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McNeeley S, Clark VA, Duwe G. Sex differences in risk factors for mortality after release from prison. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2024; 118:102974. [PMID: 38336424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan McNeeley
- Minnesota Department of Corrections, 1450 Energy Park Drive, Suite 200, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55101, USA.
| | - Valerie A Clark
- Minnesota Department of Corrections, 1450 Energy Park Drive, Suite 200, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55101, USA
| | - Grant Duwe
- Minnesota Department of Corrections, 1450 Energy Park Drive, Suite 200, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55101, USA
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Tanksley PT, Logan MW, Barnes JC. History of incarceration and age-related neurodegeneration: Testing models of genetic and environmental risks in a longitudinal panel study of older adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288303. [PMID: 38048316 PMCID: PMC10695383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
History of incarceration is associated with an excess of morbidity and mortality. While the incarceration experience itself comes with substantive health risks (e.g., injury, psychological stress, exposure to infectious disease), most individuals eventually return from prison to the general population where they will be diagnosed with the same age-related conditions that drive mortality in the non-incarcerated population but at exaggerated rates. However, the interplay between history of incarceration as a risk factor and more traditional risk factors for age-related diseases (e.g., genetic risk factors) has not been studied. Here, we focus on cognitive impairment, a hallmark of neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease, as an age-related state that may be uniquely impacted by the confluence of environmental stressors (e.g., incarceration) and genetic risk factors. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we found that incarceration and APOE-ε4 genotype (i.e., the chief genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease) both constituted substantive risk factors for cognitive impairment in terms of overall risk and earlier onset. The observed effects were mutually independent, however, suggesting that the risk conveyed by incarceration and APOE-ε4 genotype operate across different risk pathways. Our results have implications for the study of criminal-legal contact as a public health risk factor for age-related, neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Tanksley
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Logan
- School of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Texas Status University, San Marcos, TX, United States of America
| | - J. C. Barnes
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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Yang Y, Lutz G, Zhang Y, Chen C, Kheirbek RE. The Hidden Toll of Incarceration: Exploring the Link Between Incarceration Histories and Pain Among Older Adults in the United States. Innov Aging 2023; 7:igad116. [PMID: 38094938 PMCID: PMC10714910 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Incarceration is linked to poor health outcomes across the life course. However, little is known whether and to what extent incarceration histories shape pain in later life. This study examines the relationships between incarceration histories and pain outcomes among middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Research Design and Methods Data from a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling adults aged 51 and over in the 2012-2018 biennial waves of the U.S. Health and Retirement Study was analyzed to examine how incarceration histories influence older adults' risks of reporting moderate-to-severe pain and pain with physical limitations. We relied on a propensity score matching approach to account for the potential confounding bias. We fit weighted generalized estimating equation models to assess the relationships between incarceration history and pain outcomes. Models were further stratified by gender. Results After propensity score matching, our sample included 2,516 respondents aged 65 years on average (SD = 8.72), 21% female, and 838 with incarceration histories. Persons with incarceration histories have a greater risk of reporting moderate-to-severe pain (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.30, 95% confidence Interval [CI]: 1.20, 1.52) and pain with physical limitations (PR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.68) even after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates and early life experiences. In the models stratified by gender, the associations between incarceration histories and incarceration were similar among women and men. Discussion and Implications In a nationally representative sample of older adults (with or without incarceration history), our study demonstrates an independent association between a history of incarceration and pain in later life. Our findings highlight the far-reaching impact of incarceration and the need for developing optimal management strategies to reduce the burden of disabling pain. Interventions should prioritize socioeconomically vulnerable groups who may have the least access to pain treatment in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Lutz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Chixiang Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raya Elfadel Kheirbek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Prost SG. Racial disparities in visitation and health among older adults incarcerated in prison. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:1086-1094. [PMID: 35818818 PMCID: PMC9834438 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2098923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES I sought to identify racial disparities in visitation and health between Non-White and White older adults incarcerated in prison and to examine the contribution of visitation to health among this vulnerable population. METHODS Descriptive and bivariate statistics were calculated to describe the cross-sectional sample and relationships between visitation and health. Independent t-tests, Chi-square tests, and effect sizes were used to identify racial disparities in measures of and relationships between visitation and health. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was used to examine the contribution of visitation to physical functioning, chronic disease, and mental health. RESULTS Older adults rated their physical functioning higher than their mental health. Over 70% of older adults received zero visits during their current incarceration (∼13 years) and White older adults received 10 times the number of visits than Non-White older adults. Increased visitation related to decreased physical functioning among Non-White older adults, a relationship distinct from that of White older adults (z=-3.14, p<.001) and visitation contributed to variation in older adults' mental health. CONCLUSION Future scholars are encouraged to examine factors associated with visitation and the quality of such visits for older adults. Further, visitation policies warrant amendment to increase visits and to enhance social support for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Grace Prost
- Raymond A. Kent School of Social Work and Family Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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5
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Cooper JA, Onyeka I, Cardwell C, Paterson E, Kirk R, O'Reilly D, Donnelly M. Record linkage studies of drug-related deaths among adults who were released from prison to the community: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:826. [PMID: 37147595 PMCID: PMC10161544 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are public health concerns about an increased risk of mortality after release from prison. The objectives of this scoping review were to investigate, map and summarise evidence from record linkage studies about drug-related deaths among former adult prisoners. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO and Web of Science were searched for studies (January 2011- September 2021) using keywords/index headings. Two authors independently screened all titles and abstracts using inclusion and exclusion criteria and subsequently screened full publications. Discrepancies were discussed with a third author. One author extracted data from all included publications using a data charting form. A second author independently extracted data from approximately one-third of the publications. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel sheets and cleaned for analysis. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were pooled (where possible) using a random-effects DerSimonian-Laird model in STATA. RESULTS A total of 3680 publications were screened by title and abstract, and 109 publications were fully screened; 45 publications were included. The pooled drug-related SMR was 27.07 (95%CI 13.32- 55.02; I 2 = 93.99%) for the first two weeks (4 studies), 10.17 (95%CI 3.74-27.66; I 2 = 83.83%) for the first 3-4 weeks (3 studies) and 15.58 (95%CI 7.05-34.40; I 2 = 97.99%) for the first 1 year after release (3 studies) and 6.99 (95%CI 4.13-11.83; I 2 = 99.14%) for any time after release (5 studies). However, the estimates varied markedly between studies. There was considerable heterogeneity in terms of study design, study size, location, methodology and findings. Only four studies reported the use of a quality assessment checklist/technique. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review found an increased risk of drug-related death after release from prison, particularly during the first two weeks after release, though drug-related mortality risk remained elevated for the first year among former prisoners. Evidence synthesis was limited as only a small number of studies were suitable for pooled analyses for SMRs due to inconsistencies in study design and methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine A Cooper
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK.
- Administrative Data Research Centre Northern Ireland (ADRC NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK.
| | - Ifeoma Onyeka
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
- Administrative Data Research Centre Northern Ireland (ADRC NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
- Present address: Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christopher Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Euan Paterson
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
- Administrative Data Research Centre Northern Ireland (ADRC NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Richard Kirk
- Healthcare in Prison, South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Dundonald, UK
| | - Dermot O'Reilly
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
- Administrative Data Research Centre Northern Ireland (ADRC NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Michael Donnelly
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
- Administrative Data Research Centre Northern Ireland (ADRC NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
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Liu H, Clark B. Socioeconomic factors in the age-graded effect of incarceration on depressive symptoms in early adulthood. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2023; 111:102871. [PMID: 36898796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Based on insights from the stress process and life-course paradigms, this study investigates the effect of incarceration on depressive symptoms during early adulthood (ages 18-40). We employed fixed-effects dynamic panel models that adjust for confounding effects due to unobserved time-invariant variables and reverse causality using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 11, 811). Our analysis shows that the effect of incarceration on depressive symptoms is greater when incarceration occurs after individuals have established a stable adult status (ages 32-40) as compared to incarceration that occurs at earlier stages of adulthood (ages 18-24 and ages 25-31). The age-graded effect of incarceration on depressive symptoms is partially attributable to time-varying effects of incarceration on socioeconomic factors, such as employment status and income. All these findings contribute to our understanding of the mental health consequences of incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexuan Liu
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, USA.
| | - Breanna Clark
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, USA
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Zielinski MJ, Smith MKS, Kaysen D, Selig JP, Zaller ND, Curran G, Kirchner JE. A participant-randomized pilot hybrid II trial of group cognitive processing therapy for incarcerated persons with posttraumatic stress and substance use disorder symptoms: study protocol and rationale. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 36181587 PMCID: PMC9525924 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma exposure and drug addiction go hand-in-hand for the 2.17 million people who are incarcerated in US prisons; prevalence of both exceed 80% among this population. This manuscript describes the rationale and methods for a participant-randomized effectiveness-implementation hybrid type II pilot trial designed to: 1) examine the effectiveness of Cognitive Processing Therapy group (CPT), an evidence-based psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for reducing post-release drug use and PTSD symptoms when adapted for and delivered in prisons; and 2) provide data on implementation outcomes associated with the use of implementation facilitation as a strategy for supporting uptake of CPT in prisons. METHOD Participants in the effectiveness portion of the trial (N = 120) will be incarcerated men and women who are randomly assigned to one of two group therapies: CPT or a control condition (PTSD coping skills group; PCS). Participants will complete assessment measures three times: pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3 months following release from incarceration. CPT groups will be led by prison counselors who are receiving implementation facilitation to support their efforts. PCS groups will be led by trained clinicians on the research team. Implementation outcomes will include acceptability, appropriateness, adoption, feasibility, fidelity, and sustainability. After enrollment ends, the research team will monitor CPT sustainment and recidivism outcomes of study participants for one year. DISCUSSION This study will lay the groundwork for a larger study of interventions for co-occurring PTSD and SUD in prisons and, critically, inform the development of strategies (such as implementation facilitation) for supporting their uptake in routine practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04007666 , clinicaltrials.gov, 24 June 2019, 02 September 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Zielinski
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA.
