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Azizan A, Alfaro AC, Venter L, Jaramillo D, Bestbier M, Bennett P, Foxwell J, Young T. Quantification of Photobacterium swingsii and characterisation of disease progression in the New Zealand Greenshell™ mussel, Perna canaliculus. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108065. [PMID: 38246322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Greenshell™ mussels (Perna canaliculus) are endemic to New Zealand and support the largest aquaculture industry in the country. Photobacterium swingsii was isolated and identified from moribund P. canaliculus mussels following a mass mortality event. In this study, a challenge experiment was used to characterise, detect, and quantify P. swingsii in adult P. canaliculus following pathogen exposure via injection into the adductor muscle. A positive control (heat-killed P. swingsii injection) was included to account for the effects of injection and inactive bacterial exposure. Survival of control and infected mussels remained 100% during 72-hour monitoring period. Haemolymph was sampled for bacterial colony counts and haemocyte flow cytometry analyses; histology sections were obtained and processed for histopathological assessments; and adductor muscle, gill, digestive gland were sampled for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses, all conducted at 12, 24, 48 h post-challenge (hpc). The most profound effects of bacterial injection on mussels were seen at 48 hpc, where mussel mortality, haemocyte counts and haemolymph bacterial colony forming were the highest. The quantification of P. swingsii via qPCR showed highest levels of bacterial DNA at 12 hpc in the adductor muscle, gill, and digestive gland. Histopathological observations suggested a non-specific inflammatory response in all mussels associated with a general stress response. This study highlights the physiological effects of P. swingsii infection in P. canaliculus mussels and provides histopathological insight into the tissue injury caused by the action of injection into the adductor muscle. The multi-technique methods used in this study can be applied for use in early surveillance programs of bacterial infection on mussel farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanis Azizan
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Diana Jaramillo
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Mark Bestbier
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Peter Bennett
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Foxwell
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Centre for Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Welsh JE, Markovic M, van der Meer J, Thieltges DW. Non-linear effects of non-host diversity on the removal of free-living infective stages of parasites. Oecologia 2024; 204:339-349. [PMID: 38300256 PMCID: PMC10907414 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Among the ecological functions and services of biodiversity is the potential buffering of diseases through dilution effects where increased biodiversity results in a reduction in disease risk for humans and wildlife hosts. Whether such effects are a universal phenomenon is still under intense debate and diversity effects are little studied in cases when non-host organisms remove free-living parasite stages during their transmission from one host to the next by consumption or physical obstruction. Here, we investigated non-host diversity effects on the removal of cercarial stages of trematodes, ubiquitous parasites in aquatic ecosystems. In laboratory experiments using response surface designs, varying both diversity and density at same time, we compared three combinations of two non-hosts at four density levels: predatory crabs that actively remove cercariae from the water column via their mouth parts and gills, filter feeding oysters that passively filter cercariae from the water column while not becoming infected themselves, and seaweed which physically obstructs cercariae. The addition of a second non-host did not generally result in increased parasite removal but neutralised, amplified or reduced the parasite removal exerted by the first non-host, depending on the density and non-host combination. These non-linear non-host diversity effects were probably driven by intra- and interspecific interactions and suggest the need to integrate non-host diversity effects in understanding the links between community diversity and infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Welsh
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjana Markovic
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap van der Meer
- Wageningen Marine Research, Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David W Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life-Sciences, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Pagenkopp Lohan KM, Gignoux-Wolfsohn SA, Ruiz GM. Biodiversity differentially impacts disease dynamics across marine and terrestrial habitats. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:106-117. [PMID: 38212198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between biodiversity and infectious disease, where increased biodiversity leads to decreased disease risk, originated from research in terrestrial disease systems and remains relatively underexplored in marine systems. Understanding the impacts of biodiversity on disease in marine versus terrestrial systems is key to continued marine ecosystem functioning, sustainable aquaculture, and restoration projects. We compare the biodiversity-disease relationship across terrestrial and marine systems, considering biodiversity at six levels: intraspecific host diversity, host microbiomes, interspecific host diversity, biotic vectors and reservoirs, parasite consumers, and parasites. We highlight gaps in knowledge regarding how these six levels of biodiversity impact diseases in marine systems and propose two model systems, the Perkinsus-oyster and Labyrinthula-seagrass systems, to address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Pagenkopp Lohan
- Coastal Disease Ecology Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA.
| | - Sarah A Gignoux-Wolfsohn
- Coastal Disease Ecology Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; Current address: Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Gregory M Ruiz
- Marine Invasions Research Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
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4
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Lamine I, Chahouri A, Moukrim A, Ait Alla A. The impact of climate change and pollution on trematode-bivalve dynamics. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 191:106130. [PMID: 37625953 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems and their marine populations are increasingly threatened by global environmental changes. Bivalves have emerged as crucial bioindicators within these ecosystems, offering valuable insights into biodiversity and overall ecosystem health. In particular, bivalves serve as hosts to trematode parasites, making them a focal point of study. Trematodes, with their life cycles intricately linked to external factors, provide excellent indicators of environmental changes and exhibit a unique ability to accumulate pollutants beyond ambient levels. Thus, they act as living sentinels, reflecting the ecological condition of their habitats. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent research on the use of bivalve species as hosts for trematodes, examining the interactions between these organisms. The study also investigates the combined impact of trematode infections and other pollutants on bivalve molluscs. Trematode infections have multifaceted consequences for bivalve species, influencing various aspects of their physiology and behavior, including population-wide mortality. Furthermore, the coexistence of trematode infections and other sources of pollution compromises host resistance, disrupts parasite transmission, and reduces the abundance of intermediate hosts for complex-living parasites. The accumulation process of these parasites is influenced not only by external factors but also by host physiology. Consequently, the implications of climate change and environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and ocean acidification, are critical considerations. In summary, the intricate relationship between bivalves, trematode parasites, and their surrounding environment provides valuable insights into the health and sustainability of coastal ecosystems. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions, along with the influence of climate change and environmental parameters, is essential for effective management and conservation strategies aimed at preserving these delicate ecosystems and the diverse array of species that rely on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Lamine
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Abir Chahouri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | | | - Aicha Ait Alla
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco
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5
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Khosravi M, Thieltges DW, Díaz-Morales DM, Bommarito C, Vajedsamiei J. Filtration and respiration responses of mussels ( Mytilus edulis) to trematode parasite infections ( Renicola roscovita) and transient heat exposure. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:296-304. [PMID: 37547789 PMCID: PMC10403709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The mussel Mytilus edulis, a host to various trematode species, experiences performance decrements due to these infections. Yet, the impact magnitude and potential interactions with environmental stressors remain largely unexplored. This study scrutinizes the effect of Renicola roscovita infections on mussel filtration and respiration. We first assessed performance in both uninfected and lab-infected mussels at a mild temperature (16 °C), following an acute heat ramp to 30.5 °C and subsequent cooling. The experiment revealed neither a significant direct impact of the infection on the mussels' performance, nor any significant interplay between the infection and temperature variations. To account for possible infection effects obscured by low sample sizes or mussel size disparities, we conducted a reassessment at 16 °C using both small and large mussels. Infection notably hampered filtration in large mussels, with a marginal impact on smaller ones. A positive correlation was found between infection intensity and mussel filtration capacity, though the infection had no discernible impact on respiration. Our consistent finding of an 11-12 % infection effect size across all experiments indicates a slight reduction in mussel filtration due to trematode infections. While the exacerbating effect of transient heat stress on the infection's impact on filtration was not statistically significant, future investigations should explore potential interactions with prolonged heat stress. Our findings underscore the nuanced ways in which parasitic infections can influence marine bivalve physiology, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive studies that incorporate environmental stressors, such as heat stress, to fully elucidate the impact of parasitism on marine ecosystem health and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Khosravi
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - David W. Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790, A.B. Den Burg Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Dakeishla M. Díaz-Morales
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Claudia Bommarito
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jahangir Vajedsamiei
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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6
