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Di Maso M, Pelucchi C, Collatuzzo G, Alicandro G, Malvezzi M, Parazzini F, Negri E, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C, Turati F. Cancers attributable to overweight and obesity in Italy. Cancer Epidemiol 2023; 87:102468. [PMID: 37832242 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2023.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Overweight and obesity are associated with multiple cancers. We quantified the burden of cancer attributable to overweight and obesity in Italy. METHODS We estimated sex- and cancer site-specific population attributable fractions (PAFs) combining relative risks (from recent meta-analyses) with national obesity prevalence data (from a large sample survey conducted in 2005, to account for a 15-year lag period). Using nationwide mortality statistics and cancer registries data, we estimated the number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to overweight and obesity in Italy in 2020, based on the counterfactual scenario of a body mass index < 25 kg/m2. RESULTS 3.6% of cancers in men and 4.0% in women in Italy were attributable to overweight and obesity, corresponding, respectively, to over 6900 and 7200 diagnoses in 2020. Attributable deaths were over 3600 in men and 2700 in women. PAFs (attributable cases) of overweight and obesity in men and women were, respectively, 38.1% (215 cases) and 21.8% (49 cases) for esophageal adenocarcinoma, 19.1% (1715 cases) and 14.5% (585 cases) for liver, 18.7% (1692 cases) and 16.7% (747 cases) for kidney, 13.7% (938 cases) and 10.1% (749 cases) for pancreatic, and 10.2% (2389 cases) and 3.4% (690 cases) for colorectal cancers. In women, PAFs were 22.3% (1859 cases) for endometrial and 5.7% (2556 cases) for post-menopausal breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS The cancer burden associated with overweight and obesity in Italy is considerable, but smaller compared to other high income countries, likely because of the lower prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Italian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Maso
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Pelucchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alicandro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Malvezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Parazzini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Turati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Nemati S, Mohebbi E, Toorang F, Hadji M, Hosseini B, Saeedi E, Abdi S, Nahvijou A, Kamangar F, Roshandel G, Ghanbari Motlagh A, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Haghdoost AA, Najafi F, Sheikh M, Malekzadeh R, Zendehdel K. Population attributable proportion and number of cancer cases attributed to potentially modifiable risk factors in Iran in 2020. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:1758-1765. [PMID: 37548110 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we aimed to calculate the fraction of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in Iran in 2020. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated for established cancer risk factors using three data sources: the national cancer incidence reports, relative risks extracted from global and national meta-analyses, and exposure prevalence from national/subnational population-based surveys. In addition to overall cancers, the PAFs were estimated separately for each cancer site among men and women. Overall, 32.6% of cancers in 2020 in Iran were attributable to known risk factors. The PAF in men (40.2%) was twice as high as in women (21.1%). Cigarette smoking (15.4%), being overweight (5.0%), opium use (3.9%) and H. pylori infection (3.8%) were the leading causes of cancers. For men, the highest PAFs belonged to cigarette smoking (26.3%), opium use (6.8%) and being overweight (3.1%), while for women, the highest PAFs belonged to being overweight (7.2%), H. pylori infection (2.7%) and cigarette smoking (2.7%). Among Iranian men and women, the PAFs of waterpipe smoking were 2% and 0.9%, respectively. A third of incident cancers in Iran are due to modifiable exposures, mainly cigarette smoking, being overweight, and H. pylori infection. Opium consumption and waterpipe smoking collectively accounted for 8.8% of cancer occurrence in men and 1.3% in women in Iran. These emerging risk factors should be taken into consideration in future PAF studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nemati
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Mohebbi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Fatemeh Toorang
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hadji
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Bayan Hosseini
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Elnaz Saeedi
- Biostatistics Research Group, Department of Health Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sepideh Abdi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Nahvijou
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farin Kamangar
- Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari Motlagh
- Cancer Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Pourshams
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Haghdoost
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sheikh
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Genomic Epidemiology Branch, Lyon, France
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Zendehdel
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Collatuzzo G, La Vecchia C, Parazzini F, Alicandro G, Turati F, Di Maso M, Malvezzi M, Pelucchi C, Negri E, Boffetta P. Cancers attributable to infectious agents in Italy. Eur J Cancer 2023; 183:69-78. [PMID: 36801622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an evidence-based, comprehensive assessment of the current burden of infection-related cancers in Italy. METHODS We calculated the proportion of cancers attributable to infectious agents (Helicobacter pylori [Hp]; hepatitis B virus [HBV] and hepatitis C virus [HCV]; human papillomavirus [HPV]; human herpesvirus-8 [HHV8]; Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]; and human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) to estimate the burden of infection-related cancer incidence (2020) and mortality (2017). Data on the prevalence of infections were derived from cross-sectional surveys of the Italian population, and relative risks from meta-analyses and large-scale studies. Attributable fractions were calculated based on the counterfactual scenario of a lack of infection. RESULTS We estimated that 7.6% of total cancer deaths in 2017 were attributable to infections, with a higher proportion in men (8.1%) than in women (6.9%). The corresponding figures for incident cases were 6.5%, 6.9% and 6.1%. Hp was the first cause of infection-related cancer deaths (3.3% of the total), followed by HCV (1.8%), HIV (1.1%), HBV (0.9%), HPV, EBV and HHV8 (each ≤0.7%). Regarding incidence, 2.4% of the new cancer cases were due to Hp, 1.3% due to HCV, 1.2% due to HIV, 1.0% due to HPV, 0.6% due to HBV and <0.5% due to EBV and HHV8. CONCLUSIONS Our estimate of 7.6% of cancer deaths and 6.9% of incident cases that were attributable to infections in Italy is higher than those estimated in other developed countries. Hp is the major cause of infection-related cancer in Italy. Prevention, screening and treatment policies are needed to control these cancers, which are largely avoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Parazzini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Neonatology, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alicandro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Turati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Maso
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Malvezzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Pelucchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Doyle A, O'Dwyer C, Mongan D, Millar SR, Galvin B. Factors associated with public awareness of the relationship between alcohol use and breast cancer risk. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:577. [PMID: 36978036 PMCID: PMC10044731 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public awareness of the carcinogenic effects of alcohol is low, particularly the association between alcohol use and the risk of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer is the third most common cancer in Ireland and alcohol use remains high. This study examined factors related to awareness of the association between alcohol use and breast cancer risk. METHODS Using data from Wave 2 of the national Healthy Ireland Survey, a representative sample of 7,498 Irish adults aged 15 + years, descriptive and logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate relationships between demographic characteristics, type of drinker and awareness of breast cancer risk. RESULTS A low level of awareness of the risk of alcohol use (drinking more than the recommended low-risk limit) associated with breast cancer was found, with just 21% of respondents correctly identifying the relationship. Multivariable regression analyses found that factors most strongly associated with awareness were sex (female), middle age (45-54 years) and higher educational levels. CONCLUSION As breast cancer is a prevalent disease among women in Ireland, it is essential that the public, in particular women who drink, are made aware of this association. Public health messages that highlight the health risks associated with alcohol use, and which target individuals with lower educational levels, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Doyle
- Health Research Board, Grattan House 67-72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Claire O'Dwyer
- Health Research Board, Grattan House 67-72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Mongan
- Health Research Board, Grattan House 67-72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seán R Millar
- Health Research Board, Grattan House 67-72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, 4th Floor, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brian Galvin
- Health Research Board, Grattan House 67-72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin, Ireland
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Cazzolla Gatti R, Di Paola A, Monaco A, Velichevskaya A, Amoroso N, Bellotti R. The spatial association between environmental pollution and long-term cancer mortality in Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158439. [PMID: 36113788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumours are nowadays the second world‑leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. During the last decades of cancer research, lifestyle and random/genetic factors have been blamed for cancer mortality, with obesity, sedentary habits, alcoholism, and smoking contributing as supposed major causes. However, there is an emerging consensus that environmental pollution should be considered one of the main triggers. Unfortunately, all this preliminary scientific evidence has not always been followed by governments and institutions, which still fail to pursue research on cancer's environmental connections. In this unprecedented national-scale detailed study, we analyzed the links between cancer mortality, socio-economic factors, and sources of environmental pollution in Italy, both at wider regional and finer provincial scales, with an artificial intelligence approach. Overall, we found that cancer mortality does not have a random or spatial distribution and exceeds the national average mainly when environmental pollution is also higher, despite healthier lifestyle habits. Our machine learning analysis of 35 environmental sources of pollution showed that air quality ranks first for importance concerning the average cancer mortality rate, followed by sites to be reclaimed, urban areas, and motor vehicle density. Moreover, other environmental sources of pollution proved to be relevant for the mortality of some specific cancer types. Given these alarming results, we call for a rearrangement of the priority of cancer research and care that sees the reduction and prevention of environmental contamination as a priority action to put in place in the tough struggle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Geological and Environmental (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Di Paola
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (IBE-CNR), 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Monaco
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Nicola Amoroso
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Bellotti