| | | | | | - James P Selig
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey Curran
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - JoAnn E Kirchner
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, North Little Rock, USA
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8
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Oladeru OT, Aminawung JA, Lin HJ, Gonsalves L, Puglisi L, Mun S, Gallagher C, Soulos P, Gross CP, Wang EA. Incarceration status and cancer mortality: A population-based study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274703. [PMID: 36112653 PMCID: PMC9481043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complex relationship between incarceration and cancer survival has not been thoroughly evaluated. We assessed whether cancer diagnosis during incarceration or the immediate post-release period is associated with higher rates of mortality compared with those never incarcerated. Methods We conducted a population-based study using a statewide linkage of tumor registry and correctional system movement data for Connecticut adult residents diagnosed with invasive cancer from 2005 through 2016. The independent variable was place of cancer diagnosis: during incarceration, within 12 months post-release, and never incarcerated. The dependent variables were five-year cancer-related and overall survival rates. Results Of the 216,540 adults diagnosed with invasive cancer during the study period, 239 (0.11%) people were diagnosed during incarceration, 479 (0.22%) within 12 months following release, and the remaining were never incarcerated. After accounting for demographics and cancer characteristics, including stage of diagnosis, the risk for cancer-related death at five years was significantly higher among those diagnosed while incarcerated (AHR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.12–1.73) and those recently released (AHR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.57–2.10) compared to the never-incarcerated group. The risk for all-cause mortality was also higher for those diagnosed with cancer while incarcerated (AHR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.63–2.26) and those recently released (AHR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.94–2.45). Conclusions and relevance There is a higher risk of cancer mortality among individuals diagnosed with cancer during incarceration and in the first-year post-release, which is not fully explained by stage of diagnosis. Cancer prevention and treatment efforts should target people who experience incarceration and identify why incarceration is associated with worse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadamilola T. Oladeru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jenerius A. Aminawung
- Department of Internal Medicine, SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hsiu-Ju Lin
- School of Social Work, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Research Division, Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lou Gonsalves
- Connecticut Tumor Registry, Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lisa Puglisi
- Department of Internal Medicine, SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sophia Mun
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Colleen Gallagher
- Connecticut Department of Correction, Wethersfield, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pamela Soulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Cary P. Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Emily A. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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9
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Skinner GCM, Farrington DP. The healthcare plight of offenders in the community. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2022; 32:249-254. [PMID: 36031962 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy C M Skinner
- Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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10
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McCarthy CV, O'Mara O, van Leeuwen E, Jit M, Sandmann F. The impact of COVID-19 vaccination in prisons in England and Wales: a metapopulation model. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1003. [PMID: 35585575 PMCID: PMC9115545 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High incidence of cases and deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported in prisons worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different COVID-19 vaccination strategies in epidemiologically semi-enclosed settings such as prisons, where staff interact regularly with those incarcerated and the wider community. METHODS We used a metapopulation transmission-dynamic model of a local prison in England and Wales. Two-dose vaccination strategies included no vaccination, vaccination of all individuals who are incarcerated and/or staff, and an age-based approach. Outcomes were quantified in terms of COVID-19-related symptomatic cases, losses in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and deaths. RESULTS Compared to no vaccination, vaccinating all people living and working in prison reduced cases, QALY loss and deaths over a one-year period by 41%, 32% and 36% respectively. However, if vaccine introduction was delayed until the start of an outbreak, the impact was negligible. Vaccinating individuals who are incarcerated and staff over 50 years old averted one death for every 104 vaccination courses administered. All-staff-only strategies reduced cases by up to 5%. Increasing coverage from 30 to 90% among those who are incarcerated reduced cases by around 30 percentage points. CONCLUSIONS The impact of vaccination in prison settings was highly dependent on early and rapid vaccine delivery. If administered to both those living and working in prison prior to an outbreak occurring, vaccines could substantially reduce COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality in prison settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara V McCarthy
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Oscar O'Mara
- Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service, London, UK & the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Edwin van Leeuwen
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Frank Sandmann
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Current Address: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Christian AB, Grigorian A, Mo J, Yeates EO, Dolich M, Chin TL, Schubl SD, Kuza CM, Lekawa M, Nahmias J. Comparative Outcomes for Trauma Patients in Prison and the General Population. Am Surg 2022; 88:1954-1961. [PMID: 35282696 DOI: 10.1177/00031348221078984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisoners are a vulnerable population, and there are few contemporary studies that consider trauma patient outcomes within the prisoner population. Therefore, we sought to provide a descriptive analysis of prisoners involved in trauma and evaluate whether a healthcare disparity exists. We hypothesized that prisoners and non-prisoners have a similar risk of mortality and in-hospital complications after trauma. METHODS The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2015-2016) was queried for trauma patients based upon location inside or outside of prison at the time of injury. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to compare these groups for risk of mortality-the primary outcome. RESULTS From 593,818 trauma patients, 1115 were located in prison. Compared to non-prisoners, prisoner trauma patients had no significant difference in mortality (5.1 vs 6.0%, P = .204). However, after adjusting for covariates, prisoners had a shorter length of stay (LOS) (mean days, 6.3 vs 7.8, P < .001), shorter intensive care unit (ICU) LOS (mean days, 5.44 vs 5.89, P = .004), and fewer complications, including lower rates of drug/alcohol withdrawal (.4% vs 1.1%, P = .030), pneumonia (.5 vs 1.6%, P = .004), and urinary tract infections (.0 vs 1.1%, P < .001). Upon performing a multivariable logistic regression model, prisoner trauma patients had a similar associated risk of mortality compared to non-prisoners (OR 1.61, CI .52-4.94, P = .409). DISCUSSION Our results suggest that prisoner trauma patients at least receive equivalent treatment in terms of mortality and may have better outcomes when considering some complications. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these results and explore other factors, which impact prisoner patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Christian
- Department of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - A Grigorian
- Department of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - J Mo
- Department of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - E O Yeates
- Department of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - M Dolich
- Department of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - T L Chin
- Department of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - S D Schubl
- Department of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - C M Kuza
- Department of Anesthesia, 12223University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Lekawa
- Department of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - J Nahmias
- Department of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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12
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Hawks LC, Walker RJ, Egede LE. Association Between Social Adaptability Index Score and Lifetime Criminal Legal Involvement in U.S. Adults. Health Equity 2022; 6:240-247. [PMID: 35402774 PMCID: PMC8985533 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to the criminal legal system is associated with negative health outcomes and profound socioeconomic health disparities. The social adaptability index (SAI) is a validated composite scale based on five indicators of socioeconomic status; a higher score predicts better health outcomes. However, little is known about the relationship between cumulative social risk factors as measured by the SAI and lifetime criminal legal involvement (CLI). Methods Using a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, we calculated SAI score by lifetime CLI status, and used logistic regression with predictive margins to calculate risk of lifetime CLI by SAI quartile adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. Results A total of 213,678 participants were included, among whom 16.8% reported lifetime CLI. Mean SAI score was lower among those with lifetime CLI compared with those without (7.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.72–7.83 vs. 8.52, 95% CI: 8.50–8.55). There was a linear association between SAI quartile and predicted probability of lifetime CLI: first quartile: 23.9% (95% CI: 23.0–24.7); second quartile: 19.2% (95% CI: 18.6–19.8); third quartile: 17.5% (95% CI: 16.9–18.1); and fourth quartile: 12.5% (95% CI: 12.1–13.0). Conclusion The SAI score is associated in a reverse linear manner with lifetime risk of CLI, suggesting that to successfully improve health outcomes among those with CLI, interventions may need to target multiple SAI components simultaneously. Interventions that successfully position individuals to achieve higher social adaptability by targeting multiple factors may reduce the health-harming effects of exposure to the criminal legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Hawks
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebekah J. Walker
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leonard E. Egede
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Jones GM, Nock MK. Psilocybin use is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests in US adults: A replication and extension. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:66-73. [PMID: 35090364 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211058933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United States boasts the largest prison population in the world, conferring significant direct and indirect costs (e.g. lost wages for the incarcerated, increased morbidity/mortality, etc.) to society. Recidivism rates are high for the imprisoned and most interventions to reduce criminality are minimally effective. Thus, in addition to the need for criminal justice reform, there is a need to better understand factors linked to lowered criminal behavior. AIM The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between the use of classic psychedelic substances (psilocybin, LSD, peyote, and mescaline) and past year arrests for various crimes (i.e. property, violence, alcohol and substance use, miscellaneous crimes). METHODS This study used nationally representative data from The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2015-2019) (N = 211,549) to test the aforementioned associations. RESULTS Lifetime psilocybin use was associated with lowered odds of seven of 11 past year arrest variables (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) range = 0.30-0.73). Peyote was associated with reduced odds of motor vehicle theft (aOR = 0.30) and driving under the influence (aOR = 0.52), and mescaline was associated with reduced odds of drug possession/sale (aOR = 0.51). Virtually all other substances either shared no relationship to our outcomes or conferred higher odds of arrest. CONCLUSION This study suggests that use of classic psychedelic substances is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests. Future research should explore whether causal factors and/or third variable factors (e.g. personality, political orientation) underlie the relationship between classic psychedelic use and reduced criminal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant M Jones
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew K Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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14
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Ibañez GE, Zhou Z, Algarin AB, Ayala DV, Spencer EC, Somboonwit C, Teo GM, Cook RL. Incarceration History and HIV Care Among Individuals Living with HIV in Florida, 2014-2018. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:3137-3144. [PMID: 33959828 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the HIV continuum of care outcomes among people living with HIV (PLWH) who have either recent (< 12-months) or distal (> 12-months) incarceration history compared to those without an incarceration history. A self-administered survey (as part of the Florida Cohort Study (n = 932)) was used to collect data on demographic information, linkage to care, retention in care, HIV medication adherence, viral suppression, and incarceration history. Those with recent incarceration history were least likely to report HIV medication adherence greater than or equal to 95% of the time (χ2 = 8.79; p = 0.0124), always take their medications as directed (χ2 = 15.29; p = 0.0005), and to have durable viral suppression (χ2 = 16.65; p = 0.0002) compared to those distally or never incarcerated. In multivariable analyses, those never and distally incarcerated had greater odds of care linkage ([vs recently incarcerated] AOR = 2.58; CI: 1.31, 5.07; p = 0.0063, AOR = 2.09; CI: 1.11, 3.95; p = 0.0228, respectively). Those never incarcerated had greater odds of taking ART as directed ([vs recently incarcerated] AOR = 2.53; CI: 1.23 - 5.19; p = 0.0116). PLWH with an incarceration history may need more on-going monitoring and follow-up HIV care than those without previous incarceration regardless of when incarceration occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys E Ibañez