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Koprivnikar J, Thieltges DW, Johnson PTJ. Consumption of trematode parasite infectious stages: from conceptual synthesis to future research agenda. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e33. [PMID: 36971341 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Given their sheer cumulative biomass and ubiquitous presence, parasites are increasingly recognized as essential components of most food webs. Beyond their influence as consumers of host tissue, many parasites also have free-living infectious stages that may be ingested by non-host organisms, with implications for energy and nutrient transfer, as well as for pathogen transmission and infectious disease dynamics. This has been particularly well-documented for the cercaria free-living stage of digenean trematode parasites within the Phylum Platyhelminthes. Here, we aim to synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding cercariae consumption by examining: (a) approaches for studying cercariae consumption; (b) the range of consumers and trematode prey documented thus far; (c) factors influencing the likelihood of cercariae consumption; (d) consequences of cercariae consumption for individual predators (e.g. their viability as a food source); and (e) implications of cercariae consumption for entire communities and ecosystems (e.g. transmission, nutrient cycling and influences on other prey). We detected 121 unique consumer-by-cercaria combinations that spanned 60 species of consumer and 35 trematode species. Meaningful reductions in transmission were seen for 31 of 36 combinations that considered this; however, separate studies with the same cercaria and consumer sometimes showed different results. Along with addressing knowledge gaps and suggesting future research directions, we highlight how the conceptual and empirical approaches discussed here for consumption of cercariae are relevant for the infectious stages of other parasites and pathogens, illustrating the use of cercariae as a model system to help advance our knowledge regarding the general importance of parasite consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 2K3
| | - D W Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - P T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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7
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Donelan SC, Ogburn MB, Breitburg D. Legacy of past exposure to hypoxia and warming regulates an ecosystem service provided by oysters. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1328-1339. [PMID: 36541067 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is having substantial impacts on organism fitness and ability to deliver critical ecosystem services, but these effects are often examined only in response to current environments. Past exposure to stress can also affect individuals via carryover effects, and whether these effects scale from individuals to influence ecosystem function and services is unknown. We explored within-generation carryover effects of two coastal climate change stressors-hypoxia and warming-on oyster (Crassostrea virginica) growth and nitrogen bioassimilation, an important ecosystem service. Oysters were exposed to a factorial combination of two temperature and two diel-cycling dissolved oxygen treatments at 3-months-old and again 1 year later. Carryover effects of hypoxia and warming influenced oyster growth and nitrogen storage in complex and context-dependent ways. When operating, carryover effects of single stressors generally reduced oyster nitrogen bioassimilation and relative investment in tissue versus shell growth, particularly in warm environments, while early life exposure to multiple stressors generally allowed oysters to perform as well as control oysters. When extrapolated to the reef scale, carryover effects decreased nitrogen stored by modeled oyster reefs in most conditions, with reductions as large as 41%, a substantial decline in a critical ecosystem service. In some scenarios, however, carryover effects increased nitrogen storage by modeled oyster reefs, again highlighting the complexity of these effects. Hence, even brief exposure to climate change stressors early in life may have persistent effects on an ecosystem service 1 year later. Our results show for the first time that within-generation carryover effects on individual phenotypes can impact processes at the ecosystem scale and may therefore be an overlooked factor determining ecosystem service delivery in response to anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Donelan
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B Ogburn
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - Denise Breitburg
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
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8
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Rodrigues IC, Santos-Ferreira N, Silva D, da Silva CC, Inácio ÂS, Nascimento MSJ, da Costa PM. A One-Year Systematic Study to Assess the Microbiological Profile in Oysters from a Commercial Harvesting Area in Portugal. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020338. [PMID: 36838302 PMCID: PMC9965842 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As filter-feeding animals farmed in water bodies exposed to anthropogenic influences, oysters can be both useful bioremediators and high-risk foodstuffs, considering that they are typically consumed raw. Understanding the dynamic of bacterial and viral load in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) tissues, hemolymph, outer shell surface biofilm, and farming water is therefore of great importance for microbiological risk assessment. A one-year survey of oysters collected from a class B production area (Canal de Mira, on the Portuguese western coast) revealed that these bivalve mollusks have a good depurating capacity with regard to bacteria, as Salmonella spp. and viable enterococci were not detected in any oyster flesh (edible portion) samples, despite the fact that these bacteria have regularly been found in the farming waters. Furthermore, the level of Escherichia coli contamination was clearly below the legal limit in oysters reared in a class B area (>230-≤4600 MPN E. coli/100 g). On the contrary, norovirus was repeatedly detected in the digestive glands of oysters sampled in autumn, winter, and spring. However, their presence in farming waters was only detected during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C. Rodrigues
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nânci Santos-Ferreira
- KU Leuven-Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Silva
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Chiquelho da Silva
- Department of Quality Control and Food Safety, Grupo Jerónimo Martins, Rua Nossa Sra. do Amparo, 4440-232 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela S. Inácio
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 3004–504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria São José Nascimento
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Martins da Costa
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220428306
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9
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Glidden CK, Field LC, Bachhuber S, Hennessey SM, Cates R, Cohen L, Crockett E, Degnin M, Feezell MK, Fulton‐Bennett HK, Pires D, Poirson BN, Randell ZH, White E, Gravem SA. Strategies for managing marine disease. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2643. [PMID: 35470930 PMCID: PMC9786832 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) has increased in wildlife populations in recent years and is expected to continue to increase with global environmental change. Marine diseases are relatively understudied compared with terrestrial diseases but warrant parallel attention as they can disrupt ecosystems, cause economic loss, and threaten human livelihoods. Although there are many existing tools to combat the direct and indirect consequences of EIDs, these management strategies are often insufficient or ineffective in marine habitats compared with their terrestrial counterparts, often due to fundamental differences between marine and terrestrial systems. Here, we first illustrate how the marine environment and marine organism life histories present challenges and opportunities for wildlife disease management. We then assess the application of common disease management strategies to marine versus terrestrial systems to identify those that may be most effective for marine disease outbreak prevention, response, and recovery. Finally, we recommend multiple actions that will enable more successful management of marine wildlife disease emergencies in the future. These include prioritizing marine disease research and understanding its links to climate change, improving marine ecosystem health, forming better monitoring and response networks, developing marine veterinary medicine programs, and enacting policy that addresses marine and other wildlife diseases. Overall, we encourage a more proactive rather than reactive approach to marine wildlife disease management and emphasize that multidisciplinary collaborations are crucial to managing marine wildlife health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K. Glidden
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laurel C. Field
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Silke Bachhuber
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | | | - Robyn Cates
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Lesley Cohen
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Elin Crockett
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Michelle Degnin
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Maya K. Feezell
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | | | - Devyn Pires
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | | | - Zachary H. Randell
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Erick White
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Sarah A. Gravem
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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10
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Howells J, Brosnahan C. Bacteriology & bivalves: Assessing diagnostic tools for geographically remote bivalve populations. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 202:106581. [PMID: 36181970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two sampling approaches for the growth of common or dominant bacteria from bivalve haemolymph were compared: (1) samples processed in the field immediately after collection (field samples), and (2) samples processed in the laboratory at least 24 h after collection (laboratory samples). The sampling approaches were compared on 210 marine bivalve molluscs Paphies subtriangulata and P. australis from two shallow intertidal sites in North Island New Zealand. The approaches were evaluated for the amount of bacterial growth, type of growth, and diversity of growth. Differences in amount and type of growth between the two sampling approaches were observed. Samples processed in the field from P. subtriangulata had significantly more bacterial growth, and a higher diversity of bacteria, including more common or dominant bacterial species. Laboratory samples had a higher proportion of samples with no growth, however common or dominant bacteria were still isolated from these samples. For P. australis, field samples more often had no bacterial growth and laboratory samples had a significantly higher number of common or dominant growth present. Field samples did however contain a higher diversity of bacteria. By conducting bacteriology on bivalves in either the field or the laboratory only, there may be limitations to determining the significance of a bacterial agent isolated. Sampling of both field and laboratory samples should be carried out where possible to optimise detection of important bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Howells
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand; Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand.
