1
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Ma Y, Jia T, Qin F, He Y, Han F, Zhang C. Abnormal Brain Protein Abundance and Cross-tissue mRNA Expression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:510-518. [PMID: 37639066 PMCID: PMC10791788 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of the present risk genes in understanding the etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), it is necessary to find additional causative genes utilizing novel approaches. In this study, we conducted a two-stage proteome-wide association study (PWAS) using ALS genome-wide association study (GWAS) data (N = 152,268) and two distinct human brain protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) datasets (ROSMAP N = 376 and Banner N = 152) to identify ALS risk genes and prioritized candidate genes with Mendelian randomization (MR) and Bayesian colocalization analysis. Next, we verified the aberrant expression of risk genes in multiple tissues, including lower motor neurons, skeletal muscle, and whole blood. Six ALS risk genes (SCFD1, SARM1, TMEM175, BCS1L, WIPI2, and DHRS11) were found during the PWAS discovery phase, and SARM1 and BCS1L were confirmed during the validation phase. The following MR (p = 2.10 × 10-7) and Bayesian colocalization analysis (ROSMAP PP4 = 0.999, Banner PP4 = 0.999) confirmed the causal association between SARM1 and ALS. Further differential expression analysis revealed that SARM1 was markedly downregulated in lower motor neurons (p = 7.64 × 10-3), skeletal muscle (p = 9.34 × 10-3), and whole blood (p = 1.94 × 10-3). Our findings identified some promising protein candidates for future investigation as therapeutic targets. The dysregulation of SARM1 in multiple tissues provides a new way to explain ALS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Ma
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Jia
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengqin Qin
- Department of Neurology, The 3Rd Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongji He
- Clinical Trial Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Rizzuti M, Sali L, Melzi V, Scarcella S, Costamagna G, Ottoboni L, Quetti L, Brambilla L, Papadimitriou D, Verde F, Ratti A, Ticozzi N, Comi GP, Corti S, Gagliardi D. Genomic and transcriptomic advances in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102126. [PMID: 37972860 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common motor neuron disease. ALS shows substantial clinical and molecular heterogeneity. In vitro and in vivo models coupled with multiomic techniques have provided important contributions to unraveling the pathomechanisms underlying ALS. To date, despite promising results and accumulating knowledge, an effective treatment is still lacking. Here, we provide an overview of the literature on the use of genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and microRNAs to deeply investigate the molecular mechanisms developing and sustaining ALS. We report the most relevant genes implicated in ALS pathogenesis, discussing the use of different high-throughput sequencing techniques and the role of epigenomic modifications. Furthermore, we present transcriptomic studies discussing the most recent advances, from microarrays to bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing. Finally, we discuss the use of microRNAs as potential biomarkers and promising tools for molecular intervention. The integration of data from multiple omic approaches may provide new insights into pathogenic pathways in ALS by shedding light on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, helping to stratify patients into clinically relevant subgroups, revealing novel therapeutic targets and supporting the development of new effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Rizzuti
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Sali
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Melzi
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Scarcella
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Costamagna
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Quetti
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brambilla
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federico Verde
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Delia Gagliardi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Akçimen F, Lopez ER, Landers JE, Nath A, Chiò A, Chia R, Traynor BJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: translating genetic discoveries into therapies. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:642-658. [PMID: 37024676 PMCID: PMC10611979 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing technologies and collaborative efforts have led to substantial progress in identifying the genetic causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This momentum has, in turn, fostered the development of putative molecular therapies. In this Review, we outline the current genetic knowledge, emphasizing recent discoveries and emerging concepts such as the implication of distinct types of mutation, variability in mutated genes in diverse genetic ancestries and gene-environment interactions. We also propose a high-level model to synthesize the interdependent effects of genetics, environmental and lifestyle factors, and ageing into a unified theory of ALS. Furthermore, we summarize the current status of therapies developed on the basis of genetic knowledge established for ALS over the past 30 years, and we discuss how developing treatments for ALS will advance our understanding of targeting other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya Akçimen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Elia R Lopez
- Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, C.N.R, Rome, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citta' della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Ruth Chia
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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Fazal SV, Mutschler C, Chen CZ, Turmaine M, Chen CY, Hsueh YP, Ibañez-Grau A, Loreto A, Casillas-Bajo A, Cabedo H, Franklin RJM, Barker RA, Monk KR, Steventon BJ, Coleman MP, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Arthur-Farraj P. SARM1 detection in myelinating glia: sarm1/ Sarm1 is dispensable for PNS and CNS myelination in zebrafish and mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1158388. [PMID: 37091921 PMCID: PMC10113485 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1158388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since SARM1 mutations have been identified in human neurological disease, SARM1 inhibition has become an attractive therapeutic strategy to preserve axons in a variety of disorders of the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). While SARM1 has been extensively studied in neurons, it remains unknown whether SARM1 is present and functional in myelinating glia? This is an important question to address. Firstly, to identify whether SARM1 dysfunction in other cell types in the nervous system may contribute to neuropathology in SARM1 dependent diseases? Secondly, to ascertain whether therapies altering SARM1 function may have unintended deleterious impacts on PNS or CNS myelination? Surprisingly, we find that oligodendrocytes express sarm1 mRNA in the zebrafish spinal cord and that SARM1 protein is readily detectable in rodent oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, activation of endogenous SARM1 in cultured oligodendrocytes induces rapid cell death. In contrast, in peripheral glia, SARM1 protein is not detectable in Schwann cells and satellite glia in vivo and sarm1/Sarm1 mRNA is detected at very low levels in Schwann cells, in vivo, in zebrafish and mouse. Application of specific SARM1 activators to cultured mouse Schwann cells does not induce cell death and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels remain unaltered suggesting Schwann cells likely contain no functionally relevant levels of SARM1. Finally, we address the question of whether SARM1 is required for myelination or myelin maintenance. In the zebrafish and mouse PNS and CNS, we show that SARM1 is not required for initiation of myelination and myelin sheath maintenance is unaffected in the adult mouse nervous system. Thus, strategies to inhibit SARM1 function to treat neurological disease are unlikely to perturb myelination in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaline V. Fazal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Mutschler
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Civia Z. Chen
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiung-Ya Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrea Ibañez-Grau
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Andrea Loreto
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angeles Casillas-Bajo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Hugo Cabedo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Altos Labs - Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger A. Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly R. Monk
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - Michael P. Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A. Gomez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter Arthur-Farraj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Dong S, Yin X, Wang K, Yang W, Li J, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Liu X, Wang J, Chen X. Presence of Rare Variants is Associated with Poorer Survival in Chinese Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:167-181. [PMID: 37197644 PMCID: PMC10110782 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Recent studies have suggested an oligogenic basis of ALS, in which the co-occurrence of two or more genetic variants has additive or synergistic deleterious effects. To assess the contribution of possible oligogenic inheritance, we profiled a panel of 43 relevant genes in 57 sporadic ALS (sALS) patients and eight familial ALS (fALS) patients from five pedigrees in east China. We filtered rare variants using the combination of the Exome Aggregation Consortium, the 1000 Genomes and the HuaBiao Project. We analyzed patients with multiple rare variants in 43 known ALS causative genes and the genotype-phenotype correlation. Overall, we detected 30 rare variants in 16 different genes and found that 16 of the sALS patients and all the fALS patients examined harbored at least one variant in the investigated genes, among which two sALS and four fALS patients harbored two or more variants. Of note, the sALS patients with one or more variants in ALS genes had worse survival than the patients with no variants. Typically, in one fALS pedigree with three variants, the family member with three variants (Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) p.V48A, Optineurin (OPTN) p.A433V and TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) p.R573H) exhibited much more severe disease phenotype than the member carrying one variant (TBK1 p.R573H). Our findings suggest that rare variants could exert a negative prognostic effect, thereby supporting the oligogenic inheritance of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Xianhong Yin
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Jiatong Li
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yanni Zhou
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xiaoni Liu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
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6
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Suzuki N, Nishiyama A, Warita H, Aoki M. Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: seeking therapeutic targets in the era of gene therapy. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:131-152. [PMID: 35691950 PMCID: PMC9968660 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an intractable disease that causes respiratory failure leading to mortality. The main locus of ALS is motor neurons. The success of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a motor neuron disease, has triggered a paradigm shift in developing ALS therapies. The causative genes of ALS and disease-modifying genes, including those of sporadic ALS, have been identified one after another. Thus, the freedom of target choice for gene therapy has expanded by ASO strategy, leading to new avenues for therapeutic development. Tofersen for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) was a pioneer in developing ASO for ALS. Improving protocols and devising early interventions for the disease are vital. In this review, we updated the knowledge of causative genes in ALS. We summarized the genetic mutations identified in familial ALS and their clinical features, focusing on SOD1, fused in sarcoma (FUS), and transacting response DNA-binding protein. The frequency of the C9ORF72 mutation is low in Japan, unlike in Europe and the United States, while SOD1 and FUS are more common, indicating that the target mutations for gene therapy vary by ethnicity. A genome-wide association study has revealed disease-modifying genes, which could be the novel target of gene therapy. The current status and prospects of gene therapy development were discussed, including ethical issues. Furthermore, we discussed the potential of axonal pathology as new therapeutic targets of ALS from the perspective of early intervention, including intra-axonal transcription factors, neuromuscular junction disconnection, dysregulated local translation, abnormal protein degradation, mitochondrial pathology, impaired axonal transport, aberrant cytoskeleton, and axon branching. We simultaneously discuss important pathological states of cell bodies: persistent stress granules, disrupted nucleocytoplasmic transport, and cryptic splicing. The development of gene therapy based on the elucidation of disease-modifying genes and early intervention in molecular pathology is expected to become an important therapeutic strategy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Nishiyama
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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7