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Tran KB, Lang JJ, Compton K, Xu R, Acheson AR, Henrikson HJ, Kocarnik JM, Penberthy L, Aali A, Abbas Q, Abbasi B, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, Abbastabar H, Abdelmasseh M, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdelwahab AA, Abdoli G, Abdulkadir HA, Abedi A, Abegaz KH, Abidi H, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Absalan A, Abtew YD, Abubaker Ali H, Abu-Gharbieh E, Achappa B, Acuna JM, Addison D, Addo IY, Adegboye OA, Adesina MA, Adnan M, Adnani QES, Advani SM, Afrin S, Afzal MS, Aggarwal M, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad AR, Ahmad R, Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Ahmadi S, Ahmed H, Ahmed LA, Ahmed MB, Ahmed Rashid T, Aiman W, Ajami M, Akalu GT, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi M, Aklilu A, Akonde M, Akunna CJ, Al Hamad H, Alahdab F, Alanezi FM, Alanzi TM, Alessy SA, Algammal AM, Al-Hanawi MK, Alhassan RK, Ali BA, Ali L, Ali SS, Alimohamadi Y, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Alkhayyat M, Al-Maweri SAA, Almustanyir S, Alonso N, Alqalyoobi S, Al-Raddadi RM, Al-Rifai RHH, Al-Sabah SK, Al-Tammemi AB, Altawalah H, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare F, Ameyaw EK, Aminian Dehkordi JJ, Amirzade-Iranaq MH, Amu H, Amusa GA, Ancuceanu R, Anderson JA, Animut YA, Anoushiravani A, Anoushirvani AA, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Ansha MG, Antony B, Antwi MH, Anwar SL, Anwer R, Anyasodor AE, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Aremu O, Argaw AM, Ariffin H, Aripov T, Arshad M, Artaman A, Arulappan J, Aruleba RT, Aryannejad A, Asaad M, Asemahagn MA, Asemi Z, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ashraf T, Assadi R, Athar M, Athari SS, Atout MMW, Attia S, Aujayeb A, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awedew AF, Awoke MA, Awoke T, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayana TM, Ayen SS, Azadi D, Azadnajafabad S, Azami-Aghdash S, Azanaw MM, Azangou-Khyavy M, Azari Jafari A, Azizi H, Azzam AYY, Babajani A, Badar M, Badiye AD, Baghcheghi N, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Bahadory S, Baig AA, Baker JL, Bakhtiari A, Bakshi RK, Banach M, Banerjee I, Bardhan M, Barone-Adesi F, Barra F, Barrow A, Bashir NZ, Bashiri A, Basu S, Batiha AMM, Begum A, Bekele AB, Belay AS, Belete MA, Belgaumi UI, Bell AW, Belo L, Benzian H, Berhie AY, Bermudez ANC, Bernabe E, Bhagavathula AS, Bhala N, Bhandari BB, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhattacharyya K, Bhojaraja VS, Bhuyan SS, Bibi S, Bilchut AH, Bintoro BS, Biondi A, Birega MGB, Birhan HE, Bjørge T, Blyuss O, Bodicha BBA, Bolla SR, Boloor A, Bosetti C, Braithwaite D, Brauer M, Brenner H, Briko AN, Briko NI, Buchanan CM, Bulamu NB, Bustamante-Teixeira MT, Butt MH, Butt NS, Butt ZA, Caetano dos Santos FL, Cámera LA, Cao C, Cao Y, Carreras G, Carvalho M, Cembranel F, Cerin E, Chakraborty PA, Charalampous P, Chattu VK, Chimed-Ochir O, Chirinos-Caceres JL, Cho DY, Cho WCS, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Chukwu IS, Cohen AJ, Conde J, Cortés S, Costa VM, Cruz-Martins N, Culbreth GT, Dadras O, Dagnaw FT, Dahlawi SMA, Dai X, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daneshpajouhnejad P, Danielewicz A, Dao ATM, Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani R, Darwesh AM, Das S, Davitoiu DV, Davtalab Esmaeili E, De la Hoz FP, Debela SA, Dehghan A, Demisse B, Demisse FW, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Derakhshani A, Derbew Molla M, Dereje D, Deribe KS, Desai R, Desalegn MD, Dessalegn FN, Dessalegni SAA, Dessie G, Desta AA, Dewan SMR, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Dianatinasab M, Diao N, Diaz D, Digesa LE, Dixit SG, Doaei S, Doan LP, Doku PN, Dongarwar D, dos Santos WM, Driscoll TR, Dsouza HL, Durojaiye OC, Edalati S, Eghbalian F, Ehsani-Chimeh E, Eini E, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo TC, Ekwueme DU, El Tantawi M, Elbahnasawy MA, Elbarazi I, Elghazaly H, Elhadi M, El-Huneidi W, Emamian MH, Engelbert Bain L, Enyew DB, Erkhembayar R, Eshetu T, Eshrati B, Eskandarieh S, Espinosa-Montero J, Etaee F, Etemadimanesh A, Eyayu T, Ezeonwumelu IJ, Ezzikouri S, Fagbamigbe AF, Fahimi S, Fakhradiyev IR, Faraon EJA, Fares J, Farmany A, Farooque U, Farrokhpour H, Fasanmi AO, Fatehizadeh A, Fatima W, Fattahi H, Fekadu G, Feleke BE, Ferrari AA, Ferrero S, Ferro Desideri L, Filip I, Fischer F, Foroumadi R, Foroutan M, Fukumoto T, Gaal PA, Gad MM, Gadanya MA, Gaipov A, Galehdar N, Gallus S, Garg T, Gaspar Fonseca M, Gebremariam YH, Gebremeskel TG, Gebremichael MA, Geda YF, Gela YY, Gemeda BNB, Getachew M, Getachew ME, Ghaffari K, Ghafourifard M, Ghamari SH, Ghasemi Nour M, Ghassemi F, Ghimire A, Ghith N, Gholamalizadeh M, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J, Ghozy S, Gilani SA, Gill PS, Ginindza TG, Gizaw ATT, Glasbey JC, Godos J, Goel A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Golitaleb M, Gorini G, Goulart BNG, Grosso G, Guadie HA, Gubari MIM, Gudayu TW, Guerra MR, Gunawardane DA, Gupta B, Gupta S, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gurara MK, Guta A, Habibzadeh P, Haddadi Avval A, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hajj Ali A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Halboub ES, Halimi A, Halwani R, Hamadeh RR, Hameed S, Hamidi S, Hanif A, Hariri S, Harlianto NI, Haro JM, Hartono RK, Hasaballah AI, Hasan SMM, Hasani H, Hashemi SM, Hassan AM, Hassanipour S, Hayat K, Heidari G, Heidari M, Heidarymeybodi Z, Herrera-Serna BY, Herteliu C, Hezam K, Hiraike Y, Hlongwa MM, Holla R, Holm M, Horita N, Hoseini M, Hossain MM, Hossain MBH, Hosseini MS, Hosseinzadeh A, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Huang J, Hugo FN, Humayun A, Hussain S, Hussein NR, Hwang BF, Ibitoye SE, Iftikhar PM, Ikuta KS, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Immurana M, Innos K, Iranpour P, Irham LM, Islam MS, Islam RM, Islami F, Ismail NE, Isola G, Iwagami M, J LM, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Jalili M, Jalilian S, Jamshidi E, Jang SI, Jani CT, Javaheri T, Jayarajah UU, Jayaram S, Jazayeri SB, Jebai R, Jemal B, Jeong W, Jha RP, Jindal HA, John-Akinola YO, Jonas JB, Joo T, Joseph N, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kacimi SEO, Kadashetti V, Kahe F, Kakodkar PV, Kalankesh LR, Kalankesh LR, Kalhor R, Kamal VK, Kamangar F, Kamath A, Kanchan T, Kandaswamy E, Kandel H, Kang H, Kanno GG, Kapoor N, Kar SS, Karanth SD, Karaye IM, Karch A, Karimi A, Kassa BG, Katoto PDMC, Kauppila JH, Kaur H, Kebede AG, Keikavoosi-Arani L, Kejela GG, Kemp Bohan PM, Keramati M, Keykhaei M, Khajuria H, Khan A, Khan AAK, Khan EA, Khan G, Khan MN, Khan MAB, Khanali J, Khatab K, Khatatbeh MM, Khatib MN, Khayamzadeh M, Khayat Kashani HR, Khazeei Tabari MA, Khezeli M, Khodadost M, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Klugar M, Klugarová J, Kolahi AA, Kolkhir P, Kompani F, Koul PA, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy Y, Kucuk Bicer B, Kugbey N, Kulimbet M, Kumar A, Kumar GA, Kumar N, Kurmi OP, Kuttikkattu A, La Vecchia C, Lahiri A, Lal DK, Lám J, Lan Q, Landires I, Larijani B, Lasrado S, Lau J, Lauriola P, Ledda C, Lee SW, Lee SWH, Lee WC, Lee YY, Lee YH, Legesse SM, Leigh J, Leong E, Li MC, Lim SS, Liu G, Liu J, Lo CH, Lohiya A, Lopukhov PD, Lorenzovici L, Lotfi M, Loureiro JA, Lunevicius R, Madadizadeh F, Mafi AR, Magdeldin S, Mahjoub S, Mahmoodpoor A, Mahmoudi M, Mahmoudimanesh M, Mahumud RA, Majeed A, Majidpoor J, Makki A, Makris KC, Malakan Rad E, Malekpour MR, Malekzadeh R, Malik AA, Mallhi TH, Mallya SD, Mamun MA, Manda AL, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mansouri B, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Martini S, Martorell M, Masoudi S, Masoumi SZ, Matei CN, Mathews E, Mathur MR, Mathur V, McKee M, Meena JK, Mehmood K, Mehrabi Nasab E, Mehrotra R, Melese A, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mengesha SID, Mensah LG, Mentis AFA, Mera-Mamián AYM, Meretoja TJ, Merid MW, Mersha AG, Meselu BT, Meshkat M, Mestrovic T, Miao Jonasson J, Miazgowski T, Michalek IM, Mijena GFW, Miller TR, Mir SA, Mirinezhad SK, Mirmoeeni S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei HR, Misganaw AS, Misra S, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohammed A, Mohammed S, Mohan S, Mohseni M, Moka N, Mokdad AH, Molassiotis A, Molokhia M, Momenzadeh K, Momtazmanesh S, Monasta L, Mons U, Montasir AA, Montazeri F, Montero A, Moosavi MA, Moradi A, Moradi Y, Moradi Sarabi M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Morrison SD, Morze J, Mosapour A, Mostafavi E, Mousavi SM, Mousavi Isfahani H, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Mpundu-Kaambwa C, Mubarik S, Mulita F, Munblit D, Munro SB, Murillo-Zamora E, Musa J, Nabhan AF, Nagarajan AJ, Nagaraju SP, Nagel G, Naghipour M, Naimzada MD, Nair TS, Naqvi AA, Narasimha Swamy S, Narayana AI, Nassereldine H, Natto ZS, Nayak BP, Ndejjo R, Nduaguba SO, Negash WW, Nejadghaderi SA, Nejati K, Neupane Kandel S, Nguyen HVN, Niazi RK, Noor NM, Noori M, Noroozi N, Nouraei H, Nowroozi A, Nuñez-Samudio V, Nzoputam CI, Nzoputam OJ, Oancea B, Odukoya OO, Oghenetega OB, Ogunsakin RE, Oguntade AS, Oh IH, Okati-Aliabad H, Okekunle AP, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Olakunde BO, Olufadewa II, Omer E, Omonisi AEE, Ong S, Onwujekwe OE, Orru H, Otstavnov SS, Oulhaj A, Oumer B, Owopetu OF, Oyinloye BE, P A M, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri JR, Pakbin B, Pakshir K, Pakzad R, Palicz T, Pana A, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pant S, Pardhan S, Park EC, Park EK, Park S, Patel J, Pati S, Paudel R, Paudel U, Paun M, Pazoki Toroudi H, Peng M, Pereira J, Pereira RB, Perna S, Perumalsamy N, Pestell RG, Pezzani R, Piccinelli C, Pillay JD, Piracha ZZ, Pischon T, Postma MJ, Pourabhari Langroudi A, Pourshams A, Pourtaheri N, Prashant A, Qadir MMF, Quazi Syed Z, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Radhakrishnan RA, Radhakrishnan V, Raeisi M, Rafiee A, Rafiei A, Raheem N, Rahim F, Rahman MO, Rahman M, Rahman MA, Rahmani AM, Rahmani S, Rahmanian V, Rajai N, Rajesh A, Ram P, Ramezanzadeh K, Rana J, Ranabhat K, Ranasinghe P, Rao CR, Rao SJ, Rashedi S, Rashidi A, Rashidi M, Rashidi MM, Ratan ZA, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Rawassizadeh R, Razeghinia MS, Rehman AU, Rehman IU, Reitsma MB, Renzaho AMN, Rezaei M, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei S, Rezaeian M, Rezapour A, Riad A, Rikhtegar R, Rios-Blancas M, Roberts TJ, Rohloff P, Romero-Rodríguez E, Roshandel G, Rwegerera GM, S M, Saber-Ayad MM, Saberzadeh-Ardestani B, Sabour S, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Saeb MR, Saeed U, Safaei M, Safary A, Sahebazzamani M, Sahebkar A, Sahoo H, Sajid MR, Salari H, Salehi S, Salem MR, Salimzadeh H, Samodra YL, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sankararaman S, Sanmarchi F, Santric-Milicevic MM, Saqib MAN, Sarveazad A, Sarvi F, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sayegh N, Schneider IJC, Schwarzinger M, Šekerija M, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou SG, Seylani A, Seyoum K, Sha F, Shafaat O, Shah PA, Shahabi S, Shahid I, Shahrbaf MA, Shahsavari HR, Shaikh MA, Shaka MF, Shaker E, Shannawaz M, Sharew MMS, Sharifi A, Sharifi-Rad J, Sharma P, Shashamo BB, Sheikh A, Sheikh M, Sheikhbahaei S, Sheikhi RA, Sheikhy A, Shepherd PR, Shetty A, Shetty JK, Shetty RS, Shibuya K, Shirkoohi R, Shirzad-Aski H, Shivakumar KM, Shivalli S, Shivarov V, Shobeiri P, Shokri Varniab Z, Shorofi SA, Shrestha S, Sibhat MM, Siddappa Malleshappa SK, Sidemo NB, Silva DAS, Silva LMLR, Silva Julian G, Silvestris N, Simegn W, Singh AD, Singh A, Singh G, Singh H, Singh JA, Singh JK, Singh P, Singh S, Sinha DN, Sinke AH, Siraj MS, Sitas F, Siwal SS, Skryabin VY, Skryabina AA, Socea B, Soeberg MJ, Sofi-Mahmudi A, Solomon Y, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Song S, Song Y, Sorensen RJD, Soshnikov S, Sotoudeh H, Sowe A, Sufiyan MB, Suk R, Suleman M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader R, Sultana S, Sur D, Szócska M, Tabaeian SP, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei SM, Tabuchi T, Tadbiri H, Taheri E, Taheri M, Taheri Soodejani M, Takahashi K, Talaat IM, Tampa M, Tan KK, Tat NY, Tat VY, Tavakoli A, Tavakoli A, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekalegn Y, Tesfay FH, Thapar R, Thavamani A, Thoguluva Chandrasekar V, Thomas N, Thomas NK, Ticoalu JHV, Tiyuri A, Tollosa DN, Topor-Madry R, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran MTN, Tripathy JP, Ukke GG, Ullah I, Ullah S, Ullah S, Unnikrishnan B, Vacante M, Vaezi M, Valadan Tahbaz S, Valdez PR, Vardavas C, Varthya SB, Vaziri S, Velazquez DZ, Veroux M, Villeneuve PJ, Violante FS, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Vo B, Vu LG, Wadood AW, Waheed Y, Walde MT, Wamai RG, Wang C, Wang F, Wang N, Wang Y, Ward P, Waris A, Westerman R, Wickramasinghe ND, Woldemariam M, Woldu B, Xiao H, Xu S, Xu X, Yadav L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yang L, Yazdanpanah F, Yeshaw Y, Yismaw Y, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yousefi Z, Yousefian F, Yu C, Yu Y, Yunusa I, Zahir M, Zaki N, Zaman BA, Zangiabadian M, Zare F, Zare I, Zareshahrabadi Z, Zarrintan A, Zastrozhin MS, Zeineddine MA, Zhang D, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang ZJ, Zhou L, Zodpey S, Zoladl M, Vos T, Hay SI, Force LM, Murray CJL. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2022; 400:563-591. [PMID: 35988567 PMCID: PMC9395583 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). INTERPRETATION The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Inoue M, Hirabayashi M, Abe SK, Katanoda K, Sawada N, Lin Y, Ishihara J, Takachi R, Nagata C, Saito E, Goto A, Ueda K, Tanaka J, Hori M, Matsuda T. Burden of cancer attributable to modifiable factors in Japan in 2015. Glob Health Med 2022; 4:26-36. [PMID: 35291201 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2021.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The This study estimated the cancer burden attributable to modifiable factors in Japan in 2015 using the best available epidemiological evidence and a standard methodology. We selected the following factors for inclusion in the estimates, namely tobacco smoking (active smoking and secondhand smoking), alcohol drinking, excess bodyweight, physical inactivity, infectious agents (Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1), dietary intake (highly salted food, fruit, vegetables, dietary fiber, red meat, processed meat), exogenous hormone use, never breastfeeding and air pollution, given that these were considered modifiable, in theory at least. We first estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of each cancer attributable to these factors using representative relative risks of Japanese and the prevalence of exposures in Japanese around 2005, in consideration of the 10-year interval between exposure and cancer outcomes. Using nationwide cancer incidence and mortality statistics, we then estimated the attributable cancer incidence and mortality in 2015. We finally obtained the PAF for site-specific and total cancers attributable to all modifiable risk factors using this formula, with statistical consideration of the effect of overlap between risk factors. The results showed that 35.9% of all cancer incidence (43.4% in men and 25.3% in women) and 41.0% of all cancer mortality (49.7% in men and 26.8% in women) would be considered preventable by avoidance of these exposures. Infections and active smoking followed by alcohol drinking were the greatest contributing factors to cancer in Japan in 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Inoue