| | - Cara Brosnahan
- Aquatic and Environmental Health, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
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11
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Huang X, Leung JYS, Hu M, Xu EG, Wang Y. Microplastics can aggravate the impact of ocean acidification on the health of mussels: Insights from physiological performance, immunity and byssus properties. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119701. [PMID: 35779660 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification may increase the risk of disease outbreaks that would challenge the future persistence of marine organisms if their immune system and capacity to produce vital structures for survival (e.g., byssus threads produced by bivalves) are compromised by acidified seawater. These potential adverse effects may be exacerbated by microplastic pollution, which is forecast to co-occur with ocean acidification in the future. Thus, we evaluated the impact of ocean acidification and microplastics on the health of a mussel species (Mytilus coruscus) by assessing its physiological performance, immunity and byssus properties. We found that ocean acidification and microplastics not only reduced hemocyte concentration and viability due to elevated oxidative stress, but also undermined phagocytic activity of hemocytes due to lowered energy budget of mussels, which was in turn caused by the reduced feeding performance and energy assimilation. Byssus quality (strength and extensibility) and production were also reduced by ocean acidification and microplastics. To increase the chance of survival with these stressors, the mussels prioritized the synthesis of some byssus proteins (Mfp-4 and Mfp-5) to help maintain adhesion to substrata. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that co-occurrence of ocean acidification and microplastic pollution would increase the susceptibility of bivalves to infectious diseases and dislodgement risk, thereby threatening their survival and undermining their ecological contributions to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhi Huang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, China; Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Jonathan Y S Leung
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, China.
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12
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Campos M, Lobato-Bailón L, Merciai R, Cabezón O, Torres-Blas I, Araujo R, Migura-Garcia L. Clearance and persistence of Escherichia coli in the freshwater mussel Unio mancus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12382. [PMID: 35858973 PMCID: PMC9300608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistant bacteria, mainly from the Enterobacterales group, with high pathogenic/zoonotic potentials that can lead to problems in public health. The increasing presence in freshwater ecosystems highlights the need to evaluate potential sentinel species as risk indicators for both ecosystem and human health. The freshwater mussels provide several ecosystem services, may represent potential sentinel species due to their ability to filter water and retain both organic and inorganic particles. We tested the capability of U. mancus to retain Escherichia coli as a model bacterial organism. Under experimental conditions, the mussels could clear suspended E. coli, facilitating its rapid elimination from water within the first 24 h after exposure. The species also presented a maximum retention time of 4 days. We also provide allometric equations correlating the filtering capacity with the length and the weight of mussel body parts often used in biometric studies. We provide a first assessment of the potential of the bivalve Unio mancus to act as a sentinel species for the detection of Enterobacterales and demonstrate the ability to act as a water cleaner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Campos
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Freshwater Mussel Breeding Laboratory of Lake Banyoles, Consorci de l'Estany, Plaça dels Estudis 2, 17820, Banyoles, Spain.
| | - L Lobato-Bailón
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Research and Conservation Department, Zoo de Barcelona, Parc de la Ciutadella s/n, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Merciai
- Freshwater Mussel Breeding Laboratory of Lake Banyoles, Consorci de l'Estany, Plaça dels Estudis 2, 17820, Banyoles, Spain
| | - O Cabezón
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I Torres-Blas
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Research and Conservation Department, Zoo de Barcelona, Parc de la Ciutadella s/n, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Araujo
- MNCN, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Migura-Garcia
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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13
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Bioremediation Capabilities of Hymeniacidon perlevis (Porifera, Demospongiae) in a Land-Based Experimental Fish Farm. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10070874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of aquaculture practices in coastal areas can alter the balance of microbial communities in nearby marine ecosystems with negative impacts on both farmed and natural species, as well as on human health through their consumption. Among marine filter-feeder invertebrates, poriferans are known as effective microbial bioremediators, even though they are currently still underutilized in association with fish mariculture plants. In this study, we investigate the microbial bioremediation capability of the demosponge Hymeniacidon perlevis in an experimental land-based fish farm where this species occurred consistently in the drainage conduit of the wastewater. Microbiological analyses of cultivable vibrios, total culturable bacteria (37 °C), fecal and total coliforms, and fecal enterococci were carried out on the fish farm wastewater in two sampling periods: autumn and spring. The results showed that H. perlevis is able to filter and remove all the considered bacterial groups from the wastewater, including human potential pathogens, in both sampling periods. This finding sustains the hypothesis of H. perlevis use as a bioremediator in land-based aquaculture plants as well.
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14
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Quinn EA, Thomas JE, Malkin SH, Eley MJ, Coates CJ, Rowley AF. Invasive slipper limpets Crepidula fornicata are hosts for sterilizing digenean parasites. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-9. [PMID: 35331356 PMCID: PMC10090609 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Invasion and spread of alien species can drive ecosystem changes, such as, the dynamics of infectious diseases. The non-native, marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata has become established across European coastlines over the last century, but there remains little insight into its disease carrying capacity and potential role as a source/sink of parasites. To address this knowledge gap, we surveyed limpets from two sites in South Wales, UK for signatures of disease/pathology using polymerase chain reaction-based methods (haemolymph) and histology (solid tissue). We encountered trematode-like parasites in ~1% individuals (5 out of 462). Three limpets displayed gross damage in the gonad, i.e. castration, and encysted metacercariae were found in the muscle of two other individuals. On the basis of 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer 2 genomic targets, we identified the gonad-infecting trematodes as members of the family Microphallidae – putative novel species related to the genus Longiductotrema. Earlier reports suggest that C. fornicata is not a host for trematode parasites in either its native or alien range but may act as a sink due to its filter feeding lifestyle. We provide clear evidence that C. fornicata is parasitized by at least one trematode species at two sites in Wales, UK, and likely act as a spillback or accidental host among native littorinids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Quinn
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SwanseaSA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Jessica E. Thomas
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SwanseaSA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Sophie H. Malkin
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SwanseaSA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Molly-Jane Eley
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SwanseaSA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Christopher J. Coates
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SwanseaSA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew F. Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SwanseaSA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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15
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Hamann L, Blanke A. Suspension feeders: diversity, principles of particle separation and biomimetic potential. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210741. [PMID: 35078340 PMCID: PMC8790370 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspension feeders (SFs) evolved a high diversity of mechanisms, sometimes with remarkably convergent morphologies, to retain plankton, detritus and man-made particles with particle sizes ranging from less than 1 µm to several centimetres. Based on an extensive literature review, also including the physical and technical principles of solid-liquid separation, we developed a set of 18 ecological and technical parameters to review 35 taxa of suspension-feeding Metazoa covering the diversity of morphological and functional principles. This includes passive SFs, such as gorgonians or crinoids that use the ambient flow to encounter particles, and sponges, bivalves or baleen whales, which actively create a feeding current. Separation media can be flat or funnel-shaped, built externally such as the filter houses in larvaceans, or internally, like the pleated gills in bivalves. Most SFs feed in the intermediate flow region of Reynolds number 1-50 and have cleaning mechanisms that allow for continuous feeding. Comparison of structure-function patterns in SFs to current filtration technologies highlights potential solutions to common technical design challenges, such as mucus nets which increase particle adhesion in ascidians, vanes which reduce pressure losses in whale sharks and changing mesh sizes in the flamingo beak which allow quick adaptation to particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Hamann
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Blanke
