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Abeywickrema S, Ginieis R, Oey I, Perry T, Keast RSJ, Peng M. Taste but not smell sensitivities are linked to dietary macronutrient composition. Appetite 2023; 181:106385. [PMID: 36442612 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Macronutrient intake and composition of diets (i.e., carbohydrate, protein, and fat) can vary substantially across individuals. Chemosensory functions are hypothesised to play a key role in modulating nutrient choices and intake. The present study tests links between individual gustatory or olfactory supra-threshold sensitivities and dietary macronutrient intake. A total of 98 European males (N = 81 for final analyses; age: 20-40 yo; BMI: 18.9-48.1 kg∙m-2) were tested for supra-threshold sensitivities (d') to 3-gustatory (i.e., Sucrose, MSG, Dairy fat) and 3-olfactory stimuli (i.e., Vanillin, Methional, Maltol/Furaneol), followed by a 4-day weighed Food Record to give measures of macronutrient intake (kJ) and composition (%). With multivariate analyses (i.e., K-mean clustering, PCA, and Hierarchical Regression), gustatory and olfactory d' were compared across groups of individuals with distinct macronutrient composition or intake. Significant differences in gustatory d' were found across the clusters based on macronutrient composition (p < 0.05), but not for clusters based on intake. Hierarchical regressions suggested that gustatory d' played a significant role in predicting dietary carbohydrate composition and intake, with one-unit d' increase predicting reduction of 3%-4.66% (R2 = 0.21, F(5,75) = 5.38, p = 0.001). Moreover, every one-unit increase in d' to MSG increased protein composition by 3.45% (R2 = 0.10, F(5,75) = 2.83, p = 0.022) and intake by 392 kJ (R2 = 0.08, F(5,75) = 2.41, p = 0.044). By contrast, olfactory d' showed little association to macronutrient composition or intake (p > 0.05). Overall, we present intriguing new evidence that gustatory, but not olfactory, sensitivities are linked to dietary macronutrient composition, with relatively little effect on actual intake. These findings highlight possible action of a sensory-mediated mechanism guiding food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashie Abeywickrema
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Ginieis
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Indrawati Oey
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tracy Perry
- Division of Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Russell S J Keast
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Racial differences in psychological stress and insulin sensitivity in non-Hispanic Black and White adolescents with overweight/obesity. Physiol Behav 2021; 245:113672. [PMID: 34902427 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racial differences in type 2 diabetes risk persist among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adolescents with overweight/obesity; however, the role of psychological stress in this disparity is less clear. PURPOSE To examine racial differences in the association between psychological stress, insulin sensitivity (Si), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), and disposition index (DI) among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adolescents with overweight/obesity. METHODS Ninety-six adolescents (60% female; 51% non-Hispanic Black; 16.6 ± 1.8 years of age) with overweight/obesity (BMI percentile ≥ 85th percentile) were included in this analysis. Psychological stress was assessed using the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale. Glucose and insulin data from an intravenous glucose tolerance test was modeled to obtain Si, AIRg, and DI. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the association between race, psychological stress and metabolic outcomes (Si, AIRg, and DI). RESULTS Race was a significant predictor of log-AIRg and log-DI (ps < 0.05) independent of all covariates in the main effect models. Lower Si (pinteraction = 0.014) and DI (pinteraction = 0.012) was also observed among Black adolescents who reported higher stress levels, whereas higher Si and DI was observed among non-Hispanic White adolescents reporting higher stress in the race interaction models. Race however, did not moderate the association between psychological stress and AIRg (p > 0.05), nor was stress associated with Si, AIRg, or DI ("p" "s" > 0.05) across all other models. CONCLUSIONS Psychological stress may play an important and distinct role in shaping racial differences in type 2 diabetes risk among adolescents with overweight/obesity. Additional research is needed to understand the long-term effects of psychological stress on metabolic health among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adolescents with overweight/obesity.
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Zurita T, Kazmierski KFM, Wong L, Faulkner M, Kuo S, Huszti H, Rao U. Racial/ethnic differences in dietary intake among a diverse sample of adolescents: An experimental study. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12823. [PMID: 34121364 PMCID: PMC8563420 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African-American (AA) and Hispanic/Latina (HL) females have higher obesity prevalence than do non-Hispanic Whites (NHW); this may be due to AA and HL consuming more energy-dense foods in response to stressors. OBJECTIVES This study examined racial/ethnic differences in dietary intake under controlled conditions (relaxation and stress) in a diverse sample of adolescent females. METHODS Participants included 120 adolescent females (30% AA, 37% HL and 33% NHW) who participated in a laboratory food intake study. Using a randomized cross-over design, ad libitum food consumption was measured following control/relaxation and social-evaluative stress conditions. Food intake was indexed as consumed calories, added sugars and solid fats. RESULTS The effect of laboratory conditions on food intake varied by race/ethnicity, such that AA consumed more energy following relaxation than following stress. For NHW and HL, food intake did not differ between conditions. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, these findings are the first to directly observe racial/ethnic differences in food intake in response to acute stress, which may contribute to obesity-related health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Zurita
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California
| | - Kelly F. M. Kazmierski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California
| | - Larissa Wong
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California
| | - Megan Faulkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California
| | - Sabrina Kuo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California
| | - Heather Huszti
- Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California
| | - Uma Rao
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California,Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California,Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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Henderson M, Friedrich M, Van Hulst A, Pelletier C, Barnett TA, Benedetti A, Bigras JL, Drapeau V, Lavoie JC, Levy E, Mathieu ME, Nuyt AM. CARDEA study protocol: investigating early markers of cardiovascular disease and their association with lifestyle habits, inflammation and oxidative stress in adolescence using a cross-sectional comparison of adolescents with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046585. [PMID: 34497076 PMCID: PMC8438758 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known regarding associations between potentially modifiable lifestyle habits and early markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D), hindering early prevention efforts. Specific objectives are: (1) compare established risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension) with novel early markers for CVD (cardiac phenotype, aortic distensibility, endothelial function) in adolescents with T1D and healthy age-matched and sex-matched controls; (2) examine associations between these novel early markers with: (i) lifestyle habits; (ii) adipokines and measures of inflammation; and (iii) markers of oxidative stress among adolescents with T1D and controls, and determine group differences in these associations; (3) explore, across both groups, associations between CVD markers and residential neighbourhood features. METHODS AND ANALYSES Using a cross-sectional design, we will compare 100 participants aged 14-18 years with T1D to 100 healthy controls. Measures include: anthropometrics; stage of sexual maturity (Tanner stages); physical activity (7-day accelerometry); sleep and sedentary behaviour (self-report and accelerometry); fitness (peak oxygen consumption); and dietary intake (three non-consecutive 24- hour dietary recalls). Repeated measures of blood pressure will be obtained. Lipid profiles will be determined after a 12- hour fast. Cardiac structure/function: non-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) images will evaluate volume, mass, systolic and diastolic function and myocardial fibrosis. Aortic distensibility will be determined by pulse wave velocity with elasticity and resistance studies at the central aorta. Endothelial function will be determined by flow-mediated dilation. Inflammatory markers include plasma leptin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), type I and type II TNF-α soluble receptors and interleukin-6 concentrations. Measures of endogenous antioxidants include manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in blood. Neighbourhood features include built and social environment indicators and air quality. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Ethics Board. Written informed assent and consent will be obtained from participants and their parents. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04304729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Henderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- School of Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthias Friedrich
- Department of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andraea Van Hulst
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Pelletier
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tracie A Barnett
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Bigras
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vicky Drapeau
- Department of Physical Education, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Lavoie
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Mathieu
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Monique Nuyt
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Contribution of Adipose Tissue Oxidative Stress to Obesity-Associated Diabetes Risk and Ethnic Differences: Focus on Women of African Ancestry. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040622. [PMID: 33921645 PMCID: PMC8073769 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) storage capacity is central in the maintenance of whole-body homeostasis, especially in obesity states. However, sustained nutrients overflow may dysregulate this function resulting in adipocytes hypertrophy, AT hypoxia, inflammation and oxidative stress. Systemic inflammation may also contribute to the disruption of AT redox equilibrium. AT and systemic oxidative stress have been involved in the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) through several mechanisms. Interestingly, fat accumulation, body fat distribution and the degree of how adiposity translates into cardio-metabolic diseases differ between ethnicities. Populations of African ancestry have a higher prevalence of obesity and higher T2D risk than populations of European ancestry, mainly driven by higher rates among African women. Considering the reported ethnic-specific differences in AT distribution and function and higher levels of systemic oxidative stress markers, oxidative stress is a potential contributor to the higher susceptibility for metabolic diseases in African women. This review summarizes existing evidence supporting this hypothesis while acknowledging a lack of data on AT oxidative stress in relation to IR in Africans, and the potential influence of other ethnicity-related modulators (e.g., genetic-environment interplay, socioeconomic factors) for consideration in future studies with different ethnicities.