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cohort Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayo Hirabayashi
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sarah Krull Abe
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Katanoda
- Division of Cancer Statistics Integration, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Cohort Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yingsong Lin
- Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junko Ishihara
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ribeka Takachi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Chisato Nagata
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Eiko Saito
- Division of Cancer Statistics Integration, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Yokohama City University, Department of Health Data Science, Graduate School of Data Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Hori
- Division of Cancer Statistics Integration, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuda
- National Cancer Registry Section Center for Cancer Registries Center for Cancer Control and Information Services/Office of International Affairs, Strategic Planning Bureau National Cancer Center, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Matsuda T, Matsuo K, Sawada N, Inoue M. International strategy in cancer epidemiology: Japan's involvement in global projects and future role. Glob Health Med 2021; 3:187-195. [PMID: 34532599 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2021.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, collaboration among researchers in the field of cancer epidemiology has been accelerating in various forms. Here, we review recent trends in international collaborative research activities in the cancer epidemiology field in Japan. These include not only support for other countries with less developed cancer statistics infrastructures, but also large-scale compilations and international comparisons through collaborative studies, as well as integration with analytical epidemiology and clinical research. Formation of international cohort consortia and estimates of cancer and risk factors in each country have contributed to raising the skill levels of cancer epidemiologists as well as to expanding research networks and activities among cancer epidemiologists. Molecular and genome epidemiological studies on cancer have progressed over decades and these continue to increase in size and dimension. Application of evidence from this area in prevention is still underway and needs further effort. Japanese epidemiologists have great potential to assume international leadership roles by taking advantage of the uniqueness, originality and characteristics of Japanese cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Matsuda
- Division of International Collaborative Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Cohort Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Division of Cohort Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Nguyen TP, Luu HN, Nguyen MVT, Tran MT, Tuong TTV, Tran CTD, Boffetta P. Attributable Causes of Cancer in Vietnam. JCO Glob Oncol 2021; 6:195-204. [PMID: 32045545 PMCID: PMC7051248 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.19.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vietnam is undergoing rapid socio-economic transition with an increasing cancer burden. The contribution of modifiable risk factors to cancers in Vietnam has not been studied. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the attributable causes of cancer in Vietnam. METHODS We reviewed the data on burden of cancer in Vietnam from 2 cancer registries in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City between 1995 and 2012. Next, we calculated the fractions of cancers occurring in 2018 attributable to established modifiable risk factors whose impact could be quantified. Data on exposure prevalence were obtained for the period from 2000 to 2010 from national sources wherever possible. RESULTS Cancer incidence in Vietnam has decreased slightly in both sexes. Cancer related to infectious agents decreased sharply, whereas cancer related to nutrition and metabolism has increased. In 2018, established carcinogens included in the analysis explained 47.0% of cancer burden in Vietnam. Chronic infections accounted for 29.1% of cancers (34.7% in men and 22.1% in women), tobacco smoking for 13.5% (23.9% in men and 0.8% in women), and alcohol drinking for 10.3%. Passive smoking was responsible for 8.8% of cancers in women. Other risk factors, including overweight or obesity, nulliparity, and low vegetable and fruit intake, accounted for < 1% of all cancers each. CONCLUSION Cancer incidence is slowly decreasing in Vietnam, and the causes of more than half of cancers remain unexplained. This result underlines the need for further epidemiologic and fundamental research. Our findings confirm the notion that controlling oncogenic infections and decreasing tobacco smoking are the most effective approaches to reduce the burden of cancer in Vietnam, but other risk factors, including alcohol drinking and diet, should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Phuong Nguyen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Hung N Luu
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mai Vu Tuyet Nguyen
- Vietnam Colorectal Cancer and Polyps Study, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mo Thi Tran
- Vietnam Colorectal Cancer and Polyps Study, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Van Tuong
- Vietnam Colorectal Cancer and Polyps Study, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chi Thi Du Tran
- Vietnam Colorectal Cancer and Polyps Study, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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10
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Ruan Y, Walter SD, Gogna P, Friedenreich CM, Brenner DR. Simulation study on the validity of the average risk approach in estimating population attributable fractions for continuous exposures. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045410. [PMID: 34210723 PMCID: PMC8252883 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The population attributable fraction (PAF) is an important metric for estimating disease burden associated with causal risk factors. In an International Agency for Research on Cancer working group report, an approach was introduced to estimate the PAF using the average of a continuous exposure and the incremental relative risk (RR) per unit. This 'average risk' approach has been subsequently applied in several studies conducted worldwide. However, no investigation of the validity of this method has been done. OBJECTIVE To examine the validity and the potential magnitude of bias of the average risk approach. METHODS We established analytically that the direction of the bias is determined by the shape of the RR function. We then used simulation models based on a variety of risk exposure distributions and a range of RR per unit. We estimated the unbiased PAF from integrating the exposure distribution and RR, and the PAF using the average risk approach. We examined the absolute and relative bias as the direct and relative difference in PAF estimated from the two approaches. We also examined the bias of the average risk approach using real-world data from the Canadian Population Attributable Risk of Cancer study. RESULTS The average risk approach involves bias, which is underestimation or overestimation with a convex or concave RR function (a risk profile that increases more/less rapidly at higher levels of exposure). The magnitude of the bias is affected by the exposure distribution as well as the value of RR. This approach is approximately valid when the RR per unit is small or the RR function is approximately linear. The absolute and relative bias can both be large when RR is not small and the exposure distribution is skewed. CONCLUSIONS We recommend that caution be taken when using the average risk approach to estimate PAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Ruan
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen D Walter
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priyanka Gogna
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darren R Brenner
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Teh HS, Woon YL. Burden of cancers attributable to modifiable risk factors in Malaysia. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:410. [PMID: 33637056 PMCID: PMC7908668 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This is a systematic assessment of the burden of cancers in Malaysia in 2018 using epidemiologic approach. The purpose of this study was to identify the proportion of cancers in Malaysia that were attributable to the modifiable risk factors of excess weight, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, tobacco smoking and to estimate the number of cancer cases that could be prevented if the exposure to the modifiable risk factor was reduced. Methods We estimated the Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) of the modifiable risk factors to cancers incidences in Malaysia. The two parameters used for the estimation were exposure prevalence from national representative surveys and the relative risk of getting the cancers from worldwide literature review. Results Among 38,426 cancer incidences in 2018 from Globocan data, we estimated that 22.2% (95% confidence interval (CI):14.9 to 29.6%) of the cancer incidences included in this study were attributable to the investigated modifiable risk factors. 39.1% (95% CI:27.2 to 49.7%) and 10.5% (95% CI:5.8 to 15.7%) of cancers in male and female respectively, were attributable to the studied modifiable risk factors. The top main cancers attributed by the risk factors were lung cancer (65.1%; 95% CI:56.4 to 72.9%), laryngeal cancer (63.6%; 95% CI:39.9 to 80.5%), and oesophageal cancer (51.5%; 95% CI:39.9 to 62.0%). For each risk factor studied across genders, tobacco smoking contributed the most (14.3%; 95% CI:9.9 to 17.3%), followed by excess weight (7.0%; 95% CI:4.1 to 10.2%), physical inactivity (1.0%; 95% CI:0.4 to 1.7%) and alcohol intake (0.6%; 95% CI:0.2 to 1.0%). Conclusion Findings from this study suggests that tobacco smoking and excess weight are the two predominant factors out of the four studied risk factors for cancer cases in Malaysia. Nationwide public health prevention campaigns tailored to these risk factors are recommended. However, the other risk factors such as physical inactivity and alcohol intake shall not be neglected. PAFs are estimated based on the best available data that we have currently. Regular collection of other risk factor exposure prevalence data is vital for future analyses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10412-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Teh
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Persiaran Setia Murni, Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Y L Woon
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Persiaran Setia Murni, Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Dovey ZS, Nair SS, Chakravarty D, Tewari AK. Racial disparity in prostate cancer in the African American population with actionable ideas and novel immunotherapies. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4:e1340. [PMID: 33599076 PMCID: PMC8551995 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African Americans (AAs) in the United States are known to have a higher incidence and mortality for Prostate Cancer (PCa). The drivers of this epidemiological disparity are multifactorial, including socioeconomic factors leading to lifestyle and dietary issues, healthcare access problems, and potentially tumor biology. Recent findings Although recent evidence suggests once access is equal, AA men have equal outcomes to Caucasian American (CA) men, differences in PCa incidence remain, and there is much to do to reverse disparities in mortality across the USA. A deeper understanding of these issues, both at the clinical and molecular level, can facilitate improved outcomes in the AA population. This review first discusses PCa oncogenesis in the context of its diverse hallmarks before benchmarking key molecular and genomic differences for PCa in AA men that have emerged in the recent literature. Studies have emphasized the importance of tumor microenvironment that contributes to both the unequal cancer burden and differences in clinical outcome between the races. Management of comorbidities like obesity, hypertension, and diabetes will provide an essential means of reducing prostate cancer incidence in AA men. Although requiring further AA specific research, several new treatment strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors used in combination PARP inhibitors and other emerging vaccines, including Sipuleucel‐T, have demonstrated some proven efficacy. Conclusion Genomic profiling to integrate clinical and genomic data for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment will allow physicians to plan a “Precision Medicine” approach to AA men. There is a pressing need for further research for risk stratification, which may allow early identification of AA men with higher risk disease based on their unique clinical, genomic, and immunological profiles, which can then be mapped to appropriate clinical trials. Treatment options are outlined, with a concise description of recent work in AA specific populations, detailing several targeted therapies, including immunotherapy. Also, a summary of current clinical trials involving AA men is presented, and it is important that policies are adopted to ensure that AA men are actively recruited. Although it is encouraging that many of these explore the lifestyle and educational initiatives and therapeutic interventions, there is much still work to be done to reduce incidence and mortality in AA men and equalize current racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Dovey