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, AHC-5, Room 478, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Angel B Algarin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Disler V Ayala
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Emma C Spencer
- Florida Department of Health, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, HIV/AIDS Section, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Charurut Somboonwit
- Morsani College of Medicine, Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Greg Matthew Teo
- Morsani College of Medicine, Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert L Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Manz CR, Odayar VS, Schrag D. Disparities in cancer prevalence, incidence, and mortality for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients: A scoping review. Cancer Med 2021; 10:7277-7288. [PMID: 34477309 PMCID: PMC8525139 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial and ethnic minority status, structural racism, low educational attainment, and poverty are consistently associated with cancer disparities and with higher rates of incarceration. The objective of this scoping review is to conduct a qualitative synthesis of the literature on cancer prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disparities in these outcomes for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients, as this literature is fragmented and heterogenous. METHODS This scoping review included Bureau of Justice Statistics reports and searched PubMed in May 2021 for all English language studies published between 1990 and 30 April 2021, that reported on cancer prevalence, incidence, or mortality for incarcerated or formerly incarcerated individuals in the United States. RESULTS Twenty studies were selected. Data on cancer prevalence and incidence were scarce but suggested that incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients have a similar overall risk of cancer diagnosis as the general population, but elevated risk of certain cancers such as cervical, lung, colorectal, and hepatocellular carcinoma for which effective prevention and screening interventions exist. Cancer mortality data in state and local jails as well as prisons were robust and suggests that both incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients have higher cancer mortality than the general population. CONCLUSIONS Incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients likely have a higher risk of dying from cancer than the general population, but important gaps in our knowledge about the extent and drivers of disparities for this population remain. Additional research is needed to guide interventions to reduce cancer disparities for patients experiencing incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Manz
- Division of Population SciencesDepartment of Medical OncologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Deborah Schrag
- Division of Population SciencesDepartment of Medical OncologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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16
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Liu YE, Lemos EF, Gonçalves CCM, de Oliveira RD, Santos ADS, do Prado Morais AO, Croda MG, de Lourdes Delgado Alves M, Croda J, Walter KS, Andrews JR. All-cause and cause-specific mortality during and following incarceration in Brazil: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003789. [PMID: 34534214 PMCID: PMC8486113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality during and after incarceration is poorly understood in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The need to address this knowledge gap is especially urgent in South America, which has the fastest growing prison population in the world. In Brazil, insufficient data have precluded our understanding of all-cause and cause-specific mortality during and after incarceration. METHODS AND FINDINGS We linked incarceration and mortality databases for the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul to obtain a retrospective cohort of 114,751 individuals with recent incarceration. Between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018, we identified 3,127 deaths of individuals with recent incarceration (705 in detention and 2,422 following release). We analyzed age-standardized, all-cause, and cause-specific mortality rates among individuals detained in different facility types and following release, compared to non-incarcerated residents. We additionally modeled mortality rates over time during and after incarceration for all causes of death, violence, or suicide. Deaths in custody were 2.2 times the number reported by the national prison administration (n = 317). Incarcerated men and boys experienced elevated mortality, compared with the non-incarcerated population, due to increased risk of death from violence, suicide, and communicable diseases, with the highest standardized incidence rate ratio (IRR) in semi-open prisons (2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0 to 2.8), police stations (3.1; 95% CI: 2.5 to 3.9), and youth detention (8.1; 95% CI: 5.9 to 10.8). Incarcerated women experienced increased mortality from suicide (IRR = 6.0, 95% CI: 1.2 to 17.7) and communicable diseases (IRR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.1 to 5.0). Following release from prison, mortality was markedly elevated for men (IRR = 3.0; 95% CI: 2.8 to 3.1) and women (IRR = 2.4; 95% CI: 2.1 to 2.9). The risk of violent death and suicide was highest immediately post-release and declined over time; however, all-cause mortality remained elevated 8 years post-release. The limitations of this study include inability to establish causality, uncertain reliability of data during incarceration, and underestimation of mortality rates due to imperfect database linkage. CONCLUSIONS Incarcerated individuals in Brazil experienced increased mortality from violence, suicide, and communicable diseases. Mortality was heightened following release for all leading causes of death, with particularly high risk of early violent death and elevated all-cause mortality up to 8 years post-release. These disparities may have been underrecognized in Brazil due to underreporting and insufficient data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran E. Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Everton Ferreira Lemos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andrea da Silva Santos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Garcia Croda
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Delgado Alves
- Division of Prison Health Assistance, Agência Estadual de Administração do Sistema Penitenciário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Julio Croda
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Katharine S. Walter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Andrews
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Gan WQ, Kinner SA, Nicholls TL, Xavier CG, Urbanoski K, Greiner L, Buxton JA, Martin RE, McLeod KE, Samji H, Nolan S, Meilleur L, Desai R, Sabeti S, Slaunwhite AK. Risk of overdose-related death for people with a history of incarceration. Addiction 2021; 116:1460-1471. [PMID: 33047844 DOI: 10.1111/add.15293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reported associations between previous incarceration and the risk of overdose-related death are substantially heterogeneous, and previous studies are limited by an inability to control for confounding factors in risk assessment. This study investigated the associations of overdose-related death with previous incarceration and the number or cumulative duration of previous incarcerations, and individual or neighborhood characteristics that may potentially modify the associations. DESIGN AND SETTING A cohort study using a 20% random sample of residents in British Columbia, Canada. PARTICIPANTS A total of 765 690 people aged 23 years or older at baseline as of 1 January 2015. Mean age was 50 years; 49% were males. MEASUREMENTS Previous incarcerations that occurred during the 5-year exposure period (January 2010 to December 2014) were identified using provincial incarceration records. Overdose-related deaths that occurred during the 3-year follow-up period (January 2015 to December 2017) were identified using linked administrative health data. Baseline individual and neighborhood characteristics were retrieved from the provincial health insurance data. FINDINGS In the cohort, 5743 people had an incarceration history during the exposure period, and 634 people died from drug overdose during the follow-up period. The mortality rate was 897 and 22 per 100 000 person-years for people who did and did not have an incarceration history, respectively. After adjusting for baseline individual and neighborhood characteristics (without any interaction term), people who had an incarceration history were 4.04 times (95% confidence interval 3.23-5.06) more likely to die from drug overdose compared with people without an incarceration history. The association was stronger for females, people without diagnoses of substance use disorder and people without dispensation of opioids for pain or benzodiazepines (P < 0.001 for each interaction term). There was no discernible linear trend between the number or cumulative duration of previous incarcerations and the risk of overdose-related death. CONCLUSIONS Previous incarceration appears to be a major risk factor for overdose-related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qi Gan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tonia L Nicholls
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chloé G Xavier
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Urbanoski
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Leigh Greiner
- British Columbia Corrections, Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jane A Buxton
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ruth E Martin
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katherine E McLeod
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hasina Samji
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Roshni Desai
- First Nations Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Soha Sabeti
- First Nations Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda K Slaunwhite
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Puglisi L, Halberstam AA, Aminawung J, Gallagher C, Gonsalves L, Schulman-Green D, Lin HJ, Metha R, Mun S, Oladeru OT, Gross C, Wang EA. Incarceration and Cancer-Related Outcomes (ICRO) study protocol: using a mixed-methods approach to investigate the role of incarceration on cancer incidence, mortality and quality of care. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048863. [PMID: 34035109 PMCID: PMC8154989 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Incarceration is associated with decreased cancer screening rates and a higher risk for hospitalisation and death from cancer after release from prison. However, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between incarceration and cancer outcomes and quality of care. In the Incarceration and Cancer-Related Outcomes Study, we aim to develop a nuanced understanding of how incarceration affects cancer incidence, mortality and treatment, and moderates the relationship between socioeconomic status, structural racism and cancer disparities. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will use a sequential explanatory mixed-methods study design. We will create the first comprehensive linkage of data from the Connecticut Department of Correction and the statewide Connecticut Tumour Registry. Using the linked dataset, we will examine differences in cancer incidence and stage at diagnosis between individuals currently incarcerated, formerly incarcerated and never incarcerated in Connecticut from 2005 to 2016. Among individuals with invasive cancer, we will assess relationships among incarceration, quality of cancer care and mortality, and will assess the degree to which incarceration status moderates relationships among race, socioeconomic status, quality of cancer care and cancer mortality. We will use multivariable logistic regression and Cox survival models with interaction terms as appropriate. These results will inform our conduct of in-depth interviews with individuals diagnosed with cancer during or shortly after incarceration regarding their experiences with cancer care in the correctional system and the immediate postrelease period. The results of this qualitative work will help contextualise the results of the data linkage. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Yale University Institutional Review Board (#2000022899) and the Connecticut Department of Public Health Human Investigations Committee approved this study. We will disseminate study findings through peer-reviewed publications and academic and community presentations. Access to the deidentified quantitative and qualitative datasets will be made available on review of the request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Puglisi
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jenerius Aminawung
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Colleen Gallagher
- Connecticut Department of Correction, Wethersfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lou Gonsalves
- Connecticut Tumor Registry, Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dena Schulman-Green
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hsiu-Ju Lin
- School of Social Work, University of Connecticut System, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Research Division, Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rajni Metha
- Yale Rapid Case Ascertainment, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sophia Mun
- Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Oluwadamilola T Oladeru
- Harvard Radiology Oncology Program, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cary Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emily A Wang
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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19
