechanism remained elusive. In this study, we tested the hypothesis of whether TLR4 mutation reduces Ang-II-induced renal injury by inciting autophagy and suppressing apoptosis in the hypertensive kidney. Male mice with normal TLR4 expression (TLR4N, C3H/HeOuJ) and mutant TLR4 (TLR4M, C3H/HeJLps-d) aged 10-12 weeks were infused with Ang-II (1000 ng/kg/d) for 4 weeks to create hypertension. Saline infused appropriate control were used. Blood pressure was increased along with increased TLR4 expression in TLR4N mice receiving Ang-II compared to TLR4N control. Autophagy was downregulated, and apoptosis was upregulated in TLR4N mice treated with Ang-II. Also, kidney injury markers plasma lipocalin-2 (LCN2) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) were upregulated in TLR4N mice treated with Ang-II. Besides, increased nuclear translocation and activity of NF-kB were measured in Ang-II-treated TLR4N mice. TLR4M mice remained protected against all these insults in hypertension. Together, these results suggest that Ang-II-induced TLR4 activation suppresses autophagy, induces apoptosis and kidney injury through in part by activating NF-kB signaling, and TLR4 mutation protects the kidney from Ang-II-induced hypertensive injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suravi Majumder
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Subir K Juin
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Venkatakrishna R Jala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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24
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Class III PI3K Biology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:69-93. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Iriondo MN, Etxaniz A, Antón Z, Montes LR, Alonso A. Molecular and mesoscopic geometries in autophagosome generation. A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183731. [PMID: 34419487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential process in cell self-repair and survival. The centre of the autophagic event is the generation of the so-called autophagosome (AP), a vesicle surrounded by a double membrane (two bilayers). The AP delivers its cargo to a lysosome, for degradation and re-use of the hydrolysis products as new building blocks. AP formation is a very complex event, requiring dozens of specific proteins, and involving numerous instances of membrane biogenesis and architecture, including membrane fusion and fission. Many stages of AP generation can be rationalised in terms of curvature, both the molecular geometry of lipids interpreted in terms of 'intrinsic curvature', and the overall mesoscopic curvature of the whole membrane, as observed with microscopy techniques. The present contribution intends to bring together the worlds of biophysics and cell biology of autophagy, in the hope that the resulting cross-pollination will generate abundant fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N Iriondo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Etxaniz
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Zuriñe Antón
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - L Ruth Montes
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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Yan JN, Zhang HY, Li JR, Chen Y, Jiang YC, Shen JB, Ke KF, Gu XS. Schwann cells differentiated from skin-derived precursors provide neuroprotection via autophagy inhibition in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1357-1363. [PMID: 34782582 PMCID: PMC8643066 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been shown to play an important role in Parkinson’s disease. We hypothesized that skin-derived precursor cells exhibit neuroprotective effects in Parkinson’s disease through affecting autophagy. In this study, 6-hydroxydopamine-damaged SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with a culture medium containing skin-derived precursors differentiated into Schwann cells (SKP-SCs). The results showed that the SKP-SC culture medium remarkably enhanced the activity of SH-SY5Y cells damaged by 6-hydroxydopamine, reduced excessive autophagy, increased tyrosine hydroxylase expression, reduced α-synuclein expression, reduced the autophagosome number, and activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Autophagy activator rapamycin inhibited the effects of SKP-SCs, and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine had the opposite effect. These findings confirm that SKP-SCs modulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to inhibit autophagy, thereby exhibiting a neuroprotective effect in a cellular model of Parkinson’s disease. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University (approval No. S20181009-205) on October 9, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Nan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Rui Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong; Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Afflicted Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Bing Shen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai-Fu Ke
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Su Gu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Yang M, Yang B, Deng D. Targeting of EIF4EBP1 by miR-99a-3p affects the functions of B lymphocytes via autophagy and aggravates SLE disease progression. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10291-10305. [PMID: 34668631 PMCID: PMC8572797 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of immune cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The regulation of immune cells by miRNAs is a research hotspot. In this study, second-generation high-throughput sequencing revealed a reduction in miR-99a-3p expression in patients with SLE; however, the specific mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. After transfection with an miR-99a-3p agomir, the proliferation of Ball-1 cells decreased and the levels of their apoptosis increased. The opposite effects were observed in cells transfected with the miR-99a-3p antagomir. Luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR-99a-3p directly targeted EIF4EBP1. Rescue experiments confirmed the proposed interaction between miR-99a-3p and EIF4EBP1. In vitro, in vivo and clinical investigations further confirmed that the miR-99a-3p agomir reduced the expression of EIF4EBP1, LC3B and LAMP-2A. In the in vivo experiments, serum levels of anti-nuclear antibodies, double-stranded DNA, IgE, IgM, IL-6, IL-10 and B lymphocyte stimulator were higher in mice from the antagomir group than those in mice from the MRL/lpr group. Furthermore, the protein and mRNA levels of EIF4EBP1, LC3B and LAMP-2A, the intensity of immunohistochemical staining of EIF4EBP1, LC3B and LAMP-2A, the urinary protein levels, and the C3 immunofluorescence deposition increased in mice from the antagomir group. The upregulation of miR-99a-3p expression protected B cells from EIF4EBP1-mediated autophagy, whilst the downregulation of miR-99a-3p expression induced autophagy via the EIF4EBP1-mediated regulation of the autophagy signalling pathway in B cells isolated from individuals with SLE. Based on these results, miR-99a-3p and EIF4EBP1 may be considered potential targets for SLE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
- Department of DermatologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanningGuangxiChina
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Danqi Deng
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
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28
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Chen Y, Benjamin J, Shi Y, Serra-Moreno R. Residues T 48 and A 49 in HIV-1 NL4-3 Nef are responsible for the counteraction of autophagy initiation, which prevents the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Gag through autophagosomes. Retrovirology 2021; 18:33. [PMID: 34711257 PMCID: PMC8555152 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy plays an important role as a cellular defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens, like viruses. Specifically, autophagy orchestrates the recruitment of specialized cargo, including viral components needed for replication, for lysosomal degradation. In addition to this primary role, the cleavage of viral structures facilitates their association with pattern recognition receptors and MHC-I/II complexes, which assists in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses against these pathogens. Importantly, whereas autophagy restricts the replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), this virus has evolved the gene nef to circumvent this process through the inhibition of early and late stages of the autophagy cascade. Despite recent advances, many details of the mutual antagonism between HIV-1 and autophagy still remain unknown. Here, we uncover the genetic determinants that drive the autophagy-mediated restriction of HIV-1 as well as the counteraction imposed by Nef. Additionally, we also examine the implications of autophagy antagonism in HIV-1 infectivity. RESULTS We found that sustained activation of autophagy potently inhibits HIV-1 replication through the degradation of HIV-1 Gag, and that this effect is more prominent for nef-deficient viruses. Gag re-localizes to autophagosomes where it interacts with the autophagosome markers LC3 and SQSTM1. Importantly, autophagy-mediated recognition and recruitment of Gag requires the myristoylation and ubiquitination of this virus protein, two post-translational modifications that are essential for Gag's central role in virion assembly and budding. We also identified residues T48 and A49 in HIV-1 NL4-3 Nef as responsible for impairing the early stages of autophagy. Finally, a survey of pandemic HIV-1 transmitted/founder viruses revealed that these isolates are highly resistant to autophagy restriction. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that autophagy antagonism is important for virus replication and suggests that the ability of Nef to counteract autophagy may have played an important role in mucosal transmission. Hence, disabling Nef in combination with the pharmacological manipulation of autophagy represents a promising strategy to prevent HIV spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuexuan Chen
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jared Benjamin
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yuhang Shi
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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29
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Tao W, Li Z, Nabi F, Hu Y, Hu Z, Liu J. Penthorum chinense Pursh Compound Ameliorates AFB1-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via Modulation of Mitochondrial Pathways in Broiler Chicken Kidneys. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:750937. [PMID: 34692815 PMCID: PMC8531719 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.750937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin widely present in foods and animal feeds; it represents a great risk to human and animal health. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Penthorum chinense Pursh compound (PCPC) against AFB1-induced damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis via mitochondrial pathways in kidney tissues of broilers. One-day-old chickens (n = 180) were randomly allocated to six groups: control, AFB1 (2.8 mg AFB1/kg feed), positive drug (10 mLYCHT/kg feed), and PCPC high, medium, and low-dose groups (15, 10, and 5 ml PCPC/kg feed, respectively). AFB1 treatment reduced weight gain and induced oxidative stress and kidney damage in broiler tissues; however, PCPC supplementation effectively enhanced broiler performance, ameliorated AFB1-induced oxidative stress, and inhibited apoptosis in the kidneys of broilers. The mRNA expression levels of mitochondria-related apoptosis genes (Bax, Bak, cytochrome c, caspase-9, and caspase-3) were significantly increased, whereas BCL2 expression level decreased in the AFB1 group. Supplementation of PCPC to the AFB1 group significantly reversed the changes in mRNA expression levels of these apoptosis-associated genes compared to those in the AFB1 group. The mRNA levels of NRF2 and HMOX1 in the kidneys of the AFB1 group were significantly reduced compared to those in the control group, whereas PCPC significantly increased the NRF2 and HMOX1 mRNA levels. AFB1 decreased the levels of Beclin1, LC3-I, and LC3-II and increased P53 levels in the kidney compared to those in the control, whereas PCPC significantly reversed these changes to normal levels of autophagy-related genes compared to those in the AFB1 group. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that PCPC ameliorated AFB1-induced oxidative stress by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes and mitochondrial pathways. Our results suggest that PCPC represents a natural and safe agent for preventing AFB1-induced injury and damage in broiler tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilai Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fazul Nabi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyu Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chinese Veterinary Herbal Drugs Innovation Research Lab, University Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center in Chongqing, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Jamecna D, Antonny B. Intrinsically disordered protein regions at membrane contact sites. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159020. [PMID: 34352388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS) are regions of close apposition between membrane-bound organelles. Proteins that occupy MCS display various domain organisation. Among them, lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) frequently contain both structured domains as well as regions of intrinsic disorder. In this review, we discuss the various roles of intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) in LTPs as well as in other proteins that are associated with organelle contact sites. We distinguish the following functions: (i) to act as flexible tethers between two membranes; (ii) to act as entropic barriers to prevent protein crowding and regulate membrane tethering geometry; (iii) to define the action range of catalytic domains. These functions are added to other functions of IDPRs in membrane environments, such as mediating protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions. We suggest that the overall efficiency and fidelity of contact sites might require fine coordination between all these IDPR activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Jamecna
- Université Côte d'Azur et CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France; Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Antonny
- Université Côte d'Azur et CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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31
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Mercer TJ, Ohashi Y, Boeing S, Jefferies HBJ, De Tito S, Flynn H, Tremel S, Zhang W, Wirth M, Frith D, Snijders AP, Williams RL, Tooze SA. Phosphoproteomic identification of ULK substrates reveals VPS15-dependent ULK/VPS34 interplay in the regulation of autophagy. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105985. [PMID: 34121209 PMCID: PMC8280838 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process through which intracellular cargoes are catabolised inside lysosomes. It involves the formation of autophagosomes initiated by the serine/threonine kinase ULK and class III PI3 kinase VPS34 complexes. Here, unbiased phosphoproteomics screens in mouse embryonic fibroblasts deleted for Ulk1/2 reveal that ULK loss significantly alters the phosphoproteome, with novel high confidence substrates identified including VPS34 complex member VPS15 and AMPK complex subunit PRKAG2. We identify six ULK-dependent phosphorylation sites on VPS15, mutation of which reduces autophagosome formation in cells and VPS34 activity in vitro. Mutation of serine 861, the major VPS15 phosphosite, decreases both autophagy initiation and autophagic flux. Analysis of VPS15 knockout cells reveals two novel ULK-dependent phenotypes downstream of VPS15 removal that can be partially recapitulated by chronic VPS34 inhibition, starvation-independent accumulation of ULK substrates and kinase activity-regulated recruitment of autophagy proteins to ubiquitin-positive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Boeing
- Bioinformatics and BiostatisticsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Stefano De Tito
- Molecular Cell Biology of AutophagyThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS)National Research CouncilNaplesItaly
| | - Helen Flynn
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS)National Research CouncilNaplesItaly
| | | | - Wenxin Zhang
- Molecular Cell Biology of AutophagyThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Martina Wirth
- Molecular Cell Biology of AutophagyThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - David Frith
- ProteomicsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | | | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of AutophagyThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
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Sun R, Liu W, Zhao Y, Chen H, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Sun X, Cui X. Exosomal circRNA as a novel potential therapeutic target for multiple myeloma-related myocardial damage. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:311. [PMID: 34120606 PMCID: PMC8201884 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myocardial damage is a mostly incurable complication of multiple myeloma (MM) that seriously affects the treatment outcome and quality of life of patients. Exosomal circular RNAs (exo-circRNAs) play an important role in tumor occurrence and development and are considered key factors in MM pathogenesis. However, the role and mechanism of action of exo-circRNAs in MM-related myocardial damage are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate correlations between exo-circRNAs and MM and to preliminarily explore the role of exo-circRNAs in MM-related myocardial damage. Methods Six MM patients and five healthy controls (HCs) were included in the study. High-throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR verification were used to obtain a profile of abnormally expressed exo-circRNAs. GO, KEGG, miRanda, TargetScan and Metascape were used for bioinformatics analyses. H9C2 cells treated with exosomes from U266 cells were used in cell experiments. CCK-8, PCR, immunofluorescence and western blotting assays were used to detect cell proliferation and expression of autophagy-related indicators. Electron microscopy was used to observe the number of autophagic vesicles. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed that circRNAs with upregulated expression had the potential to promote MM-related myocardial damage. In addition, PCR results confirmed that circ-G042080 was abundantly expressed in the serum exosomes of 20 MM patients. Correlation analysis showed that the expression level of circ-G042080 was positively correlated with the clinical level of MM and MM-related myocardial damage and that circ-G042080 might interfere with MM-related myocardial damage through a downstream miRNA/TLR4 axis. Cell experiments demonstrated that the circ-G042080/hsa-miR-4268/TLR4 axis might exist in H9C2 cells incubated with exosomes and cause abnormal autophagy. Conclusion Abnormal expression of serum exo-circRNAs was found to be associated with MM-related myocardial damage, suggesting that exo-circRNAs might become a new diagnostic marker of MM-related myocardial damage and a therapeutic target. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02011-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runjie Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yangang Zhao
- Department of Audit, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xing Cui
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Simpson S, Shi Y, Chen Y, Benjamin J, Serra-Moreno R. HIV Nef-mediated Ubiquitination of BCL2: Implications in Autophagy and Apoptosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682624. [PMID: 34025682 PMCID: PMC8134690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a process that acts upon every step of the HIV replication cycle. The activity, subcellular localization, and stability of HIV dependency factors as well as negative modulators can be affected by ubiquitination. These modifications consequently have an impact on the progression and outcome of infection. Additionally, recent findings suggest new roles for ubiquitination in the interplay between HIV and the cellular environment, specifically in the interactions between HIV, autophagy and apoptosis. On one hand, autophagy is a defense mechanism against HIV that promotes the degradation of the viral protein Gag, likely through ubiquitination. Gag is an essential structural protein that drives virion assembly and release. Interestingly, the ubiquitination of Gag is vital for HIV replication. Hence, this post-translational modification in Gag represents a double-edged sword: necessary for virion biogenesis, but potentially detrimental under conditions of autophagy activation. On the other hand, HIV uses Nef to circumvent autophagy-mediated restriction by promoting the ubiquitination of the autophagy inhibitor BCL2 through Parkin/PRKN. Although the Nef-promoted ubiquitination of BCL2 occurs in both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, only ER-associated ubiquitinated BCL2 arrests the progression of autophagy. Importantly, both mitochondrial BCL2 and PRKN are tightly connected to mitochondrial function and apoptosis. Hence, by enhancing the PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of BCL2 at the mitochondria, HIV might promote apoptosis. Moreover, this effect of Nef might account for HIV-associated disorders. In this article, we outline our current knowledge and provide perspectives of how ubiquitination impacts the molecular interactions between HIV, autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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34
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Suares A, Medina MV, Coso O. Autophagy in Viral Development and Progression of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:603224. [PMID: 33763351 PMCID: PMC7982729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.603224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex degradative process by which eukaryotic cells capture cytoplasmic components for subsequent degradation through lysosomal hydrolases. Although this catabolic process can be triggered by a great variety of stimuli, action in cells varies according to cellular context. Autophagy has been previously linked to disease development modulation, including cancer. Autophagy helps suppress cancer cell advancement in tumor transformation early stages, while promoting proliferation and metastasis in advanced settings. Oncoviruses are a particular type of virus that directly contribute to cell transformation and tumor development. Extensive molecular studies have revealed complex ways in which autophagy can suppress or improve oncovirus fitness while still regulating viral replication and determining host cell fate. This review includes recent advances in autophagic cellular function and emphasizes its antagonistic role in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Suares
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Coso
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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35
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Suares A, Medina MV, Coso O. Autophagy in Viral Development and Progression of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.603224
expr 816899697 + 824303767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex degradative process by which eukaryotic cells capture cytoplasmic components for subsequent degradation through lysosomal hydrolases. Although this catabolic process can be triggered by a great variety of stimuli, action in cells varies according to cellular context. Autophagy has been previously linked to disease development modulation, including cancer. Autophagy helps suppress cancer cell advancement in tumor transformation early stages, while promoting proliferation and metastasis in advanced settings. Oncoviruses are a particular type of virus that directly contribute to cell transformation and tumor development. Extensive molecular studies have revealed complex ways in which autophagy can suppress or improve oncovirus fitness while still regulating viral replication and determining host cell fate. This review includes recent advances in autophagic cellular function and emphasizes its antagonistic role in cancer cells.