- The Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sujit S Nair
- The Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dimple Chakravarty
- The Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Tewari
- The Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Cho S, Shin A. Population Attributable Fraction of Established Modifiable Risk Factors on Colorectal Cancer in Korea. Cancer Res Treat 2020; 53:480-486. [PMID: 33070559 PMCID: PMC8053879 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2019.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of established risk factors for colorectal cancer, to provide evidence for prioritizing cancer prevention policy. Materials and Methods The exposure prevalence was calculated by using data from the 2005 Korean National Health Examination Survey for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, and meat intake. Risk estimates (relative risks) were selected from the published meta-analyses. Cancer incidence data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry were used to estimate the preventable number of colorectal cancer cases in 2015. Results The PAFs of the tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, and consumption of red and processed meat were as follows: 9.2%, 11.1%, 9.1%, 18.9%, and 10.1% for colon cancer and 21.8%, 12.3%, 3.5%, 5.3%, and 9.2% for rectal cancer among men; 1.0%, 1.3%, 2.7%, 12.3% and 9.2% for colon cancer and 1.7%, 2.3%, 0.8%, 7.2%, and 8.3% for rectal cancer among women. The PAFs of selected risk factors were 46.2% for colon and 42.4% for rectum among men, while 24.3% for colon and 18.9% for rectum among women. The attributable numbers of colon and rectal cancer to selected risk factors were 4,028 and 3,049 cases among men, respectively, while 1,644 and 778 cases among women in the year of 2015. Conclusion Changes in modifiable risk factors could prevent half of the colorectal cancer in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aesun Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Kensler KH, Rebbeck TR. Cancer Progress and Priorities: Prostate Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:267-277. [PMID: 32024765 PMCID: PMC7006991 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Kensler
- Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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15
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DE FLORA S, LA MAESTRA S, CROCETTI E, MANGONE L, BIANCONI F, STRACCI F, BUZZONI C. Estimates of the incidence of infection-related cancers in Italy and Italian regions in 2018. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2019; 60:E311-E326. [PMID: 31967088 PMCID: PMC6953451 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.4.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Chronic infections and infestations represent one of the leading causes of cancer. Eleven agents have been categorized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Group 1, 3 in Group 2A and 4 in Group 2B. We previously estimated that the incidence of cancers associated with infectious agents accounted for the 8.5% of new cancer cases diagnosed in Italy in 2014. Methods In the present study we evaluated the incidence of cancer in Italy and in the 20 Italian regions in 2018, based on the data of Cancer Registries, and calculated the fraction attributable to infectious agents. Results Cancers of infectious origin contributed to the overall burden of cancer in Italy with more than 27,000 yearly cases, the 92% of which was attributable to Helicobacter pylori, human papillomaviruses, and hepatitis B and C viruses. With the exception of papillomavirus-related cancers, the incidence of cancers of infectious origin was higher in males (16,000 cases) than in females (11,000 cases). There were regional and geographical variations of cancers depending on the type of cancer and on the gender. Nevertheless, the overall figures were rather similar, the infection-related cancers accounting for the 7.2, 7.6, and 7.1% of all cancers in Northern, Central, and Southern Italy, respectively. Conclusions The estimate of the incidence of cancers attributable to infectious agents in Italy in 2018 (7.3% of all cancer cases) is approximately half of the worldwide burden, which has been estimated by IARC to be the 15.4% of all cancer cases in 2012.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age Distribution
- Aged
- Burkitt Lymphoma/epidemiology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/etiology
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter pylori
- Hepatitis B/complications
- Hepatitis C/complications
- Hodgkin Disease/epidemiology
- Hodgkin Disease/etiology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infections/complications
- Italy/epidemiology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/epidemiology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/etiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/complications
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Neoplasms/etiology
- Papillomavirus Infections/complications
- Penile Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Penile Neoplasms/etiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/epidemiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology
- Sex Distribution
- Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/etiology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/etiology
- Vaginal Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Vaginal Neoplasms/etiology
- Vulvar Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Vulvar Neoplasms/etiology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- S. DE FLORA
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: Silvio De Flora, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, via A. Pastore 1, 161232 Genoa, Italy - E-mail:
| | - S. LA MAESTRA
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - E. CROCETTI
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute (Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRST, IRCCS), Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - L. MANGONE
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - F. STRACCI
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Public Health, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C. BUZZONI
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
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16
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Sgarbura O, Gourgou S, Tosi D, Bakrin N, Bouazza N, Delaine S, De Forges H, Pocard M, Quénet F. MESOTIP: Phase II multicenter randomized trial evaluating the association of PIPAC and systemic chemotherapy vs. systemic chemotherapy alone as 1st-line treatment of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Pleura Peritoneum 2019; 4:20190010. [PMID: 31417958 PMCID: PMC6693480 DOI: 10.1515/pp-2019-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare tumoral disease characterized by the diffuse involvement of the peritoneal serosa. The standard frontline treatment of MPM is cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) unless the peritoneal disease is considered unresectable. For unresectable patients the standard frontline treatment is a combination of cisplatin and pemetrexed but the prognosis remains ominous with only 13 months of overall survival (OS). Methods The proposed study is a multicenter randomized non-comparative study evaluating the association of Pressurized Intra-Peritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) and systemic chemotherapy vs. systemic chemotherapy alone as first-line treatment of MPM. Patients will be randomized with a 2:1 ratio using a minimization technique. Sixty-six patients have to be enrolled. Stratification will be performed according to histology (epithelioid vs. sarcomatoid and biphasic), presence of extraperitoneal disease and center. Primary objective is OS and secondary objectives include progression-free survival (PFS), safety, compliance, feasibility, conversion to resectability, histological response to treatment and quality of life. Conclusions We expect to show that intensification of the first line treatment with PIPAC for initially unresectable MPM patients increases OS. Trial registration Prospective study. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03574493 EudraCT: 2019–001515-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sgarbura
- Surgical oncology Department, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Gourgou
- Biometrics Unit, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Diego Tosi
- Early phase clinical trial unit, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Naoual Bakrin
- Surgery Department, Lyon Sud University Hospital, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
| | - Nabila Bouazza
- Clinical Research Department, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Delaine
- Clinical Research Department, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène De Forges
- Clinical Research Department, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Pocard
- INSERM U1275, CAP Paris-Tech, Carcinomatosis Peritoneum Paris Technology, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, 2 rue Ambroise Paré – 75010 Paris – Université de Paris, France
| | - François Quénet
- Surgical oncology Department, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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17
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O'Sullivan DE, Brenner DR, Villeneuve PJ, Walter SD, Demers PA, Friedenreich CM, King WD. Estimates of the current and future burden of melanoma attributable to ultraviolet radiation in Canada. Prev Med 2019; 122:81-90. [PMID: 31078176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an established cause of cutaneous melanoma. The purpose of this study was to estimate the current attributable and future avoidable burden of melanoma related to exposure to UVR and modifiable UVR risk behaviors (sunburn, sunbathing, and indoor tanning). The population attributable risk (PAR) associated with UVR in 2015 was estimated by comparing Canadian melanoma incidence rates in 2015 to estimated incidence rates of a 1920 birth cohort. Rates were adjusted for changes in reporting and ethnicity. We estimated PARs for modifiable UVR risk behaviors using Caucasian prevalence data from the Second National Sun Survey and relative risks that are generalizable to Canada from meta-analyses of relevant studies. Attributable cases apply to 98.9% of melanomas in Canada that occur in Caucasians. We also estimated the future burden of UVR risk behaviors using the potential impact fraction framework and potential reductions in prevalence of 10% to 50% from 2018 to 2042. Adult sunburn and sunbathing were associated with increased risks of melanoma of 1.28 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.43) and 1.44 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.76), respectively. In 2015, we estimate that 62.3% of melanomas in Canada were attributable to exposure to UVR and that 29.7% were attributable to the combination of sunburn (7.4%), sunbathing (17.8%), and indoor tanning (7.0%). A 50% reduction in modifiable UVR behaviors could avoid an estimated 11,980 melanoma cases by 2042. Prevention strategies aimed at modifiable UVR behaviors are crucial to reduce the growing burden of melanoma in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan E O'Sullivan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren R Brenner
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D Walter
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Will D King
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Fukui M, Suzuki K, Matsunaga T, Oh S, Takamochi K. Importance of Smoking Cessation on Surgical Outcome in Primary Lung Cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 107:1005-1009. [PMID: 30610851 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking cessation is important in the management of patients who require pulmonary resection. However, the impact of short-term smoking cessation on the surgical outcome remains unclear. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on patients with stage I to III primary lung cancer who underwent resection between 2012 and 2016. The rate of operative mortality and morbidity were evaluated according to smoking status. The relationship between the preoperative interval of smoking cessation and pulmonary complications after surgery was also examined. RESULTS This study included 666 patients, of whom 256 (38.4%) were never smokers and 410 (61.6%) were smokers. Significant differences were found between the smokers and never smokers regarding the 90-day mortality rate (2.0% versus 0%, p = 0.025) and respiratory complications (22.3% versus 3.5%, p < 0.001). A multivariate analysis indicated that smoking (odds ratio [OR] 2.8, p = 0.017), forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity less than 0.7 (OR 2.6, p = 0.001), percentage of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide less than 40% (OR 4.2, p = < 0.001), and clinical stage of lung cancer (OR 2.3, p = 0.005) were predictors of pulmonary complications after pulmonary resection. In comparison with never smokers, the ORs for pulmonary complications at each cessation interval (current smoker/cessation for <1month, 1 to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, 6 to 12 months, and >12 months) were 12.9 (p < 0.001), 10.3 (p < 0.001), 8.5 (p < 0.001), 6.3 (p = 0.011), 6.0 (p = 0.003), and 5.0 (p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS A longer period of cessation might be more effective for reducing the risk of pulmonary complications. Smoking cessation at any time is valuable for lung cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Fukui
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Matsunaga