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Skrypnik D, Bogdański P, Skrypnik K, Mądry E, Karolkiewicz J, Szulińska M, Suliburska J, Walkowiak J. Influence of endurance and endurance-strength training on mineral status in women with abdominal obesity: a randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14909. [PMID: 30896645 PMCID: PMC6709101 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and exercise are associated with disturbances of mineral metabolism, which can lead to physical inefficiency. Our study aimed to compare the influence of endurance and endurance-strength training on mineral status in women with abdominal obesity. METHODS Thirty-eight abdominally obese women were randomized into groups A and B and underwent 3 months long training: group A-endurance training and group B-endurance-strength training. Anthropometric and body composition measurements were carried out and the Graded Exercise Test was performed. Blood, urine, and hair samples were collected for mineral content analysis. RESULTS Endurance training decreased serum Fe and Zn concentrations as well as hair Zn and Cu content, and increased urine Zn concentration. Endurance-strength training increased serum Mg and Cu concentrations, decreased serum Fe and Zn concentrations, decreased hair Ca and Mg content, and increased urine Ca and Zn concentrations. After training, serum and urine Fe concentration was higher in group A, while urine Ca concentration was higher in group B. A number of correlations was found. CONCLUSIONS Both endurance and endurance-strength training have a significant effect on mineral metabolism in obese women; the favorable effects of endurance-strength exercise predominate in iron, magnesium, zinc, and copper balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Skrypnik
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences
| | - Katarzyna Skrypnik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences
| | - Edyta Mądry
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences
| | - Joanna Karolkiewicz
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Hygiene, Poznan University School of Physical Education
| | - Monika Szulińska
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Van Hulst A, Paradis G, Harnois-Leblanc S, Benedetti A, Drapeau V, Henderson M. Lowering Saturated Fat and Increasing Vegetable and Fruit Intake May Increase Insulin Sensitivity 2 Years Later in Children with a Family History of Obesity. J Nutr 2018; 148:1838-1844. [PMID: 30383280 PMCID: PMC6533243 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying dietary factors that determine insulin sensitivity and secretion in children entering puberty may provide valuable information for the early prevention of type 2 diabetes. Objectives We assessed whether macronutrients and food groups are longitudinally associated with insulin sensitivity and secretion over a 2-y period in children with a family history of obesity, and whether associations differ by level of adiposity. Methods Data were derived from the Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth (QUALITY) Study, an ongoing prospective cohort including 630 children recruited at ages 8-10 y, with ≥1 obese parent, and followed 2 y later (n = 564). The intake of macronutrients and foods was assessed at baseline using three 24-h dietary recalls. At age 10-12 y, insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI) and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Insulin secretion was assessed by the ratio of the area under the curve of insulin to the area under the curve of glucose at 30 min and at 120 min of an oral-glucose-tolerance test. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted for each dietary factor while adjusting for age, sex, puberty, physical activity, screen time, total energy intake, and percentage of body fat; and interaction terms between dietary factors and percentage of body fat were tested. Results Saturated fat intake was associated with a 1.95% lower (95% CI: -3.74%, -0.16%) Matsuda ISI, whereas vegetable and fruit intake was associated with a 2.35% higher (95% CI: 0.18%, 4.52%) Matsuda ISI 2 y later. The association of saturated fat intake with insulin sensitivity was most deleterious among children with a higher percentage of body fat (P-interaction = 0.023). Other than fiber intake, no longitudinal associations between dietary intake and insulin secretion were found. Conclusions Lowering saturated fat and increasing vegetable and fruit intakes during childhood may improve insulin sensitivity as children enter puberty. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03356262.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles Paradis
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Soren Harnois-Leblanc
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada,School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vicky Drapeau
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Department of Physical Education,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mélanie Henderson
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada,Address correspondence to MH (e-mail: )
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Bariatric Surgery Resistance: Using Preoperative Lifestyle Medicine and/or Pharmacology for Metabolic Responsiveness. Obes Surg 2018; 27:3281-3291. [PMID: 29058238 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-2966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is an effective and durable treatment for individuals with obesity and its associated comorbidities. However, not all patients meet weight loss and/or cardiometabolic goals following bariatric surgery, suggesting that some people are bariatric surgery resistant. The reason for this resistance is unclear, but potential factors, such as adiposity-derived inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and aerobic fitness prior to surgery, have been related to blunted surgery responsiveness. Exercise, diet, and/or pharmacology are effective at reducing inflammation and improving insulin action as well as physical function. Herein, we present data that supports the novel hypothesis that intervening prior to surgery can enhance disease resolution in people who are resistant to bariatric surgery.
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Sattar DES, Ali TM, Hasnain A. Effect of Nongerminated and Germinated Legumes on Antioxidant, Functional, and Sensory Characteristics of Rice Puddings. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-16-0103-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dur-e-shahwar Sattar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Mohsin Ali
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abid Hasnain
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan
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Shah SS, Ramirez CE, Powers AC, Yu C, Shibao CA, Luther JM. Hyperglycemic clamp-derived disposition index is negatively associated with metabolic syndrome severity in obese subjects. Metabolism 2016; 65:835-42. [PMID: 27173462 PMCID: PMC4867079 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome is associated with insulin resistance and increased future risk of type 2 diabetes. This study investigates the relationship between insulin secretion, insulin resistance and individual metabolic syndrome components in subjects without a prior diagnosis of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We assessed insulin secretion during hyperglycemic clamps by infusing dextrose to maintain hyperglycemia (200mg/dL), followed by L-arginine administration. Studies in 98 individuals (mean age 45.3±1.2years, 56% female, 22% African-American, 49% with metabolic syndrome) were analyzed. We tested the association between the number of metabolic syndrome components and individual outcome variables using linear mixed-effects models to adjust for potential confounding effects of age, sex, and race. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity index was reduced in the presence of 1 or more metabolic syndrome components. Insulin sensitivity was independently associated with age, waist circumference, male gender and decreased HDL cholesterol. The acute insulin response was greater with two or more metabolic syndrome components, and late glucose-stimulated and L-arginine-stimulated insulin responses exhibited a similar trend. In contrast, the disposition index, a measure of beta cell compensation for insulin resistance, was linearly lower with the number of metabolic syndrome components, and was negatively associated with age, Caucasian race, waist circumference, fasting glucose, and decreased HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS The insulin secretory response in metabolic syndrome is inadequate for the worsening insulin sensitivity, as demonstrated by a decline in disposition index. A dysfunctional insulin secretory response is evident in non-diabetic individuals and worsens with accumulation of metabolic syndrome components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna S Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Claudia E Ramirez
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cyndya A Shibao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James M Luther
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Dekker LH, van Dam RM, Snijder MB, Peters RJG, Dekker JM, de Vries JHM, de Boer EJ, Schulze MB, Stronks K, Nicolaou M. Comparable Dietary Patterns Describe Dietary Behavior across Ethnic Groups in the Netherlands, but Different Elements in the Diet Are Associated with Glycated Hemoglobin and Fasting Glucose Concentrations. J Nutr 2015; 145:1884-91. [PMID: 26136591 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.207472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnic minority populations in Western societies suffer from a disproportionate burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Insight into the role of dietary patterns in T2D may assist public health nutrition efforts in addressing these health disparities. OBJECTIVE We explored the association between dietary patterns and biomarkers of T2D in 5 ethnic groups living in Amsterdam, Netherlands. METHODS A total of 3776 men and women aged 18-70 y of Dutch, South Asian Surinamese, African-Surinamese, Turkish, and Moroccan origin from the HELIUS (HEalthy LIfe in an Urban Setting) study were included. Diet was assessed by using a food-frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were derived separately per ethnic group. First, food group-based dietary patterns were derived by using principal components analysis and the association with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and plasma fasting glucose was assessed by using multivariable linear regression. Second, biomarker-driven dietary patterns based on HbA1c and fasting glucose concentrations were derived by applying reduced rank regression. RESULTS Two comparable food group-based dietary patterns were identified in each ethnic group: a "meat and snack" pattern and a "vegetable" pattern. The meat-and-snack pattern derived within the Dutch origin population was significantly associated with HbA1c (β = 0.09; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.19) and fasting glucose (β = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.26) concentrations. A biomarker-derived pattern characterized by red and processed meat was observed among Dutch-origin participants; however, among ethnic minority groups, this pattern was characterized by other foods including ethnicity-specific foods (e.g., roti, couscous). CONCLUSIONS Although similar food group dietary patterns were derived within 5 ethnic groups, the association of the meat-and-snack pattern with fasting glucose concentrations differed by ethnicity. Taken together with the finding of ethnic differences in biomarker-driven dietary patterns, our results imply that addressing T2D risk in multiethnic populations requires ethnicity-specific approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Departments of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Ron J G Peters
- Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Dekker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Evelien J de Boer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Nutrition, Prevention, and Health Services, Bilthoven, Netherlands; and
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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Stephens TT, Resinicow K, Latimer-Sport M, Walker L. Social Cognitive Predictors of Dietary Behavior Among African Americans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2015.1024901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Effects of protein intake on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:383-402. [PMID: 25622044 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
High protein intake in early childhood is associated with obesity, suggesting possible adverse effects on other cardiometabolic outcomes. However, studies in adults have suggested beneficial effects of protein intake on blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile. Whether dietary protein intake is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic health in children is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the evidence on the associations of protein intake with BP, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children. We searched the databases Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central and PubMed for interventional and observational studies in healthy children up to the age of 18 years, in which associations of total, animal and/or vegetable protein intake with one or more of the following outcomes were reported: BP; measures of insulin sensitivity; cholesterol levels; or TAG levels. In the search, we identified 6636 abstracts, of which fifty-six studies met all selection criteria. In general, the quality of the included studies was low. Most studies were cross-sectional, and many did not control for potential confounders. No overall associations were observed between protein intake and insulin sensitivity or blood lipids. A few studies suggested an inverse association between dietary protein intake and BP, but evidence was inconclusive. Only four studies examined the effects of vegetable or animal protein intake, but with inconsistent results. In conclusion, the literature, to date provides insufficient evidence for effects of protein intake on BP, insulin sensitivity or blood lipids in children. Future studies could be improved by adequately adjusting for key confounders such as energy intake and obesity.