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36
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Hernández-Cáceres MP, Munoz L, Pradenas JM, Pena F, Lagos P, Aceiton P, Owen GI, Morselli E, Criollo A, Ravasio A, Bertocchi C. Mechanobiology of Autophagy: The Unexplored Side of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:632956. [PMID: 33718218 PMCID: PMC7952994 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.632956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper execution of cellular function, maintenance of cellular homeostasis and cell survival depend on functional integration of cellular processes and correct orchestration of cellular responses to stresses. Cancer transformation is a common negative consequence of mismanagement of coordinated response by the cell. In this scenario, by maintaining the balance among synthesis, degradation, and recycling of cytosolic components including proteins, lipids, and organelles the process of autophagy plays a central role. Several environmental stresses activate autophagy, among those hypoxia, DNA damage, inflammation, and metabolic challenges such as starvation. In addition to these chemical challenges, there is a requirement for cells to cope with mechanical stresses stemming from their microenvironment. Cells accomplish this task by activating an intrinsic mechanical response mediated by cytoskeleton active processes and through mechanosensitive protein complexes which interface the cells with their mechano-environment. Despite autophagy and cell mechanics being known to play crucial transforming roles during oncogenesis and malignant progression their interplay is largely overlooked. In this review, we highlight the role of physical forces in autophagy regulation and their potential implications in both physiological as well as pathological conditions. By taking a mechanical perspective, we wish to stimulate novel questions to further the investigation of the mechanical requirements of autophagy and appreciate the extent to which mechanical signals affect this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Hernández-Cáceres
- Laboratory of Autophagy and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leslie Munoz
- Laboratory for Mechanobiology of Transforming Systems, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanics of Cell Adhesion, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera M. Pradenas
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Investigation in Oncology, Faculty of Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Pena
- Laboratory for Mechanobiology of Transforming Systems, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanics of Cell Adhesion, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Lagos
- Laboratory of Autophagy and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Aceiton
- Laboratory for Mechanobiology of Transforming Systems, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanics of Cell Adhesion, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I. Owen
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Investigation in Oncology, Faculty of Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Laboratory of Autophagy and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Autophagy Research Center, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Autophagy Research Center, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Facultad De Odontología, Instituto De Investigación En Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Ravasio
- Laboratory for Mechanobiology of Transforming Systems, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristina Bertocchi
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanics of Cell Adhesion, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Shi Y, Colomer-Lluch M, Song Y, Mowery K, Almodovar S, Bansal A, Kirchhoff F, Sparrer K, Liang C, Serra-Moreno R. HIV-1 Nef counteracts autophagy restriction by enhancing the association between BECN1 and its inhibitor BCL2 in a PRKN-dependent manner. Autophagy 2021; 17:553-577. [PMID: 32097085 PMCID: PMC8007141 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an auto-digestive pro-survival pathway activated in response to stress to target cargo for lysosomal degradation. In recent years, autophagy has become prominent as an innate antiviral defense mechanism through multiple processes, such as targeting virions and viral components for elimination. These exciting findings have encouraged studies on the ability of autophagy to restrict HIV. However, the role of autophagy in HIV infection remains unclear. Whereas some reports indicate that autophagy is detrimental for HIV, others have claimed that HIV deliberately activates this pathway to increase its infectivity. Moreover, these contrasting findings seem to depend on the cell type investigated. Here, we show that autophagy poses a hurdle for HIV replication, significantly reducing virion production. However, HIV-1 uses its accessory protein Nef to counteract this restriction. Previous studies have indicated that Nef affects autophagy maturation by preventing the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Here, we uncover that Nef additionally blocks autophagy initiation by enhancing the association between BECN1 and its inhibitor BCL2, and this activity depends on the cellular E3 ligase PRKN. Remarkably, the ability of Nef to counteract the autophagy block is more frequently observed in pandemic HIV-1 and its simian precursor SIVcpz infecting chimpanzees than in HIV-2 and its precursor SIVsmm infecting sooty mangabeys. In summary, our findings demonstrate that HIV-1 is susceptible to autophagy restriction and define Nef as the primary autophagy antagonist of this antiviral process.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin, beta; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; BCL2: bcl2 apoptosis regulator; BECN1: beclin 1; cDNA: complementary DNA; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescence protein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; Gag/p55: group-specific antigen; GFP: green fluorescence protein; GST: glutathione S transferase; HA: hemagglutinin; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IP: immunoprecipitation; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; Nef: negative factor; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin ligase; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate; PTM: post-translational modification; RT-qPCR: reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR; RUBCN: rubicon autophagy regulator; SEM: standard error of the mean; SERINC3: serine incorporator 3; SERINC5: serine incorporator 5; SIV: simian immunodeficiency virus; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated gene; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yuhang Shi
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ying Song
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Mowery
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Anju Bansal
- Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Chengyu Liang
