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Mengrelis K, Niederacher G, Prickler L, Kainz V, Weijler AM, Rudolph E, Stanek V, Eckl-Dorna J, Baranyi U, Spittler A, Focke-Tejkl M, Bohle B, Valenta R, Becker CFW, Wekerle T, Linhart B. Coupling of a Major Allergen to the Surface of Immune Cells for Use in Prophylactic Cell Therapy for the Prevention of IgE-Mediated Allergy. Cells 2024; 13:446. [PMID: 38474409 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Up to a third of the world's population suffers from allergies, yet the effectiveness of available preventative measures remains, at large, poor. Consequently, the development of successful prophylactic strategies for the induction of tolerance against allergens is crucial. In proof-of-concept studies, our laboratory has previously shown that the transfer of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) or autologous B cells expressing a major grass pollen allergen, Phl p 5, induces robust tolerance in mice. However, eventual clinical translation would require safe allergen expression without the need for retroviral transduction. Therefore, we aimed to chemically couple Phl p 5 to the surface of leukocytes and tested their ability to induce tolerance. Phl p 5 was coupled by two separate techniques, either by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) or by linkage via a lipophilic anchor, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol)-maleimide (DSPE-PEG-Mal). The effectiveness was assessed in fresh and cultured Phl p 5-coupled cells by flow cytometry, image cytometry, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Chemical coupling of Phl p 5 using EDC was robust but was followed by rapid apoptosis. DSPE-PEG-Mal-mediated linkage was also strong, but antigen levels declined due to antigen internalization. Cells coupled with Phl p 5 by either method were transferred into autologous mice. While administration of EDC-coupled splenocytes together with short course immunosuppression initially reduced Phl p 5-specific antibody levels to a moderate degree, both methods did not induce sustained tolerance towards Phl p 5 upon several subcutaneous immunizations with the allergen. Overall, our results demonstrate the successful chemical linkage of an allergen to leukocytes using two separate techniques, eliminating the risks of genetic modifications. More durable surface expression still needs to be achieved for use in prophylactic cell therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mengrelis
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Niederacher
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Prickler
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Kainz
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Marianne Weijler
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisa Rudolph
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Stanek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Eckl-Dorna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Baranyi
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery and Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, National Research Center (NRC), 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Thomas Wekerle
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Linhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Induction of Immune Tolerance in Islet Transplantation Using Apoptotic Donor Leukocytes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225306. [PMID: 34830586 PMCID: PMC8625503 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic islet transplantation has become an effective treatment option for severe Type 1 diabetes with intractable impaired awareness due to hypoglycemic events. Although current immunosuppressive protocols effectively prevent the acute rejection associated with initial T cell activation in recipients, chronic rejection has remained an obstacle for achieving long-term allogeneic islet engraftment. The development of donor-specific immune tolerance to the allograft is the ultimate goal given its potential ability to overcome chronic rejection and disregard the need for maintenance immunosuppression, which may be toxic to islet grafts. Recently, a breakthrough in tolerance induction during allogeneic islet transplantation using apoptotic donor lymphocytes (ADLs) in a non-human primate model had been reported. Several studies have suggested that the clonal depletion, anergy, and expansion of the antigen-specific regulatory immune network are the mechanisms for donor-specific tolerance with ADLs, which act synergistically to induce robust transplant tolerance. This achievement represents a huge step forward toward the clinical application of immune tolerance induction. We herein summarize the reported operational induction therapies in islet transplantation using the ADLs. Moreover, a few obstacles for the engraftment of transplanted islets, such as islet immunogenicity and instant blood-mediated response, which need to be resolved in the future, are also discussed.