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Kumar R, Malik Z, Singh M, Rachana R, Mani S, Ponnusamy K, Haider S. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Risk Genes and Suppressor. Curr Gene Ther 2023; 23:148-162. [PMID: 36366843 DOI: 10.2174/1566523223666221108113330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that leads to death by progressive paralysis and respiratory failure within 2-4 years of onset. About 90-95% of ALS cases are sporadic (sALS), and 5-10% are inherited through family (fALS). Though the mechanisms of the disease are still poorly understood, so far, approximately 40 genes have been reported as ALS causative genes. The mutations in some crucial genes, like SOD1, C9ORF72, FUS, and TDP-43, are majorly associated with ALS, resulting in ROS-associated oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, protein aggregation, altered RNA processing, axonal and vesicular trafficking dysregulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent studies show that dysfunctional cellular pathways get restored as a result of the repair of a single pathway in ALS. In this review article, our aim is to identify putative targets for therapeutic development and the importance of a single suppressor to reduce multiple symptoms by focusing on important mutations and the phenotypic suppressors of dysfunctional cellular pathways in crucial genes as reported by other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sec-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational and Integrative Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sec-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Rachana
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sec-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sec-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Shazia Haider
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sec-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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8
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Liu H, Guan L, Deng M, Bolund L, Kristiansen K, Zhang J, Luo Y, Zhang Z. Integrative genetic and single cell RNA sequencing analysis provides new clues to the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1116087. [PMID: 36875658 PMCID: PMC9983639 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gradual loss of motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in ALS are still not fully understood. Methods Based on 75 ALS-pathogenicity/susceptibility genes and large-scale single-cell transcriptomes of human/mouse brain/spinal cord/muscle tissues, we performed an expression enrichment analysis to identify cells involved in ALS pathogenesis. Subsequently, we created a strictness measure to estimate the dosage requirement of ALS-related genes in linked cell types. Results Remarkably, expression enrichment analysis showed that α- and γ-MNs, respectively, are associated with ALS-susceptibility genes and ALS-pathogenicity genes, revealing differences in biological processes between sporadic and familial ALS. In MNs, ALS-susceptibility genes exhibited high strictness, as well as the ALS-pathogenicity genes with known loss of function mechanism, indicating the main characteristic of ALS-susceptibility genes is dosage-sensitive and the loss of function mechanism of these genes may involve in sporadic ALS. In contrast, ALS-pathogenicity genes with gain of function mechanism exhibited low strictness. The significant difference of strictness between loss of function genes and gain of function genes provided a priori understanding for the pathogenesis of novel genes without an animal model. Besides MNs, we observed no statistical evidence for an association between muscle cells and ALS-related genes. This result may provide insight into the etiology that ALS is not within the domain of neuromuscular diseases. Moreover, we showed several cell types linked to other neurological diseases [i.e., spinocerebellar ataxia (SA), hereditary motor neuropathies (HMN)] and neuromuscular diseases [i.e. hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)], including an association between Purkinje cells in brain and SA, an association between α-MNs in spinal cord and SA, an association between smooth muscle cells and SA, an association between oligodendrocyte and HMN, a suggestive association between γ-MNs and HMN, a suggestive association between mature skeletal muscle and HMN, an association between oligodendrocyte in brain and SPG, and no statistical evidence for an association between cell type and SMA. Discussion These cellular similarities and differences deepened our understanding of the heterogeneous cellular basis of ALS, SA, HMN, SPG, and SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hankui Liu
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, BGI-Shijiazhuang Medical Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Guan
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, BGI-Shijiazhuang Medical Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Min Deng
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lars Bolund
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, BGI-Shijiazhuang Medical Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonglun Luo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zhanchi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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9
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Lépine S, Castellanos-Montiel MJ, Durcan TM. TDP-43 dysregulation and neuromuscular junction disruption in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:56. [PMID: 36575535 PMCID: PMC9793560 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease characterized by upper and lower motor neuron (MN) loss with a signature feature of cytoplasmic aggregates containing TDP-43, which are detected in nearly all patients. Mutations in the gene that encodes TDP-43 (TARBDP) are known to result in both familial and sporadic ALS. In ALS, disruption of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) constitutes a critical event in disease pathogenesis, leading to denervation atrophy, motor impairments and disability. Morphological defects and impaired synaptic transmission at NMJs have been reported in several TDP-43 animal models and in vitro, linking TDP-43 dysregulation to the loss of NMJ integrity in ALS. Through the lens of the dying-back and dying-forward hypotheses of ALS, this review discusses the roles of TDP-43 related to synaptic function, with a focus on the potential molecular mechanisms occurring within MNs, skeletal muscles and glial cells that may contribute to NMJ disruption in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lépine
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4 Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, 3605 De La Montagne, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1 Canada
| | - Maria José Castellanos-Montiel
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Thomas Martin Durcan
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4 Canada
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10
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Glavač D, Mladinić M, Ban J, Mazzone GL, Sámano C, Tomljanović I, Jezernik G, Ravnik-Glavač M. The Potential Connection between Molecular Changes and Biomarkers Related to ALS and the Development and Regeneration of CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911360. [PMID: 36232667 PMCID: PMC9570269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are one of the greatest medical burdens of the modern age, being mostly incurable and with limited prognostic and diagnostic tools. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motoneurons, with a complex etiology, combining genetic, epigenetic, and environmental causes. The neuroprotective therapeutic approaches are very limited, while the diagnostics rely on clinical examination and the exclusion of other diseases. The recent advancement in the discovery of molecular pathways and gene mutations involved in ALS has deepened the understanding of the disease pathology and opened the possibility for new treatments and diagnostic procedures. Recently, 15 risk loci with distinct genetic architectures and neuron-specific biology were identified as linked to ALS through common and rare variant association analyses. Interestingly, the quantity of related proteins to these genes has been found to change during early postnatal development in mammalian spinal cord tissue (opossum Monodelphis domestica) at the particular time when neuroregeneration stops being possible. Here, we discuss the possibility that the ALS-related genes/proteins could be connected to neuroregeneration and development. Moreover, since the regulation of gene expression in developmental checkpoints is frequently regulated by non-coding RNAs, we propose that studying the changes in the composition and quantity of non-coding RNA molecules, both in ALS patients and in the developing central nervous (CNS) system of the opossum at the time when neuroregeneration ceases, could reveal potential biomarkers useful in ALS prognosis and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjan Glavač
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljublana, Slovenia
- Center for Human Genetics & Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Miranda Mladinić
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Ban
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Graciela L. Mazzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ, Argentina
| | - Cynthia Sámano
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Cuajimalpa, Mexico City 05348, Mexico
| | - Ivana Tomljanović
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gregor Jezernik
- Center for Human Genetics & Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Metka Ravnik-Glavač
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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11
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Ademi M, Yang X, Coleman MP, Gilley J. Natural variants of human SARM1 cause both intrinsic and dominant loss-of-function influencing axon survival. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13846. [PMID: 35974060 PMCID: PMC9381744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
SARM1 is a central executioner of programmed axon death, and this role requires intrinsic NAD(P)ase or related enzyme activity. A complete absence of SARM1 robustly blocks axon degeneration in mice, but even a partial depletion confers meaningful protection. Since axon loss contributes substantially to the onset and progression of multiple neurodegenerative disorders, lower inherent SARM1 activity is expected to reduce disease susceptibility in some situations. We, therefore, investigated whether there are naturally occurring SARM1 alleles within the human population that encode SARM1 variants with loss-of-function. Out of the 18 natural SARM1 coding variants we selected as candidates, we found that 10 display loss-of-function in three complimentary assays: they fail to robustly deplete NAD in transfected HEK 293T cells; they lack constitutive and NMN-induced NADase activity; and they fail to promote axon degeneration in primary neuronal cultures. Two of these variants are also able to block axon degeneration in primary culture neurons in the presence of endogenous, wild-type SARM1, indicative of dominant loss-of-function. These results demonstrate that SARM1 loss-of-function variants occur naturally in the human population, and we propose that carriers of these alleles will have different degrees of reduced susceptibility to various neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirlinda Ademi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Xiuna Yang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
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12
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Collins JM, Atkinson RAK, Matthews LM, Murray IC, Perry SE, King AE. Sarm1 knockout modifies biomarkers of neurodegeneration and spinal cord circuitry but not disease progression in the mSOD1 G93A mouse model of ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105821. [PMID: 35863521 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the loss of motor neuron axon integrity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are unclear. SARM1 has been identified as a genetic risk variant in sporadic ALS, and the SARM1 protein is a key mediator of axon degeneration. To investigate the role of SARM1 in ALS-associated axon degeneration, we knocked out Sarm1 (Sarm1KO) in mSOD1G93ATg (mSOD1) mice. Animals were monitored for ALS disease onset and severity, with motor function assessed at pre-symptomatic and late-stage disease and lumbar spinal cord and sciatic nerve harvested for immunohistochemistry at endpoint (20 weeks). Serum was collected monthly to assess protein concentrations of biomarkers linked to axon degeneration (neurofilament light (NFL) and tau), and astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)), using single molecule array (Simoa®) technology. Overall, loss of Sarm1 in mSOD1 mice did not slow or delay symptom onset, failed to improve functional declines, and failed to protect motor neurons. Serum NFL levels in mSOD1 mice increased between 8 -12 and 16-20 weeks of age, with the later increase significantly reduced by loss of SARM1. Similarly, loss of SARM1 significantly reduced an increase in serum GFAP between 16 and 20 weeks of age in mSOD1 mice, indicating protection of both global axon degeneration and astrogliosis. In the spinal cord, Sarm1 deletion protected against loss of excitatory VGluT2-positive puncta and attenuated astrogliosis in mSOD1 mice. In the sciatic nerve, absence of SARM1 in mSOD1 mice restored the average area of phosphorylated neurofilament reactivity towards WT levels. Together these data suggest that Sarm1KO in mSOD1 mice is not sufficient to ameliorate functional decline or motor neuron loss but does alter serum biomarker levels and provide protection to axons and glutamatergic synapses. This indicates that treatments targeting SARM1 could warrant further investigation in ALS, potentially as part of a combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Collins
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia.