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiaki Oh
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takamochi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Rebbeck TR. Prostate Cancer Disparities by Race and Ethnicity: From Nucleotide to Neighborhood. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a030387. [PMID: 29229666 PMCID: PMC6120694 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates vary substantially by race and ethnicity, with African American men experiencing among the highest CaP rates in the world. The causes of these disparities are multifactorial and complex, and likely involve differences in access to screening and treatment, exposure to CaP risk factors, variation in genomic susceptibility, and other biological factors. To date, the proportion of CaP that can be explained by environmental exposures is small and differences in the role factors play by race or ethnicity is poorly understood. In the absence of additional data, it is likely that environmental factors do not contribute greatly to CaP disparities. In contrast, CaP has one of the highest heritabilities of all major cancers and many CaP susceptibility genes have been identified. Some CaP loci, including the risk loci found at chromosome 8q24, have consistent effects in all racial/ethnic groups studied to date. However, replication of many susceptibility loci across race or ethnicity remains limited. It is likely that inequities in health care access strongly influences CaP disparities. CaP is a disease with a complex multifactorial etiology, and therefore any approach attempting to address racial/ethnic disparities in CaP must consider the many sources that influence risk, outcomes, and disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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20
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Orlewska K, Sliwczynski A, Orlewska E. An ecological study of the link between the risk of most frequent types of cancer in Poland and socioeconomic variables. Int J Public Health 2018; 63:777-786. [PMID: 29508013 PMCID: PMC6154031 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the link between the risks of most frequent cancer sites in Poland and selected socioeconomic variables that potentially affect health outcomes throughout the life course. Methods This is a cross-sectional ecological study. Incidence of lung, breast, and colon cancer by voivodeships in 2014 was calculated based on Polish National Cancer Registry. Socioeconomic variables in individual voivodeships were assessed based on Polish Social Cohesion Survey for 2015. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test the association of incidence rates and socioeconomic variables. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 (two-tailed tests). Results Statistically significant negative correlation exists between: (1) friend-/neighbour-based social capital and colon and breast cancer, (2) association-based social capital and lung cancer, (3) high religiousness and lung and breast cancer, and (4) income poverty and breast cancer. Statistically significant positive correlation exists between: (1) social isolation, living conditions poverty, poverty resulting from the lack of budget balance, and lung cancer; (2) low/no involvement in religious activity and lung and breast cancer. Conclusions Our findings support public health concerns over the implication of socioeconomic environment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrzej Sliwczynski
- Medical University in Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,National Health Fund, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Orlewska
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Al. IX Wieków Kielc 19, 25-317, Kielce, Poland.
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21
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Sugisaki K, Ueda S, Ueji M, Monobe H, Yako-Suketomo H, Eto T, Watanabe M, Mori R. A Cross-sectional Investigation of Cancer-Screening Intentions, Sources of Information, and Understanding of Cancer in Japanese Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2018; 33:102-108. [PMID: 27245065 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-016-1056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe the cancer-screening intention, sources of cancer information, and cancer understanding among Japanese adolescents. A cross-sectional nationwide survey involving a self-administered questionnaire was conducted. Response rates of the target schools were 46.4 % (n = 103) for junior high schools and 55.8 % (n = 116) for high schools. From these, we analyzed the data of 2960 junior high school students (1520 males, 1440 females) and 3703 high school students (1546 males, 2157 females) to examine the association between cancer-screening intention and sources of cancer-related information and understanding. A significant association between cancer-screening intention and sources of cancer information and cancer understanding was observed. The screening intention group identified more sources of cancer information than the no-screening intention group did. Understanding about cancer was reported by a higher proportion of students in the screening intention group compared with the no-screening intention group. Recognition that healthy people must take part in cancer screening was significantly associated with screening intention in both junior high (odds ratio (OR), 1.859; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.582-2.185; P < 0.001) and high school (OR, 2.485; 95 % CI, 2.139-2.887; P < 0.001) students. Health education at school was indicated by a high proportion of students as a source of cancer-related information, although the association was not significant. The present survey indicated that those in of our sample who intended to undergo future cancer screening (67.8 %) had more sources of information and understanding regarding cancer. Thus, schools should enrich health education curricula with more information and understanding about cancer to promote cancer-screening intention among Japanese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshu Sugisaki
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398, Shimamicho, Kita-Ku Niigata-City, Niigata-Prefecture, 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Seiji Ueda
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Japan
| | - Masaru Ueji
- Faculty of Education, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Monobe
- Faculty of Education and Human Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yako-Suketomo
- Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Watanabe
- Faculty of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Mori
- National Institute for Educational Policy Research, Chiyoda-ku, Japan
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22
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Wilson LF, Antonsson A, Green AC, Jordan SJ, Kendall BJ, Nagle CM, Neale RE, Olsen CM, Webb PM, Whiteman DC. How many cancer cases and deaths are potentially preventable? Estimates for Australia in 2013. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:691-701. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise F. Wilson
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston; QLD Australia
| | - Annika Antonsson
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston; QLD Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road; The University of Queensland; Herston QLD Australia
| | - Adele C. Green
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston; QLD Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road; The University of Queensland; Herston QLD Australia
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester; Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Susan J. Jordan
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston; QLD Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road; The University of Queensland; Herston QLD Australia
| | - Bradley J. Kendall
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston; QLD Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road; The University of Queensland; Herston QLD Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Princess Alexandra Hospital; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Christina M. Nagle
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston; QLD Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road; The University of Queensland; Herston QLD Australia
| | - Rachel E. Neale
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston; QLD Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road; The University of Queensland; Herston QLD Australia
| | - Catherine M. Olsen
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston; QLD Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road; The University of Queensland; Herston QLD Australia
| | - Penelope M. Webb
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston; QLD Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road; The University of Queensland; Herston QLD Australia
| | - David C. Whiteman
- Population Health Department; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston; QLD Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road; The University of Queensland; Herston QLD Australia
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23
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García-Quiroz J, García-Becerra R, Lara-Sotelo G, Avila E, López S, Santos-Martínez N, Halhali A, Ordaz-Rosado D, Barrera D, Olmos-Ortiz A, Ibarra-Sánchez MJ, Esparza-López J, Larrea F, Díaz L. Chronic moderate ethanol intake differentially regulates vitamin D hydroxylases gene expression in kidneys and xenografted breast cancer cells in female mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:148-156. [PMID: 27639478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting vitamin D metabolism may preclude anti-carcinogenic effects of its active metabolite calcitriol. Chronic ethanol consumption is an etiological factor for breast cancer that affects vitamin D metabolism; however, the mechanisms underlying this causal association have not been fully clarified. Using a murine model, we examined the effects of chronic moderate ethanol intake on tumoral and renal CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 gene expression, the enzymes involved in calcitriol synthesis and inactivation, respectively. Ethanol (5% w/v) was administered to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-treated or control mice during one month. Afterwards, human breast cancer cells were xenografted and treatments continued another month. Ethanol intake decreased renal Cyp27b1 while increased tumoral CYP24A1 gene expression.Treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 significantly stimulated CYP27B1 in tumors of non-alcohol-drinking mice, while increased both renal and tumoral CYP24A1. Coadministration of ethanol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 reduced in 60% renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-dependent Cyp24a1 upregulation (P<0.05). We found 5 folds higher basal Cyp27b1 than Cyp24a1 gene expression in kidneys, whereas this relation was inverted in tumors, showing 5 folds more CYP24A1 than CYP27B1. Tumor expression of the calcitriol target cathelicidin increased only in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-treated non-ethanol drinking animals (P<0.05). Mean final body weight was higher in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 treated groups (P<0.001). Overall, these results suggest that moderate ethanol intake decreases renal and tumoral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 bioconversion into calcitriol, while favors degradation of both vitamin D metabolites in breast cancer cells. The latter may partially explain why alcohol consumption is associated with vitamin D deficiency and increased breast cancer risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice García-Quiroz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rocío García-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Galia Lara-Sotelo
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Euclides Avila
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sofía López
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nancy Santos-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ali Halhali
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - David Ordaz-Rosado
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - David Barrera
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Andrea Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María J Ibarra-Sánchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Esparza-López
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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24
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Abstract
Prostate cancer rates vary substantially by race, ethnicity, and geography. These disparities can be explained by variation in access to screening and treatment, variation in exposure to prostate cancer risk factors, and variation in the underlying biology of prostate carcinogenesis (including genomic propensity of some groups to develop biologically aggressive disease). It is clear that access to screening and access to treatment are critical influencing factors of prostate cancer rates; yet, even among geographically diverse populations with similar access to care (eg, low- and medium-income countries), African descent men have higher prostate cancer rates and poorer prognosis. To date, the proportion of prostate cancer that can be explained by environmental exposures is small, and the effect of these factors across different racial, ethnic, or geographical populations is poorly understood. In contrast, prostate cancer has one of the highest heritabilities of all major cancers. Numerous genetic susceptibility markers have been identified from family-based studies, candidate gene association studies, and genome-wide association studies. Some prostate cancer loci, including the risk loci found at chromosome 8q24, have consistent effects in all groups studied to date. However, replication of many susceptibility loci across race, ethnicity, and geography remains limited, and additional studies in certain populations (particularly in men of African descent) are needed to better understand the underlying genetic basis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rebbeck