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Novisky MA, Nowotny KM, Jackson DB, Testa A, Vaughn MG. Incarceration as a Fundamental Social Cause of Health Inequalities: Jails, Prisons and Vulnerability to COVID-19. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY 2021:azab023. [PMCID: PMC8083481 DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although research has established the disproportionate health burdens among incarcerated persons, the literature has yet to identify a theoretical framework for outlining the harms of incarceration associated with pandemics. We advance the literature theoretically by arguing two points. First, we assert that incarceration is a potent structural driver of health inequalities that must be considered as a fundamental social cause of disease. To underscore this point, we review how incarceration meets each of the four fundamental social cause criteria originally proposed by Link and Phelan. Second, given that incarceration is a fundamental social cause of disease, both currently and formerly incarcerated populations are likely to face heightened vulnerabilities to pandemics, including COVID-19, further exacerbating health disparities among incarceration-exposed groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Novisky
- Department of Criminology, Anthropology, and Sociology, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Family, and Reproductive Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael G Vaughn
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, Sant Louis, MO, USA
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20
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Coleman J, Lloyd-Jones DM, Ning H, Allen NB, Kiefe CI, Wang EA, Huffman MD. Association between incarceration and incident cardiovascular disease events: results from the CARDIA cohort study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:214. [PMID: 33499836 PMCID: PMC7836455 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Incarceration has been associated with higher cardiovascular risk, yet data evaluating its association with cardiovascular disease events are limited. The study objective was to evaluate the association between incarceration and incident fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Methods Black and white adults from the community-based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adult (CARDIA) study (baseline 1985–86, n = 5105) were followed through August 2017. Self-reported incarceration was measured at baseline (1985–1986) and Year 2 (1987–1988), and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease events, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure, and all-cause mortality, were captured through 2017. Analyses were completed in September 2019. Cumulative CVD incidence rates and Cox proportional hazards were compared overall by incarceration status. An interaction between incarceration and race was identified, so results were also analyzed by sex-race groups. Results 351 (6.9%) CARDIA participants reported a history of incarceration. Over 29.0 years mean follow-up, CVD incidence rate was 3.52 per 1000 person-years in participants with a history of incarceration versus 2.12 per 1000 person-years in participants without a history of incarceration (adjusted HR = 1.33 [95% CI, 0.90–1.95]). Among white men, incarceration was associated with higher risk of incident cardiovascular disease (adjusted HR = 3.35 [95% CI, 1.54–7.29) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR = 2.52 [95% CI, 1.32–4.83]), but these associations were not statistically significant among other sex-race groups after adjustment. Conclusions Incarceration was associated with incident cardiovascular disease rates, but associations were only significant in one sex-race group after multivariable adjustment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10237-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Coleman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 800, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 800, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hongyan Ning
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 800, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Norrina B Allen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 800, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Catarina I Kiefe
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS7-1077, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Emily A Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208056, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mark D Huffman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 800, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,The George Institute for Global Health, 1 King Street, 5th floor, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia.
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21
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Frequency and Duration of Incarceration and Mortality Among US Veterans With and Without HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 84:220-227. [PMID: 32049771 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to incarceration is associated with increased risk of mortality, and HIV is cited as a leading cause of death. Yet, few studies have examined the association between incarceration and mortality among people with HIV (PWH), specifically whether and how increasing exposure to incarceration increases risk of mortality. We compared mortality by different incarceration exposures and HIV status. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of participants in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study from January 2011 to August 2017 (N = 5367). The primary exposure was incarceration by 3 measures: (1) any (ever/never); (2) frequency; and (3) cumulative duration. Stratifying by HIV status and controlling for age, race, and sex, we used Cox Proportional Hazard models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Incarceration was associated with increased risk of mortality compared with those never incarcerated for PWH (AHR 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.66) and those uninfected (AHR 1.24; 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.54), but the association was only statistically significant among PWH. Increasing frequency of incarceration was associated with higher risk of mortality in both groups: for PWH, AHRs 1.13, 1.45, and 1.64 for 1, 2-5; 6+ times, respectively, for uninfected, AHRs 0.98, 1.35, and 1.70 for 1, 2-5, and 6+ times, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PWH were at increased risk of mortality after incarceration, and repeated exposure to incarceration was associated with mortality in both groups in a dose-response fashion. This increased risk of mortality may be mitigated by improving transitional health care, especially HIV care, and reducing incarceration.
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22
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Syed TA, Cherian R, Lewis S, Sterling RK. Telemedicine HCV treatment in department of corrections results in high SVR in era of direct-acting antivirals. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:209-212. [PMID: 32854135 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common in the Department of Corrections (DOC). Telemedicine is an effective way to treat HCV. The goal of this report was to demonstrate high SVR rate in DOC patients using telemedicine irrespective of the HCV genotype (GT) and DAAs used. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were prospectively collected. A total of 870 DOC patients were evaluated and completed HCV therapy June 2015-December 2019 with SVR data were included. The mean age was 50 years, 90% were male, 63% were Caucasian, the majority (79%) had GT 1, 92% were treatment naive, and 80% had advanced fibrosis (FIB-4 ≥ 3.25 and/or transient elastography ≥ 9.5 kPa). The overall SVR was 97% and was similar among all DAAs irrespective of age, sex, race, HIV status, fibrosis level, GT, ribavirin use, prior treatment experience or DAA duration. We conclude that HCV treatment in the DOC through telemedicine is achievable and highly effective with overall SVR 97%, irrespective of the underlying GT or DAA regimen used and can eliminate HCV in this microenvironment and reduce the overall burden of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shawn Lewis
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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23
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Binswanger IA, Nguyen AP, Morenoff JD, Xu S, Harding DJ. The association of criminal justice supervision setting with overdose mortality: a longitudinal cohort study. Addiction 2020; 115:2329-2338. [PMID: 32267585 PMCID: PMC7541650 DOI: 10.1111/add.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the high prevalence of substance use among people in the US criminal justice system, little is known about the incidence of overdose mortality by use patterns, drug convictions and supervision setting. We examined the associations between these characteristics and overdose mortality. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Individuals sentenced to prison, jail, probation or jail plus probation for a felony conviction in Michigan, USA from 2003 to 2006. MEASUREMENTS Using the National Death Index, we assessed overdose mortality to December 2012. We calculated overdose mortality rates by pre-sentence opioid use, drug convictions and supervision setting. Multivariable analyses were conducted using competing risks regression with time-varying covariates. FINDINGS Among 140 266 individuals followed over a mean of 7.84 years [standard deviation (SD) = 1.52], 14.9% of the 1131 deaths were due to overdose (102.8 per 100 000 person-years). Over the follow-up, more than half of overdose deaths occurred in the community (57.7%), nearly a third (28.8%) on probation and 12.8% on parole. The adjusted risk of overdose death was lower on probation [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.60, 0.85] than in the community without probation or parole (HR = 1.00) but not significantly different on parole (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.87, 1.47). Pre-sentence daily opioid use (HR = 3.54, 95% CI = 3.24, 3.87) was associated with an increased risk. Drug possession (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.93, 1.31) and delivery convictions (HR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.77, 1.09) were not significantly associated with overdose mortality. CONCLUSIONS Based on the absolute or relative risk, parole, probation and community settings are appropriate settings for enhanced overdose prevention interventions. Ensuring that individuals with pre-sentence opioid use have access to harm reduction and drug treatment services may help to prevent overdose among people involved with the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A. Binswanger
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado,Colorado Permanente Medical Group
| | - Anh P. Nguyen
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey D. Morenoff
- Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Institute for Social Research-Populations Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stanley Xu
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David J. Harding
- Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, California,Berkeley Population Center, University of California, Berkeley, California
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Bird SM. Fatal accident inquiries into 83 deaths in Scottish prison custody: 2010-2013. BJPsych Open 2020; 6:e132. [PMID: 33121556 PMCID: PMC7745234 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The only non-legal reference in Lord Cullen's Review of fatal accident inquiry (FAI) Legislation in Scotland (2009) was my audit of FAIs into 97 deaths in prison custody in Scotland, 1999-2003: recommending that waiting time from prisoner death to end of FAI should be less than 1 year for 90% of FAIs, and epidemiological rules for FAIs to have a written determination versus formal findings. AIMS Audit of FAIs into 83 deaths in Scottish prison custody in the period 2010-2013. METHOD Assessement of waiting times from prisoner death to end of FAI; dissemination of written determinations; self-inflicted death rate per 1000 prisoner-years; cause of natural deaths; and yellow card submissions. Detailed cross-checking was nec37essary between Scottish Prison Service and courts' websites and the Scottish Fatalities Investigation Unit. RESULTS Of 83 FAIs into deaths in Scottish prison custody, 2010-2013, 37 (45%) were long-awaited (ongoing >2 years after the prisoner's death); 16 (19%, 95% CI 11-28%) beyond 3 years. Of 37 long-awaited FAIs, 27 made written determinations but only 12 of these (44%) were published. Self-inflicted deaths numbered 36: 1.1 per 1000 prisoner-years (95% CI 0.75-1.48). Of 47 deaths from natural causes, cardiovascular disease accounted for 23 (49%, 95% CI 34-63%); liver disease was implicated in 10 of 47. To support pharmacovigilance, submissions were made to Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency for eight deaths (10%, 95% CI 4-19%). CONCLUSIONS FAIs into prisoner deaths in Scotland are too long-awaited given that four (5%) identified precautions that could have prevented death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M. Bird
- Cambridge University's MRC Biostatistics Unit, UK; and Edinburgh University's College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, UK
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25
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Boen CE. Criminal Justice Contacts and Psychophysiological Functioning in Early Adulthood: Health Inequality in the Carceral State. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 61:290-306. [PMID: 32648484 PMCID: PMC8019323 DOI: 10.1177/0022146520936208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased attention to the links between the criminal justice system and health, how criminal justice contacts shape health and contribute to racial health disparities remains to be better understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 5,488) and several analytic techniques-including a quasi-treatment-control design, treatment-weighting procedures, and mediation analyses-this study examines how criminal justice contacts shape inflammatory and depressive risk and contribute to black-white health gaps. Findings revealed that incarceration is associated with increased C-reactive protein and depressive risk, particularly for individuals who experienced long durations of incarceration. Arrests are also associated with mental health, and mediation analyses showed that racial disparities in arrests and incarceration were drivers of black-white gaps in depressive symptoms. Together, this study provides new evidence of the role of the criminal justice system in shaping health and patterning black-white health gaps from adolescence through early adulthood.