| | - Rachel A K Atkinson
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia.
| | - Lyzette M Matthews
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia.
| | - Isabella C Murray
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia.
| | - Sharn E Perry
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia.
| | - Anna E King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia.
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13
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Ruffini N, Klingenberg S, Heese R, Schweiger S, Gerber S. The Big Picture of Neurodegeneration: A Meta Study to Extract the Essential Evidence on Neurodegenerative Diseases in a Network-Based Approach. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:866886. [PMID: 35832065 PMCID: PMC9271745 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.866886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The common features of all neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease, are the accumulation of aggregated and misfolded proteins and the progressive loss of neurons, leading to cognitive decline and locomotive dysfunction. Still, they differ in their ultimate manifestation, the affected brain region, and the kind of proteinopathy. In the last decades, a vast number of processes have been described as associated with neurodegenerative diseases, making it increasingly harder to keep an overview of the big picture forming from all those data. In this meta-study, we analyzed genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenomic data of the aforementioned diseases using the data of 234 studies in a network-based approach to study significant general coherences but also specific processes in individual diseases or omics levels. In the analysis part, we focus on only some of the emerging findings, but trust that the meta-study provided here will be a valuable resource for various other researchers focusing on specific processes or genes contributing to the development of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruffini
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Leibniz Association, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Klingenberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Raoul Heese
- Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics (ITWM), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Susann Schweiger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Pan S, Liu X, Liu T, Zhao Z, Dai Y, Wang YY, Jia P, Liu F. Causal Inference of Genetic Variants and Genes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Genet 2022; 13:917142. [PMID: 35812739 PMCID: PMC9257137 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.917142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal progressive multisystem disorder with limited therapeutic options. Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed multiple ALS susceptibility loci, the exact identities of causal variants, genes, cell types, tissues, and their functional roles in the development of ALS remain largely unknown. Here, we reported a comprehensive post-GWAS analysis of the recent large ALS GWAS (n = 80,610), including functional mapping and annotation (FUMA), transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), colocalization (COLOC), and summary data-based Mendelian randomization analyses (SMR) in extensive multi-omics datasets. Gene property analysis highlighted inhibitory neuron 6, oligodendrocytes, and GABAergic neurons (Gad1/Gad2) as functional cell types of ALS and confirmed cerebellum and cerebellar hemisphere as functional tissues of ALS. Functional annotation detected the presence of multiple deleterious variants at three loci (9p21.2, 12q13.3, and 12q14.2) and highlighted a list of SNPs that are potentially functional. TWAS, COLOC, and SMR identified 43 genes at 24 loci, including 23 novel genes and 10 novel loci, showing significant evidence of causality. Integrating multiple lines of evidence, we further proposed that rs2453555 at 9p21.2 and rs229243 at 14q12 functionally contribute to the development of ALS by regulating the expression of C9orf72 in pituitary and SCFD1 in skeletal muscle, respectively. Together, these results advance our understanding of the biological etiology of ALS, feed into new therapies, and provide a guide for subsequent functional experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yulin Dai
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yin-Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Peilin Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Liu, ; Peilin Jia,
| | - Fan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Liu, ; Peilin Jia,
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15
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Biomarkers in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: The State of the Art in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052580. [PMID: 35269723 PMCID: PMC8910056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the progressive loss of lower motor neurons, weakness and muscle atrophy. ALS lacks an effective cure and diagnosis is often made by exclusion. Thus, it is imperative to search for biomarkers. Biomarkers can help in understanding ALS pathomechanisms, identification of targets for treatment and development of effective therapies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) represent a valid source for biomarkers compared to cerebrospinal fluid, as they are simple to collect, and to plasma, because of the possibility of detecting lower expressed proteins. They are a reliable model for patients’ stratification. This review provides an overview on PBMCs as a potential source of biomarkers in ALS. We focused on altered RNA metabolism (coding/non-coding RNA), including RNA processing, mRNA stabilization, transport and translation regulation. We addressed protein abnormalities (aggregation, misfolding and modifications); specifically, we highlighted that SOD1 appears to be the most characterizing protein in ALS. Finally, we emphasized the correlation between biological parameters and disease phenotypes, as regards prognosis, severity and clinical features. In conclusion, even though further studies are needed to standardize the use of PBMCs as a tool for biomarker investigation, they represent a promising approach in ALS research.
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16
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Finnegan LK, Chadderton N, Kenna PF, Palfi A, Carty M, Bowie AG, Millington-Ward S, Farrar GJ. SARM1 Ablation Is Protective and Preserves Spatial Vision in an In Vivo Mouse Model of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031606. [PMID: 35163535 PMCID: PMC8835928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenge of developing gene therapies for genetic forms of blindness is heightened by the heterogeneity of these conditions. However, mechanistic commonalities indicate key pathways that may be targeted in a gene-independent approach. Mitochondrial dysfunction and axon degeneration are common features of many neurodegenerative conditions including retinal degenerations. Here we explore the neuroprotective effect afforded by the absence of sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1), a prodegenerative NADase, in a rotenone-induced mouse model of retinal ganglion cell loss and visual dysfunction. Sarm1 knockout mice retain visual function after rotenone insult, displaying preservation of photopic negative response following rotenone treatment in addition to significantly higher optokinetic response measurements than wild type mice following rotenone. Protection of spatial vision is sustained over time in both sexes and is accompanied by increased RGC survival and additionally preservation of axonal density in optic nerves of Sarm1−/− mice insulted with rotenone. Primary fibroblasts extracted from Sarm1−/− mice demonstrate an increased oxygen consumption rate relative to those from wild type mice, with significantly higher basal, maximal and spare respiratory capacity. Collectively, our data indicate that Sarm1 ablation increases mitochondrial bioenergetics and confers histological and functional protection in vivo in the mouse retina against mitochondrial dysfunction, a hallmark of many neurodegenerative conditions including a variety of ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Finnegan
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Naomi Chadderton
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Paul F. Kenna
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
- The Research Foundation, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arpad Palfi
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Michael Carty
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (M.C.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Andrew G. Bowie
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (M.C.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Sophia Millington-Ward
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
| | - G. Jane Farrar
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
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17
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Bloom AJ, Mao X, Strickland A, Sasaki Y, Milbrandt J, DiAntonio A. Constitutively active SARM1 variants that induce neuropathy are enriched in ALS patients. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:1. [PMID: 34991663 PMCID: PMC8739729 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In response to injury, neurons activate a program of organized axon self-destruction initiated by the NAD+ hydrolase, SARM1. In healthy neurons SARM1 is autoinhibited, but single amino acid changes can abolish autoinhibition leading to constitutively active SARM1 enzymes that promote degeneration when expressed in cultured neurons. Methods To investigate whether naturally occurring human variants might disrupt SARM1 autoinhibition and potentially contribute to risk for neurodegenerative disease, we assayed the enzymatic activity of all 42 rare SARM1 alleles identified among 8507 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and 9671 controls. We then intrathecally injected mice with virus expressing SARM1 constructs to test the capacity of an ALS-associated constitutively active SARM1 variant to promote neurodegeneration in vivo. Results Twelve out of 42 SARM1 missense variants or small in-frame deletions assayed exhibit constitutive NADase activity, including more than half of those that are unique to the ALS patients or that occur in multiple patients. There is a > 5-fold enrichment of constitutively active variants among patients compared to controls. Expression of constitutively active ALS-associated SARM1 alleles in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons is pro-degenerative and cytotoxic. Intrathecal injection of an AAV expressing the common SARM1 reference allele is innocuous to mice, but a construct harboring SARM1V184G, the constitutively active variant found most frequently among the ALS patients, causes axon loss, motor dysfunction, and sustained neuroinflammation. Conclusions These results implicate rare hypermorphic SARM1 alleles as candidate genetic risk factors for ALS and other neurodegenerative conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00511-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joseph Bloom
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Xianrong Mao
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amy Strickland
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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18