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Mangi AH, Yan Q, Song X, Song J, Lan X, Zhou J, Cai ZH. Oyster Biodeposition Alleviates Sediment Nutrient Overload: A Case Study at Shenzhen Bay, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:716201. [PMID: 34858359 PMCID: PMC8631438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.716201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oysters are ecological engineers, and previous studies have examined their role as competent facilitators of ecological restoration. However, the decisive role of oysters in the aquatic environment is still debatable because oyster biodeposition (OBD) may also increase the nutrients enriched in sediments. In order to better interpret this problem, we sampled sediment cores from representative oyster culture areas and uncultured areas in Shenzhen Bay. The results have shown that the TOC (total organic carbon) and TN (total nitrogen) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at the surface sediment layer (0-20-cm deep) and the sediment layer (20-40-cm deep) of the oyster site compared with the reference site. The decreased TOC and TN were also observed at 60- to 100-cm sediment depth in the oyster site. This indicated that the OBD significantly impacted the concentration of TOC and TN in the sediment. To confirm the alleviative role of OBD, we conducted stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) analyses, which further demonstrated the presence of heavier and less lighter forms of organic carbon and nitrogen sediment. The surface sediment layer (0-20 cm) at the oyster site showed 8% more δ13C‰ compared with the control site (p < 0.05), reflecting the reduction in the TOC. In order to reveal the potential microbial mechanisms involved in OBD, we performed a functional analysis using the Geochip5 advanced microarray technology. Regarding carbon metabolism, we observed that genes (encoding pullulanase, glucoamylase, exoglucanase, cellobiase, and xylanase) involved in the degradation of relatively labile C-based molecules (e.g., starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose) were highly represented in an experimental area (p < 0.05). In addition, microbes in the experimental area exhibited a greater capacity for degrading recalcitrant C (e.g., lignin), which involves glyoxal oxidase (glx), manganese peroxidase (mnp), and phenol oxidase. Among the genes controlling nitrogen metabolism, the genes involved in denitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and nitrification were differentially expressed compared with the control area. These results indicated that microbial metabolic roles might have enhanced the C/N-flux speed and reduced the overall nutrient status. We concluded that OBD alleviates sediment nutrient overload under oyster farming from a microbial ecological perspective in a rapidly urbanized coastal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autif Hussain Mangi
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Song
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junting Song
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Lan
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cai
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Boufafa M, Kadri S, Redder P, Bensouilah M. Occurrence and distribution of fecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria in seawater and Perna perna mussel in the Gulf of Annaba (Southern Mediterranean). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46035-46052. [PMID: 33884549 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The identification of fecal contamination in coastal marine ecosystems is one of the main requirements for evaluation of potential risks to human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of fecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria in seawaters and mussels collected monthly during a period of 1 year from four different sites in Northeastern Algeria (sites S1 to S4), through biochemical and molecular analyses. Our research is the first to use molecular analysis to unambiguously identify the potentially pathogenic bacteria present in Algerian Perna perna mussels. The obtained results revealed that the levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) from both P. perna and seawater samples largely exceeded the permissible limits at S2 and S3. This is mainly related to their location close to industrial and coastal activity zones, which contain a mixture of urban, agricultural, and industrial pollutants. Besides, P. perna collected from all sites were severalfold more contaminated by FIB than seawater samples, primarily during the warm season of the study period. Biochemical and molecular analyses showed that isolated bacteria from both seawater and mussels were mainly potentially pathogenic species such as E. coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Proteus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Boufafa
- Laboratory of Eco-biology for Marine Environment and Coastlines, Faculty of Science, Badji Moukhtar University, BP 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Skander Kadri
- Laboratory of Eco-biology for Marine Environment and Coastlines, Faculty of Science, Badji Moukhtar University, BP 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Peter Redder
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.
| | - Mourad Bensouilah
- Laboratory of Eco-biology for Marine Environment and Coastlines, Faculty of Science, Badji Moukhtar University, BP 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
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18
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Regan T, Stevens L, Peñaloza C, Houston RD, Robledo D, Bean TP. Ancestral Physical Stress and Later Immune Gene Family Expansions Shaped Bivalve Mollusc Evolution. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6337976. [PMID: 34343278 PMCID: PMC8382680 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs comprise 20,000 species occupying a wide diversity of marine habitats. As filter feeders and detritivores they act as ecosystem engineers clarifying water, creating reefs, and protecting coastlines. The global decline of natural oyster reefs has led to increased restoration efforts in recent years. Bivalves also play an important role in global food security contributing to >20% of worldwide aquaculture production. Despite this importance, relatively little is known about bivalve evolutionary adaptation strategies. Difficulties previously associated with highly heterozygous and repetitive regions of bivalve genomes have been overcome by long-read sequencing, enabling the generation of accurate bivalve assemblies. With these resources we have analyzed the genomes of 32 species representing each molluscan class, including 15 bivalve species, to identify gene families that have undergone expansion during bivalve evolution. Gene family expansions across bivalve genomes occur at the point of evolutionary pressures. We uncovered two key factors that shape bivalve evolutionary history: expansion of bivalvia into environmental niches with high stress followed by later exposure to specific pathogenic pressures. The conserved expansion of protein recycling gene families we found across bivalvia is mirrored by adaptations to a sedentary lifestyle seen in plants. These results reflect the ability of bivalves to tolerate high levels of environmental stress and constant exposure to pathogens as filter feeders. The increasing availability of accurate genome assemblies will provide greater resolution to these analyses allowing further points of evolutionary pressure to become clear in other understudied taxa and potentially different populations of a single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Stevens
- Tree of Life Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Peñaloza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ross D Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Robledo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tim P Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Ducrocq J, Ndao M, Yansouni CP, Proulx JF, Mondor M, Hamel D, Lévesque B, De Serres G, Talbot D. Epidemiology associated with the exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in Nunavik's Inuit population using the 2017 Qanuilirpitaa cross-sectional health survey. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:803-814. [PMID: 34254450 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Foci of high seroprevalence against Toxoplasma gondii are observed in Nunavik, the Inuit land of Northern Quebec (Canada). Considering the rare occurrence of felids in the region, exposure is suspected to be driven by water- and food-borne transmission routes. Hypotheses were that drinking untreated water from natural sources and eating country food mostly raw increased the risk of exposure to the parasite. Data from 1,300 Inuit participants of the 2017 Nunavik Health Survey were included in three weighted robust Poisson regression models. The effect of three types of exposure variables: (1) water treatment (yes/no) and if country food was mostly eaten raw (yes/no); (2) main source of drinking water (bottled/municipal/natural) and frequency of country food consumption (continuous) and (3) drinking water risk (low/intermediate/high) and frequency of a raw country food consumption (continuous), on the presence of Toxoplasma antibodies were estimated. Models were adjusted for age, sex and ecological region, with multiple sensitivity analyses being performed. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalences were consistently correlated with age quadratically, sex (prevalence ratio = PRwoman/man ranged from 1.18 to 1.22), ecological region (PRHudsonBay/HudsonStrait ranged from 2.18 to 2.41; PRHudsonBay/UngavaBay ranged from 1.52 to 1.59) and consuming bivalve mollusc/urchin (PR varied from 1.02 to 1.21) across all three models. Each increase of two consumptions per month of beluga (PR ranged from 1.01 to 1.03), seal liver (PR ranged from 1.01 to 1.02) and goose (PR ranged from 1.01 to 1.02) were also associated with seropositivity, albeit more clearly in models 2 and 3, while drinking water mainly from natural (PR of 1.47) or municipal (PR = 1.42) sources compared to bottled water, was correlated with seroprevalence, although results were compatible with the null. Our results suggest that both the oocyst- (mollusc/urchin, drinking water) and cyst-borne (walrus, seal liver and goose) transmission pathways could be present in Nunavik.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ducrocq
- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Montréal, QC, Canada.,J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cedric P Yansouni
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Myrto Mondor
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Hamel
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Lévesque
- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Talbot
- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Québec, QC, Canada
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20
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Clay PA, Cortez MH, Duffy MA. Dose relationships can exacerbate, mute, or reverse the impact of heterospecific host density on infection prevalence. Ecology 2021; 102:e03422. [PMID: 34086356 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The likelihood an individual becomes infected depends on the community in which it is embedded. For environmentally transmitted parasites, host community composition can alter host density, the density of parasites that hosts encounter in the environment, and the dose to which hosts are subsequently exposed. While some multi-host theory incorporates some of these factors (e.g., competition among hosts), it does not currently consider the nonlinear relationships between parasite exposure dose and per-propagule infectivity (dose-infectivity relationships), between exposure dose and infected host mortality (dose-mortality relationships), and between exposure dose and parasite propagule excretion (dose-excretion relationships). This makes it difficult to predict the impact of host species on one another's likelihood of infection. To understand the implications of these nonlinear dose relationships for multi-host communities, we first performed a meta-analysis on published dose-infectivity experiments to quantify the proportion of accelerating, linear, or decelerating dose-infectivity relationships; we found that most experiments demonstrated decelerating dose-infectivity relationships. We then explored how dose-infectivity, dose-mortality, and dose-excretion relationships might alter the impact of heterospecific host density on infectious propagule density, infection prevalence, and density of a focal host using two-host, one-parasite models. We found that dose relationships either decreased the magnitude of the impact of heterospecific host density on propagule density and infection prevalence via negative feedback loops (decelerating dose-infectivity relationships, positive dose-mortality relationships, and negative dose-excretion relationships), or increased the magnitude of the impact of heterospecific host density on infection prevalence via positive feedback loops (accelerating dose-infectivity relationships and positive dose-excretion relationships). Further, positive dose-mortality relationships resulted in hosts that traditionally decrease disease (e.g., low competence, strong competitors) increasing infection prevalence, and vice versa. Finally, we found that dose relationships can create positive feedback loops that facilitate friendly competition (i.e., increased heterospecific density has a positive effect on focal host density because the reduction in disease outweighs the negative effects of interspecific competition). This suggests that without taking dose relationships into account, we may incorrectly predict the effect of heterospecific host interactions, and thus host community composition, on environmentally transmitted parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Michael H Cortez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306, USA