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26
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Tiruneh YM, Li X, Bovell-Ammon B, Iroh P, Flanigan TP, Montague BT, Rich JD, Nijhawan AE. Falling Through the Cracks: Risk Factors for Becoming Lost to HIV Care After Incarceration in a Southern Jail. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:2430-2441. [PMID: 32006154 PMCID: PMC10411387 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a retrospective cohort analysis of inmates released from Dallas County Jail between January 2011 and November 2013, this study characterizes people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who are lost to care after release from jail. We used Kaplan-Meier analysis to estimate the risk of becoming lost to post-release HIV care and a Cox proportional hazards regression model to identify associated factors. The majority of individuals (78.2%) were men and 65.5% were black. Of the incarcerations that ended with release to the community, approximately 43% failed to link to community HIV care. Non-Hispanic Whites were more likely than Hispanics or Blacks to drop out of care after release. Individuals with histories of substance use or severe mental illness were more likely to become lost, while those under HIV care prior to incarceration and/or who had adhered to antiretroviral therapy (ART) were more likely to resume care upon release. Targeted efforts such as rapid linkage to care and re-entry residence programs could encourage formerly incarcerated individuals to re-engage in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordanos M Tiruneh
- Department of Community Health, School of Community and Rural Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Hwy 271, Tyler, TX, 75708, USA.
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xilong Li
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Princess Iroh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Timothy P Flanigan
- Departments of Medicine and Health Services, Policy, Practice, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Brian T Montague
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Josiah D Rich
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ank E Nijhawan
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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27
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Hawks L, Wang EA, Howell B, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, Bor D, McCormick D. Health Status and Health Care Utilization of US Adults Under Probation: 2015-2018. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1411-1417. [PMID: 32673105 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To compare the health and health care utilization of persons on and not on probation nationally.Methods. Using the National Survey of Drug Use and Health, a population-based sample of US adults, we compared physical, mental, and substance use disorders and the use of health services of persons (aged 18-49 years) on and not on probation using logistic regression models controlling for age, race/ethnicity, gender, poverty, and insurance status.Results. Those on probation were more likely to have a physical condition (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 1.4), mental illness (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI = 2.1, 2.8), or substance use disorder (AOR = 4.2; 95% CI = 3.8, 4.5). They were less likely to attend an outpatient visit (AOR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.7, 0.9) but more likely to have an emergency department visit (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.6, 2.0) or hospitalization (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.5, 1.9).Conclusions. Persons on probation have an increased burden of disease and receive less outpatient care but more acute services than persons not on probation.Public Health Implications. Efforts to address the health needs of those with criminal justice involvement should include those on probation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hawks
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - Emily A Wang
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - Benjamin Howell
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - Steffie Woolhandler
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - David U Himmelstein
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - David Bor
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - Danny McCormick
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
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28
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Abstract
Previous research has suggested that incarceration has negative implications for individuals' well-being, health, and mortality. Most of these studies, however, have not followed former prisoners over an extended period and into older adult ages, when the risk of health deterioration and mortality is the greatest. Contributing to this literature, this study is the first to employ the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to estimate the long-run association between individual incarceration and mortality over nearly 40 years. We also supplement those analyses with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). We then use these estimates to investigate the implications of the U.S. incarceration regime and the post-1980 incarceration boom for the U.S. health and mortality disadvantage relative to industrialized peer countries (the United Kingdom).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Daza
- Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Alberto Palloni
- Center for Demography of Health of Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jerrett Jones
- Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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29
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Does in-prison physical and mental health impact recidivism? SSM Popul Health 2020; 11:100569. [PMID: 32258357 PMCID: PMC7113431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Incarceration is definitively linked to poor health, and upon release from prison, many individuals experience difficulty in maintaining good health. Given the complexity of the reentry process, one's health status, both in and out of prison, likely influences additional aspects of reentry, such as abstaining from crime or adhering to parole terms. The purpose of this study is to determine whether in-prison physical and mental health, as well as changes to an individual's health upon release from prison, are related to the likelihood of recidivating. We employ the Serious and Violent Reentry Initiative (SVORI) data, a multi-state sample of formerly incarcerated males who are followed from prison to release into the community and interviewed about a number of post-prison release issues, including health. We use hierarchical logistic and multinomial regressions, where survey waves are nested within people, to assess if in-prison physical and mental health and post-release changes to health are associated with recidivism in two ways: general re-incarceration and re-incarceration due to either a technical violation of parole or a new conviction. With right-censoring due to recidivism or “failure,” our final sample size is 2180 person-periods (i.e., waves) nested within 871 respondents. We find that better physical health, both in-prison and changes in health post-release, is related to a higher likelihood of recidivating. Better mental health, both in-prison and changes to mental health post-release, is related to a decrease in the likelihood of recidivating. Individuals with poor mental health in-prison who make significant improvements after release see the largest reduction in their odds of recidivating. Finally, the combination of better mental health in-prison and increases in mental health post-release is associated with reductions in the likelihood of re-offending for both technical violations and new convictions. In sum, in-prison health continues to influence individuals after prison and is associated with their odds of recidivating, thus contributing to the churning of individuals through the prison system. We examine the relationship between in-prison and change in post-release health and recidivism. Better physical health in-prison and post-release is related to higher recidivism likelihood. Better mental health in-prison and post-release is related to lower recidivism likelihood. This mental health benefit applies to both technical violations and new convictions. A person's health in prison may be related to prison system churning.