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Lotti F, Przedborski S. Motoneuron Diseases. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 28:323-352. [PMID: 36066831 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07167-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Motoneuron diseases (MNDs) represent a heterogeneous group of progressive paralytic disorders, mainly characterized by the loss of upper (corticospinal) motoneurons, lower (spinal) motoneurons or, often both. MNDs can occur from birth to adulthood and have a highly variable clinical presentation, even within gene-positive forms, suggesting the existence of environmental and genetic modifiers. A combination of cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms contributes to motoneuron degeneration in MNDs, suggesting multifactorial pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lotti
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Sarm1 haploinsufficiency or low expression levels after antisense oligonucleotides delay programmed axon degeneration. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110108. [PMID: 34910914 PMCID: PMC8692746 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the pro-degenerative protein SARM1 after diverse physical and disease-relevant injuries causes programmed axon degeneration. Original studies indicate that substantially decreased SARM1 levels are required for neuroprotection. However, we demonstrate, in Sarm1 haploinsufficient mice, that lowering SARM1 levels by 50% delays programmed axon degeneration in vivo after sciatic nerve transection and partially prevents neurite outgrowth defects in mice lacking the pro-survival factor NMNAT2. In vitro, the rate of degeneration in response to traumatic, neurotoxic, and genetic triggers of SARM1 activation is also slowed. Finally, we demonstrate that Sarm1 antisense oligonucleotides decrease SARM1 levels by more than 50% in vitro, which delays or prevents programmed axon degeneration. Combining Sarm1 haploinsufficiency with antisense oligonucleotides further decreases SARM1 levels and prolongs protection after neurotoxic injury. These data demonstrate that axon protection occurs in a Sarm1 gene dose-responsive manner and that SARM1-lowering agents have therapeutic potential, making Sarm1-targeting antisense oligonucleotides a promising therapeutic strategy. SARM1-dependent axon degeneration occurs after diverse neurotoxic triggers Silencing one allele of pro-degenerative SARM1 slows programmed axon degeneration Sarm1 ASOs can mimic this, delaying axon degeneration in multiple contexts Decreasing SARM1 expression even partially may be therapeutically valuable
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20
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Mitochondrial dysfunction as a trigger of programmed axon death. Trends Neurosci 2021; 45:53-63. [PMID: 34852932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial failure has long been associated with programmed axon death (Wallerian degeneration, WD), a widespread and potentially preventable mechanism of axon degeneration. While early findings in axotomised axons indicated that mitochondria are involved during the execution steps of this pathway, recent studies suggest that in addition, mitochondrial dysfunction can initiate programmed axon death without physical injury. As mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with disorders involving early axon loss, including Parkinson's disease, peripheral neuropathies, and multiple sclerosis, the findings that programmed axon death is activated by mitochondrial impairment could indicate the involvement of druggable mechanisms whose disruption may protect axons in such diseases. Here, we review the latest developments linking mitochondrial dysfunction to programmed axon death and discuss their implications for injury and disease.
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21
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Gilley J, Jackson O, Pipis M, Estiar MA, Al-Chalabi A, Danzi MC, van Eijk KR, Goutman SA, Harms MB, Houlden H, Iacoangeli A, Kaye J, Lima L, Ravits J, Rouleau GA, Schüle R, Xu J, Züchner S, Cooper-Knock J, Gan-Or Z, Reilly MM, Coleman MP. Enrichment of SARM1 alleles encoding variants with constitutively hyperactive NADase in patients with ALS and other motor nerve disorders. eLife 2021; 10:e70905. [PMID: 34796871 PMCID: PMC8735862 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARM1, a protein with critical NADase activity, is a central executioner in a conserved programme of axon degeneration. We report seven rare missense or in-frame microdeletion human SARM1 variant alleles in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or other motor nerve disorders that alter the SARM1 auto-inhibitory ARM domain and constitutively hyperactivate SARM1 NADase activity. The constitutive NADase activity of these seven variants is similar to that of SARM1 lacking the entire ARM domain and greatly exceeds the activity of wild-type SARM1, even in the presence of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), its physiological activator. This rise in constitutive activity alone is enough to promote neuronal degeneration in response to otherwise non-harmful, mild stress. Importantly, these strong gain-of-function alleles are completely patient-specific in the cohorts studied and show a highly significant association with disease at the single gene level. These findings of disease-associated coding variants that alter SARM1 function build on previously reported genome-wide significant association with ALS for a neighbouring, more common SARM1 intragenic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to support a contributory role of SARM1 in these disorders. A broad phenotypic heterogeneity and variable age-of-onset of disease among patients with these alleles also raises intriguing questions about the pathogenic mechanism of hyperactive SARM1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gilley
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Oscar Jackson
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Menelaos Pipis
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mehrdad A Estiar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Matt C Danzi
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiUnited States
| | - Kristel R van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Stephen A Goutman
- Department of Neurology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Matthew B Harms
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Iacoangeli
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Julia Kaye
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Leandro Lima
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoUnited States
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Queen Square Genomics
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute für Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingenGermany
| | - Jishu Xu
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute für Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingenGermany
| | - Stephan Züchner
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiUnited States
| | - Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael P Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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22
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Arthur-Farraj P, Coleman MP. Lessons from Injury: How Nerve Injury Studies Reveal Basic Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities for Peripheral Nerve Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2200-2221. [PMID: 34595734 PMCID: PMC8804151 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Waller and Cajal in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, laboratory traumatic peripheral nerve injury studies have provided great insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms governing axon degeneration and the responses of Schwann cells, the major glial cell type of peripheral nerves. It is now evident that pathways underlying injury-induced axon degeneration and the Schwann cell injury-specific state, the repair Schwann cell, are relevant to many inherited and acquired disorders of peripheral nerves. This review provides a timely update on the molecular understanding of axon degeneration and formation of the repair Schwann cell. We discuss how nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) and sterile alpha TIR motif containing protein 1 (SARM1) are required for axon survival and degeneration, respectively, how transcription factor c-JUN is essential for the Schwann cell response to nerve injury and what each tells us about disease mechanisms and potential therapies. Human genetic association with NMNAT2 and SARM1 strongly suggests aberrant activation of programmed axon death in polyneuropathies and motor neuron disorders, respectively, and animal studies suggest wider involvement including in chemotherapy-induced and diabetic neuropathies. In repair Schwann cells, cJUN is aberrantly expressed in a wide variety of human acquired and inherited neuropathies. Animal models suggest it limits axon loss in both genetic and traumatic neuropathies, whereas in contrast, Schwann cell secreted Neuregulin-1 type 1 drives onion bulb pathology in CMT1A. Finally, we discuss opportunities for drug-based and gene therapies to prevent axon loss or manipulate the repair Schwann cell state to treat acquired and inherited neuropathies and neuronopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arthur-Farraj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Michael P Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
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23
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Zhang J, Qiu W, Hu F, Zhang X, Deng Y, Nie H, Xu R. The rs2619566, rs10260404, and rs79609816 Polymorphisms Are Associated With Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Individuals of Han Ancestry From Mainland China. Front Genet 2021; 12:679204. [PMID: 34421992 PMCID: PMC8378233 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.679204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) remains unknown; however, recent research suggests that genetic factors may play an important role. This study aimed at investigating possible genetic risk factors for the pathogenesis of sALS. In our previous study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 250 sALS patients and 250 control participants of Han ancestry from mainland China (HACM) and retrospectively analyzed the previously reported candidate loci related with sALS including our GWAS investigated results. In this study, twenty-seven candidate loci that were most likely associated with sALS were selected for further analysis in an independent case/control population of 239 sALS patients and 261 control subjects of HACM ethnicity using sequenom massARRAY methodology and DNA sequencing. We discovered that the polymorphism rs2619566 located within the contactin-4 (CNTN4) gene, rs10260404 in the dipeptidyl-peptidase 6 (DPP6) gene, and rs79609816 in the inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase B (INPP5B) gene were strongly associated with sALS in subjects of HACM ethnicity. Subjects harboring the minor C allele of rs2619566 and the minor T allele of rs79609816 exhibited an increased risk for sALS development, while carriers of the minor C allele of rs10260404 showed a decreased risk of sALS development compared to the subjects of other genotypes. The polymorphisms of rs2619566, rs10260404, and rs79609816 may change or affect the splicing, transcription, and translation of CNTN4, DPP6, and INPP5B genes and may play roles in the pathogenesis of sALS roles in the pathogenesis of sALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiwen Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Youqing Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongbing Nie
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
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24