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Inn KS, Seong J. Visualization of Autophagy Progression by a Red-Green-Blue Autophagy Sensor. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3850-3861. [PMID: 33261316 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation process of cytosolic components and misfolded proteins that is crucial for cellular homeostasis and for the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. Autophagy is initiated by the formation of phagophores, which mature to autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse to lysosomes to form autolysosomes. Different stages of autophagy can be deregulated to cause autophagy-related diseases, and thus, an accurate detection of each stage of autophagy progression is critical for efficient therapeutic strategies for these diseases. To identify the different stages of autophagy progression, here, we developed a new autophagy flux sensor, named red-green-blue-LC3 (RGB-LC3). RGB-LC3 is composed of LC3 and red-green-blue (RGB) fluorescent proteins, which were carefully chosen by considering their separate spectral profiles, stability, brightness, and most importantly different pH sensitivities. Utilizing this RGB-LC3 and the predicted pH, we could clearly identify phagophores, autophagosomes, fusion stage, early autolysosomes, and mature autolysosomes in live cells. Furthermore, the RGB-LC3 sensor was successfully applied to distinguish different effects of Aβ monomers and oligomers on autophagy flux. Therefore, we developed a new autophagy flux sensor, RGB-LC3, which may be a valuable tool to further investigate the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and to develop efficient therapeutic strategies for autophagy-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis Treatment Care of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, South Korea
| | - Hyunbin Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis Treatment Care of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Jaesik Choi
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, South Korea
| | - Jihye Seong
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis Treatment Care of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
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Ichimiya T, Yamakawa T, Hirano T, Yokoyama Y, Hayashi Y, Hirayama D, Wagatsuma K, Itoi T, Nakase H. Autophagy and Autophagy-Related Diseases: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238974. [PMID: 33255983 PMCID: PMC7729615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy refers to the process involving the decomposition of intracellular components via lysosomes. Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining and regulating cell homeostasis by degrading intracellular components and providing degradation products to cells. In vivo, autophagy has been shown to be involved in the starvation response, intracellular quality control, early development, and cell differentiation. Recent studies have revealed that autophagy dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and tumorigenesis. In addition to the discovery of certain disease-causing autophagy-related mutations and elucidation of the pathogenesis of conditions resulting from the abnormal degradation of selective autophagy substrates, the activation of autophagy is essential for prolonging life and suppressing aging. This article provides a comprehensive review of the role of autophagy in health, physiological function, and autophagy-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ichimiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan;
| | - Tsukasa Yamakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Takehiro Hirano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Yoshihiro Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Daisuke Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Kohei Wagatsuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Takao Itoi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-611-2111
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40
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Abstract
Autophagy is an adaptive catabolic process functioning to promote cell survival in the event of inappropriate living conditions such as nutrient shortage and to cope with diverse cytotoxic insults. It is regarded as one of the key survival mechanisms of living organisms. Cells undergo autophagy to accomplish the lysosomal digestion of intracellular materials including damaged proteins, organelles, and foreign bodies, in a bulk, non-selective or a cargo-specific manner. Studies in the past decades have shed light on the association of autophagy pathways with various diseases and also highlighted the therapeutic value of autophagy modulation. Hence, it is crucial to develop effective approaches for monitoring intracellular autophagy dynamics, as a comprehensive account of methodology establishment is far from complete. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the major current fluorescence-based techniques utilized for visualizing, sensing or measuring autophagic activities in cells or tissues, which are categorized firstly by targets detected and further by the types of fluorescence tools. We will mainly focus on the working mechanisms of these techniques, put emphasis on the insight into their roles in biomedical science and provide perspectives on the challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia.
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The G-Protein Rab5A Activates VPS34 Complex II, a Class III PI3K, by a Dual Regulatory Mechanism. Biophys J 2020; 119:2205-2218. [PMID: 33137306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
VPS34 complex II (VPS34CII) is a 386-kDa assembly of the lipid kinase subunit VPS34 and three regulatory subunits that altogether function as a prototypical class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). When the active VPS34CII complex is docked to the cytoplasmic surface of endosomal membranes, it phosphorylates its substrate lipid (phosphatidylinositol, PI) to generate the essential signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P). In turn, PI3P recruits an array of signaling proteins containing PI3P-specific targeting domains (including FYVE, PX, and PROPPINS) to the membrane surface, where they initiate key cell processes. In endocytosis and early endosome development, net VPS34CII-catalyzed PI3P production is greatly amplified by Rab5A, a small G protein of the Ras GTPase superfamily. Moreover, VPS34CII and Rab5A are each strongly linked to multiple human diseases. Thus, a molecular understanding of the mechanism by which Rab5A activates lipid kinase activity will have broad impacts in both signaling biology and medicine. Two general mechanistic models have been proposed for small G protein activation of PI3K lipid kinases. 1) In the membrane recruitment mechanism, G protein association increases the density of active kinase on the membrane. And 2) in the allosteric activation mechanism, G protein allosterically triggers an increase in the specific activity (turnover rate) of the membrane-bound kinase molecule. This study employs an in vitro single-molecule approach to elucidate the mechanism of GTP-Rab5A-associated VPS34CII kinase activation in a reconstituted GTP-Rab5A-VPS34CII-PI3P-PX signaling pathway on a target membrane surface. The findings reveal that both membrane recruitment and allosteric mechanisms make important contributions to the large increase in VPS34CII kinase activity and PI3P production triggered by membrane-anchored GTP-Rab5A. Notably, under near-physiological conditions in the absence of other activators, membrane-anchored GTP-Rab5A provides strong, virtually binary on-off switching and is required for VPS34CII membrane binding and PI3P production.