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30
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Borschmann R, Tibble H, Spittal MJ, Preen D, Pirkis J, Larney S, Rosen DL, Young JT, Love AD, Altice FL, Binswanger IA, Bukten A, Butler T, Chang Z, Chen CY, Clausen T, Christensen PB, Culbert GJ, Degenhardt L, Dirkzwager AJE, Dolan K, Fazel S, Fischbacher C, Giles M, Graham L, Harding D, Huang YF, Huber F, Karaminia A, Keen C, Kouyoumdjian FG, Lim S, Møller L, Moniruzzaman A, Morenoff J, O’Moore E, Pizzicato LN, Pratt D, Proescholdbell SK, Ranapurwala SI, Shanahan ME, Shaw J, Slaunwhite A, Somers JM, Spaulding AC, Stern MF, Viner KM, Wang N, Willoughby M, Zhao B, Kinner SA. The Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC): Protocol for a multi-national, individual participant data meta-analysis. Int J Popul Data Sci 2020; 5:1145. [PMID: 32935053 PMCID: PMC7473255 DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v5i1.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION More than 30 million adults are released from incarceration globally each year. Many experience complex physical and mental health problems, and are at markedly increased risk of preventable mortality. Despite this, evidence regarding the global epidemiology of mortality following release from incarceration is insufficient to inform the development of targeted, evidence-based responses. Many previous studies have suffered from inadequate power and poor precision, and even large studies have limited capacity to disaggregate data by specific causes of death, sub-populations or time since release to answer questions of clinical and public health relevance. OBJECTIVES To comprehensively document the incidence, timing, causes and risk factors for mortality in adults released from prison. METHODS We created the Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC), a multi-disciplinary collaboration representing 29 cohorts of adults who have experienced incarceration from 11 countries. Findings across cohorts will be analysed using a two-step, individual participant data meta-analysis methodology. RESULTS The combined sample includes 1,337,993 individuals (89% male), with 75,795 deaths recorded over 9,191,393 person-years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The consortium represents an important advancement in the field, bringing international attention to this problem. It will provide internationally relevant evidence to guide policymakers and clinicians in reducing preventable deaths in this marginalized population. KEY WORDS Mortality; incarceration; prison; release; individual participant data meta-analysis; consortium; cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie street, Carlton 3010, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - H Tibble
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - MJ Spittal
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - D Preen
- The University of Western Australia, School of Population and Global Health, Nedlands, AUSTRALIA
| | - J Pirkis
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - S Larney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - DL Rosen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - JT Young
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - AD Love
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population Health, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - FL Altice
- Yale University School of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - IA Binswanger
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, USA
| | - A Bukten
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - T Butler
- University of New South Wales, Kirby Institute, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - Z Chang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - C-Y Chen
- National Yang-Ming University, Institute of Public Health, TAIWAN
| | - T Clausen
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - PB Christensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DENMARK
| | - GJ Culbert
- Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - L Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - AJE Dirkzwager
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS
| | - K Dolan
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - S Fazel
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, Oxford, ENGLAND
| | - C Fischbacher
- NHS National Services, Information Services Division, Edinburgh, SCOTLAND
| | - M Giles
- Edith Cowan University, School of Arts and Humanities, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA
| | - L Graham
- NHS National Services, Information Services Division, Edinburgh, SCOTLAND
| | - D Harding
- University of California Berkeley, USA
| | - Y-F Huang
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, TAIWAN
| | - F Huber
- Cayenne General Hospital, COREVIH Guyane, and Reseau Kikiwi, Cayenne, French Guiana, FRANCE
| | - A Karaminia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - C Keen
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - FG Kouyoumdjian
- McMaster University, Department of Family Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - S Lim
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Epidemiology Services, Division of Epidemiology, New York, USA
| | - L Møller
- World Health Organization, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-course, Marmorvej, DENMARK
| | - A Moniruzzaman
- Somers Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - J Morenoff
- University of Michigan, Department of Sociology, USA
| | - E O’Moore
- Public Health England, London, ENGLAND
| | - LN Pizzicato
- Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Pratt
- University of Manchester, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester, ENGLAND
| | - SK Proescholdbell
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, North Carolina, USA
| | - SI Ranapurwala
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - ME Shanahan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Shaw
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND
| | - A Slaunwhite
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - JM Somers
- Somers Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - AC Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - MF Stern
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - KM Viner
- Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N Wang
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, TAIWAN
| | - M Willoughby
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - B Zhao
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - SA Kinner
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
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Dalgic OO, Samur S, Spaulding AC, Llerena S, Cobo C, Ayer T, Roberts MS, Crespo J, Chhatwal J. Improved Health Outcomes from Hepatitis C Treatment Scale-Up in Spain's Prisons: A Cost-Effectiveness Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16849. [PMID: 31727921 PMCID: PMC6856347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is 15 times more prevalent among persons in Spain's prisons than in the community. Recently, Spain initiated a pilot program, JAILFREE-C, to treat HCV in prisons using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Our aim was to identify a cost-effective strategy to scale-up HCV treatment in all prisons. Using a validated agent-based model, we simulated the HCV landscape in Spain's prisons considering disease transmission, screening, treatment, and prison-community dynamics. Costs and disease outcomes under status quo were compared with strategies to scale-up treatment in prisons considering prioritization (HCV fibrosis stage vs. HCV prevalence of prisons), treatment capacity (2,000/year vs. unlimited) and treatment initiation based on sentence lengths (>6 months vs. any). Scaling-up treatment by treating all incarcerated persons irrespective of their sentence length provided maximum health benefits-preventing 10,200 new cases of HCV, and 8,300 HCV-related deaths between 2019-2050; 90% deaths prevented would have occurred in the community. Compared with status quo, this strategy increased quality-adjusted life year (QALYs) by 69,700 and costs by €670 million, yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €9,600/QALY. Scaling-up HCV treatment with DAAs for the entire Spanish prison population, irrespective of sentence length, is cost-effective and would reduce HCV burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozden O Dalgic
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sumeyye Samur
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne C Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susana Llerena
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Marques de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Cobo
- Medical Service, El Dueso Penitentiary Centre, Santoña, Spain
| | - Turgay Ayer
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark S Roberts
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Javier Crespo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Marques de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Jagpreet Chhatwal
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The dramatic expansion of the US penal system during the past 4 decades has led to an increase in adverse health conditions that affect an unprecedented number of individuals. This article first provides an overview of the literature on the immediate and lasting associations between incarceration and physical health, highlighting the diverse health conditions linked with incarceration, including health functioning, infectious disease, chronic conditions, and mortality. Next, we discuss potential explanations for the associations between incarceration and these health conditions, focusing on stress, contagion, social integration, and reintegration challenges. We then consider how medical and social science research can be combined to advance our understanding of these health conditions and suggest ways to reduce the negative association between incarceration and health, such as by improving prison conditions and medical care both inside prisons and after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Massoglia
- 1 Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brianna Remster
- 2 Department of Sociology and Criminology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
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Wildeman C, Goldman AW, Wang EA. Age-Standardized Mortality of Persons on Probation, in Jail, or in State Prison and the General Population, 2001-2012. Public Health Rep 2019; 134:660-666. [PMID: 31603737 PMCID: PMC6832078 DOI: 10.1177/0033354919879732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The number of adults in the United States being held on probation-persons convicted of crimes and serving their sentence in the community rather than in a correctional facility-approached 4 million at the end of 2016 and continues to grow, yet little is known about the health and well-being of this population. We compared the standardized mortality ratios of persons on probation in the United States with persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. METHODS We used administrative data from 2001-2012 from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database and indirect standardization techniques to compare the mortality rates of persons on probation in 15 states with the mortality rates of persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. We applied the age-specific mortality rates of 3 populations (general US population, persons in jail, and persons in state prison) to the age distribution of persons on probation to estimate standardized mortality ratios. RESULTS Persons on probation died at a rate 3.42 times higher than persons in jail, 2.81 times higher than persons in state prison, and 2.10 times higher than the general US population, after standardizing the age distribution of persons on probation relative to the other 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS Public health interventions should target persons on probation, who have received less attention from the public health community than persons serving sentences in jails and prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Emily A Wang
- Yale University, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Chaudhri S, Zweig KC, Hebbar P, Angell S, Vasan A. Trauma-Informed Care: a Strategy to Improve Primary Healthcare Engagement for Persons with Criminal Justice System Involvement. J Gen Intern Med 2019; 34:1048-1052. [PMID: 30912031 PMCID: PMC6544694 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-018-4783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Trauma is pervasive in the USA, but disproportionately present in individuals and communities burdened by poverty, violence, and exposure to the criminal justice system. Engagement in clinical care, especially community-based primary care, is particularly important in the immediate period following community reentry from incarceration, where opportunities to engage clients in services are essential for improved health and reduced recidivism. Trauma-informed care offers an important and innovative opportunity for healthcare systems and primary care providers to improve quality of care and the patient experience, thereby increasing longitudinal engagement of marginalized and hard-to-reach patient populations like persons with criminal justice system exposure. Trauma-informed care implementation includes educating providers and transforming practices to incorporate safety, trust, peer support, collaboration, empowerment, and cultural perspectives into everyday operations and care delivery. While comprehensive trauma-informed care involves transformation on a system level, trauma-informed approaches can also be adopted by the individual provider to improve the clinical consultation. By recognizing the role of trauma and its impact on an individual's physical, emotional, and behavioral health, providers and clients can build mutual trust, focus on individual growth, and begin to foster healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Chaudhri
- Health Access Equity Unit, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA.
- Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA.
| | - Kimberly Caramanica Zweig
- Health Access Equity Unit, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
- Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
| | - Preetha Hebbar
- Health Access Equity Unit, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
- Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
| | - Sonia Angell
- Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ashwin Vasan
- Health Access Equity Unit, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
- Division of Prevention and Primary Care, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
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Abstract