- Department of Medical Oncology Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
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25
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Malhotra J, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Michel A, Cai Q, Zheng W, Gao YT, Lan Q, Rothman N, Langseth H, Grimsrud TK, Yuan JM, Koh WP, Wang R, Arslan AA, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Boffetta P. Serum biomarkers of polyomavirus infection and risk of lung cancer in never smokers. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:1131-1139. [PMID: 27632373 PMCID: PMC5117783 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer in never smokers is a significant contributor of cancer mortality worldwide. In this analysis, we explored the role of nine human polyomaviruses, including JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV) and Merkel cell virus (MCV), in lung cancer development in never smokers as there are data to support that polyomaviruses are potentially carcinogenic in the human lung. METHODS We used multiplex serology to detect serum antibodies to polyomaviruses in a nested case-control design combining lung cancer cases and controls from four cohort studies - NYU Women's Health Study (NYU-WHS), Janus Serum Bank, Shanghai Women's Health Study and Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS). RESULTS The final analyses included 511 cases and 508 controls. Seroprevalence for each polyomavirus showed significant heterogeneity by study, but overall there were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls. In total, 69.1% of the cases and 68.7% of the controls were seropositive for JCV VP1 antibody. Seropositivity for BKV was higher at 89.0% in cases and 89.8% in controls and lower for MCV at 59.3% in cases and 61.6% in controls. Similar results were obtained after adding an additional retrospective case-control study (Xuanwei study) to the analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the hypothesis that seropositivity for polyomaviruses is associated with increased lung cancer risk in never smokers. Future research to evaluate relationship between polyomavirus infection and lung carcinogenesis should focus more on evaluating the presence of virus or viral nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) in lung tumour samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Malhotra
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102 St, Floor 4 West, Room 110, New York, NY, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tim Waterboer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Qiuyin Cai
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Qing Lan
- National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Hilde Langseth
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom K Grimsrud
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, and Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Renwei Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan A Arslan
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102 St, Floor 4 West, Room 110, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Odutola M, Jedy-Agba EE, Dareng EO, Oga EA, Igbinoba F, Otu T, Ezeome E, Hassan R, Adebamowo CA. Burden of Cancers Attributable to Infectious Agents in Nigeria: 2012-2014. Front Oncol 2016; 6:216. [PMID: 27822455 PMCID: PMC5075533 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infections by certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been identified as risk factors for some cancers. In Nigeria, like many other developing countries, infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. While there are data on the incidence of different cancers in Nigeria, there has been no study of cancers attributable to infections. This study was carried out to determine the burden of cancers attributable to infections using data from two population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) in Nigeria. Methods We obtained data on cancers associated with EBV, human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C, HIV, HHV8, Helicobacter pylori, and Schistosoma spp. from the databases of Abuja and Enugu cancer registries in Nigeria. We used population-attributable fraction for infections-associated cancers in developing countries that are based on prevalence data and relative risk estimates from previous studies. Results The PBCRs reported 4,336 incident cancer cases [age standardized incidence rate (ASR) 113.9 per 100,000] from 2012 to 2014, of which 1,627 (37.5%) were in males and 2,709 (62.5%) were in females. Some 1,030 (23.8%) of these cancers were associated with infections (ASR 44.4 per 100,000), while 951 (22.0%) were attributable to infections (ASR 41.6 per 100,000). Cancers of the cervix (n = 392, ASR 28.3 per 100,000) and liver (n = 145, ASR 3.4 per 100,000); and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (n = 110, ASR 2.5 per 100,000) were the commonest infections-associated cancers overall. The commonest infectious agents associated with cancers in this population were HPV, EBV, hepatitis B and C, HIV, and HHV8. Conclusion Our results suggest that 23.8% of incident cancer cases in this population were associated with infections, while 22.0% were attributable to infections. The infections attributable cancers are potentially preventable with strategies, such as vaccination, risk factor modification, or anti-infective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elima E Jedy-Agba
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Eileen O Dareng
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | | | | | - Theresa Otu
- University of Abuja Teaching Hospital Gwagwalada , Gwagwalada , Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Ezeome
- University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu , Enugu , Nigeria
| | | | - Clement A Adebamowo
- Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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de Rezende LFM, Eluf J. Population attributable fraction: planning of diseases prevention actions in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:S0034-89102016000100601. [PMID: 27305404 PMCID: PMC4902656 DOI: 10.1590/s1518-8787.2016050006269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiology is the study of occurrence, distribution and determinants of health-related events, including the application of that knowledge to the prevention and control of health problems. However, epidemiological studies, in most cases, have limited their research questions to determinants of health outcomes. Research related to the application of knowledge for prevention and control of diseases have been neglected. In this comment, we present a description of how population attributable fraction estimates can provide important elements for planning of prevention and control of diseases in Brazil. RESUMO Epidemiologia é o estudo da ocorrência, distribuição e determinantes de eventos relacionados à saúde da população, incluindo a aplicação desse conhecimento para a prevenção e o controle dos problemas de saúde. Entretanto, estudos epidemiológicos, na maioria das vezes, têm limitado suas perguntas de pesquisa aos fatores determinantes de desfechos em saúde. Pesquisas relacionadas à aplicação do conhecimento para ações de prevenção e controle de doenças têm sido negligenciadas. Nesse comentário, apresentamos uma descrição de como as estimativas de fração atribuível populacional podem fornecer importantes elementos para planejamento de ações de prevenção e controle de doenças no Brasil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Eluf
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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28
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Slimano F, Roessle C, Blanc C, De Maleissye MF, Bauler S. [Updates on prevention and treatment of melanoma: Pharmacist involvements and challenges]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2016; 74:335-49. [PMID: 26968263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a skin cancer that represents an actual public health problem. Its incidence is increasing every year. Environmental risk factors have been clearly identified. Early diagnosis of a suspicious skin lesion should be possible by any health professionals because the prognosis is correlated with the evolution of the disease and the presence of metastases. The advent of new therapies in metastatic forms with the development of immunotherapies and kinases inhibitors has significantly changed the management of this disease. New therapies are available in retail pharmacies and involve health professionals out of the hospital. This article is intended for community and hospital pharmacists and summarizes recommendations for primary and secondary prevention. It updates on new targeted therapies. It wants to give advices to the community pharmacists about the effective use of those treatments for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Slimano
- Département de pharmacie clinique, Gustave-Roussy cancer campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Laboratoire de pharmacologie et pharmacocinétique, UFR de pharmacie, université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France; Unité MEDyC, UMR CNRS/URCA, université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - C Roessle
- Département de pharmacie clinique, Gustave-Roussy cancer campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - C Blanc
- Service de pharmacie, hôpital Ambroise-Paré, 9, avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - M-F De Maleissye
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Ambroise-Paré, 9, avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - S Bauler
- Service de pharmacie, hôpital Ambroise-Paré, 9, avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Azevedo e Silva G, de Moura L, Curado MP, Gomes FDS, Otero U, de Rezende LFM, Daumas RP, Guimarães RM, Meira KC, Leite IDC, Valente JG, Moreira RI, Koifman R, Malta DC, Mello MSDC, Guedes TWG, Boffetta P. The Fraction of Cancer Attributable to Ways of Life, Infections, Occupation, and Environmental Agents in Brazil in 2020. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148761. [PMID: 26863517 PMCID: PMC4749327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human cancers develop as a result of exposure to risk factors related to the environment and ways of life. The aim of this study was to estimate attributable fractions of 25 types of cancers resulting from exposure to modifiable risk factors in Brazil. The prevalence of exposure to selected risk factors among adults was obtained from population-based surveys conducted from 2000 to 2008. Risk estimates were based on data drawn from meta-analyses or large, high quality studies. Population-attributable fractions (PAF) for a combination of risk factors, as well as the number of preventable deaths and cancer cases, were calculated for 2020. The known preventable risk factors studied will account for 34% of cancer cases among men and 35% among women in 2020, and for 46% and 39% deaths, respectively. The highest attributable fractions were estimated for tobacco smoking, infections, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, excess weight, reproductive factors, and physical inactivity. This is the first study to systematically estimate the fraction of cancer attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in Brazil. Strategies for primary prevention of tobacco smoking and control of infection and the promotion of a healthy diet and physical activity should be the main priorities in policies for cancer prevention in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnar Azevedo e Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Social, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Lenildo de Moura
- Pan-Americana Health Organization, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Curado
- AC Camargo Cancer Center, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - Fabio da Silva Gomes
- National Cancer Institute, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Ubirani Otero
- National Cancer Institute, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | | | - Regina Paiva Daumas
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Raphael Mendonça Guimarães
- Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Karina Cardoso Meira
- Nursing School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Iuri da Costa Leite
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Gonçalves Valente
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Ismério Moreira
- National Institute of Infectolgy, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
| | - Rosalina Koifman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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30