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Jones AR, Iacoangeli A, Adey BN, Bowles H, Shatunov A, Troakes C, Garson JA, McCormick AL, Al-Chalabi A. A HML6 endogenous retrovirus on chromosome 3 is upregulated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14283. [PMID: 34253796 PMCID: PMC8275748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) play a significant role in central nervous system diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Studies of ALS have consistently identified retroviral enzyme reverse transcriptase activity in patients. Evidence indicates that ERVs are the cause of reverse transcriptase activity in ALS, but it is currently unclear whether this is due to a specific ERV locus or a family of ERVs. We employed a combination of bioinformatic methods to identify whether specific ERVs or ERV families are associated with ALS. Using the largest post-mortem RNA-sequence datasets available we selectively identified ERVs that closely resembled full-length proviruses. In the discovery dataset there was one ERV locus (HML6_3p21.31c) that showed significant increased expression in post-mortem motor cortex tissue after multiple-testing correction. Using six replication post-mortem datasets we found HML6_3p21.31c was consistently upregulated in ALS in motor cortex and cerebellum tissue. In addition, HML6_3p21.31c showed significant co-expression with cytokine binding and genes involved in EBV, HTLV-1 and HIV type-1 infections. There were no significant differences in ERV family expression between ALS and controls. Our results support the hypothesis that specific ERV loci are involved in ALS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Jones
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Alfredo Iacoangeli
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9NU UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.451056.30000 0001 2116 3923National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Brett N. Adey
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Harry Bowles
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9NU UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.451056.30000 0001 2116 3923National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.451056.30000 0001 2116 3923National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764MRC London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jeremy A. Garson
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adele L. McCormick
- grid.12896.340000 0000 9046 8598School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9NU UK
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25
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Hopkins EL, Gu W, Kobe B, Coleman MP. A Novel NAD Signaling Mechanism in Axon Degeneration and its Relationship to Innate Immunity. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:703532. [PMID: 34307460 PMCID: PMC8295901 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.703532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration represents a pathological feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease where axons die before the neuronal soma, and axonopathies, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and hereditary spastic paraplegia. Over the last two decades, it has slowly emerged that a central signaling pathway forms the basis of this process in many circumstances. This is an axonal NAD-related signaling mechanism mainly regulated by the two key proteins with opposing roles: the NAD-synthesizing enzyme NMNAT2, and SARM1, a protein with NADase and related activities. The crosstalk between the axon survival factor NMNAT2 and pro-degenerative factor SARM1 has been extensively characterized and plays an essential role in maintaining the axon integrity. This pathway can be activated in necroptosis and in genetic, toxic or metabolic disorders, physical injury and neuroinflammation, all leading to axon pathology. SARM1 is also known to be involved in regulating innate immunity, potentially linking axon degeneration to the response to pathogens and intercellular signaling. Understanding this NAD-related signaling mechanism enhances our understanding of the process of axon degeneration and enables a path to the development of drugs for a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor L. Hopkins
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P. Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Perrone F, Cacace R, van der Zee J, Van Broeckhoven C. Emerging genetic complexity and rare genetic variants in neurodegenerative brain diseases. Genome Med 2021; 13:59. [PMID: 33853652 PMCID: PMC8048219 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular etiology of neurodegenerative brain diseases (NBD) has substantially increased over the past three decades. Early genetic studies of NBD families identified rare and highly penetrant deleterious mutations in causal genes that segregate with disease. Large genome-wide association studies uncovered common genetic variants that influenced disease risk. Major developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies accelerated gene discoveries at an unprecedented rate and revealed novel pathways underlying NBD pathogenesis. NGS technology exposed large numbers of rare genetic variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in coding regions, highlighting the genetic complexity of NBD. Since experimental studies of these coding rare VUS are largely lacking, the potential contributions of VUS to NBD etiology remain unknown. In this review, we summarize novel findings in NBD genetic etiology driven by NGS and the impact of rare VUS on NBD etiology. We consider different mechanisms by which rare VUS can act and influence NBD pathophysiology and discuss why a better understanding of rare VUS is instrumental for deriving novel insights into the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of NBD. New knowledge might open avenues for effective personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Perrone
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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27
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Broce IJ, Castruita PA, Yokoyama JS. Moving Toward Patient-Tailored Treatment in ALS and FTD: The Potential of Genomic Assessment as a Tool for Biological Discovery and Trial Recruitment. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:639078. [PMID: 33732107 PMCID: PMC7956998 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.639078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are two devastating and intertwined neurodegenerative diseases. Historically, ALS and FTD were considered distinct disorders given differences in presenting clinical symptoms, disease duration, and predicted risk of developing each disease. However, research over recent years has highlighted the considerable clinical, pathological, and genetic overlap of ALS and FTD, and these two syndromes are now thought to represent different manifestations of the same neuropathological disease spectrum. In this review, we discuss the need to shift our focus from studying ALS and FTD in isolation to identifying the biological mechanisms that drive these diseases-both common and distinct-to improve treatment discovery and therapeutic development success. We also emphasize the importance of genomic data to facilitate a "precision medicine" approach for treating ALS and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J. Broce
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Patricia A. Castruita
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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28
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Rich KA, Roggenbuck J, Kolb SJ. Searching Far and Genome-Wide: The Relevance of Association Studies in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:603023. [PMID: 33584177 PMCID: PMC7873947 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.603023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and rare variant association studies (RVAS) are applied across many areas of complex disease to analyze variation in whole genomes of thousands of unrelated patients. These approaches are able to identify variants and/or biological pathways which are associated with disease status and, in contrast to traditional linkage studies or candidate gene approaches, do so without requiring multigenerational affected families, prior hypotheses, or known genes of interest. However, the novel associations identified by these methods typically have lower effect sizes than those found in classical family studies. In the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), GWAS, and RVAS have been used to identify multiple disease-associated genes but have not yet resulted in novel therapeutic interventions. There is significant urgency within the ALS community to identify additional genetic markers of disease to uncover novel biological mechanisms, stratify genetic subgroups of disease, and drive drug development. Given the widespread and increasing application of genetic association studies of complex disease, it is important to recognize the strengths and limitations of these approaches. Here, we review ALS gene discovery via GWAS and RVAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Rich
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Roggenbuck
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J Kolb
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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29
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Xiao L, Yuan Z, Jin S, Wang T, Huang S, Zeng P. Multiple-Tissue Integrative Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies Discovered New Genes Associated With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Genet 2020; 11:587243. [PMID: 33329728 PMCID: PMC7714931 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.587243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple causal genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); however, the genetic architecture of ALS remains completely unknown and a large number of causal genes have yet been discovered. To full such gap in part, we implemented an integrative analysis of transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) for ALS to prioritize causal genes with summary statistics from 80,610 European individuals and employed 13 GTEx brain tissues as reference transcriptome panels. The summary-level TWAS analysis with single brain tissue was first undertaken and then a flexible p-value combination strategy, called summary data-based Cauchy Aggregation TWAS (SCAT), was proposed to pool association signals from single-tissue TWAS analysis while protecting against highly positive correlation among tests. Extensive simulations demonstrated SCAT can produce well-calibrated p-value for the control of type I error and was often much more powerful to identify association signals across various scenarios compared with single-tissue TWAS analysis. Using SCAT, we replicated three ALS-associated genes (i.e., ATXN3, SCFD1, and C9orf72) identified in previous GWASs and discovered additional five genes (i.e., SLC9A8, FAM66D, TRIP11, JUP, and RP11-529H20.6) which were not reported before. Furthermore, we discovered the five associations were largely driven by genes themselves and thus might be new genes which were likely related to the risk of ALS. However, further investigations are warranted to verify these results and untangle the pathophysiological function of the genes in developing ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishun Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhongshang Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Siyi Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuiping Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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30
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Shatunov A, Al-Chalabi A. The genetic architecture of ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105156. [PMID: 33130222 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Shatunov
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RX, UK; Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK.