| | - Meghan A Duffy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
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21
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Stanicka A, Migdalski Ł, Szopieray K, Cichy A, Jermacz Ł, Lombardo P, Żbikowska E. Invaders as Diluents of the Cercarial Dermatitis Etiological Agent. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060740. [PMID: 34208370 PMCID: PMC8231267 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on alien and invasive species focuses on the direct effects of invasion on native ecosystems, and the possible positive effects of their presence are most often overlooked. Our aim was to check the suitability of selected alien species (the snail Physa acuta, the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha, and the gammarid Dikerogammarus villosus) as diluents for infectious bird schistosome cercariae—the etiological factor of swimmer’s itch. It has been hypothesized that alien species with different feeding habits (scrapers, filterers and predators) that cohabit the aquatic environment with intermediate hosts of the schistosomatid trematodes are capable of feeding on their free-swimming stages—cercariae. In the laboratory conditions used, all experimental animals diluted the cercariae of bird schistosome. The most effective diluents were P. acuta and D. villosus. However, a wide discrepancy in the dilution of the cercariae between replicates was found for gammarids. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that increased biodiversity, even when alien species are involved, creates the dilution effect of the free-living stages of parasites. Determining the best diluent for bird schistosome cercariae could greatly assist in the development of current bathing areas protection measures against swimmer’s itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stanicka
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (Ł.M.); (K.S.); (A.C.); (E.Ż.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Migdalski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (Ł.M.); (K.S.); (A.C.); (E.Ż.)
| | - Katarzyna Szopieray
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (Ł.M.); (K.S.); (A.C.); (E.Ż.)
| | - Anna Cichy
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (Ł.M.); (K.S.); (A.C.); (E.Ż.)
| | - Łukasz Jermacz
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | | | - Elżbieta Żbikowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (Ł.M.); (K.S.); (A.C.); (E.Ż.)
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Sarà G, Giommi C, Giacoletti A, Conti E, Mulder C, Mangano MC. Multiple climate-driven cascading ecosystem effects after the loss of a foundation species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:144749. [PMID: 33736396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is evolving so fast that the related adverse effects on the environment are becoming noticeable. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore and understand the effects generated by multiple extreme climatic events (MECEs) on marine ecosystem functioning and the services provided. Accordingly, we combined long-term in-situ empirical observations in the Mediterranean Sea with a mesocosm manipulation to investigate the concurrence of increasing temperature and hypoxia events. By focussing on a foundation mussel species, we were able to detect several cascade events triggered by a mass mortality event caused by stressful temperature and oxygen conditions, and resulting in a loss of ecosystem services. The measured rates of chlorophyll-a, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids - in both particulate and sedimentary organic matter - were used as proxies of ecosystem functioning during pre- and post- disturbance events (MECEs). In the past, MECEs were crucial for individual performance, mussel population dynamics and biomass. Their effect propagated along the ecological hierarchy negatively affecting the associated community and ecosystem. Our results suggest that the protection and/or restoration of coastal areas requires careful consideration of ecosystem functioning. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our decadal time-series recorded by a near-term ecological forecasting network of thermal sensor allowed us to record and monitor multiple extreme climatic events (MECEs; heat wave and hypoxia events), warning on the environmental change recorded on a pond system. By integrating observational and manipulative approaches, we showed how a MECE triggered cascade events, from individual-based impaired functioning up to biodiversity loss (community composition and structure changes). Our results emphasize the key role played by a foundation species in driving ecosystem functioning, and the synergistic effects of climatic drivers acting simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sarà
- Laboratory of Ecology, Earth and Marine Sciences Department, University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Chiara Giommi
- Laboratory of Ecology, Earth and Marine Sciences Department, University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Giacoletti
- Laboratory of Ecology, Earth and Marine Sciences Department, University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Erminia Conti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, via Androne 71, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Christian Mulder
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, via Androne 71, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - M Cristina Mangano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Dipartimento Ecologia Marina Integrata, Sicily Marine Centre, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo (complesso Roosevelt), 90142 Palermo, Italy
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23
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De Silva LADS, Wickramanayake MVKS, Heo GJ. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance potential of Aeromonas spp. associated with shellfish. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:176-186. [PMID: 33891720 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are associated with seafood-related outbreaks worldwide. In seafood industry, shellfish play a major role in global seafood production. With this emerging trend of shellfish consumption, shellfish-related bacterial infections are being reported frequently. Aeromonas spp. are natural contaminants found in shellfish. Although 36 species have been identified, some species including Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria have dragged major attention as foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The ability to elaborate a variety of virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. contributes to the pathogenic activities. Also, emerging antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas spp. has become a huge challenge in seafood industry. Furthermore, multidrug resistance increases the risk of consumer health. Studies have supplied pieces of evidence about the emerging health risk of Aeromonas spp. isolated from seafood. Therefore, the present review was intended to highlight the prevalence, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolated from various types of shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A D S De Silva
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - M V K S Wickramanayake
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - G-J Heo
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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24
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Pernet F, Lugué K, Petton B. Competition for food reduces disease susceptibility in a marine invertebrate. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer CNRS IRD LEMAR University of Brest PlouzaneF‐29280France
| | - Klervi Lugué
- Ifremer CNRS IRD LEMAR University of Brest PlouzaneF‐29280France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer CNRS IRD LEMAR University of Brest PlouzaneF‐29280France
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25
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La Rosa G, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Veneri C, Paradiso R, De Medici D, Vicenza T, Proroga YTR, Di Maro O, Ciccaglione AR, Bruni R, Equestre M, Taffon S, Costantino A, Della Rotonda M, Suffredini E. Hepatitis A Virus Strains Circulating in the Campania Region (2015-2018) Assessed through Bivalve Biomonitoring and Environmental Surveillance. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010016. [PMID: 33374859 PMCID: PMC7824067 DOI: 10.3390/v13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) circulating in the Campania Region in years 2015–2018 was investigated through the monitoring of sentinel bivalve shellfish and water matrices. Overall, 463 water samples (71 sewage samples, 353 coastal discharge waters, and 39 seawaters samples), and 746 bivalve shellfish samples were analyzed. Positivity for HAV was detected in 20/71 sewage samples, 14/353 coastal discharge waters, 5/39 seawaters, and 102/746 bivalve shellfish. Sixty-one of the positive samples were successfully sequenced and were characterized as genotype IA (n = 50) and IB (n = 11). The prevalent strain circulating in 2015 in both bivalves and waters was the IA strain responsible for the outbreak occurring around the same time in the Naples area. This variant was no longer identified in subsequent years (2017–2018) when, instead, appeared two of the IA variants of the multistate outbreak affecting men who have sex with men (MSM), VRD_521_2016, and RIVM-HAV16–090, with the former prevailing in both shellfish and water environments. HAV IB isolates were detected over the years in shellfish and in water matrices, but not in clinical samples, suggesting that this genotype had been circulating silently. An integrated surveillance system (environment/food/clinical cases) can be a useful tool to monitor changes in viral variants in the population, as well as an early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosa Paradiso
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Dario De Medici
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Teresa Vicenza
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Yolande Therese Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (Y.T.R.P.); (O.D.M.)