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Carotti S, Aquilano K, Valentini F, Ruggiero S, Alletto F, Morini S, Picardi A, Antonelli-Incalzi R, Lettieri-Barbato D, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U. An overview of deregulated lipid metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with special focus on lysosomal acid lipase. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G469-G480. [PMID: 32812776 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00049.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are frequently complicated by excess fat accumulation in the liver, which is known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this context, liver steatosis develops as a result of the deregulation of pathways controlling de novo lipogenesis and fat catabolism. Recent evidences suggest the clinical relevance of a reduction in the activity of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), which is a key enzyme for intracellular fat disposal, in patients with NAFLD. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of the critical steps in hepatic fat metabolism and alterations in these pathways in NAFLD, with a special focus on lipophagy and LAL activity. During NAFLD, hepatic fat metabolism is impaired at several levels, which is significantly contributed to by impaired lipophagy, in which reduced LAL activity may play an important role. For further research and intervention in NAFLD, targeting LAL activity may provide interesting perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Carotti
- Unit of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Valentini
- Unit of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Ruggiero
- Unit of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Alletto
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Morini
- Unit of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Picardi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Fracchiolla D, Chang C, Hurley JH, Martens S. A PI3K-WIPI2 positive feedback loop allosterically activates LC3 lipidation in autophagy. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201912098. [PMID: 32437499 PMCID: PMC7337497 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy degrades cytoplasmic cargo by its delivery to lysosomes within double membrane autophagosomes. Synthesis of the phosphoinositide PI(3)P by the autophagic class III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1) and conjugation of ATG8/LC3 proteins to phagophore membranes by the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 (E3) complex are two critical steps in autophagosome biogenesis, connected by WIPI2. Here, we present a complete reconstitution of these events. On giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), LC3 lipidation is strictly dependent on the recruitment of WIPI2 that in turn depends on PI(3)P. Ectopically targeting E3 to membranes in the absence of WIPI2 is insufficient to support LC3 lipidation, demonstrating that WIPI2 allosterically activates the E3 complex. PI3KC3-C1 and WIPI2 mutually promote the recruitment of each other in a positive feedback loop. When both PI 3-kinase and LC3 lipidation reactions were performed simultaneously, positive feedback between PI3KC3-C1 and WIPI2 led to rapid LC3 lipidation with kinetics similar to that seen in cellular autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorotea Fracchiolla
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chunmei Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sascha Martens
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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Ohashi Y, Tremel S, Masson GR, McGinney L, Boulanger J, Rostislavleva K, Johnson CM, Niewczas I, Clark J, Williams RL. Membrane characteristics tune activities of endosomal and autophagic human VPS34 complexes. eLife 2020; 9:58281. [PMID: 32602837 PMCID: PMC7326497 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid kinase VPS34 orchestrates diverse processes, including autophagy, endocytic sorting, phagocytosis, anabolic responses and cell division. VPS34 forms various complexes that help adapt it to specific pathways, with complexes I and II being the most prominent ones. We found that physicochemical properties of membranes strongly modulate VPS34 activity. Greater unsaturation of both substrate and non-substrate lipids, negative charge and curvature activate VPS34 complexes, adapting them to their cellular compartments. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) of complexes I and II on membranes elucidated structural determinants that enable them to bind membranes. Among these are the Barkor/ATG14L autophagosome targeting sequence (BATS), which makes autophagy-specific complex I more active than the endocytic complex II, and the Beclin1 BARA domain. Interestingly, even though Beclin1 BARA is common to both complexes, its membrane-interacting loops are critical for complex II, but have only a minor role for complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ohashi
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley Tremel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn Robert Masson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren McGinney
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Boulanger
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ksenia Rostislavleva
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Johnson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Roger L Williams
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Harris M, El Hindy M, Usmari-Moraes M, Hudd F, Shafei M, Dong M, Hezwani M, Clark P, House M, Forshaw T, Kehoe P, Conway ME. BCAT-induced autophagy regulates Aβ load through an interdependence of redox state and PKC phosphorylation-implications in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:755-766. [PMID: 31982508 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leucine, nutrient signal and substrate for the branched chain aminotransferase (BCAT) activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) and regulates autophagic flux, mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). BCAT is upregulated in AD, where a moonlighting role, imparted through its redox-active CXXC motif, has been suggested. Here we demonstrate that the redox state of BCAT signals differential phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC) regulating the trafficking of cellular pools of BCAT. We show inter-dependence of BCAT expression and proteins associated with the P13K/Akt/mTORC1 and autophagy signalling pathways. In response to insulin or an increase in ROS, BCATc is trafficked to the membrane and docks via palmitoylation, which is associated with BCATc-induced autophagy through PKC phosphorylation. In response to increased levels of BCATc, as observed in AD, amyloid β (Aβ) levels accumulate due to a shift in autophagic flux. This effect was diminished when incubated with leucine, indicating that dietary levels of amino acids show promise in regulating Aβ load. Together these findings show that increased BCATc expression, reported in human AD brain, will affect autophagy and Aβ load through the interdependence of its redox-regulated phosphorylation offering a novel target to address AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harris