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Suarez EC, Schramm-Sapyta NL. Race differences in the relation of vitamins A, C, E, and β-carotene to metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. Nutr Res 2013; 34:1-10. [PMID: 24418240 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using archival data, we conducted a secondary analysis to examine race differences in the relation of serum vitamins A, C, E and β-carotene to insulin resistance (IR), fasting insulin and glucose, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and leukocyte count in 176 non-smoking, healthy, white, and African American (AA) adults aged 18 to 65 years (48% women, 33% AA). We hypothesized that micronutrient concentrations would be associated with early risk markers of cardiometabolic diseases in a race-dependent manner. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for micronutrients, insulin, glucose, hs-CRP, and leukocyte count. Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment. After adjusting for age, body mass index, gender, educational level, use of vitamin supplements, alcohol intake, leisure time physical activity, menopausal status, and total cholesterol, we observed that β-carotene was significantly associated with insulin resistance and fasting insulin in a race-dependent manner. Among AA, lower β-carotene levels were associated with higher estimates of insulin resistance and fasting insulin; whereas, these same associations were not significant for whites. Race also significantly moderated the relation of vitamin C to leukocyte count, with lower vitamin C being associated with higher leukocyte count only in AA but not whites. For all subjects, lower β-carotene was associated with higher hs-CRP. In AA, but not whites, lower levels of β-carotene and vitamin C were significantly associated with early risk markers implicated in cardiometabolic conditions and cancer. Whether or not lower levels of micronutrients contribute uniquely to racial health disparities is a worthwhile aim for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | - Nicole L Schramm-Sapyta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Dietary composition and its associations with insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in youth. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:527-34. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to examine the associations between macronutrient intake and insulin sensitivity (IS) and insulin secretion (ISct), taking into consideration moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), fitness and sedentary behaviour. Caucasian youth (n630) aged 8–10 years at recruitment, with at least one obese biological parent, were studied (QUebec Adipose and Lifestyle InvesTigation in Youth cohort). IS was measured using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance and Matsuda IS index. ISct was measured using HOMA2 %-β, the ratio of the AUC of insulin:glucose over the first 30 min (AUC I/Gt= 30min) of the oral glucose tolerance test and AUC I/Gt= 120minover 2 h. Fitness was measured using VO2peak, percentage of fat mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and 7 d MVPA using accelerometry; screen time (ST) by average daily hours of self-reported television, video game or computer use. Dietary composition was measured using three non-consecutive dietary recalls. Non-parametric smoothing splines were used to model non-linear associations; all models were adjusted for age, sex, season, pubertal stage, MVPA, fitness, ST and adiposity. The percentage of total daily energy from dietary protein, fat, saturated fat and carbohydrate and the consumption of dietary vitamin D, sugar-sweetened beverages, fibre and portions of fruits and vegetables were taken into consideration. No dietary component was associated with any measure of IS after adjusting for MVPA, fitness, ST and adiposity. For every 1 % increase in daily protein intake (%), AUC I/Gt= 30mindecreased by 1·1 % (P= 0·033). Otherwise, dietary composition was not associated with ISct. While long-term excess of energy intake has been shown to lead to overweight and obesity, dietary macronutrient composition is not independently correlated with IS or ISct in youth.
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Seliske L, Pickett W, Rosu A, Janssen I. The number and type of food retailers surrounding schools and their association with lunchtime eating behaviours in students. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:19. [PMID: 23391296 PMCID: PMC3582593 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary study objective was to examine whether the presence of food retailers surrounding schools was associated with students’ lunchtime eating behaviours. The secondary objective was to determine whether measures of the food retail environment around schools captured using road network or circular buffers were more strongly related to eating behaviours while at school. Methods Grade 9 and 10 students (N=6,971) who participated in the 2009/10 Canadian Health Behaviour in School Aged Children Survey were included in this study. The outcome was determined by students’ self-reports of where they typically ate their lunch during school days. Circular and road network-based buffers were created for a 1 km distance surrounding 158 schools participating in the HBSC. The addresses of fast food restaurants, convenience stores and coffee/donut shops were mapped within the buffers. Multilevel logistic regression was used to determine whether there was a relationship between the presence of food retailers near schools and students regularly eating their lunch at a fast food restaurant, snack-bar or café. The Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) value, a measure of goodness-of-fit, was used to determine the optimal buffer type. Results For the 1 km circular buffers, students with 1–2 (OR= 1.10, 95% CI: 0.57-2.11), 3–4 (OR=1.45, 95% CI: 0.75-2.82) and ≥5 nearby food retailers (OR=2.94, 95% CI: 1.71-5.09) were more likely to eat lunch at a food retailer compared to students with no nearby food retailers. The relationships were slightly stronger when assessed via 1 km road network buffers, with a greater likelihood of eating at a food retailer for 1–2 (OR=1.20, 95% CI:0.74-1.95), 3–4 (OR=3.19, 95% CI: 1.66-6.13) and ≥5 nearby food retailers (OR=3.54, 95% CI: 2.08-6.02). Road network buffers appeared to provide a better measure of the food retail environment, as indicated by a lower AIC value (3332 vs. 3346). Conclusions There was a strong relationship between the presence of food retailers near schools and students’ lunchtime eating behaviours. Results from the goodness of fit analysis suggests that road network buffers provide a more optimal measure of school neighbourhood food environments relative to circular buffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Seliske
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Au LE, Economos CD, Goodman E, Houser RF, Must A, Chomitz VR, Morgan EH, Sacheck JM. Dietary intake and cardiometabolic risk in ethnically diverse urban schoolchildren. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112:1815-21. [PMID: 23102181 PMCID: PMC5327500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dietary factors vary widely among ethnic groups. However, the effect of specific nutrients on cardiometabolic risk is not well understood, especially in children. Four dietary factors known to influence cardiometabolic risk (ie, carbohydrate, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat intake) were assessed by the Block Kids 2004 Food Frequency Questionnaire in a cross-sectional sample of racially diverse fourth- through eighth-grade students (n=148) in a Boston-area school district studied between January and April 2010. Fasting total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and body mass index z scores were measured. Differences in dietary factors and cardiometabolic risk factors were examined among the following racial/ethnic groups: white (39%), Hispanic (32%), black (8%), Asian (10%), and multiracial/other (11%). In bivariate analyses, total, saturated, and polyunsaturated fat intakes differed by race/ethnicity (P<0.05), with white and black children reporting saturated fat intakes above the recommended level. Forty-seven percent of children had at least one suboptimal cardiometabolic risk factor. HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and IL-6 concentrations differed by race/ethnicity (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.01, respectively), with Hispanics having low HDL cholesterol levels and high triglyceride levels, whereas Asians had high IL-6 levels. In multivariate analyses controlling for demographic characteristics, none of the dietary factors examined explained racial/ethnic differences in lipid profiles or inflammatory markers. Body mass index z score was associated with lower HDL cholesterol, higher triglyceride, higher CRP, and higher IL-6 levels (P<0.0001). Further research is warranted to determine the influence of dietary recommendations at a young age among different racial/ethnic groups on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Au
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Tsai CJ, Giovannucci EL. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer among whites and African Americans. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2497-503. [PMID: 22562539 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
African Americans have the highest incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer among all US racial and ethnic groups. Dietary factors, lifestyle factors, obesity, variability in screening rates, socioeconomic differences, barriers to screening, and differences in access to health care may be contributory factors to racial and ethnic disparities. African Americans are more likely to demonstrate microsatellite instability in their colorectal tumors leading to malignancy. However, these differences do not completely explain all the variances. Ample evidence implicates insulin resistance and its associated conditions, including elevated insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), in colorectal carcinogenesis. African Americans have a high risk for and a high prevalence of insulin resistance and subsequent overt type 2 diabetes. Recent clinical studies revealed that ethnic differences between whites and African Americans in early diabetes-related conditions including hyperinsulinemia already exist during childhood. African Americans have a much higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency than whites throughout their life spans. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with higher rates of diabetes and colorectal cancer, particularly in individuals with high serum insulin and IGF-1 levels. Moreover, African Americans have lower insulin sensitivity in tissues, independent of obesity, fat distribution, and inflammation. Further development of measures of biomarkers of tumor biology and host susceptibility may provide further insight on risk stratification in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jyi Tsai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Dixon LB, Pellizzon MA, Jawad AF, Tershakovec AM. Calcium and Dairy Intake and Measures of Obesity in Hyper- and Normocholesterolemic Children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:1727-38. [PMID: 16286520 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcium intake has been inversely associated with body weight and body fatness in adults and, to a lesser extent, in children. Dairy intake has been inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in overweight but not normal-weight adults. We assessed whether intakes of calcium and dairy foods were associated with measures of obesity in hypercholesterolemic (HC) and normocholesterolemic (non-HC) children at baseline and over 1 year. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Non-obese 4- to 10-year-old HC and non-HC children (342) completed three 24-hour dietary recalls and provided measures of relative weight (BMI and BMI z scores) and adiposity (sum of skinfolds, trunk skinfolds) at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Cross-sectional and longitudinal regression analyses, stratified by cholesterol risk status (HC vs. non-HC) and age (4 to 6 years and 7 to 10 years) and adjusted for potential confounders, were conducted. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, and percentage energy from fat, calcium intake was inversely associated with BMI, sum of skinfolds, and trunk skinfolds at baseline and over 1 year in the 7- to 10-year-old non-HC children. Results from the regression models also indicated an inverse relation between intake of dairy foods and measures of obesity at baseline in these children. Calcium or dairy intake was not associated with measures of obesity in HC children or in the 4- to 6-year-old non-HC children. DISCUSSION These results suggest a complex relation among intake of calcium and dairy foods, measures of obesity, age, and serum cholesterol in children. Older children without risk of metabolic syndrome may benefit most from increased calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beth Dixon
- Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.