| | - Orlandina Di Maro
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (Y.T.R.P.); (O.D.M.)
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Stefania Taffon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Costantino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Maurizio Della Rotonda
- Executive Task Force Prevention and Veterinary Public Health, Region Campania, 80132 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4990-2477
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26
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Huston DC, Ogawa K, Shirakashi S, Nowak BF. Metazoan Parasite Life Cycles: Significance for Fish Mariculture. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:1002-1012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Bouwmeester MM, Goedknegt MA, Poulin R, Thieltges DW. Collateral diseases: Aquaculture impacts on wildlife infections. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M. Bouwmeester
- Department of Coastal Systems NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Den Burg The Netherlands
| | - M. Anouk Goedknegt
- UMR 5805 EPOC Station Marine d'Arcachon CNRSUniversité de Bordeaux Arcachon France
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - David W. Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Den Burg The Netherlands
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28
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Sanderson CE, Alexander KA. Unchartered waters: Climate change likely to intensify infectious disease outbreaks causing mass mortality events in marine mammals. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4284-4301. [PMID: 32558115 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease emergence has increased significantly over the last 30 years, with mass mortality events (MMEs) associated with epizootics becoming increasingly common. Factors influencing these events have been widely studied in terrestrial systems, but remain relatively unexplored in marine mammals. Infectious disease-induced MMEs (ID MMEs) have not been reported ubiquitously among marine mammal species, indicating that intrinsic (host) and/or extrinsic (environmental) ecological factors may influence this heterogeneity. We assess the occurrence of ID MMEs (1955-2018) across extant marine mammals (n = 129) in relation to key life-history characteristics (sociality, trophic level, habitat breadth) and environmental variables (season, sea surface temperature [SST] anomalies, El Niño occurrence). Our results show that ID MMEs have been reported in 14% of marine mammal species (95% CI 9%-21%), with 72% (n = 36; 95% CI 56%-84%) of these events caused predominantly by viruses, primarily morbillivirus and influenza A. Bacterial pathogens caused 25% (95% CI 14%-41%) of MMEs, with only one being the result of a protozoan pathogen. Overall, virus-induced MMEs involved a greater number of fatalities per event compared to other pathogens. No association was detected between the occurrence of ID MMEs and host characteristics, such as sociality or trophic level, but ID MMEs did occur more frequently in semiaquatic species (pinnipeds) compared to obligate ocean dwellers (cetaceans; χ2 = 9.6, p = .002). In contrast, extrinsic factors significantly influenced ID MMEs, with seasonality linked to frequency (χ2 = 19.85, p = .0002) and severity of these events, and global yearly SST anomalies positively correlated with their temporal occurrence (Z = 3.43, p = 2.7e-04). No significant association was identified between El Niño and ID MME occurrence (Z = 0.28, p = .81). With climate change forecasted to increase SSTs and the frequency of extreme seasonal weather events, epizootics causing MMEs are likely to intensify with significant consequences for marine mammal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Sanderson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for African Resources: Animals, Communities and Land use (CARACAL), Kasane, Botswana
| | - Kathleen A Alexander
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for African Resources: Animals, Communities and Land use (CARACAL), Kasane, Botswana
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29
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Gopko M, Mironova E, Pasternak A, Mikheev V, Taskinen J. Parasite transmission in aquatic ecosystems under temperature change: effects of host activity and elimination of parasite larvae by filter‐feeders. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Gopko
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Laboratory for Behaviour of Lower Vertebrates Moscow Russia
| | - Ekaterina Mironova
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Center of Parasitology Moscow Russia
| | - Anna Pasternak
- Shirshov Inst. of Oceanology RAS, Plankton ecology laboratory Moscow Russia
| | - Victor Mikheev
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Laboratory for Behaviour of Lower Vertebrates Moscow Russia
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Jyväskylän Yliopisto, Dept of Biological and Environmental Science Jyväskylä Finland
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30
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Laudicella VA, Beveridge C, Carboni S, Franco SC, Doherty MK, Long N, Mitchell E, Stanley MS, Whitfield PD, Hughes AD. Lipidomics analysis of juveniles' blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L. 1758), a key economic and ecological species. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223031. [PMID: 32084137 PMCID: PMC7034892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L. 1758) are important components of coastal ecosystems and in the economy of rural and coastal areas. The understanding of their physiological processes at key life stages is important both within food production systems and in the management of wild populations. Lipids are crucial molecules for bivalve growth, but their diversity and roles have not been fully characterised. In this study, traditional lipid profiling techniques, such as fatty acid (FA) and lipid class analysis, are combined to untargeted lipidomics to elucidate the lipid metabolism in newly settled spat fed on a range of diets. The evaluated diets included single strains treatments (Cylindrotheca fusiformis CCAP 1017/2 -CYL, Isochrysis galbana CCAP 927/1- ISO, Monodopsis subterranean CCAP 848/1 -MONO, Nannochloropsis oceanica CCAP 849/10- NANNO) and a commercial algae paste (SP). Spat growth was influenced by the diets, which, according to their efficacy were ranked as follows: ISO>NANNO/CYL>SP>MONO. A higher triacylglycerols (TG) content, ranging from 4.23±0.82 μg mgashfree Dry weight (DW)-1 at the beginning of the trial (T0) to 51±15.3 μg mgashfreeDW-1 in ISO, characterised significant growth in the spat, whereas, a reduction of TG (0.3±0.08 μg mgashfreeDW-1 in MONO), mono unsaturated FA-MUFA (from 8.52±1.02 μg mgFAashfreeDW-1 at T0 to 2.81±1.02 μg mgFAashfreeDW-1 in MONO) and polyunsaturated FA-PUFA (from 17.57±2.24 μg mgFAashfreeDW-1 at T0 to 6.19±2.49 μg mgFAashfreeDW-1 in MONO) content characterised poor performing groups. Untargeted lipidomics evidenced how the availability of dietary essential PUFA did not influence only neutral lipids but also the membrane lipids, with changes in lipid molecular species in relation to the essential PUFA provided via the diet. Such changes have the potential to affect spat production cycle and their ability to respond to the surrounding environment. This study evidenced the advantages of coupling different lipid analysis techniques, as each technique disclosed relevant information on nutritional requirements of M. edulis juveniles, expanding the existing knowledge on the physiology of this important species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Beveridge
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Carboni
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia C. Franco
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Mary K. Doherty
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Long
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Mitchell
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Michele S. Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip D. Whitfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D. Hughes
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, United Kingdom
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31
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Mathai PP, Magnone P, Dunn HM, Sadowsky MJ. Water and sediment act as reservoirs for microbial taxa associated with invasive dreissenid mussels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134915. [PMID: 31767301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are invasive, filter-feeding, bivalves that have disrupted the ecology of thousands of freshwater biomes across North America. Due to their efficient filter-feeding activity, zebra mussels (ZMs) and other bivalves are extensively used to detect chemical contamination in waterways. In this study, we evaluated whether water and sediment serve as major sources of ZM tissue-associated microbiota, and whether ZMs serve as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic microbes in aquatic systems. High-throughput DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was done to characterize the microbial community structure in 472 environmental samples, comprising ZMs, sediment, and the water column, collected from 15 lakes during the summer and fall months. Sequence analyses, done using the SourceTracker program, predicted that water and sediment contributed up to 91 and 86%, respectively, to the structure of microbiota within ZMs, and that mussels from the same site showed nearly identical source microbiota profiles. The relatively high local source contribution suggests that the microbiota in ZM tissue has the potential to reflect biological contamination and this phenomenon can be used to monitor microbial water quality. A preferential enrichment of several taxa was also observed in ZM tissues, including potential pathogenic groups such as Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas. Taken together, our results contribute to an improved understanding of ZMs as a sentinel species in aquatic habitats and its potential impact to water quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince P Mathai