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31
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Iacoangeli A, Lin T, Al Khleifat A, Jones AR, Opie-Martin S, Coleman JRI, Shatunov A, Sproviero W, Williams KL, Garton F, Restuadi R, Henders AK, Mather KA, Needham M, Mathers S, Nicholson GA, Rowe DB, Henderson R, McCombe PA, Pamphlett R, Blair IP, Schultz D, Sachdev PS, Newhouse SJ, Proitsi P, Fogh I, Ngo ST, Dobson RJB, Wray NR, Steyn FJ, Al-Chalabi A. Genome-wide Meta-analysis Finds the ACSL5-ZDHHC6 Locus Is Associated with ALS and Links Weight Loss to the Disease Genetics. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108323. [PMID: 33113361 PMCID: PMC7610013 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We meta-analyze amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) genome-wide association study (GWAS) data of European and Chinese populations (84,694 individuals). We find an additional significant association between rs58854276 spanning ACSL5-ZDHHC6 with ALS (p = 8.3 × 10−9), with replication in an independent Australian cohort (1,502 individuals; p = 0.037). Moreover, B4GALNT1, G2E3-SCFD1, and TRIP11-ATXN3 are identified using a gene-based analysis. ACSL5 has been associated with rapid weight loss, as has another ALS-associated gene, GPX3. Weight loss is frequent in ALS patients and is associated with shorter survival. We investigate the effect of the ACSL5 and GPX3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), using longitudinal body composition and weight data of 77 patients and 77 controls. In patients’ fat-free mass, although not significant, we observe an effect in the expected direction (rs58854276: −2.1 ± 1.3 kg/A allele, p = 0.053; rs3828599: −1.0 ± 1.3 kg/A allele, p = 0.22). No effect was observed in controls. Our findings support the increasing interest in lipid metabolism in ALS and link the disease genetics to weight loss in patients. Cross-ethnic meta-analysis finds an association between the ACSL5-ZDHHC6 locus and ALS The ACSL5-ZDHHC6 association is replicated in an independent Australian cohort ACSL5-ZDHHC6 lead SNP is in ACSL5 and is an eQTL of ZDHHC6 in brain tissues ACSL5 SNPs might have an effect on fat-free mass in ALS patients
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Iacoangeli
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Tian Lin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ahmad Al Khleifat
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Ashley R Jones
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Sarah Opie-Martin
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - William Sproviero
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Kelly L Williams
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie University, Sidney NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Fleur Garton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Restuadi Restuadi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW, Australia
| | - Merilee Needham
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch Perth WA 6150, Australia; Notre Dame University, 32 Mouat Street, Fremantle WA 6160, Australia; Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - Susan Mathers
- Calvary Health Care Bethlehem, Parkdale VIC 3195, Australia
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Dominic B Rowe
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Henderson
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Roger Pamphlett
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Ian P Blair
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Schultz
- Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Stephen J Newhouse
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Isabella Fogh
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Richard J B Dobson
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK; King's College Hospital, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9RS, UK
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Lattante S, Marangi G, Doronzio PN, Conte A, Bisogni G, Zollino M, Sabatelli M. High-Throughput Genetic Testing in ALS: The Challenging Path of Variant Classification Considering the ACMG Guidelines. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101123. [PMID: 32987860 PMCID: PMC7600768 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies and screening of big patient cohorts with familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) led to the identification of a significant number of genetic variants, which are sometimes difficult to interpret. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) provided guidelines to help molecular geneticists and pathologists to interpret variants found in laboratory testing. We assessed the application of the ACMG criteria to ALS-related variants, combining data from literature with our experience. We analyzed a cohort of 498 ALS patients using massive parallel sequencing of ALS-associated genes and identified 280 variants with a minor allele frequency < 1%. Examining all variants using the ACMG criteria, thus considering the type of variant, inheritance, familial segregation, and possible functional studies, we classified 20 variants as “pathogenic”. In conclusion, ALS’s genetic complexity, such as oligogenic inheritance, presence of genes acting as risk factors, and reduced penetrance, needs to be considered when interpreting variants. The goal of this work is to provide helpful suggestions to geneticists and clinicians dealing with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lattante
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy; (S.L.); (P.N.D.); (M.Z.)
- Complex Operational Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marangi
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy; (S.L.); (P.N.D.); (M.Z.)
- Complex Operational Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0630154606
| | - Paolo Niccolò Doronzio
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy; (S.L.); (P.N.D.); (M.Z.)
- Complex Operational Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Amelia Conte
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Complex Operational Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.C.); (G.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Giulia Bisogni
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Complex Operational Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.C.); (G.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy; (S.L.); (P.N.D.); (M.Z.)
- Complex Operational Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Sabatelli
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Complex Operational Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.C.); (G.B.); (M.S.)
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy
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Venkatachalam N, Bakavayev S, Engel D, Barak Z, Engel S. Primate differential redoxome (PDR) - A paradigm for understanding neurodegenerative diseases. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101683. [PMID: 32829254 PMCID: PMC7451816 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite different phenotypic manifestations, mounting evidence points to similarities in the molecular basis of major neurodegenerative diseases (ND). CNS has evolved to be robust against hazard of ROS, a common perturbation aerobic organisms are confronted with. The trade-off of robustness is system's fragility against rare and unexpected perturbations. Identifying the points of CNS fragility is key for understanding etiology of ND. We postulated that the 'primate differential redoxome' (PDR), an assembly of proteins that contain cysteine residues present only in the primate orthologues of mammals, is likely to associate with an added level of regulatory functionalities that enhanced CNS robustness against ROS and facilitated evolution. The PDR contains multiple deterministic and susceptibility factors of major ND, which cluster to form coordinated redox networks regulating various cellular processes. The PDR analysis revealed a potential CNS fragility point, which appears to associates with a non-redundant PINK1-PRKN-SQSTM1(p62) axis coordinating protein homeostasis and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiyappan Venkatachalam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shamchal Bakavayev
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Engel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Zeev Barak
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Stanislav Engel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Bean DM, Al-Chalabi A, Dobson RJB, Iacoangeli A. A Knowledge-Based Machine Learning Approach to Gene Prioritisation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060668. [PMID: 32575372 PMCID: PMC7349022 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease of the upper and lower motor neurons resulting in death from neuromuscular respiratory failure, typically within two to five years of first symptoms. Several rare disruptive gene variants have been associated with ALS and are responsible for about 15% of all cases. Although our knowledge of the genetic landscape of this disease is improving, it remains limited. Machine learning models trained on the available protein-protein interaction and phenotype-genotype association data can use our current knowledge of the disease genetics for the prediction of novel candidate genes. Here, we describe a knowledge-based machine learning method for this purpose. We trained our model on protein-protein interaction data from IntAct, gene function annotation from Gene Ontology, and known disease-gene associations from DisGeNet. Using several sets of known ALS genes from public databases and a manual review as input, we generated a list of new candidate genes for each input set. We investigated the relevance of the predicted genes in ALS by using the available summary statistics from the largest ALS genome-wide association study and by performing functional and phenotype enrichment analysis. The predicted sets were enriched for genes associated with other neurodegenerative diseases known to overlap with ALS genetically and phenotypically, as well as for biological processes associated with the disease. Moreover, using ALS genes from ClinVar and our manual review as input, the predicted sets were enriched for ALS-associated genes (ClinVar p = 0.038 and manual review p = 0.060) when used for gene prioritisation in a genome-wide association study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Bean
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, King′s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK;
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Correspondence: (D.M.B.); (A.I.)
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- King′s College Hospital, Bessemer Road, Denmark Hill, Brixton, London SE5 9RS, UK;
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King′s College London, London, 5 Cutcombe Rd, Brixton, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Richard J. B. Dobson
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, King′s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK;
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Rd, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Alfredo Iacoangeli
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, King′s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK;
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King′s College London, London, 5 Cutcombe Rd, Brixton, London SE5 9RT, UK
- Correspondence: (D.M.B.); (A.I.)
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Gokuladhas S, Schierding W, Cameron-Smith D, Wake M, Scotter EL, O’Sullivan J. Shared Regulatory Pathways Reveal Novel Genetic Correlations Between Grip Strength and Neuromuscular Disorders. Front Genet 2020; 11:393. [PMID: 32391060 PMCID: PMC7194178 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle weakness is a common consequence of both aging (sarcopenia) and neuromuscular disorders (NMD). Whilst genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified genetic variants associated with grip strength (GS; measure of muscle strength/weakness) and NMDs, including multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis (MG) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), it is not known whether there are common mechanisms between these phenotypes. To examine this, we have integrated GS and NMD associated genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNPs) in a multimorbid analysis that leverages high-throughput chromatin interaction (Hi-C) data and expression quantitative trait loci data to identify target genes (i.e., SNP-mediated gene regulation). Biological pathways enriched by these genes were then identified using next-generation pathway enrichment analysis. Lastly, druggable genes were identified using drug gene interaction (DGI) database. We identified gene regulatory mechanisms associated with GS, MG, MS, and ALS. The SNPs associated with GS regulate a subset of genes that are also regulated by the SNPs of MS, MG, and ALS. Yet, we did not find any genes commonly regulated by all four phenotype associated SNPs. By contrast, we identified significant enrichment in three pathways (mTOR signaling, axon guidance, and alcoholism) that are commonly affected by the gene regulatory mechanisms associated with all four phenotypes. 13% of the genes we identified were known drug targets, and GS shares at least one druggable gene and pathway with each of the NMD phenotypes. We have identified significant biological overlaps between GS and NMD, demonstrating the potential for spatial genetic analysis to identify common mechanisms between potential multimorbid phenotypes. Collectively, our results form the foundation for a shift from a gene to a pathway-based approach to the rationale design of therapeutic interventions and treatments for NMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melissa Wake
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma L. Scotter
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin O’Sullivan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Krauss R, Bosanac T, Devraj R, Engber T, Hughes RO. Axons Matter: The Promise of Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders by Targeting SARM1-Mediated Axonal Degeneration. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:281-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Programmed axon degeneration: from mouse to mechanism to medicine. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:183-196. [PMID: 32152523 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration is a widespread mechanism of programmed axon degeneration. In the three decades since the discovery of the Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) mouse, research has generated extensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying Wallerian degeneration, demonstrated its involvement in non-injury disorders and found multiple ways to block it. Recent developments have included: the detection of NMNAT2 mutations that implicate Wallerian degeneration in rare human diseases; the capacity for lifelong rescue of a lethal condition related to Wallerian degeneration in mice; the discovery of 'druggable' enzymes, including SARM1 and MYCBP2 (also known as PHR1), in Wallerian pathways; and the elucidation of protein structures to drive further understanding of the underlying mechanisms and drug development. Additionally, new data have indicated the potential of these advances to alleviate a number of common disorders, including chemotherapy-induced and diabetic peripheral neuropathies, traumatic brain injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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38