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Kant AK, Graubard BI. Race-ethnic, family income, and education differentials in nutritional and lipid biomarkers in US children and adolescents: NHANES 2003-2006. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:601-12. [PMID: 22836030 PMCID: PMC3417217 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.035535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children from ethnic minority and low-income families in the United States have higher rates of poor health and higher mortality rates. Diet, an acknowledged correlate of health, may mediate the known race-ethnic and socioeconomic differentials in the health of US children. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the independent association of race-ethnicity, family income, and education with nutritional and lipid biomarkers in US children. DESIGN We used data from the NHANES 2003-2006 to examine serum concentrations of vitamins A, D, E, C, B-6, and B-12; serum concentrations of folate, carotenoids, and lipids; and dietary intakes of corresponding nutrients for 2-19-y-old children (n = ~2700-7500). Multiple covariate-adjusted regression methods were used to examine the independent and joint associations of race-ethnicity, family income, and education with biomarker status. RESULTS Non-Hispanic blacks had lower mean serum concentrations of vitamins A, B-6, and E and α-carotene than did non-Hispanic whites. Both non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans had higher mean serum vitamin C, β-cryptoxanthin, and lutein + zeaxanthin but lower folate and vitamin D concentrations compared with non-Hispanic whites. In comparison with non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks were less likely to have low serum HDL cholesterol or high triglycerides. Family income and education predicted few biomarker or dietary outcomes, and the observed associations were weak. Moreover, modification of race-ethnic differentials by income or education (or vice versa) was noted for very few biomarkers. CONCLUSION Race-ethnicity, but not family income or education, was a strong independent predictor of serum nutrient concentrations and dietary micronutrient intakes in US children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima K Kant
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Identification of the appropriate boundary size to use when measuring the food retail environment surrounding schools. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:2715-27. [PMID: 23066392 PMCID: PMC3447582 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9082715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study included 6,971 students in grades 9 and 10 (ages 13 to 16 years) from 158 schools who participated in the 2009/2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study. Students provided information on where they typically ate lunch. The number of food retailers was obtained for six road network buffer sizes (500, 750, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, and 5,000 meters) surrounding schools. Associations between the presence of food retailers near schools and students' lunchtime eating behaviours were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Comparisons of model fit statistics indicated that the 1,000 m buffer provided the best fit. At this distance, students with ≥3 food retailers near their schools had a 3.42 times greater relative odds (95% CI: 2.12-5.52) of eating their lunchtime meal at a food retailer compared to students with no nearby food retailers. Students who had ≥2 food retailers within 750 m of their schools had a 2.74 times greater relative odds (95% CI: 1.75-4.29), while those who had ≥1 food retailer within 500 m of their schools had 2.27 times greater relative odds of eating at food retailer (95% CI: 1.46-3.52) compared to those with no nearby food retailers. For distances greater than 1,000 m, no consistent relationships were found.
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Bacha F, Gungor N, Lee SJ, Arslanian SA. Type 2 diabetes in youth: are there racial differences in β-cell responsiveness relative to insulin sensitivity? Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13:259-65. [PMID: 21933317 PMCID: PMC3618982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-diabetic African American (AA) youth have an upregulated insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity (IS) compared with their American White (AW) peers. We investigated if similar racial differences exist in youth with T2DM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fourteen AAs and 14 AWs T2DM adolescents underwent evaluation of IS and clearance (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), first- and second-phase insulin and C-peptide secretion (hyperglycemic clamp); body composition (DEXA); and abdominal adiposity (CT). RESULTS AA and AW T2DM had similar HbA1c, diabetes duration, BMI, and % body fat, with lower visceral fat in AAs (p = 0.013). While insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was similar in AA and AW (7.5 ± 1.0 vs. 7.3 ± 0.9 mg/kg FFM/min), IS tended to be lower (2.5 ± 0.4 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6 mg/kg FFM/min per µU/mL, p = 0.081). First-phase insulin (175.7 ± 52.9 vs. 66.6 ± 10.8 µU/mL, p = 0.01) and second-phase insulin (236.2 ± 40.7 vs. 105.1 ± 17.9 µU/mL, p = 0.008), and first-phase C-peptide (8.2 ± 1.2 vs. 5.0 ± 0.3 ng/mL, p = 0.02) and second-phase C-peptide (10.8 ± 0.9 vs. 7.6 ± 0.6 ng/mL, p = 0.012) were higher in AA. β-Cell function relative to IS was higher in AA vs. AW (259.5 ± 35.3 vs. 168.8 ± 25.1 mg/kg FFM/min, p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS Racial differences in insulin secretion can be demonstrated with the clamp technique in obese adolescents with T2DM. Similar to non-diabetic youth, AA adolescents with T2DM compared with their AW counterparts have an upregulated β-cell function relative to IS, the reasons for which remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fida Bacha
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus
| | - Neslihan Gungor
- Children’s Hospital at Scott & White, Texas A & M Health Science Center COM
| | - So Jung Lee
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus
| | - Silva A. Arslanian
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus
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Related factors of insulin resistance in Korean children: adiposity and maternal insulin resistance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 8:4596-607. [PMID: 22408591 PMCID: PMC3290990 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8124596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased adiposity and unhealthy lifestyle augment the risk for type 2 diabetes in children with familial predisposition. Insulin resistance (IR) is an excellent clinical marker for identifying children at high risk for type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to investigate parental, physiological, behavioral and socio-economic factors related to IR in Korean children. This study is a cross-sectional study using data from 111 children aged 7 years and their parents. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated using fasting glucose and insulin level as a marker of IR. All children’s adiposity indices (r = 0.309–0.318, all P-value = 0.001) and maternal levels of fasting insulin (r = 0.285, P-value = 0.003) and HOMA-IR (r = 0.290, P-value = 0.002) were positively correlated with children’s HOMA-IR level. There was no statistical difference of children’s HOMA-IR level according to children’s lifestyle habits and socioeconomic status of families. An increase of 1 percentage point in body fat was related to 2.7% increase in children’s HOMA-IR (P-value < 0.001) and an increase of 1% of maternal level of HOMA-IR was related to 0.2% increase in children’s HOMA-IR (P-value = 0.002). This study shows that children’s adiposity and maternal IR are positively associated with children’s IR.