Bereavement carries consequences for the health and socioeconomic well-being of surviving family members. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, the current study investigates whether formerly incarcerated individuals experience the death of a family member at higher rates than the general population. We find that relative to those without a history of incarceration, formerly incarcerated individuals are more likely to experience the death of an immediate family member by young adulthood. Subsequent analyses demonstrate that deaths occurring during or after a respondent was incarcerated were relevant for health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Russolillo A, Moniruzzaman A, Somers JM. Association of Methadone Treatment With Substance-Related Hospital Admissions Among a Population in Canada With a History of Criminal Convictions. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e190595. [PMID: 30874778 PMCID: PMC6484638 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE People with criminal histories experience high rates of opioid dependence and are frequent users of acute health care services. It is unclear whether methadone adherence prevents hospitalizations. OBJECTIVE To compare hospital admissions during medicated and nonmedicated methadone periods. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective cohort study involving linked population-level administrative data among individuals in British Columbia, Canada, with provincial justice contacts (n= 250 884) and who filled a methadone prescription between April 1, 2001, and March 31, 2015. Participants were followed from the date of first dispensed methadone prescription until censoring (date of death, or March 31, 2015). Data analysis was conducted from May 1 to August 31, 2018. EXPOSURES Methadone treatment was divided into medicated (methadone was dispensed) and nonmedicated (methadone was not dispensed) periods and analyzed as a time-varying exposure. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of acute hospitalizations for any cause and cause-specific (substance use disorder [SUD], non-substance-related mental disorders [NSMDs], and medical diagnoses [MEDs]) were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS A total of 11 401 people (mean [SD] age, 34.9 [9.4] years; 8230 [72.2%] men) met inclusion criteria and were followed up for a total of 69 279.3 person-years. During a median follow-up time of 5.5 years (interquartile range, 2.8-9.1 years), there were 19 160 acute hospital admissions. Dispensed methadone was associated with a 50% lower rate of hospitalization for any cause (aHR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.46-0.53) during the first 2 years (≤2.0 years) following methadone initiation, demonstrating significantly lower rates of admission for SUD (aHR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.27-0.38), NSMD (aHR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.34-0.50), and MED (aHR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.52-0.62). As duration of time increased (2.1 to ≤5.0 years; 5.1 to ≤10.0 years), methadone was associated with a significant but smaller magnitude of effect: SUD (aHR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.36-0.52; aHR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.37-0.61), NSMD (aHR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.41-0.64; aHR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.47-0.78), and MED (aHR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.65-0.77; aHR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.95). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, methadone was associated with a lower rate of hospitalization among a large cohort of Canadian individuals with histories of convictions and prevalent concurrent health and social needs. Practices to improve methadone adherence are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Russolillo
- Somers Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Akm Moniruzzaman
- Somers Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian M. Somers
- Somers Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Sheehan CM. Education and Health Conditions among the Currently Incarcerated and the Non-Incarcerated Populations. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2019; 38:73-93. [PMID: 36860891 PMCID: PMC9974178 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-018-9496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has found a strong link between educational attainment and health, where the highly educated live longer and healthier lives than those with lower levels of education. Because such research has relied on samples of the non-institutionalized population, previous research has not explored the association between education and specific chronic and infectious health conditions among the currently incarcerated. Analyzing the relationship between education and health conditions among the incarcerated, whom tend to be less healthy and for whom many of the intermediate mechanisms between education and health are held relatively constant in prison, may yield new insights. Using the 2002-2004 National Health Interview Study (N=74,881), the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities (N=17,553), and interaction terms from logistic regression models, I compared the strength of the association between educational attainment and the presence of chronic and infectious health conditions among the incarcerated and non-incarcerated populations. These models indicated generally stronger negative associations between educational attainment and chronic conditions among the non-incarcerated, while the negative relationship between education and hepatitis was stronger for the incarcerated. These results suggest that while education may play a lesser role for chronic conditions for the incarcerated, it can still important for avoiding risky health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Sheehan
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
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Border R, Corley RP, Brown SA, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, McWilliams SK, Ann Rhea S, Shriver CL, Stallings MC, Wall TL, Woodward KE, Rhee SH. Independent predictors of mortality in adolescents ascertained for conduct disorder and substance use problems, their siblings and community controls. Addiction 2018; 113:2107-2115. [PMID: 30091161 PMCID: PMC6175651 DOI: 10.1111/add.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adolescents with conduct and substance use problems are at increased risk for premature mortality, but the extent to which these risk factors reflect family- or individual-level differences and account for shared or unique variance is unknown. This study examined common and independent contributions to mortality hazard in adolescents ascertained for conduct disorder (CD) and substance use disorder (SUD), their siblings and community controls, hypothesizing that individual differences in CD and SUD severity would explain unique variation in mortality risk beyond that due to clinical/control status and demographic factors. DESIGN Mortality analysis in a prospective study (Genetics of Antisocial Drug Dependence Study) that began in 1993. SETTING Multi-site sample recruited in San Diego, California and Denver, Colorado, USA. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1463 clinical probands were recruited through the juvenile correctional system, court-mandated substance abuse treatment programs and correctional schools, along with 1399 of their siblings, and 904 controls. MEASUREMENTS Mortality and cause-of-death were assessed via National Death Index search (released October, 2017). FINDINGS There were 104 deaths documented among 3766 (1168 female) adolescents and young adults (average age 16.79 years at assessment, 32.69 years at death/censoring). Mortality hazard for clinical probands and their siblings was 4.99 times greater than that of controls (95% confidence interval = 2.40-10.40; P < 0.001). After accounting for demographic characteristics, site, clinical status, familial dependence and shared contributions of CD and SUD, CD independently predicted mortality hazard, whereas SUD severity did not. CONCLUSIONS In the United States, youth with conduct and substance use disorders and their siblings face far greater risk of premature death than demographically similar community controls. In contrast to substance use disorder severity, conduct disorder is a robust predictor of unique variance in all-cause mortality hazard beyond other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Border
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80309,Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, 526 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Sandra A. Brown
- Deparment of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Building 500 - 13001 E. 17 Place, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Deparment of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Building 500 - 13001 E. 17 Place, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Shannon K. McWilliams
- Deparment of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Building 500 - 13001 E. 17 Place, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Sally Ann Rhea
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Christen L. Shriver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92023
| | - Michael C. Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Tamara L. Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92023
| | - Kerri E. Woodward
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
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Lessons from HIV deaths after incarceration. Lancet HIV 2018; 5:e606-e607. [PMID: 30197102 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chertoff J, Stevenson P, Alnuaimat H. Sepsis Mortality in the U.S. Correctional System: An Underappreciated Disparity. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2018; 24:337-341. [PMID: 30126314 DOI: 10.1177/1078345818792235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of incarceration on sepsis outcomes in the United States is infrequently described in the literature. This study sought to investigate whether being incarcerated affected mortality rates in sepsis. The retrospective study used data from October 1, 2013, to November 30, 2016, of patients admitted with a diagnosis of sepsis at a tertiary care center with a primary outcome of in-hospital mortality. The study cohort included 8,568 cases of sepsis, of which 8,448 were noninmates and 120 were inmates. Overall mortality was 15.7%; for noninmates, the rate was 15.3%, and for inmates, 42.5%. The risk of death among inmates was 2.8 times that of noninmates. Neither age, sex, nor race were significant confounders. Findings suggest a direct association between incarceration and sepsis mortality. Larger regional or nationwide case-control studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chertoff
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hassan Alnuaimat
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Ranapurwala SI, Shanahan ME, Alexandridis AA, Proescholdbell SK, Naumann RB, Edwards D, Marshall SW. Opioid Overdose Mortality Among Former North Carolina Inmates: 2000-2015. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:1207-1213. [PMID: 30024795 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine differences in rates of opioid overdose death (OOD) between former North Carolina (NC) inmates and NC residents and evaluate factors associated with postrelease OOD. METHODS We linked NC inmate release data to NC death records, calculated OOD standardized mortality ratios to compare former inmates with NC residents, and calculated hazard ratios to identify predictors of time to OOD. RESULTS Of the 229 274 former inmates released during 2000 to 2015, 1329 died from OOD after release. At 2-weeks, 1-year, and complete follow-up after release, the respective OOD risk among former inmates was 40 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30, 51), 11 (95% CI = 9.5, 12), and 8.3 (95% CI = 7.8, 8.7) times as high as general NC residents; the corresponding heroin overdose death risk among former inmates was 74 (95% CI = 43, 106), 18 (95% CI = 15, 21), and 14 (95% CI = 13, 16) times as high as general NC residents, respectively. Former inmates at greatest OOD risk were those within the first 2 weeks after release, aged 26 to 50 years, male, White, with more than 2 previous prison terms, and who received in-prison mental health and substance abuse treatment. CONCLUSIONS Former inmates are highly vulnerable to opioids and need urgent prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbar I Ranapurwala
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC. Daniel Edwards Jr is with the Division of Adult Correction & Juvenile Justice, North Carolina Department of Public Safety, Raleigh
| | - Meghan E Shanahan
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC. Daniel Edwards Jr is with the Division of Adult Correction & Juvenile Justice, North Carolina Department of Public Safety, Raleigh
| | - Apostolos A Alexandridis
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC. Daniel Edwards Jr is with the Division of Adult Correction & Juvenile Justice, North Carolina Department of Public Safety, Raleigh
| | - Scott K Proescholdbell
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC. Daniel Edwards Jr is with the Division of Adult Correction & Juvenile Justice, North Carolina Department of Public Safety, Raleigh
| | - Rebecca B Naumann
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC. Daniel Edwards Jr is with the Division of Adult Correction & Juvenile Justice, North Carolina Department of Public Safety, Raleigh
| | - Daniel Edwards
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC. Daniel Edwards Jr is with the Division of Adult Correction & Juvenile Justice, North Carolina Department of Public Safety, Raleigh
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Apostolos A. Alexandridis, Rebecca B. Naumann, and Stephen W. Marshall are with the Department of Epidemiology and the Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Meghan E. Shanahan is with the Injury Prevention Research Center and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Scott K. Proescholdbell is with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC. Daniel Edwards Jr is with the Division of Adult Correction & Juvenile Justice, North Carolina Department of Public Safety, Raleigh
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Bekele T, Globerman J, Watson J, Hwang SW, Hambly K, Koornstra J, Walker G, Bacon J, Rourke SB. Elevated Mortality and Associated Social Determinants of Health in a Community-Based Sample of People Living with HIV in Ontario, Canada: Findings from the Positive Spaces, Healthy Places (PSHP) Study. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:2214-2223. [PMID: 29557541 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined social determinants of health associated with all-cause mortality among 602 people living with HIV/AIDS in Ontario, Canada. Mortality status was verified at 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up visits with information obtained from proxies (family members, partners, and friends), obituaries, and local AIDS memorial lists. Of the 454 people for whom mortality information was available, 53 individuals died yielding a crude mortality rate of 22.3 deaths per 1000 person-years, a rate substantially higher than the rate in the general population (6.8 per 1000 population). Experiencing both homelessness and incarceration independently predicted high risk of mortality among men who have sex with men (MSM) while suboptimal self-rated general health at previous visit predicted higher greater risk of mortality in both MSM and women and heterosexual men. Homelessness and incarceration may contribute to HIV disease progression and mortality. Intensive case management that increases retention in care and facilitates linkage to housing services may help to reduce excess deaths among people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James Watson
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 193 Yonge Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON, M5B 1M4, Canada
| | - Stephen W Hwang
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 193 Yonge Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON, M5B 1M4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Glen Walker
- Positive Living Niagara, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Bacon
- The Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sean B Rourke
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 193 Yonge Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON, M5B 1M4, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Haesen S, Wangmo T, Elger BS. Identity as an older prisoner: findings from a qualitative study in Switzerland. Eur J Ageing 2018; 15:199-210. [PMID: 29867304 PMCID: PMC5971027 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-017-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing numbers of aging prisoners raise the issue of how they maintain their personal identity and self-esteem in light of long-standing detention. This study sought to answer this question since identity and self-esteem could influence mental and physical health. We conducted a secondary analysis of 35 qualitative interviews that were carried out with older inmates aged 51-75 years (mean age: 61 years) living in 12 Swiss prisons. We identified three main themes that characterized their identity: personal characterization of identity, occupational identity, and social identity. These main themes were divided into sub-themes such as familial network, retirement rights or subjective social position. Personal characterization of identity mostly happened through being part of a network of family and/or friends that supported them during imprisonment and where the prisoner could return to after release. Individual activities and behavior also played an important role for prisoners in defining themselves. Occupational identity was drawn from work that had been carried out either before or during imprisonment although in some cases the obligation to work in prison even after reaching retirement age was seen as a constraint. Social identity came from a role of mentor or counselor for younger inmates, and in a few cases older prisoners compared themselves to other inmates and perceived themselves as being in a higher social position. Identity was often expressed as a mix between positive and negative traits. Building on those elements during incarceration can contribute to better mental health of the individual prisoner which in turn influences the chances for successful rehabilitation.