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Paolo Magnone
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Hannah M Dunn
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA; Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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32
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Jeong YS, Kang W, Sung H, Lee JY, Yun JH, Shin NR, Kim HS, Lee SY, Han JE, Lee JY, Tak EJ, Kim PS, Hyun DW, Jung MJ, Whon TW, Kang MS, Lee KE, Lee BH, Bae JW. Flammeovirga pectinis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the Korean scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 70:499-504. [PMID: 31613737 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, reddish-orange-coloured, gliding bacterial strain, designated L12M1T, was isolated from the gut of the Korean scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain L12M1T formed a monophyletic clade with the strains in the genus Flammeovirga and showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Flammeovirga kamogawensis YS10T (98.66 %). The major cellular fatty acids of strain L12M1T were iso-C15 : 0 and C20 : 4ω6,9,12,15c. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major polyamines were spermidine, cadaverine and the minor polyamine was putrescine. The DNA G+C content was 32.1 mol%. The phylogenetic, phenotypic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genotypic results indicated that strain L12M1T represents a novel species of the genus Flammeovirga, for which the name Flammeovirga pectinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L12M1T (=KCTC 62750T=JCM 33169T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Seok Jeong
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woorim Kang
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Sung
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Young Lee
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Yun
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Ri Shin
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Kim
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Han
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yun Lee
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Euon Jung Tak
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Soo Kim
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Hyun
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ja Jung
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Whon
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Suk Kang
- Biological Resources Utilization Department, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Eun Lee
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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33
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Stevick RJ, Sohn S, Modak TH, Nelson DR, Rowley DC, Tammi K, Smolowitz R, Markey Lundgren K, Post AF, Gómez-Chiarri M. Bacterial Community Dynamics in an Oyster Hatchery in Response to Probiotic Treatment. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1060. [PMID: 31156583 PMCID: PMC6530434 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Larval oysters in hatcheries are susceptible to diseases caused by bacterial pathogens, including Vibrio spp. Previous studies have shown that daily addition of the probiotic Bacillus pumilus RI06-95 to water in rearing tanks increases larval survival when challenged with the pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. We propose that the presence of probiotics causes shifts in bacterial community structure in rearing tanks, leading to a net decrease in the relative abundance of potential pathogens. During three trials spanning the 2012-2015 hatchery seasons, larvae, tank biofilm, and rearing water samples were collected from control and probiotic-treated tanks in an oyster hatchery over a 12-day period after spawning. Samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing of the V4 or V6 regions followed by taxonomic classification, in order to determine bacterial community structures. There were significant differences in bacterial composition over time and between sample types, but no major effect of probiotics on the structure and diversity of bacterial communities (phylum level, Bray-Curtis k = 2, 95% confidence). Probiotic treatment, however, led to a higher relative percent abundance of Oceanospirillales and Bacillus spp. in water and oyster larvae. In the water, an increase in Vibrio spp. diversity in the absence of a net increase in relative read abundance suggests a likely decrease in the abundance of specific pathogenic Vibrio spp., and therefore lower chances of a disease outbreak. Co-occurrence network analysis also suggests that probiotic treatment had a systemic effect on targeted members of the bacterial community, leading to a net decrease in potentially pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Stevick
- Graduate School of Oceanography, The University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Saebom Sohn
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Tejashree H. Modak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - David C. Rowley
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Karin Tammi
- Feinstein School of Social and Natural Sciences, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States
| | - Roxanna Smolowitz
- Feinstein School of Social and Natural Sciences, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States
| | - Kathryn Markey Lundgren
- Feinstein School of Social and Natural Sciences, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States
| | - Anton F. Post
- Graduate School of Oceanography, The University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
- Division of Research, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Marta Gómez-Chiarri
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
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Fernández Robledo JA, Yadavalli R, Allam B, Pales Espinosa E, Gerdol M, Greco S, Stevick RJ, Gómez-Chiarri M, Zhang Y, Heil CA, Tracy AN, Bishop-Bailey D, Metzger MJ. From the raw bar to the bench: Bivalves as models for human health. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:260-282. [PMID: 30503358 PMCID: PMC6511260 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves, from raw oysters to steamed clams, are popular choices among seafood lovers and once limited to the coastal areas. The rapid growth of the aquaculture industry and improvement in the preservation and transport of seafood have enabled them to be readily available anywhere in the world. Over the years, oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams have been the focus of research for improving the production, managing resources, and investigating basic biological and ecological questions. During this decade, an impressive amount of information using high-throughput genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies has been produced in various classes of the Mollusca group, and it is anticipated that basic and applied research will significantly benefit from this resource. One aspect that is also taking momentum is the use of bivalves as a model system for human health. In this review, we highlight some of the aspects of the biology of bivalves that have direct implications in human health including the shell formation, stem cells and cell differentiation, the ability to fight opportunistic and specific pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity, as source of alternative drugs, mucosal immunity and, microbiome turnover, toxicology, and cancer research. There is still a long way to go; however, the next time you order a dozen oysters at your favorite raw bar, think about a tasty model organism that will not only please your palate but also help unlock multiple aspects of molluscan biology and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bassem Allam
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | | | - Marco Gerdol
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Samuele Greco
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rebecca J Stevick
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Marta Gómez-Chiarri
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Cynthia A Heil
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Adrienne N Tracy
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA; Colby College, Waterville, 4,000 Mayflower Hill Dr, ME, 04901, USA
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35
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Consumer and host body size effects on the removal of trematode cercariae by ambient communities. Parasitology 2018; 146:342-347. [PMID: 30318030 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Parasite transmission can be altered via the removal of parasites by the ambient communities in which parasite-host interactions take place. However, the mechanisms driving parasite removal remain poorly understood. Using marine trematode cercariae as a model system, we investigated the effects of consumer and host body size on parasite removal rates. Laboratory experiments revealed that consumer or host body size significantly affected cercarial removal rates in crabs, oysters and cockles but not in shrimps. In general, cercarial removal rates increased with consumer (crabs and oysters) and host (cockles) body size. For the filter feeding oysters and cockles, the effects probably relate to their feeding activity which is known to correlate with bivalve size. Low infection levels found in cockle hosts suggest that parasite removal by hosts also leads to significant mortality of infective stages. The size effects of crab and shrimp predators on cercarial removal rates were more complex and did not show an expected size match-mismatch between predators and their cercarial prey, suggesting that parasite removal rates in predators are species-specific. We conclude that to have a comprehensive understanding of parasite removal by ambient communities, more research into the various mechanisms of cercarial removal is required.