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de Oliveira Otto MC, Alonso A, Lee DH, Delclos GL, Bertoni AG, Jiang R, Lima JA, Symanski E, Jacobs DR, Nettleton JA. Dietary intakes of zinc and heme iron from red meat, but not from other sources, are associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr 2012; 142:526-33. [PMID: 22259193 PMCID: PMC3278268 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.149781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), Type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) share an inflammatory etiology and are known to be influenced by diet. We investigated associations of hypothesized prooxidative (Fe) and antioxidative (Zn, Mg, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E) micronutrients with incident MetS, T2D, and CVD in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Participants, 45-84 y at baseline (2000-2002), were followed through 2010. Diet was assessed by FFQ. After adjusting for demographics and behavioral confounders, including BMI, dietary vitamin E intake was inversely associated with incident MetS and CVD [HR for extreme quintiles: MetS = 0.78 (95% CI = 0.62, 0.97), P-trend = 0.01; CVD: HR = 0.69 (95% CI = 0.46, 1.03), P-trend = 0.04]. Intakes of heme iron and Zn from red meat, but not from other sources, were positively associated with risk of MetS [heme iron from red meat: HR = 1.25 (95% CI = 0.99,1.56), P-trend = 0.03; Zn from red meat: HR = 1.29 (95% CI = 1.03,1.61), P-trend = 0.04] and CVD [heme iron from red meat: HR = 1.65 (95% CI = 1.10,2.47), P-trend = 0.01; Zn from red meat: HR = 1.51 (95% CI = 1.02, 2.24), P-trend = 0.01]. Dietary intakes of nonheme iron, Mg, vitamin C, and β-carotene were not associated with risk of MetS, T2D, or CVD. Data provided little support for the associations between specific micronutrients and MetS, T2D, or CVD. However, nutrients consumed in red meat, or red meat as a whole, may increase risk of MetS and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia C. de Oliveira Otto
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and EnvFemental Sciences, the University of Texas Health Sciences Center- Houston
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota
| | - Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - George L. Delclos
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and EnvFemental Sciences, the University of Texas Health Sciences Center- Houston
| | - Alain G. Bertoni
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Joao A. Lima
- Department of Cardiology, John Hopkins University
| | - Elaine Symanski
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and EnvFemental Sciences, the University of Texas Health Sciences Center- Houston
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota
| | - Jennifer A. Nettleton
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and EnvFemental Sciences, the University of Texas Health Sciences Center- Houston,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Jeon CY, Haan MN, Cheng C, Clayton ER, Mayeda ER, Miller JW, Aiello AE. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased rate of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:520-5. [PMID: 22279028 PMCID: PMC3322696 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic infections could be contributing to the socioeconomic gradient in chronic diseases. Although chronic infections have been associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and cardiovascular disease, there is limited evidence on how infections affect risk of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the association between serological evidence of chronic viral and bacterial infections and incident diabetes in a prospective cohort of Latino elderly. We analyzed data on 782 individuals aged >60 years and diabetes-free in 1998-1999, whose blood was tested for antibodies to herpes simplex virus 1, varicella virus, cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori, and Toxoplasma gondii and who were followed until June 2008. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the relative incidence rate of diabetes by serostatus, with adjustment for age, sex, education, cardiovascular disease, smoking, and cholesterol levels. RESULTS Individuals seropositive for herpes simplex virus 1, varicella virus, cytomegalovirus, and T. gondii did not show an increased rate of diabetes, whereas those who were seropositive for H. pylori at enrollment were 2.7 times more likely at any given time to develop diabetes than seronegative individuals (hazard ratio 2.69 [95% CI 1.10-6.60]). Controlling for insulin resistance, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 did not attenuate the effect of H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time that H. pylori infection leads to an increased rate of incident diabetes in a prospective cohort study. Our findings implicate a potential role for antibiotic and gastrointestinal treatment in preventing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Y Jeon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Epidemiologic Research, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Spruijt-Metz D, Adar Emken B, Spruijt MR, Richey JM, Berman LJ, Belcher BR, Hsu YW, McClain AD, Lane CJ, Weigensberg MJ. CRP is related to higher leptin levels in minority peripubertal females regardless of adiposity levels. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:512-6. [PMID: 21436796 PMCID: PMC3200494 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Overweight is related to higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and leptin, which have been independently associated with increased risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and the metabolic syndrome. Elevated CRP may trigger leptin resistance by inhibiting the binding of leptin to its receptors. We cross-sectionally examined the relationship between CRP, leptin, BMI z-score, percent body fat (%BF) assessed by air plethysmography (BodPod), and insulin sensitivity (SI) and acute insulin response (AIRg) measured by intravenous glucose tolerance test in 51 Latina and African-American females (77% Latina), mean age 9.2 (±0.9) years, at either Tanner Pubertal Stage (TPS) 1 (n = 25) or TPS 2 (n = 26). Females at TPS 2 had higher BMI z-scores, %BF (23% ± 10.1 vs. 30% ± 10.0, P = 0.02), AIRg (976.7 ± 735.2 vs. 1555.3 ± 1,223 µIU/ml, P = 0.05), fasting insulin (11.0 ± 10.8 vs. 17.2 ± 13.6 µlU/ml, P = 0.00) and leptin levels (11.0 ± 7.1 vs. 19.6 ± 10.9 ng/ml, P < 0.001) than those at TPS 1. There were no ethnic differences in any of the measured variables. CRP was positively correlated with BMI z-score (P = 0.001), %BF (P = 0.006), fasting insulin and AIRg (P = 0.02), and fasting leptin (P = 0.00), and negatively correlated with SI (P = 0.05). A linear regression model showed that CRP independently explained 10% (P = 0.00) of the variance in leptin after adjusting %BF, TPS, ethnicity, habitual physical activity and SI. Hence, low-grade inflammation may contribute to prolonged leptin exposure and leptin resistance, even in healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Granner ML, Evans AE. Measurement properties of psychosocial and environmental measures associated with fruit and vegetable intake among middle school adolescents. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 44:2-11. [PMID: 21852195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the measurement properties of several scales modified or created to assess factors related to fruit and vegetable intake within a young adolescent population. DESIGN Cross-sectional with data collected via self-report. SETTING Data were collected in regularly scheduled classes in the school setting. PARTICIPANTS African American and Caucasian middle school students (ages 11-15 years). VARIABLES MEASURED Self-efficacy, modeling, outcome expectations, normative beliefs, parental food management practices, and influences on food choice. ANALYSIS Pearson correlations, factor analysis, and Cronbach α. RESULTS Subscales with adequate to good internal consistencies (0.65-0.88) were established. Fruit and vegetable intake was significantly correlated with self-efficacy, parent and peer modeling, family and peer normative beliefs, and social and health outcome expectations. Fruit and vegetable intake was not significantly correlated with permissive eating, food self-preparation, or the 3 subscales measuring influences on food choice (social influence, avoiding weight-gain food, and appeal and access). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These measures, most originally developed for children and adults and modified for this study, demonstrated adequate measurement properties for an adolescent sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Granner
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada-Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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de Oliveira Otto MCC, Alonso A, Lee DH, Delclos GL, Jenny NS, Jiang R, Lima JA, Symanski E, Jacobs DR, Nettleton JA. Dietary micronutrient intakes are associated with markers of inflammation but not with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. J Nutr 2011; 141:1508-15. [PMID: 21653577 PMCID: PMC3138642 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.138115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined associations of dietary micronutrients with markers of inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis. The present study investigated associations of heme iron, nonheme iron, zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), β-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E with C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, total homocysteine (tHcy), fibrinogen, coronary artery calcium, and common and internal carotid artery intima media thickness. Micronutrient intakes and markers of inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis were studied in 5,181 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who were aged 45-84 y and free of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Models were adjusted for energy intake, demographics, lifestyle characteristics, and BMI. Dietary nonheme iron and Mg intakes were inversely associated with tHcy concentrations (mean tHcy: 9.11, 8.86, 8.74, 8.71, and 8.50 μmol/L, and 9.20, 9.00, 8.65, 8.76, and 8.33 μmol/L across increasing quintiles of nonheme iron and Mg, respectively; P-trend < 0.001 for both). However, dietary Zn and heme iron were positively associated with CRP [mean: 1.73, 1.75, 1.78, 1.88, and 1.96 mg/L across increasing quintiles of Zn and 1.72, 1.76, 1.83, 1.86, and 1.94 mg/L across increasing quintiles of heme iron (P-trend = 0.002 and 0.01, respectively). Other tested micronutrient-marker associations were not significant. In conclusion, of the 49 tested associations, only 7 were significant. Although this study does not provide strong support for associations between the micronutrients and markers of inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis, the results are consistent with dietary guidelines that advocate for a balanced diet that includes a variety of plant foods containing Mg, Zn, and nonheme iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia C. C. de Oliveira Otto
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454
| | - Duk-Hee Lee
- Kyungpook National University, Seoul 0 700-422, South Korea
| | - George L. Delclos
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nancy S. Jenny
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05446
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Joao A. Lima
- Department of Cardiology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Elaine Symanski
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454
| | - Jennifer A. Nettleton