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Yang L, Lv X, Du H, Wu D, Wang M. Causal effects of serum metabolites on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A Mendelian randomization study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 97:109771. [PMID: 31669200 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Nowadays, OMIC technologies, such as genomics and metabolomics, are providing a systematic readout of genetic structures and physiological states for understanding human diseases. However, the comprehensive analysis of cross-omics is often lacking. Here, we conducted a Mendelian randomization analysis to provide a comprehensive analysis of metabolomics and genomics to estimate the causal relationships between non-targeted human serum metabolites and the development of ALS. Using genetic variants as predictors, our study detected 18 metabolites that might have causal effects on the development of ALS, including a group of gamma-glutamyl amino acids. Our findings suggested that glutathione metabolism dysfunction might be involved in the pathogenesis of ALS. Furthermore, our study provides a novel method to understand the pathogenesis of human diseases and develop therapeutic strategies for diseases by combining metabolomics with genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Yang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohong Lv
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hanzhi Du
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengchang Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Mejzini R, Flynn LL, Pitout IL, Fletcher S, Wilton SD, Akkari PA. ALS Genetics, Mechanisms, and Therapeutics: Where Are We Now? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1310. [PMID: 31866818 PMCID: PMC6909825 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific landscape surrounding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) continues to shift as the number of genes associated with the disease risk and pathogenesis, and the cellular processes involved, continues to grow. Despite decades of intense research and over 50 potentially causative or disease-modifying genes identified, etiology remains unexplained and treatment options remain limited for the majority of ALS patients. Various factors have contributed to the slow progress in understanding and developing therapeutics for this disease. Here, we review the genetic basis of ALS, highlighting factors that have contributed to the elusiveness of genetic heritability. The most commonly mutated ALS-linked genes are reviewed with an emphasis on disease-causing mechanisms. The cellular processes involved in ALS pathogenesis are discussed, with evidence implicating their involvement in ALS summarized. Past and present therapeutic strategies and the benefits and limitations of the model systems available to ALS researchers are discussed with future directions for research that may lead to effective treatment strategies outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mejzini
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Loren L. Flynn
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ianthe L. Pitout
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Steve D. Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P. Anthony Akkari
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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40
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Global variation in prevalence and incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2019; 267:944-953. [PMID: 31797084 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a global disease, which adversely affects the life quality of patients and significantly increases the burden of families and society. We aimed to assess the changing incidence, prevalence of ALS around the world. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library to identify articles published until September 9, 2018. Each included study was independently reviewed for methodological quality by two reviewers. We used a random-effects model to summarize individual studies and assessed heterogeneity (I2) with the χ2 test on Cochrane's Q statistic. RESULTS We identified 124 studies that were eligible for final inclusion, including 110 studies of incidence and 58 studies of prevalence. The overall crude worldwide ALS prevalence and incidence were 4.42 (95% CI 3.92-4.96) per 1,00,000 population and 1.59 (95% CI 1.39-1.81) per 1,00,000 person-years, respectively. ALS prevalence and incidence increased by age until the age of 70-79. Since 1957, incidence has been significantly rising year by year, and this upward trend was weakened after standardization. The longest survival time were in Asia (ranging from 3.74 years in South Asia to 9.23 years in West Asia). CONCLUSIONS With the aggravation of population aging and the rapid growth of economy, developing regions following the development pattern of the developed regions may suffer rising ALS prevalence and incidence which may increase their disease burden as well. These data highlight the need for research into underlying mechanism and innovations in health-care systems.
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Wei L, Tian Y, Chen Y, Wei Q, Chen F, Cao B, Wu Y, Zhao B, Chen X, Xie C, Xi C, Yu X, Wang J, Lv X, Du J, Wang Y, Shen L, Wang X, Shen B, Guo Q, Guo L, Xia K, Xie P, Zhang X, Zuo X, Shang H, Wang K. Identification of TYW3/CRYZ and FGD4 as susceptibility genes for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2019; 5:e375. [PMID: 31872054 PMCID: PMC6878836 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective A 2-stage genome-wide association was conducted to explore the genetic etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the Chinese Han population. Methods Totally, 700 cases and 4,027 controls were genotyped in the discovery stage using Illumina Human660W-Quad BeadChips. Top associated single nucleotide polymorphisms from the discovery stage were then genotyped in an independent cohort with 884 cases and 5,329 controls. Combined analysis was conducted by combining all samples from the 2 stages. Results Two novel loci, 1p31 and 12p11, showed strong associations with ALS. These novel loci explained 2.2% of overall variance in disease risk. Expression quantitative trait loci searches identified TYW/CRYZ and FGD4 as risk genes at 1p13 and 12p11, respectively. Conclusions This study identifies novel susceptibility genes for ALS. Identification of TYW3/CRYZ in the current study supports the notion that insulin resistance may be involved in ALS pathogenesis, whereas FGD4 suggests an association with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Bei Cao
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Bi Zhao
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Chengjuan Xie
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Chunhua Xi
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xu'en Yu
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyi Lv
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianbo Zuo
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology (L.W., Y.T., C. Xie, Y. Wang, K.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Y.C., Q.W., B.C., Y. Wu, B.Z., X.C., H.S.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Medical Psychology (F.C., K.W.), Anhui Medical University; Department of Neurology (C. Xi), the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institution of Neurology (X.Y.), Anhui College of Traditional Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.W.), the Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Department of Neurology (X.L.), Anhui Provincial Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (L.S.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (X.W.), Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Physiology (B.S.), School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; Department of Neurology (Q.G.), Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Neurology (L.G.), the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; School of Life Science (K.X.), Central South University, Changsha; Department of Neurology (P.X.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing; Department of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology (X. Zhang, X. Zuo), Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei, China
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Ryan M, Heverin M, McLaughlin RL, Hardiman O. Lifetime Risk and Heritability of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76:1367-1374. [PMID: 31329211 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Importance Heritability describes the proportion of variance in the risk of developing a condition that is explained by genetic factors. Although amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is known to have a complex genetic origin, disease heritability remains unclear. Objectives To determine the extent of ALS heritability and assess the association of sex with disease transmission. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective population-based parent-offspring heritability study was conducted from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017 to assess ALS heritability, and was the first study to assess heritability in the context of known gene mutations of large effect. A total of 1123 incident cases of ALS, diagnosed according to the El Escorial criteria and recorded on the Irish ALS register, were identified. Ninety-two individuals were excluded (non-Irish parental origin [n = 86] and familial ALS [n = 6]), and 1117 patients were included in the final analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Annual age-specific and sex-specific standardized ALS incidence and mortality-adjusted lifetime risk were determined. Sex-specific heritability estimates were calculated for the overall study cohort, for those known to carry the C9orf72 (OMIM 614260) variant, and for those with no known genetic risk. Results A total of 32 parent-child ALS dyads were identified during the study period. Affected offspring were younger at the onset of disease (mean age, 52.0 years; 95% CI, 48.8-55.3 years) compared with their parents (mean age, 69.6 years; 95% CI, 62.4-76.9 years; P = .008). Lifetime risk of developing ALS in first-degree relatives of individuals with ALS was increased compared with the general population (1.4% [32 of 2234] vs 0.3% [2.6 of 1000]; P < .001). Mean lifetime heritability of ALS for the overall study cohort was 52.3% (95% CI, 42.9%-61.7%) and 36.9% (95% CI, 19.8%-53.9%) for those with no known genetic risk. Heritability estimates were highest in mother-daughter pairings (66.2%; 95% CI, 58.5%-73.9%). Conclusions and Relevance This population-based study confirms that up to 50% of variance in ALS has a genetic basis, and that the presence of the C9orf72 variant is an important determinant of heritability. First-degree relatives of individuals with ALS without a known genetic basis remain at increased risk of developing ALS compared with the general population. A higher heritability estimate in mother-daughter pairings points to a sex-mediated effect that has been previously unrecognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ryan
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Heverin
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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White MA, Lin Z, Kim E, Henstridge CM, Pena Altamira E, Hunt CK, Burchill E, Callaghan I, Loreto A, Brown-Wright H, Mead R, Simmons C, Cash D, Coleman MP, Sreedharan J. Sarm1 deletion suppresses TDP-43-linked motor neuron degeneration and cortical spine loss. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:166. [PMID: 31661035 PMCID: PMC6819591 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the motor system and shares many features with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Evidence suggests that ALS is a 'dying-back' disease, with peripheral denervation and axonal degeneration occurring before loss of motor neuron cell bodies. Distal to a nerve injury, a similar pattern of axonal degeneration can be seen, which is mediated by an active axon destruction mechanism called Wallerian degeneration. Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 (Sarm1) is a key gene in the Wallerian pathway and its deletion provides long-term protection against both Wallerian degeneration and Wallerian-like, non-injury induced axonopathy, a retrograde degenerative process that occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases where axonal transport is impaired. Here, we explored whether Sarm1 signalling could be a therapeutic target for ALS by deleting Sarm1 from a mouse model of ALS-FTD, a TDP-43Q331K, YFP-H double transgenic mouse. Sarm1 deletion attenuated motor axon degeneration and neuromuscular junction denervation. Motor neuron cell bodies were also significantly protected. Deletion of Sarm1 also attenuated loss of layer V pyramidal neuronal dendritic spines in the primary motor cortex. Structural MRI identified the entorhinal cortex as the most significantly atrophic region, and histological studies confirmed a greater loss of neurons in the entorhinal cortex than in the motor cortex, suggesting a prominent FTD-like pattern of neurodegeneration in this transgenic mouse model. Despite the reduction in neuronal degeneration, Sarm1 deletion did not attenuate age-related behavioural deficits caused by TDP-43Q331K. However, Sarm1 deletion was associated with a significant increase in the viability of male TDP-43Q331K mice, suggesting a detrimental role of Wallerian-like pathways in the earliest stages of TDP-43Q331K-mediated neurodegeneration. Collectively, these results indicate that anti-SARM1 strategies have therapeutic potential in ALS-FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A White
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Ziqiang Lin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Eugene Kim
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Emiliano Pena Altamira
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Camille K Hunt
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Ella Burchill
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Isobel Callaghan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Loreto
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heledd Brown-Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard Mead
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Camilla Simmons
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jemeen Sreedharan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK.