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Bedell PS, Spaulding AC, So M, Sarrett JC. The Names Have Been Changed to Protect the . . . Humanity: Person-First Language in Correctional Health Epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1140-1142. [PMID: 29697744 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After objections surfaced following a call for papers on "Prisoner Health," the editors of Epidemiologic Reviews decided to rename this year's volume "Incarceration and Health." In this commentary, we trace the origins of person-first language and explain why using appropriate terms in correctional health, including correctional health epidemiology, matters. We discuss the potential consequences of person-first language for justice-involved individuals and how inclusive language might affect the social, emotional, and physical well-being of individuals, families, and communities. Future directions may include measuring health outcomes when language is systematically changed. The barriers that thwart successful reentry may wane when dehumanizing language disappears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious S Bedell
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Anne C Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marvin So
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer C Sarrett
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among prisoners in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Harm Reduct J 2018; 15:24. [PMID: 29739400 PMCID: PMC5941323 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-018-0231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major public health problems both in developed and developing countries. Prison represents a high-risk environment for prisoners, in that it is characterized by high-risk behaviors such as injecting drug use (IDU), tattooing, unprotected sexual intercourses, or sharing syringes. The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the prevalence of HCV among Iranian prisoners conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched different scholarly databases including Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI/Web of Sciences, the Cochrane library, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO as well as Iranian bibliographic thesauri (namely, Barakatns, MagIran, and SID) up to December 2017. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the studies included. HCV prevalence rate with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model, with Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Egger’s regression test was used to evaluate publication bias. Results Finally, 17 articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 18,693 prisoners were tested. Based on the random-effects model, the prevalence of HCV among Iranian prisoners was 28% (CI 95% 21–36) with heterogeneity of I2 = 99.3% (p = 0.00). All studies used an ELISA test for the evaluation of HCV antibodies. The findings of this study showed that the highest prevalence rate (53%) was among prisoners who inject drugs. Conclusion The findings of our study showed that the prevalence of HCV among Iranian prisoners is dramatically high. Managing this issue in Iran’s prisons requires careful attention to the availability of health facilities and instruments, such as screening, and harm reduction policies, such as giving sterile syringes and needles to prisoners. An integrated program of training for prisoners, prison personnel and medical staff is also needed to improve the level of health condition in prisons.
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Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Macmadu A, Marshall BDL, Heise A, Ranapurwala SI, Rich JD, Green TC. Risk of fentanyl-involved overdose among those with past year incarceration: Findings from a recent outbreak in 2014 and 2015. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:189-191. [PMID: 29459328 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Overdose is the leading cause of unintentional injury-related death. Rhode Island (RI) has the highest rate of illicit drug use nationally and the 5th highest overdose mortality rate. RI has experienced an outbreak of fentanyl-related overdoses. In incarcerated populations, risk of overdose is greatly elevated. However, little is known about fentanyl-related overdose post-release. In the current analyses, we identify changes in fentanyl-related fatal overdose among those who died in 2014 and 2015 who were incarcerated in the year before death. We linked data from the RI Office of the Medical Examiner with records from the RI Department of Corrections. We calculated risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals using log-binomial regression to compare risk of fentanyl-involved overdose death. We also compared median time to death since release, median sentence length, and median number of incarcerations in 2014 and 2015. Results indicate that the risk of dying of a fentanyl-related overdose increased (RR: 1.99 (95% CI: 1.11-3.57, p = 0.014)) from 2014 to 2015 among those with past year incarceration. This study is one of the first to describe fentanyl-related fatal overdose among those with past year incarceration. In 2015 the median sentence was longer among those with a fentanyl-related overdose death and the median time from release to death among all who had past year incarceration extended past 90 days. Access to medications for addiction treatment, overdose education, and naloxone should be available during community re-entry and extended beyond the early post-release period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina, 333 S. Columbia St., Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 335 S. Columbia St., Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
| | - Alexandria Macmadu
- Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital, 8 Third St., 2nd floor, Providence, RI 02906, USA; Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Andrew Heise
- Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 335 S. Columbia St., Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Shabbar I Ranapurwala
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josiah D Rich
- Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital, 8 Third St., 2nd floor, Providence, RI 02906, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Traci C Green
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University, 1 Boston Medical Center Pl., Boston, MA 02118, USA; Injury Prevention Research Center, Boston University, 1 Boston Medical Center Pl., Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Sterling RK, Cherian R, Lewis S, Genther K, Driscoll C, Martin K, Goode MB, Matherly S, Siddiqui MS, Luketic VA, Stravitz RT, Puri P, Lee H, Smith P, Patel V, Sanyal AJ. Treatment of HCV in the Department of Corrections in the Era of Oral Medications. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2018; 24:127-136. [PMID: 29566611 DOI: 10.1177/1078345818762591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is widely prevalent in the Virginia Department of Corrections (DOC). However, sustained virologic response (SVR) with all oral direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy is unknown. HCV treatment was provided through telemedicine following guidelines of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and Infectious Diseases Society of America. SVR12 in the DOC was compared in two control groups: privately insured and indigent patients receiving care in HCV treatment clinics by the same providers during the same time period. Of 220 DOC patients, 180 were started on therapy (158 genotype [GT] 1, 15 GT2, and 10 GT3). SVR12 data on GT1 patients who received ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin (RBV) were 96%, similar to our indigent (95%) and private clinic (93%) patients despite differences in age, gender, treatment experience, FIB-4, and use of RBV. Multiple logistic regression of GT1 patients identified lower FIB-4 ( p = .008) and treatment clinic ( p = .01) as independent predictors of SVR12. HCV treatment in the DOC by telemedicine with DAA is not only feasible but has a very high SVR12 similar to published trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Sterling
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Reena Cherian
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shawn Lewis
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kathleen Genther
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Carolyn Driscoll
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kelly Martin
- 2 School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mary Beth Goode
- 2 School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Scott Matherly
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mohammad S Siddiqui
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Velimir A Luketic
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - R Todd Stravitz
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Puneet Puri
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hannah Lee
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paula Smith
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vaishali Patel
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
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Désesquelles A, Kensey A, Meslé F. Circonstances et causes des décès des personnes écrouées en France : le poids écrasant des morts violentes. POPULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3917/popu.1804.0757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Subramanian Y, Khan MN, Berger S, Foisy M, Singh A, Woods D, Pyne D, Ahmed R. HIV outcomes at a Canadian remand centre. Int J Prison Health 2017; 12:145-56. [PMID: 27548017 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-12-2015-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of short-term incarceration on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, virologic suppression, and engagement and retention in community care post-release. Design/methodology/approach A retrospective chart review of patients who attended the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Outreach Clinic at a Canadian remand center between September 2007 and December 2011 was carried out. Data extraction included CD4 lymphocyte count, HIV viral load, ART prescription refills, and community engagement and retention during and one-year pre- and post-incarceration. Findings Outpatient engagement increased by 23 percent ( p=0.01), as did ART adherence (55.2-70.7 percent, p=0.01), following incarceration. Retention into community care did not significantly improve following incarceration (22.4 percent pre-incarceration to 25.9 percent post-release, p=0.8). There was a trend toward improved virologic suppression (less than 40 copies/ml; 50-77.8 percent ( p=0.08)) during incarceration and 70. 4 percent sustained this one-year post-incarceration ( p=0.70). Originality/value The impact of short-term incarceration in a Canadian context of universal health coverage has not been previously reported and could have significant implications in optimizing HIV patient outcomes given the large number of HIV-positive patients cycling through short-term remand centers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Berger
- HIV Northern Alberta Program, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michelle Foisy
- HIV Northern Alberta Program, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ameeta Singh
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Dan Woods
- Corrections Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Diane Pyne
- Corrections Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Rabia Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
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Nowotny KM. Health care needs and service use among male prison inmates in the United States: A multi-level behavioral model of prison health service utilization. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2017; 5:9. [PMID: 28597357 PMCID: PMC5465228 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-017-0052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to apply Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Service Use to men's prisons to assess the direct and indirect effects of inmate predisposing characteristics through multiple types of need. Also examined are the effects of prison-specific enabling factors and the variation in use of health services across prisons. This study uses a nationally representative U.S. sample of men incarcerated in state prisons (n = 8816) and generalized structural equation and multilevel modeling. Five types of need-medical condition, illness, dental problem, unintentional injury, and intentional injury-are assessed for their association with use of health services. RESULTS Findings indicate that a number of inmate predisposing (age, race, education) and vulnerability (mood/anxiety disorder,) characteristics are associated with use of health services but are partially mediated by enabling and need factors. Each type of medical need has strong direct effects with mood/anxiety disorder emerging as the strongest total effect (including both direct effects and indirect effects through need). There is significant variation in rates of health service utilization across prisons that is not accounted for by the prison-level factors included in the multilevel model. CONCLUSIONS The varying patterns of health service use across prisons suggest that incarceration may be an important circumstance that shapes health. In other words, where someone is incarcerated may influence their ability to access and use services in response to medical need. It is important that prisons provide integrated services for inmates with mood/anxiety disorder given high comorbidity with other health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Nowotny
- Department of Sociology, University of Miami, 5202 Merrick Bldg Rm 120D, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
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