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Habib HM, Ibrahim WH. Effect of date seeds on oxidative damage and antioxidant status in vivo. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1674-1679. [PMID: 21480263 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Date seeds have been shown to contain high amounts of antioxidants. However, in vivo studies on date seeds are lacking. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of date seeds on oxidative damage and antioxidant status in vivo. Male Wistar rats were fed a basal diet containing 0, 70 or 140 g kg(-1) date seeds for 30 days. All three diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Indication of oxidative damage was assessed in the liver and serum, and antioxidant status was assessed in the liver. Serum biochemical parameters, including indicators of tissue cellular damage and complete blood count with differential, were also determined. RESULTS The results showed that date seeds significantly (P<0.05) reduced liver and serum malondialdehyde (a lipid peroxidative damage product) and serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. Liver antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase), complete blood count with differential and other serum biochemical parameters assessed were not significantly altered by date seeds. CONCLUSION The results obtained suggest a protective effect of date seeds against in vivo oxidative damage, possibly through the action of their bioactive antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam M Habib
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17555, Al Ain, UAE
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Goree LL, Chandler-Laney P, Ellis AC, Casazza K, Granger WM, Gower BA. Dietary macronutrient composition affects β cell responsiveness but not insulin sensitivity. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:120-7. [PMID: 21593507 PMCID: PMC3127518 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.002162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altering dietary carbohydrate or fat content may have chronic effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity, which may vary with individual metabolic phenotype. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the contribution of tightly controlled diets differing in carbohydrate and fat content for 8 wk to insulin sensitivity and β cell responsiveness and whether effects of diet would vary with race, free-living diet, or insulin response. DESIGN Healthy overweight men and women (36 European Americans, 33 African Americans) were provided with food for 8 wk and received either a eucaloric standard diet (55% carbohydrate, 27% fat) or a eucaloric reduced-carbohydrate (RedCHO)/higher-fat diet (43% carbohydrate, 39% fat). Insulin sensitivity and β cell responsiveness were assessed at baseline and 8 wk by using a liquid meal tolerance test. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity did not change with diet (P = 0.1601). Static β cell response to glucose (ФS) was 28.5% lower after the RedCHO/higher-fat diet. Subgroup analyses indicated that lower ФS with the RedCHO/higher-fat diet occurred primarily among African Americans. A significant inverse association was observed for change in glucose area under the curve compared with change in ФS. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a eucaloric 43% carbohydrate/39% fat diet for 8 wk resulted in down-regulation of β cell responsiveness, which was influenced by baseline phenotypic characteristics. Further study is needed to probe the potential cause-and-effect relation between change in ФS and change in glucose tolerance. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00726908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lee Goree
- Department of Nutrition Sciences at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele H. Hite
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Balanced Health, New York, New York
| | - Valerie Goldstein Berkowitz
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Balanced Health, New York, New York
| | - Keith Berkowitz
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Balanced Health, New York, New York
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Mookhoek EJ, de Vries WA, Hovens JE, Brouwers JR, Loonen AJ. Risk factors for overweight and diabetes mellitus in residential psychiatric patients. Obes Facts 2011; 4:341-5. [PMID: 22166752 PMCID: PMC6444616 DOI: 10.1159/000333420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for overweight and diabetes mellitus in long-stay psychiatric inpatients. METHOD Statistical analysis of data collected from medical, laboratory, and pharmacy files. RESULTS 80% of the 256 patients were suffering from schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 15%. The prevalence of a disturbed glucose tolerance was 14%. Severe overweight (BMI > 30) was positively associated with the use of clozapine (odds ratio (OR) = 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31-5.75), but negatively with the diagnosis schizophrenia (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.22-0.88). Diabetes mellitus was associated with severe overweight (OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.57-7.69). Caucasian patients were at a lower risk for diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.08-0.54). CONCLUSIONS In residential psychiatric patients, diabetes mellitus is especially associated with overweight and non-Caucasian origin. In this survey, the use of clozapine was associated with overweight, but not directly with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent, which calls for screening for diabetes mellitus at regular intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert J. Mookhoek
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen
- Delta Psychiatric Centre, Poortugaal
| | | | - Johannes E.J.M. Hovens
- Delta Psychiatric Centre, Poortugaal
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam
| | - Jacobus R.B.J. Brouwers
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen
| | - Anton J.M. Loonen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen
- Delta Psychiatric Centre, Poortugaal
- GGZ Westelijk Noord-Brabant, Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands
- * Division of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands, Tel. + 31 50 363-7576, Fax -2772,
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Tylavsky FA, Cowan PA, Terrell S, Hutson M, Velasquez-Mieyer P. Calcium intake and body composition in African-American children and adolescents at risk for overweight and obesity. Nutrients 2010; 2:950-64. [PMID: 22254064 PMCID: PMC3257713 DOI: 10.3390/nu2090950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the role of calcium intake on body composition in 186 African-American adolescents at risk for overweight and obesity. The average weight of 89.8 kg ± 23.6 (SD) had a mean BMI z score of 2.2. Females with a calcium intake of <314 mg/day had higher percent fat mass compared to those with the highest calcium intakes that were ≥634 mg/day. Compared to those with a low calcium intake (<365 mg/day), those with the highest calcium intake of >701 mg/day had higher intake of thiamin, folate, cobalamin, vitamin D, phosphorus, iron, zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances A. Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 600 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 300, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed;
| | - Patricia A. Cowan
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 920 Madison Avenue, Suite 507N, Memphis, TN 38103, USA;
| | - Sarah Terrell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 600 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 300, Memphis, TN 38112, USA;
| | - Merschon Hutson
- General Clinical Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 8 East Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN 38104, USA;
| | - Pedro Velasquez-Mieyer
- Lifestyle Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 1068 Cresthaven, Suite 300, Memphis, TN 38119, USA;
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Ryan JG, Brewster C, DeMaria P, Fedders M, Jennings T. Metabolic syndrome and prevalence in an urban, medically underserved, community-based population. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ariza MA, Vimalananda VG, Rosenzweig JL. The economic consequences of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the United States. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2010; 11:1-10. [PMID: 20191325 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-010-9128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes-related care and complications constitute a significant proportion of the United States' (US) health care expenditure. Of these complications, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major component. Higher morbidity and mortality rates translate to higher costs of care in patients with diabetes compared to those who do not have the disease. Minorities bear a disproportionate burden of diabetes and CVD. We review this disparity and examine potential etiologies for it in Hispanics and African-Americans, the two largest minority groups in the US. We examine strategies in these populations that may improve outcomes in diabetes and CVD, potentially decreasing health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ariza
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 88 East Newton Street, Evans 201, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Goree LLT, Darnell BE, Oster RA, Brown MA, Gower BA. Associations of free fatty acids with insulin secretion and action among African-American and European-American girls and women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:247-53. [PMID: 19680231 PMCID: PMC2814008 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic differences in insulin secretion and action between African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs) may influence mobilization of free fatty acids (FFAs). We tested the hypotheses that FFA concentrations would be associated with measures of insulin secretion and action before and during a glucose challenge test. Subjects were 48 prepubertal girls, 60 premenopausal women, and 46 postmenopausal women. Fasting insulin (insulin(0)), the acute insulin response to glucose (AIR(g)), the insulin sensitivity index (S(I)), basal and nadir FFA (FFA(0), FFA(nadir)), and nadir time (TIME(nadir)) were determined during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was conducted to identify associations of FFA(0), FFA(nadir), and TIME(nadir) with ethnicity, age group, insulin measures, indexes of body composition from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and measures of fat distribution from computed tomography scan. In this population, insulin(0) and AIR(g) were higher among AAs vs. EAs, whereas S(I) was lower, independent of age group. MLR analyses indicated that FFA(0) was best predicted by lean tissue mass (LTM), leg fat mass, ethnicity (lower in AAs), S(I), and insulin(0). FFA(nadir) was best predicted by FFA(0), age group, and intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT). TIME(nadir) was best predicted by leg fat mass, AIR(g), and S(I). In conclusion, indexes of insulin secretion and action were associated with FFA dynamics in healthy girls and women. Lower FFA(0) among AAs was independent of insulin(0) and S(I). Whether lower FFA(0) is associated with substrate oxidation or risk for obesity remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lee T Goree
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Nayak SB, Pinto Pereira LM, Boodoo S, Kimberlyali A, Baptiste C, Maraj S, Persad N, Khan N, Surendran S, Legall G. Association of troponin T and altered lipid profile in patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction. Arch Physiol Biochem 2010; 116:21-7. [PMID: 19916752 DOI: 10.3109/13813450903397638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether elevated levels of troponin T are associated with altered lipid profile. METHODS Data were collected from 205 patients each of whom presented elevated troponin T levels. RESULTS 195 patients presented with suspected myocardial infarction, 10 patients did not. Of which 68 had medium, 107 high and 20 presented with very high troponin T levels. The proportions were significantly different (p = 0.000215). Regression analysis showed that troponin T level was a useful quadratic predictor of total cholesterol (p = 0.000), triglycerides (p = 0.003), and low density cholesterol (p = 0.000); and a useful linear predictor of TC/HC ratio (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of myocardial infarction is associated with elevated troponin T levels; troponin T is positively correlated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and TC/HC ratio and negatively correlated with HDL. TC/HC ratio was not found to be a useful predictor of the likelihood of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivananda B Nayak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad.