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Dawkins PD, Eisenlord ME, Yoshioka RM, Fiorenza E, Fruchter S, Giammona F, Winningham M, Harvell CD. Environment, dosage, and pathogen isolate moderate virulence in eelgrass wasting disease. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 130:51-63. [PMID: 30154272 DOI: 10.3354/dao03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eelgrass wasting disease, caused by the marine pathogen Labyrinthula zosterae, has the potential to devastate important eelgrass habitats worldwide. Although this host-pathogen interaction may increase under certain environmental conditions, little is known about how disease severity is impacted by multiple components of a changing environment. In this study, we investigated the effects of variation in 3 different L. zosterae isolates, pathogen dosage, temperature, and light on severity of infections. Severity of lesions on eelgrass varied among the 3 different isolates inoculated in laboratory trials. Our methods to control dosage of inoculum showed that disease severity increased with pathogen dosage from 104 to 106 cells ml-1. In a dosage-controlled light and temperature 2-way factorial experiment consisting of 2 light regimes (diel light cycle and complete darkness) and 2 temperatures (11 and 18°C), L. zosterae cell growth rate in vitro was higher at the warmer temperature. In a companion experiment that tested the effects of light and temperature in in vivo inoculations, disease severity was higher in dark treatments and temperature was marginally significant. We suggest that the much greater impact of light in the in vivo inoculation experiment indicates an important role for plant physiology and the need for photosynthesis in slowing severity of infections. Our work with controlled inoculation of distinct L. zosterae isolates shows that pathogen isolate, increasing dosage of inoculum, increasing temperature, and diminishing light increase disease severity, suggesting L. zosterae will cause increased damage to eelgrass beds with changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Dawkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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37
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Groner ML, Burge CA, Cox R, Rivlin ND, Turner M, Van Alstyne KL, Wyllie-Echeverria S, Bucci J, Staudigel P, Friedman CS. Oysters and eelgrass: potential partners in a high pCO 2 ocean. Ecology 2018; 99:1802-1814. [PMID: 29800484 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is affecting the health and physiology of marine organisms and altering species interactions. Ocean acidification (OA) threatens calcifying organisms such as the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. In contrast, seagrasses, such as the eelgrass Zostera marina, can benefit from the increase in available carbon for photosynthesis found at a lower seawater pH. Seagrasses can remove dissolved inorganic carbon from OA environments, creating local daytime pH refugia. Pacific oysters may improve the health of eelgrass by filtering out pathogens such as Labyrinthula zosterae (LZ), which causes eelgrass wasting disease (EWD). We examined how co-culture of eelgrass ramets and juvenile oysters affected the health and growth of eelgrass and the mass of oysters under different pCO2 exposures. In Phase I, each species was cultured alone or in co-culture at 12°C across ambient, medium, and high pCO2 conditions, (656, 1,158 and 1,606 μatm pCO2 , respectively). Under high pCO2 , eelgrass grew faster and had less severe EWD (contracted in the field prior to the experiment). Co-culture with oysters also reduced the severity of EWD. While the presence of eelgrass decreased daytime pCO2 , this reduction was not substantial enough to ameliorate the negative impact of high pCO2 on oyster mass. In Phase II, eelgrass alone or oysters and eelgrass in co-culture were held at 15°C under ambient and high pCO2 conditions, (488 and 2,013 μatm pCO2 , respectively). Half of the replicates were challenged with cultured LZ. Concentrations of defensive compounds in eelgrass (total phenolics and tannins), were altered by LZ exposure and pCO2 treatments. Greater pathogen loads and increased EWD severity were detected in LZ exposed eelgrass ramets; EWD severity was reduced at high relative to low pCO2 . Oyster presence did not influence pathogen load or EWD severity; high LZ concentrations in experimental treatments may have masked the effect of this treatment. Collectively, these results indicate that, when exposed to natural concentrations of LZ under high pCO2 conditions, eelgrass can benefit from co-culture with oysters. Further experimentation is necessary to quantify how oysters may benefit from co-culture with eelgrass, examine these interactions in the field and quantify context-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Groner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21202, USA
| | - Ruth Cox
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Natalie D Rivlin
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21202, USA
| | - Mo Turner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
| | - Kathryn L Van Alstyne
- Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Rd., Anacortes, Washington, 98221, USA
| | - Sandy Wyllie-Echeverria
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Rd., Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA.,Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, 2 John Brewers Bay, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 00802, USA
| | - John Bucci
- School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Rd., Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA
| | - Philip Staudigel
- Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida, 33149, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Rd., Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA.,School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St., Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
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Abstract
To put marine disease impacts in context requires a broad perspective on the roles infectious agents have in the ocean. Parasites infect most marine vertebrate and invertebrate species, and parasites and predators can have comparable biomass density, suggesting they play comparable parts as consumers in marine food webs. Although some parasites might increase with disturbance, most probably decline as food webs unravel. There are several ways to adapt epidemiological theory to the marine environment. In particular, because the ocean represents a three-dimensional moving habitat for hosts and parasites, models should open up the spatial scales at which infective stages and host larvae travel. In addition to open recruitment and dimensionality, marine parasites are subject to fishing, filter feeders, dose-dependent infection, environmental forcing, and death-based transmission. Adding such considerations to marine disease models will make it easier to predict which infectious diseases will increase or decrease in a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Freshwater mussels (Anodonta anatina) reduce transmission of a common fish trematode (eye fluke, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum). Parasitology 2017; 144:1971-1979. [PMID: 28766473 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent results suggest that bivalves can play an important role in restraining the spread of various aquatic infections. However, the ability of mussels to remove free-living stages of macroparasites and reduce their transmission is still understudied, especially for freshwater ecosystems. We investigated the influence of the common freshwater mussel (Anodonta anatina) on the transmission of a trematode (eye fluke, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum), which frequently infects fish in farms and natural habitats. In our experiments, mussels caused a significant decrease (P < 0·001) in the abundance of trematode free-living stages, from 6520 to 1770 cercariae L-1 on average (about 4-fold in 2 h). Individual clearance rates of mussels were 0·6‒3·7 L per hour (mean 1·9). These tests were followed by experimental infections of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with different doses of D. pseudospathaceum cercariae in the presence or absence of mussels. Exposure of fish to cercariae in the presence of mussels significantly (P < 0·05) reduced the infection intensities in fish (by 30-40%) at all exposure doses. Our results indicate that freshwater bivalves can markedly reduce local cercariae densities and could be useful in mitigation of trematodoses harmful to fish farming.
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