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Tan DSW, Mok TSK, Rebbeck TR. Cancer Genomics: Diversity and Disparity Across Ethnicity and Geography. J Clin Oncol 2015; 34:91-101. [PMID: 26578615 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.62.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnic and geographic differences in cancer incidence, prognosis, and treatment outcomes can be attributed to diversity in the inherited (germline) and somatic genome. Although international large-scale sequencing efforts are beginning to unravel the genomic underpinnings of cancer traits, much remains to be known about the underlying mechanisms and determinants of genomic diversity. Carcinogenesis is a dynamic, complex phenomenon representing the interplay between genetic and environmental factors that results in divergent phenotypes across ethnicities and geography. For example, compared with whites, there is a higher incidence of prostate cancer among Africans and African Americans, and the disease is generally more aggressive and fatal. Genome-wide association studies have identified germline susceptibility loci that may account for differences between the African and non-African patients, but the lack of availability of appropriate cohorts for replication studies and the incomplete understanding of genomic architecture across populations pose major limitations. We further discuss the transformative potential of routine diagnostic evaluation for actionable somatic alterations, using lung cancer as an example, highlighting implications of population disparities, current hurdles in implementation, and the far-reaching potential of clinical genomics in enhancing cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. As we enter the era of precision cancer medicine, a concerted multinational effort is key to addressing population and genomic diversity as well as overcoming barriers and geographical disparities in research and health care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S W Tan
- Daniel S.W. Tan, National Cancer Centre Singapore and Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Tony S.K. Mok, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sir Y. K. Pau Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tony S K Mok
- Daniel S.W. Tan, National Cancer Centre Singapore and Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Tony S.K. Mok, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sir Y. K. Pau Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Daniel S.W. Tan, National Cancer Centre Singapore and Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Tony S.K. Mok, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sir Y. K. Pau Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Southern China, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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31
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Shin HR, Shin A, Woo H, Fox K, Walsh N, Lo YR, Wiesen E, Varghese C. Prevention of infection-related cancers in the WHO Western Pacific Region. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015; 46:13-22. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyv092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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32
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Shin A, Sandin S, Lof M, Margolis KL, Kim K, Couto E, Adami HO, Weiderpass E. Alcohol consumption, body mass index and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status: Women' Lifestyle and Health Study. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:881. [PMID: 26552431 PMCID: PMC4640363 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to estimate the effect of alcohol consumption on breast cancer risk and to test whether overweight and obesity modifies this association. Methods We included in the analysis 45,233 women enrolled in the Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health study between 1991 and 1992. Participants were followed for occurrence of breast cancer and death until December 2009. Poisson regression models were used, and analyses were done for overall breast cancer and for estrogen receptor positive or negative (ER+, ER-) and progesterone receptor positive and negative (PR+, PR-) tumors separately. Results A total of 1,385 breast cancer cases were ascertained during the follow-up period. Overall, we found no statistically significant association between alcohol intake and breast cancer risk after adjustment for confounding, with an estimated relative risk (RR) of 1.01 (95 % CI: 0.98–1.04) for an increment in alcohol consumption of 5 g/day. A statistically significant elevated breast cancer risk associated with higher alcohol consumption was found only among women with BMI ≤25 (RR 1.03, 95 % CI 1.0–1.05 per 5 g/day increase). Conclusion An increase in breast cancer risk with higher alcohol consumption was found for breast cancers in women with a BMI ≤25 kg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aesun Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sven Sandin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marie Lof
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karen L Margolis
- HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Kyeezu Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Elisabeth Couto
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Health Economic and Drug Unit, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hans Olov Adami
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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King WD, Friedenreich CM, Brenner DR, De P, Demers PA, Hystad P, Nutall R, Villeneuve PJ, Walter SD. The contribution of lifestyle, environment, genetics and chance to cancer risk in individuals and populations. Prev Med 2015; 76:132-4. [PMID: 25933987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Will D King
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Canada
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Canada; Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Darren R Brenner
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Canada
| | - Prithwish De
- Surveillance and Cancer Registry, Cancer Care Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Canada
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, USA
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Hill C. [It is time to take cancer prevention seriously]. Bull Cancer 2015; 102:S14-21. [PMID: 26118871 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-4551(15)31213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Preventing cancer by reducing exposure to carcinogens is the only way to reduce the frequency of cancers in the population. We discuss the current situation of cancer prevention in France in the order of importance as measured by the risk, demonstrating the recent reversal of the national anti-tobacco policy, the large benefit that could be expected from a reduction in alcohol consumption, the low coverage of the population for papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hill
- Institut Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France.
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van Gemert WA, Lanting CI, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, Grooters HG, Kampman E, Kiemeney LALM, van Leeuwen FE, Monninkhof EM, de Vries E, Peeters PH, Elias SG. The proportion of postmenopausal breast cancer cases in the Netherlands attributable to lifestyle-related risk factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 152:155-162. [PMID: 26044369 PMCID: PMC4469298 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to estimate the proportion of Dutch postmenopausal breast cancer cases in 2010 that is attributable to lifestyle-related risk factors. We calculated population attributable fractions (PAFs) of potentially modifiable risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer in Dutch women aged >50 in 2010. First, age-specific PAFs were calculated for each risk factor, based on their relative risks for postmenopausal breast cancer (from meta-analyses) and age-specific prevalence in the population (from national surveys) around the year 2000, assuming a latency period of 10 years. To obtain the overall PAF, age-specific PAFs were summed in a weighted manner, using the age-specific breast cancer incidence rates (2010) as weights. 95 % confidence intervals for PAF estimates were derived by Monte Carlo simulations. Of Dutch women >40 years, in 2000, 51 % were overweight/obese, 55 % physically inactive (<5 days/week 30 min activity), 75 % regularly consumed alcohol, 42 % ever smoked cigarettes and 79 % had a low-fibre intake (<3.4 g/1000 kJ/day). These factors combined had a PAF of 25.7 % (95 % CI 24.2–27.2), corresponding to 2,665 Dutch postmenopausal breast cancer cases in 2010. PAFs were 8.8 % (95 % CI 6.3–11.3) for overweight/obesity, 6.6 % (95 % CI 5.2–8.0) for alcohol consumption, 5.5 % (95 % CI 4.0–7.0) for physical inactivity, 4.6 % (95 % CI 3.3–6.0) for smoking and 3.2 % (95 % CI 1.6–4.8) for low-fibre intake. Our findings imply that modifiable risk factors are jointly responsible for approximately one out of four Dutch postmenopausal breast cancer cases. This suggests that incidence rates can be lowered substantially by living a more healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A van Gemert
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - C I Lanting
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R A Goldbohm
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - P A van den Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - H G Grooters
- The Dutch Cancer Society (KWF), P.O. Box 75508, 1070 AM, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - E Kampman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 9101, 6700 HB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - L A L M Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - F E van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - E M Monninkhof
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - E de Vries
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre South, PO Box 231, 5600 AE, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - P H Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - S G Elias
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Malhotra J, Sartori S, Brennan P, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Świątkowska B, Rudnai P, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Mates D, Bencko V, Gaborieau V, Stücker I, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P. Effect of occupational exposures on lung cancer susceptibility: a study of gene-environment interaction analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:570-9. [PMID: 25583949 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1143-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exposures are known risk factors for lung cancer. Role of genetically determined host factors in occupational exposure-related lung cancer is unclear. METHODS We used genome-wide association (GWA) data from a case-control study conducted in 6 European countries from 1998 to 2002 to identify gene-occupation interactions and related pathways for lung cancer risk. GWA analysis was performed for each exposure using logistic regression and interaction term for genotypes, and exposure was included in this model. Both SNP-based and gene-based interaction P values were calculated. Pathway analysis was performed using three complementary methods, and analyses were adjusted for multiple comparisons. We analyzed 312,605 SNPs and occupational exposure to 70 agents from 1,802 lung cancer cases and 1,725 cancer-free controls. RESULTS Mean age of study participants was 60.1 ± 9.1 years and 75% were male. Largest number of significant associations (P ≤ 1 × 10(-5)) at SNP level was demonstrated for nickel, brick dust, concrete dust, and cement dust, and for brick dust and cement dust at the gene-level (P ≤ 1 × 10(-4)). Approximately 14 occupational exposures showed significant gene-occupation interactions with pathways related to response to environmental information processing via signal transduction (P < 0.001 and FDR < 0.05). Other pathways that showed significant enrichment were related to immune processes and xenobiotic metabolism. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that pathways related to signal transduction, immune process, and xenobiotic metabolism may be involved in occupational exposure-related lung carcinogenesis. IMPACT Our study exemplifies an integrative approach using pathway-based analysis to demonstrate the role of genetic variants in occupational exposure-related lung cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 570-9. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Malhotra
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Epidemiology, The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Department of Occupational Health, Specialized State Health Institute, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Isabelle Stücker
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and MF MU Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Flegal KM, Panagiotou OA, Graubard BI. Estimating population attributable fractions to quantify the health burden of obesity. Ann Epidemiol 2014; 25:201-7. [PMID: 25511307 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a highly prevalent condition in the United States and elsewhere and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Here, we discuss some issues involved in quantifying the health burden of obesity using population attributable fraction (PAF) estimates and provide examples. METHODS We searched PubMed for articles reporting attributable fraction estimates for obesity. We reviewed eligible articles to identify methodological concerns and tabulated illustrative examples of PAF estimates for obesity relative to cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS There is considerable variability among studies regarding the methods used for PAF calculation and the selection of appropriate counterfactuals. The reported estimates ranged from 5% to 15% for all-cause mortality, -0.2% to 8% for all-cancer incidence, 7% to 44% for cardiovascular disease incidence, and 3% to 83% for diabetes incidence. CONCLUSIONS To evaluate a given estimate, it is important to consider whether the exposure and outcome were defined similarly for the PAF and for the relative risks, whether the relative risks were suitable for the population at hand, and whether PAF was calculated using correct methods. Strong causal assumptions are not necessarily warranted. In general, PAFs for obesity may be best considered as indicators of association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Flegal
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD.