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Nutrigenetics: links between genetic background and response to Mediterranean-type diets. Public Health Nutr 2010; 12:1601-6. [PMID: 19689828 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980009990437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been substantiated that the onset of most major diseases (CVD, diabetes, obesity, cancers, etc.) is modulated by the interaction between genetic traits (susceptibility) and environmental factors, especially diet. We aim to report more specific observations relating the effects of Mediterranean-type diets on cardiovascular risk factors and the genetic background of subjects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In the first part, general concepts about nutrigenetics are briefly presented. Human genome has, overall, only marginally changed since its origin but it is thought that minor changes (polymorphisms) of common genes that occurred during evolution are now widespread in human populations, and can alter metabolic pathways and response to diets. In the second part, we report the data obtained during the Medi-RIVAGE intervention study performed in the South-East of France. Data obtained in 169 subjects at moderate cardiovascular risk after a 3-month dietary intervention indicate that some of the twenty-three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) studied exhibit interactions with diets regarding changes of particular parameters after 3-month regimens. Detailed examples are presented, such as interactions between SNP in genes coding for microsomial transfer protein (MTTP) or intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FABP2) and triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol or Framigham score lowering in responses to Mediterranean-type diets. The data provided add further evidence of the interaction between particular SNP and metabolic responses to diets. Finally, improvement in dietary recommendations by taking into account known genetic variability has been discussed.
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Schisler JC, Charles PC, Parker JS, Hilliard EG, Mapara S, Meredith D, Lineberger RE, Wu SS, Alder BD, Stouffer GA, Patterson C. Stable patterns of gene expression regulating carbohydrate metabolism determined by geographic ancestry. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8183. [PMID: 20016837 PMCID: PMC2790609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals of African descent in the United States suffer disproportionately from diseases with a metabolic etiology (obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes), and from the pathological consequences of these disorders (hypertension and cardiovascular disease). Methodology/Principal Findings Using a combination of genetic/genomic and bioinformatics approaches, we identified a large number of genes that were both differentially expressed between American subjects self-identified to be of either African or European ancestry and that also contained single nucleotide polymorphisms that distinguish distantly related ancestral populations. Several of these genes control the metabolism of simple carbohydrates and are direct targets for the SREBP1, a metabolic transcription factor also differentially expressed between our study populations. Conclusions/Significance These data support the concept of stable patterns of gene transcription unique to a geographic ancestral lineage. Differences in expression of several carbohydrate metabolism genes suggest both genetic and transcriptional mechanisms contribute to these patterns and may play a role in exacerbating the disproportionate levels of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease observed in Americans with African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Charles
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Parker
- Expression Analysis, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eleanor G. Hilliard
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sabeen Mapara
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dane Meredith
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Lineberger
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samuel S. Wu
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Alder
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George A. Stouffer
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cam Patterson
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Goedecke JH, Levitt NS, Lambert EV, Utzschneider KM, Faulenbach MV, Dave JA, West S, Victor H, Evans J, Olsson T, Walker BR, Seckl JR, Kahn SE. Differential effects of abdominal adipose tissue distribution on insulin sensitivity in black and white South African women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1506-12. [PMID: 19300428 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Black South African women are more insulin resistant than BMI-matched white women. The objective of the study was to characterize the determinants of insulin sensitivity in black and white South African women matched for BMI. A total of 57 normal-weight (BMI 18-25 kg/m(2)) and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) black and white premenopausal South African women underwent the following measurements: body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), body fat distribution (computerized tomography (CT)), insulin sensitivity (S(I), frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test), dietary intake (food frequency questionnaire), physical activity (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire), and socioeconomic status (SES, demographic questionnaire). Black women were less insulin sensitive (4.4 +/- 0.8 vs. 9.5 +/- 0.8 and 3.0 +/- 0.8 vs. 6.0 +/- 0.8 x 10(-5)/min/(pmol/l), for normal-weight and obese women, respectively, P < 0.001), but had less visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (P = 0.051), more abdominal superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) (P = 0.003), lower SES (P < 0.001), and higher dietary fat intake (P = 0.001) than white women matched for BMI. S(I) correlated with deep and superficial SAT in both black (R = -0.594, P = 0.002 and R = 0.495, P = 0.012) and white women (R = -0.554, P = 0.005 and R = -0.546, P = 0.004), but with VAT in white women only (R = -0.534, P = 0.005). In conclusion, body fat distribution is differentially associated with insulin sensitivity in black and white women. Therefore, the different abdominal fat depots may have varying metabolic consequences in women of different ethnic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Goedecke
- Department of Human Biology, UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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CHAIRA NIZAR, MRABET ABDESSALEM, FERCHICHI ALI. EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, PHENOLICS, SUGAR AND MINERAL CONTENTS IN DATE PALM FRUITS. J Food Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Casazza K, Dulin-Keita A, Gower BA, Fernandez JR. Differential influence of diet and physical activity on components of metabolic syndrome in a multiethnic sample of children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 109:236-44. [PMID: 19167950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of the metabolic syndrome in adults is generally approached with diet and physical activity. The influence of diet and physical activity on cardiometabolic outcomes in children has not been clearly established. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the distribution of energy from fat and carbohydrate in addition to limited time spent engaging in physical activity would contribute to the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in a multiethnic pediatric population. DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional study. Diet was assessed by two 24-hour recalls, physical activity by accelerometry, body composition by dual-energy absorptiometry, and glucose and lipid levels using fasting sera. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Presence of metabolic syndrome and its components. SUBJECTS 202 African-American (n=79), white (n=68), or Hispanic (n=55) healthy children aged 7 to 12 years. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The contribution of diet and physical activity to the metabolic syndrome and its components were assessed by logistic regression and multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the total sample was 8.4%, with Hispanics more likely than whites and African Americans to meet the criteria. A greater intake of energy from carbohydrate was related to a greater waist circumference and higher concentrations of triglyceride and glucose particularly apparent within the African-American sample (P<0.05). Fat intake was associated with a lower waist circumference (P<0.05) and with lower concentrations of triglyceride (P<0.05) and glucose (P<0.001) in the total sample. Greater moderate/hard physical activity was associated with higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in whites (P<0.05). Increased sedentary behavior was related to greater glucose concentration in whites and Hispanics (P<0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS Diet composition was more closely related to the components of the metabolic syndrome than was physical activity, with carbohydrate intake being adversely related to waist circumference, triglyceride levels, and glucose levels. Furthermore, relationships among diet and metabolic syndrome outcomes were stronger among African-American children, suggesting that nutrition interventions in this group may be particularly beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Casazza
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA.
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Casazza K, Dulin-Keita A, Gower BA, Fernández JR. Relationships between reported macronutrient intake and insulin dynamics in a multi-ethnic cohort of early pubertal children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC OBESITY : IJPO : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF OBESITY 2009; 4:249-56. [PMID: 19922039 PMCID: PMC2918230 DOI: 10.3109/17477160902763366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial/ethnic differences in the pediatric population in insulin dynamics have been documented. Additionally, girls tend to be more insulin resistant than boys. Although the mechanism driving these differences is unclear, diet may be a contributor. OBJECTIVE(S) The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of reported macronutrient intake on insulin dynamics and determine if diet composition may account for racial/ethnic and sex differences in insulin response/action. METHODS Participants were 250 African- (n=84), European- (n=105), or Hispanic-American (n=61) children 7-12 years, pubertal stage < or =3. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was used to derive the insulin sensitivity index and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) diet by two 24 h recalls, and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS Reported energy intake from fat was positively related to fasting insulin (P < 0.05) and AIRg (P=0.05). Reported energy from carbohydrate was inversely associated with fasting insulin (P < 0.05), and reported energy from protein was inversely associated with AIRg (P < 0.05). The interaction terms between ethnicity and diet, and sex and diet were not significant for any outcome variables. CONCLUSION Dietary intake influences insulin dynamics; however, the racial/ethnic and sex differences in insulin dynamics in this population are not accounted for by macronutrient intake. Pubertal status is likely to play a role in the interaction between diet, race/ethnicity, sex and insulin dynamics. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if the contribution of diet to insulin dynamics strengthens with reproductive maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Casazza
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA.