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Liu T, Shen D, Yang X, Cui B, Tai H, Wang Z, Liu S, Zhang K, Liu M, Cui L. Early onset but long survival and other prognostic factors in Chinese sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 69:74-80. [PMID: 31447367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the cause of long survival but early onset and other prognostic factors among Chinese sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. METHODS Patients with ALS were recruited and followed up from Jan 2013 to Jan 2017. Phenotype and survival were compared among different age-at-onset groups. Candidate prognostic factors were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method, Cox regression and Royston Parmar (RP) model dealing with breaches of proportional hazard assumption. RESULTS In the cohort of 531 patients, mean age-at-onset was 53.68 years (SD:10.85) and overall estimated median survival time was 59 months (95% CI: 48.29-69.71). Pairwise comparison showed that patients above 65 years at onset were more frequently bulbar onset (adjusted residual: 3.0), less frequently lumbosacral onset (adjusted residual: -3.0), and had shorter survival compared with other age groups (p = 0.002). Cox and RP model demonstrated independent prognostic variables including age at onset, bulbar onset, diagnostic delay, MRC-score at first diagnosis and region of residence. CONCLUSIONS This clinic-based study suggested that Chinese sporadic ALS patients had relatively long survival probably due to young age and less bulbar onset cases. Short diagnostic delay, low MRC-score and northern residence were also predicative of short survival. Reallocation of resources is needed to optimize quality care and prolong survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanxin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongchao Shen
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xunzhe Yang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfei Tai
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingsheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Recent Developments in TSPO PET Imaging as A Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133161. [PMID: 31261683 PMCID: PMC6650818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response in the brain and spinal cord, which can involve the activation of microglia and astrocytes. It is a common feature of many central nervous system disorders, including a range of neurodegenerative disorders. An overlap between activated microglia, pro-inflammatory cytokines and translocator protein (TSPO) ligand binding was shown in early animal studies of neurodegeneration. These findings have been translated in clinical studies, where increases in TSPO positron emission tomography (PET) signal occur in disease-relevant areas across a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. While this supports the use of TSPO PET as a biomarker to monitor response in clinical trials of novel neurodegenerative therapeutics, the clinical utility of current TSPO PET radioligands has been hampered by the lack of high affinity binding to a prevalent form of polymorphic TSPO (A147T) compared to wild type TSPO. This review details recent developments in exploration of ligand-sensitivity to A147T TSPO that have yielded ligands with improved clinical utility. In addition to developing a non-discriminating TSPO ligand, the final frontier of TSPO biomarker research requires developing an understanding of the cellular and functional interpretation of the TSPO PET signal. Recent insights resulting from single cell analysis of microglial phenotypes are reviewed.
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Huppke P, Wegener E, Gilley J, Angeletti C, Kurth I, Drenth JPH, Stadelmann C, Barrantes-Freer A, Brück W, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Gärtner J, Orsomando G, Coleman MP. Homozygous NMNAT2 mutation in sisters with polyneuropathy and erythromelalgia. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112958. [PMID: 31132363 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We identified a homozygous missense mutation in the gene encoding NAD synthesizing enzyme NMNAT2 in two siblings with childhood onset polyneuropathy with erythromelalgia. No additional homozygotes for this rare allele, which leads to amino acid substitution T94M, were present among the unaffected relatives tested or in the 60,000 exomes of the ExAC database. For axons to survive, axonal NMNAT2 activity has to be maintained above a threshold level but the T94M mutation confers a partial loss of function both in the ability of NMNAT2 to support axon survival and in its enzymatic properties. Electrophysiological tests and histological analysis of sural nerve biopsies in the patients were consistent with loss of distal sensory and motor axons. Thus, it is likely that NMNAT2 mutation causes this pain and axon loss phenotype making this the first disorder associated with mutation of a key regulator of Wallerian-like axon degeneration in humans. This supports indications from numerous animal studies that the Wallerian degeneration pathway is important in human disease and raises important questions about which other human phenotypes could be linked to this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Huppke
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Eike Wegener
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, ED Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Carlo Angeletti
- Department of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Radboud UMC, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Alonso Barrantes-Freer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Giuseppe Orsomando
- Department of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Michael P Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, ED Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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Peters OM, Lewis EA, Osterloh JM, Weiss A, Salameh JS, Metterville J, Brown RH, Freeman MR. Loss of Sarm1 does not suppress motor neuron degeneration in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3761-3771. [PMID: 30010873 PMCID: PMC6196650 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration occurs in all neurodegenerative diseases, but the molecular pathways regulating axon destruction during neurodegeneration are poorly understood. Sterile Alpha and TIR Motif Containing 1 (Sarm1) is an essential component of the prodegenerative pathway driving axon degeneration after axotomy and represents an appealing target for therapeutic intervention in neurological conditions involving axon loss. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by rapid, progressive motor neuron degeneration and muscle atrophy, causing paralysis and death. Patient tissue and animal models of ALS show destruction of upper and lower motor neuron cell bodies and loss of their associated axons. Here, we investigate whether loss of Sarm1 can mitigate motor neuron degeneration in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. We found no change in survival, behavioral, electrophysiogical or histopathological outcomes in SOD1G93A mice null for Sarm1. Blocking Sarm1-mediated axon destruction alone is therefore not sufficient to suppress SOD1G93A-induced neurodegeneration. Our data suggest the molecular pathways driving axon loss in ALS may be Sarm1-independent or involve genetic pathways that act in a redundant fashion with Sarm1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Peters
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Lewis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeannette M Osterloh
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Johnny S Salameh
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jake Metterville
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marc R Freeman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Walters R, Manion J, Neely GG. Dissecting Motor Neuron Disease With Drosophila melanogaster. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:331. [PMID: 31031583 PMCID: PMC6473072 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor Neuron Disease (MND) typically affects patients during the later stages of life, and thus, MND is having an increasingly devastating impact on diagnosed individuals, their families and society. The umbrella term MND refers to diseases which cause the progressive loss of upper and/or lower motor neurons and a subsequent decrease in motor ability such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). The study of these diseases is complex and has recently involved the use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, in the case of MND, it has been difficult to identify the complex genetics involved in subtypes, and functional investigation of new candidate disease genes is warranted. Drosophila is a powerful model for addressing these complex diseases. The UAS/Gal4/Gal80 system allows for the upregulation of Drosophila genes, the “knockdown” of genes and the ectopic expression of human genes or mutations in a tissue-specific manner; often resulting in Drosophila models which exhibit typical MND disease pathologies. These can then be further interrogated to identify disease-modifying genes or mutations and disease pathways. This review will discuss two common MNDs and the current Drosophila models which are being used to research their genetic basis and the different pathologies of MND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Walters
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Manion
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Carty M, Bowie AG. SARM: From immune regulator to cell executioner. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 161:52-62. [PMID: 30633870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SARM is the fifth and most conserved member of the Toll/Il-1 Receptor (TIR) adaptor family. However, unlike the other TIR adaptors, MyD88, Mal, TRIF and TRAM, SARM does not participate in transducing signals downstream of TLRs. By contrast SARM inhibits TLR signalling by interacting with the adaptors TRIF and MyD88. In addition, SARM also has positive roles in innate immunity by activating specific transcriptional programs following immune challenge. SARM has a pivotal role in activating different forms of cell death following cellular stress and viral infection. Many of these functions of mammalian SARM are also reflected in SARM orthologues in lower organisms such as C. elegans and Drosophila. SARM expression is particularly enriched in neurons of the CNS and SARM has a critical role in neuronal death and in axon degeneration. Recent fascinating molecular insights have been revealed as to the molecular mechanism of SARM mediated axon degeneration. SARM has been shown to deplete NAD+ by possessing intrinsic NADase activity in the TIR domain of the protein. This activity can be activated experimentally by forced dimerization of the TIR domain. It is thought that this activity of SARM is normally switched off by the axo-protective activities of NMNAT2 which maintain low levels of the NAD+ precursor NMN. Therefore, there is now great excitement in the field of SARM research as targeting this enzymatic activity of SARM may lead to the development of new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Theme 3 In vivo experimental models. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2018; 19:130-153. [DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1510570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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