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M El Hindy
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M Usmari-Moraes
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - F Hudd
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M Shafei
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M Dong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Market Street, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - M Hezwani
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - P Clark
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M House
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - T Forshaw
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - P Kehoe
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M E Conway
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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Vescovo T, Pagni B, Piacentini M, Fimia GM, Antonioli M. Regulation of Autophagy in Cells Infected With Oncogenic Human Viruses and Its Impact on Cancer Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:47. [PMID: 32181249 PMCID: PMC7059124 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About 20% of total cancer cases are associated to infections. To date, seven human viruses have been directly linked to cancer development: high-risk human papillomaviruses (hrHPVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). These viruses impact on several molecular mechanisms in the host cells, often resulting in chronic inflammation, uncontrolled proliferation, and cell death inhibition, and mechanisms, which favor viral life cycle but may indirectly promote tumorigenesis. Recently, the ability of oncogenic viruses to alter autophagy, a catabolic process activated during the innate immune response to infections, is emerging as a key event for the onset of human cancers. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which human oncogenic viruses regulate autophagy and how this negative regulation impacts on cancer development. Finally, we highlight novel autophagy-related candidates for the treatment of virus-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vescovo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pagni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Reddy D, Kumavath R, Tan TZ, Ampasala DR, Kumar AP. Peruvoside targets apoptosis and autophagy through MAPK Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in human cancers. Life Sci 2019; 241:117147. [PMID: 31830480 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the cytotoxic effect of Peruvoside and mechanism of action in human cancers. MAIN METHODS Cell viability was measured by MTT assay and the cell cycle arrest was identified by FACS. Real-time qPCR and western blotting studies were performed to identify important gene and protein expressions in the different pathways leading to apoptosis. Immunofluorescence was performed to understand protein localization and molecular docking studies were performed to identify protein-ligand interactions. KEY FINDINGS Peruvoside showed significant anti-proliferative activities against human breast, lung, and liver cancer cells in dose-dependent manner. The anti-cancer mechanism was further confirmed by DNA damage and cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with Peruvoside treatment resulted in inhibition of cyclin D1 and c-Myc also observed in this study. Furthermore, we identified that Peruvoside can inhibit autophagy by PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and through downregulating MEK1. Moreover, Peruvoside has the ability to modulate the expressions of key proteins from the cell cycle, MAPK, NF-kB, and JAK-STAT signaling. In silico studies revealed that Peruvoside has the ability to interact with crucial proteins from different biochemical signaling pathways. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrated that Peruvoside has the ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation by modulating the expression of various key proteins involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Clinical data generated from the present study might provide a novel impetus for targeting several human cancers. Conclusively, our findings suggest that the Peruvoside possesses a broad spectrum of anticancer activity in breast, lung, and liver cancers, which provides an impetus for further investigation of the anticancer potentiality of this biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanasekhar Reddy
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (P.O), Kasaragod, Kerala 671320, India
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (P.O), Kasaragod, Kerala 671320, India.
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dinakara Rao Ampasala
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Departments of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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The Emerging Roles of mTORC1 in Macromanaging Autophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101422. [PMID: 31554253 PMCID: PMC6826502 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that enables the cell to survive when faced with starvation or stressful conditions. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known as the mammalian target of rapamycin, plays a critical role in maintaining a balance between cellular anabolism and catabolism. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) was unveiled as a master regulator of autophagy since inhibition of mTORC1 was required to initiate the autophagy process. Evidence has emerged in recent years to indicate that mTORC1 also directly regulates the subsequent steps of the autophagy process, including the nucleation, autophagosome elongation, autophagosome maturation and termination. By phosphorylating select protein targets of the autophagy core machinery and/or their regulators, mTORC1 can alter their functions, increase their proteasomal degradation or modulate their acetylation status, which is a key switch of the autophagy process. Moreover, it phosphorylates and alters the subcellular localization of transcription factors to suppress the expression of genes needed for autophagosome formation and lysosome biogenesis. The purpose of this review article is to critically analyze current literatures to provide an integrated view of how mTORC1 regulates various steps of the autophagy process.
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