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Downs SM, Marshall D, Ng C, Willows ND. Central adiposity and associated lifestyle factors in Cree children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:476-82. [PMID: 18461100 DOI: 10.1139/h08-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aboriginal children are prone to central adiposity (CA), a component of the metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to determine if lifestyle factors were associated with CA in Canadian Cree children. Children aged 9-12 years were classified as having CA if their waist circumference met or exceeded the 85th percentile of the NHANES III reference. Weight status was determined using the CDC growth reference, dietary intake using three 24 h dietary recalls, physical activity using pedometers, and fitness by completion of the 20 m shuttle run test. Of the 178 children (79% participation rate), 32.6% were normal weight, 23.6% were overweight, and 43.8% were obese. Half (52.2%) of the children had CA (97.4% of obese children, 35.7% of overweight children, and 2.2% of normal weight children). Waist circumference was negatively correlated with pedometer step counts (r = -0.187, p = 0.012) and shuttle run time (r = -0.508, p < 0.001). In children with CA, waist circumference was positively correlated with sweetened beverage intake (r = 0.250, p = 0.016). The odds ratio (adjusted for age and sex) for CA for children consuming 3 or more fruits and vegetables per day was 0.43 (95% CI 0.18 - 0.98), for meeting step recommendations for a healthy body weight was 0.45 (95% CI 0.24 - 0.84), and for relative fitness was 0.12 (95% CI 0.04 - 0.33). CA was prevalent in children who were overweight and obese. Preventive strategies might include promoting a healthy diet, physical activity, and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna M Downs
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/ Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Canada
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Sims RC, Madhere S, Gordon S, Clark E, Abayomi KA, Callender CO, Campbell AL. Relationships among blood pressure, triglycerides and verbal learning in African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 2008; 100:1193-8. [PMID: 18942281 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals at greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) display poorer cognitive functioning across various cognitive domains. This finding is particularly prevalent among older adults; however, few studies examine these relationships among younger adults or among African Americans. PURPOSE The objective was to examine the relationships among 2 cardiovascular risk factors, elevated blood pressure and elevated triglycerides, and verbal learning in a community-based sample of African Americans. METHODS Measurements of blood pressure and triglycerides were obtained in 121 African-American adults and compared to performance on 3 domains of the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II). RESULTS Blood pressure was not related to CVLT-II performance. Triglyceride levels were inversely related to CVLT-II performance. Higher triglyceride levels were associated with poorer immediate, short delay and long delay recall. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with studies involving older participants, the current investigation shows that in a nonelderly sample of African Americans, triglyceride levels may be related to cognitive functioning. Because early detection and intervention of vascular-related cognitive impairment may have a salutary effect, future studies should include younger adults to highlight the impact of cardiovascular risk on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina C Sims
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27706, USA.
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Kolsgaard MLP, Andersen LF, Tonstad S, Brunborg C, Wangensteen T, Joner G. Ethnic differences in metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese children and adolescents: the Oslo Adiposity Intervention Study. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97:1557-63. [PMID: 18657125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM Are there differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome between obese and overweight Norwegian and immigrant children and adolescents? METHODS Two hundred and three overweight and obese Norwegian, Pakistani, Tamil and Turkish patients aged 6-17 years living in Norway were included. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of at least three abnormal values of waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, fasting glucose and HDL cholesterol. RESULTS The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher among the immigrant compared to Norwegian subjects when adjusted for age, gender and BMI-Z-score (20.8 vs. 30.6%; OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.05-4.77). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased with increasing severity of obesity and reached 50% in severely obese immigrants and 30% in severely obese Norwegians. Among the overweight subjects metabolic syndrome prevalence was 23.5% among immigrants and 19.4% among Norwegians. CONCLUSION Metabolic syndrome was found more frequently among children and adolescents with Middle Eastern and South Asian origins than Norwegians. Differences were found even after adjustment for age, sex and degree of obesity. This suggests that ethnic minorities may have an increased sensitivity to adiposity and need more aggressive prevention and treatment than their Norwegian counterparts.
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Higgins PB, Férnández JR, Garvey WT, Granger WM, Gower BA. Entero-insular axis and postprandial insulin differences in African American and European American children. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:1277-83. [PMID: 18996863 PMCID: PMC2785031 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans have a greater insulin response after glucose challenge than do European Americans. Factors underlying this response are unknown. OBJECTIVE We determined the insulin, C-peptide, and incretin responses to a mixed macronutrient meal in African American and European American children. We hypothesized that 1) African Americans would have greater postprandial insulin and C-peptide responses, 2) African Americans would have higher incretin responses, and 3) the greater beta cell response among African Americans would be explained by greater incretin responses. DESIGN Subjects were 34 African American and 18 European American children. Glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were measured after the subjects consumed a liquid mixed meal. Insulin, C-peptide, and incretin responses were derived from the area under the curve (AUC) for minutes 0-30 (early response) and minutes 30-180 (late response) after meal ingestion. RESULTS The early insulin response was higher in African American (14,565 +/- 6840 pmol/L x 30 min) than in European American (7450 +/- 4077 pmol/L x 30 min; P < 0.01) children. Early C-peptide AUC did not differ by ethnicity (African Americans: 34.8 +/- 12.5; European Americans: 28.6 +/- 12.5 nmol/L x 30 min; P = 0.10). Early and late GLP-1 responses were lower in African Americans than in European Americans: 108.1 +/- 56.4 compared with 160.5 +/- 90.8 pmol/L x 30 min and 509.4 +/- 286.9 compared with 781.9 +/- 483.4 pmol/L x 150 min, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). The GIP response did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS The greater early insulin response in African Americans than in European Americans is not due to differences in circulating GLP-1 or GIP and may be due to lesser insulin clearance. Further research is needed to determine the physiologic implications of lower GLP-1 among African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Higgins
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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McClenaghan NH. Determining the relationship between dietary carbohydrate intake and insulin resistance. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 18:222-40. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr2005109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance underlies type 2 diabetes, CVD and the metabolic syndrome, driven by changes in diet, lifestyle, energy over–consumption and obesity. Nutritional recommendations for insulin resistance remain an area of controversy, particularly the quantity and types of dietary carbohydrate. The present review gives an overview of insulin resistance, its relationship to impaired insulin secretion and the metabolic syndrome, research methodologies used to measure insulin action and the epidemiological and intervention studies on the relationship between dietary carbohydrate and insulin resistance. Epidemiological studies provide little evidence to suggest that total dietary carbohydrate predicts risk of type 2 diabetes, and high–carbohydrate, high–fibre diets with low–glycaemic index (GI) may even contribute to diabetes prevention. Despite inherent limitations associated with techniques used to measure insulin resistance and dietary assessment, most intervention studies reveal an increase in glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity with high–carbohydrate, low–fat diets in non–diabetic and diabetic individuals. When energy is restricted the source or reduced content of carbohydrate does not appear to be as important as fat for body weight. Thus, low energy intake is key to weight loss and augmentation of insulin sensitivity. Given this, widespread adoption of popular low–carbohydrate high–fat diets highlights the necessity to evaluate dietary interventions regarding safety and metabolic effects. While current evidence supports FAO/WHO recommendations to maintain a high–carbohydrate diet with low–GI foods, the relationships between carbohydrate and insulin sensitivity remains an important research area. Emerging technologies should further enhance understanding of gene–diet interactions in insulin resistance, providing useful information for future nutrition policy decisions.
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Cullen K, Baranowski T, Watson K, Nicklas T, Fisher J, O'Donnell S, Baranowski J, Islam N, Missaghian M. Food category purchases vary by household education and race/ethnicity: results from grocery receipts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:1747-52. [PMID: 17904935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize food group purchases from grocery receipts. METHODS Food shoppers (aged>or=19 years with at least one child aged<or=18 years in the home, the family's primary food purchaser) were recruited in front of grocery stores to participate in two interviews, separated by 6 weeks, and to save and mail grocery store receipts from the interim to researchers. Receipt items were coded by food categories; the percentage of total grocery dollars spent in each of the food categories each week was computed. Analyses of variance were performed on the total grocery dollar spent and the percentage spent in each food category by participant characteristics. RESULTS The greatest percentage of purchases were for protein foods (24%), followed by drinks (12%), grains (9.2%), vegetables (8.8%), dairy (8.3%), mixed dishes (7.5%), and fruit (7%). Hispanics purchased a greater percentage of fruit and vegetables than African Americans. Whites purchased more alcohol products than African Americans. Whites purchased more mixed dishes than Hispanics, and African Americans purchased more protein foods than whites (all P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The use of this measurement procedure, unaffected by errors of self-report, should be more thoroughly explored to explain differences in disease prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cullen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA.
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