| | - Orestis A Panagiotou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Park S, Shin HR, Lee B, Shin A, Jung KW, Lee DH, Jee SH, Cho SI, Park SK, Boniol M, Boffetta P, Weiderpass E. Attributable fraction of alcohol consumption on cancer using population-based nationwide cancer incidence and mortality data in the Republic of Korea. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:420. [PMID: 24917392 PMCID: PMC4065076 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Republic of Korea, cancer is the most common cause of death, and cancer incidence and mortality rates are the highest in East Asia. As alcoholic beverages are carcinogenic to humans, we estimated the burden of cancer related to alcohol consumption in the Korean population. METHODS The cancer sites studied were those for which there is convincing evidence of a positive association with alcohol consumption: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, colon, rectum, liver, larynx and female breast. Sex- and cancer-specific population attributable fractions (PAF) were calculated based on: 1) the prevalence of alcohol drinkers among adults ≥ 20 years of age in 1989; 2) the average daily alcohol consumption (g/day) among drinkers in 1998; 3) relative risk (RR) estimates for the association between alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer incidence obtained either from a large Korean cohort study or, when more than one Korean study was available for a specific cancer site, meta-analyses were performed and the resulting meta-RRs were used; 4) national cancer incidence and mortality data from 2009. RESULTS Among men, 3% (2,866 cases) of incident cancer cases and 2.8% (1,234 deaths) of cancer deaths were attributable to alcohol consumption. Among women, 0.5% (464 cancer cases) of incident cancers and 0.1% (32 deaths) of cancer deaths were attributable to alcohol consumption. In particular, the PAF for alcohol consumption in relation to oral cavity cancer incidence among Korean men was 29.3%, and the PAFs for pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer incidence were 43.3% and 25.8%, respectively. Among Korean women, the PAF for colorectal cancer incidence was the highest (4.2%) and that for breast cancer incidence was only 0.2%. Avoiding alcohol consumption, or reducing it from the median of the highest 4th quartile of consumption (56.0 g/day for men, 28.0 g/day for women) to the median of the lowest quartile (2.80 g/day for men, 0.80 g/day for women), would reduce the burden of alcohol-related cancers in Korea. CONCLUSIONS A reduction in alcohol consumption would decrease the cancer burden and a significant impact is anticipated specifically for the cancers oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx among men in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Park
- Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hai-Rim Shin
- Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
- Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Boram Lee
- Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Aesun Shin
- Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Jung
- Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Il Cho
- Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sue Kyung Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mathieu Boniol
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland
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Zysman M, Clément-Duchène C, Nguyen-Thi P, Carnin C, Martinet Y. Évaluation de la demande de deuxième avis par les patients atteints de cancer bronchique. Rev Mal Respir 2014; 31:412-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Binazzi A, Scarselli A, Marinaccio A. The burden of mortality with costs in productivity loss from occupational cancer in Italy. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:1272-9. [PMID: 23797976 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The costs of productivity loss due to occupational cancer mortality are rarely investigated. An estimate of occupational cancer deaths in Italy in 2006 and an approximation of the resultant costs from medical and non-medical expenditures together with figures of remuneration lost are provided. METHODS Occupational cancer deaths, obtained from the application of the attributable fraction (AF) to mortality data (source: Italian National Institute of Statistics), were used to calculate the Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLLs), the Potential Years of Working Life Lost (PYWLLs) and the costs of the loss of productive life. The health care costs for any cancer was applied to the estimated number of occupational cancer cases to obtain the total cost. RESULTS Around 8,000-8,500 deaths/year from occupational cancer are estimated to occur in Italy, corresponding to 170,000 PYLLs and more than 16,000 PYWLLs, leading to around 360,000,000 euros in indirect economic loss. Health care costs of occupational cancer are estimated at 456,000,000 euros. CONCLUSIONS Occupational cancer is of major concern in terms of mortality and economic productivity loss. Preventive efforts in evaluating ongoing risks and current exposures are strongly recommended to health policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Binazzi
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Occupational Medicine, Research Area; Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL); Rome; Italy
| | - Alberto Scarselli
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Occupational Medicine, Research Area; Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL); Rome; Italy
| | - Alessandro Marinaccio
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Occupational Medicine, Research Area; Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL); Rome; Italy
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Ruppert AM, Amrioui F, Gounant V, Wislez M, Bouvier F, Cadranel J. Le sevrage tabagique en oncologie thoracique. Rev Mal Respir 2013; 30:696-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
We show that cancer mortality is decreasing with time for most sites of cancer, the most notable exception being lung cancer in women. Cancer incidence is a misleading indicator because it can depend on diagnostic procedures, as observed with prostate cancer in men and breast or thyroid cancer in women. Overall these data contradict the alarming information that cancer is on the increase, which is widespread by the media and some health professionals. To be efficient in the prevention of cancer one needs to identify its causes and measure their relative importance. The major causes of cancer in France today are tobacco and alcohol. The variations of the price of tobacco and their effects on sales show the importance of the taxation policy. Cancer screening is practised in a way defying logic : a screening procedure with a demonstrated high efficacy is not part of a national programme whereas a useless and even potentially harmful procedure is very widely used.
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Nelson DE, Jarman DW, Rehm J, Greenfield TK, Rey G, Kerr WC, Miller P, Shield KD, Ye Y, Naimi TS. Alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:641-8. [PMID: 23409916 PMCID: PMC3673233 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.301199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our goal was to provide current estimates of alcohol-attributable cancer mortality and years of potential life lost (YPLL) in the United States. METHODS We used 2 methods to calculate population-attributable fractions. We based relative risks on meta-analyses published since 2000, and adult alcohol consumption on data from the 2009 Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System, 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and 2009-2010 National Alcohol Survey. RESULTS Alcohol consumption resulted in an estimated 18,200 to 21,300 cancer deaths, or 3.2% to 3.7% of all US cancer deaths. The majority of alcohol-attributable female cancer deaths were from breast cancer (56% to 66%), whereas upper airway and esophageal cancer deaths were more common among men (53% to 71%). Alcohol-attributable cancers resulted in 17.0 to 19.1 YPLL for each death. Daily consumption of up to 20 grams of alcohol (≤ 1.5 drinks) accounted for 26% to 35% of alcohol-attributable cancer deaths. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol remains a major contributor to cancer mortality and YPLL. Higher consumption increases risk but there is no safe threshold for alcohol and cancer risk. Reducing alcohol consumption is an important and underemphasized cancer prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Nelson
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7105, USA.
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Schottenfeld D, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Buffler PA, Omenn GS. Current Perspective on the Global and United States Cancer Burden Attributable to Lifestyle and Environmental Risk Factors. Annu Rev Public Health 2013; 34:97-117. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Schottenfeld
- School of Public Health,
- Department of Epidemiology,
- Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine,
| | - Jennifer L. Beebe-Dimmer
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Division of Population Studies and Disparities Research,
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201;
| | - Patricia A. Buffler
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Gilbert S. Omenn
- School of Public Health,
- Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine,
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; ,
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Guérin S, Laplanche A, Dunant A, Hill C. Alcohol-attributable mortality in France. Eur J Public Health 2013; 23:588-93. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Wang JB, Jiang Y, Liang H, Li P, Xiao HJ, Ji J, Xiang W, Shi JF, Fan YG, Li L, Wang D, Deng SS, Chen WQ, Wei WQ, Qiao YL, Boffetta P. Attributable causes of cancer in China. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2983-2989. [PMID: 22689178 PMCID: PMC8890481 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cancers are due to modifiable lifestyle and environmental risk factors, and are potentially preventable. No studies have provided a systematic quantitative assessment of the burden of cancer mortality and incidence attributable to known risk factors in China. METHODS We calculated the proportions of cancer deaths and new cases attributable to known risk factors in China, based on the prevalence of exposure around 1990 and national data on cancer mortality and incidence for the year 2005. RESULTS Chronic infection is the main risk factor for cancer in China, accounting for 29.4% of cancer deaths (31.7% in men and 25.3% in women), followed by tobacco smoking (22.6% with 32.7% in men and 5.0% in women), low fruit intake (13.0%), alcohol drinking (4.4%), low vegetable intake (3.6%) and occupational exposures (2.7%). The remaining factors, including environmental agents, physical inactivity, the use of exogenous hormones and reproductive factors are each responsible for <1.0%. CONCLUSIONS Modifiable risk factors explain nearly 60% of cancer deaths in China, with a predominant role of chronic infection and tobacco smoking. Our findings could provide a basis for cancer prevention and control programs aimed at reducing cancer risk in other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Wang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - H Liang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - P Li
- Departments of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing
| | - H J Xiao
- School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Ji
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - W Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - J F Shi
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Cancer Epidemiology Research Unit, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, Australia
| | - Y G Fan
- Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - L Li
- Department of Gynecology, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Province, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - D Wang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - S S Deng
- School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Q Chen
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - W Q Wei
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Y L Qiao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - P Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA; International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
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Cancer Prevention for Global Health: A Report from the ASPO International Cancer Prevention Interest Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1606-10. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Guo F, Fan Y, Qiao Y, Zhou Q. [Study advance of relationship between HPV and lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2012; 15:191-4. [PMID: 22429585 PMCID: PMC5999876 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2012.03.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
肺癌是严重危害人类健康的恶性肿瘤之一,近50年来其发病率和死亡率呈现不断上升趋势,肺癌的发病率和死亡率在世界范围内均居各种癌症首位。肺癌的危险因素是多方面的。吸烟是其中一个重要风险因素,但不吸烟者(特别是女性)仍有一部分会患肺癌。许多研究认为人类乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus, HPV)是肺癌的危险因素。然而,HPV作为肺癌的风险因素,对其进行的全面认真的评估较少。由于检测方法、地区分布、样本量等存在差异造成HPV感染和肺癌的相关性研究结果也不尽相同。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,HPV与肺癌的关系日益受到重视。现将近年关于HPV和肺癌关系的研究进展作一简要综述。
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Inoue M, Sawada N, Matsuda T, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Shimazu T, Shibuya K, Tsugane S. Attributable causes of cancer in Japan in 2005--systematic assessment to estimate current burden of cancer attributable to known preventable risk factors in Japan. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:1362-1369. [PMID: 22048150 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To contribute to evidence-based policy decision making for national cancer control, we conducted a systematic assessment to estimate the current burden of cancer attributable to known preventable risk factors in Japan in 2005. METHODS We first estimated the population attributable fractions (PAFs) of each cancer attributable to known risk factors from relative risks derived primarily from Japanese pooled analyses and large-scale cohort studies and the prevalence of exposure in the period around 1990. Using nationwide vital statistics records and incidence estimates, we then estimated the attributable cancer incidence and mortality in 2005. RESULTS In 2005, ≈ 55% of cancer among men was attributable to preventable risk factors in Japan. The corresponding figure was lower among women, but preventable risk factors still accounted for nearly 30% of cancer. In men, tobacco smoking had the highest PAF (30% for incidence and 35% for mortality, respectively) followed by infectious agents (23% and 23%). In women, in contrast, infectious agents had the highest PAF (18% and 19% for incidence and mortality, respectively) followed by tobacco smoking (6% and 8%). CONCLUSIONS In Japan, tobacco smoking and infections are major causes of cancer. Further control of these factors will contribute to substantial reductions in cancer incidence and mortality in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Inoue
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo.
| | - N Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - T Matsuda
- Surveillance Division, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - M Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - S Sasazuki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - T Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - K Shibuya
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo
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