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Zheng L, Li J, Lenardo M. Restimulation-induced cell death: new medical and research perspectives. Immunol Rev 2018; 277:44-60. [PMID: 28462523 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the periphery, homeostasis of the immune system depends on the equilibrium of expanding and contracting T lymphocytes during immune response. An important mechanism of lymphocyte contraction is clonal depletion of activated T cells by cytokine withdrawal induced death (CWID) and TCR restimulation induced cell death (RICD). Deficiencies in signaling components for CWID and RICD leads to autoimmunune lymphoproliferative disorders in mouse and human. The most important feature of CWID and RICD is clonal specificity, which lends great appeal as a strategy for targeted tolerance induction and treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergic disorders, and graft rejection by depleting undesired disease-causing T cells while keeping the overall host immunity intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zheng
- Laboratory of Immunology and Clinical Genomics Program, Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Clinical Genomics Program, Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Michael Lenardo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Clinical Genomics Program, Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
The undesired destruction of healthy cells, either endogenous or transplanted, by the immune system results in the loss of tissue function or limits strategies to restore tissue function. Current therapies typically involve nonspecific immunosuppression that may prevent the appropriate response to an antigen, thereby decreasing humoral immunity and increasing the risks of patient susceptibility to opportunistic infections, viral reactivation, and neoplasia. The induction of antigen-specific immunological tolerance to block undesired immune responses to self- or allogeneic antigens, while maintaining the integrity of the remaining immune system, has the potential to transform the current treatment of autoimmune disease and serve as a key enabling technology for therapies based on cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunrong Luo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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Steinmetz M, Ponnuswamy P, Laurans L, Esposito B, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. The intravenous injection of oxidized LDL- or Apolipoprotein B100--Coupled splenocytes promotes Th1 polarization in wildtype and Apolipoprotein E--Deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:306-11. [PMID: 26116775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th1 responses in atherosclerosis are mainly associated with the aggravation of atherosclerotic plaques, whereas Th2 responses lead to a less pronounced disease in mouse models. The fixation of antigens on cells by means of ethylene carbodiimide (ECDI), and subsequent injection of these antigen-coupled splenocytes (Ag-SP) to induce tolerance against the attached antigens, has been successfully used to treat murine type 1 diabetes or encephalomyelitis in. We analyzed this approach in a mouse model for atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS OTII-transgenic mice that were treated with a single dose of 5 × 10(7) OVA-coupled splenocytes (OVA-SP), had decreased splenocyte proliferation, and lower IFNγ production in vitro upon antigen recall. However, in vivo CD4 cell activation was increased. To try lipoprotein-derived, "atherosclerosis-associated" antigens, we first tested human oxidized LDL. In wild type mice, an increase of IFNγ production upon in vitro recall was detected in the oxLDL-SP group. In Apolipoprotein E - deficient (ApoE-/-) mice that received oxLDL-SP every 5 weeks for 20 weeks, we did not find any difference of atherosclerotic plaque burden, but again increased IFNγ production. To overcome xenogenous limitations, we then examined the effects of mouse Apolipoprotein B100 peptides P3 and P6. ApoB100-SP treatment again promoted a more IFNγ pronounced response upon in vitro recall. Flow cytometry analysis of cytokine secreting spleen cells revealed CD4 positive T cells to be mainly the source for IFNγ. In ApoE-/- mice that were administered ApoB100-SP during 20 weeks, the atherosclerotic plaque burden in aortic roots as well as total aorta was unchanged compared to PBS treated controls. Splenocyte proliferation upon antigen recall was not significantly altered in ApoB100-SP treated ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSION Although we did not observe a relevant anti-atherosclerotic benefit, the treatment with antigen-coupled splenocytes in its present form already impacts the immune responses and deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steinmetz
- INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | | | - Ludivine Laurans
- INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Esposito
- INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alain Tedgui
- INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ziad Mallat
- INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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Getts DR, McCarthy DP, Miller SD. Exploiting apoptosis for therapeutic tolerance induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 191:5341-6. [PMID: 24244028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune tolerance remains the most promising yet elusive strategy for treating immune-mediated diseases. An experimental strategy showing promise in phase 1 clinical studies is the delivery of Ag cross-linked to apoptotic leukocytes using ethylene carbodiimide. This approach originated from demonstration of the profound tolerance-inducing ability of i.v. administered Ag-coupled splenocytes (Ag-SP) in mice, which has been demonstrated to treat T cell-mediated disorders including autoimmunity, allergy, and transplant rejection. Recent studies have defined the intricate interplay between the innate and adaptive immune systems in Ag-SP tolerance induction. Innate mechanisms include scavenger receptor-mediated uptake of Ag-SP by host APCs, Ag representation, and the required upregulation of PD-L1 expression and IL-10 production by splenic marginal zone macrophages leading to Ag-specific T cell regulation via the combined effects of cell-intrinsic anergy and regulatory T cell induction. In this paper, we discuss the history, advantages, current mechanistic understanding, and clinical potential of tolerance induction using apoptotic Ag-coupled apoptotic leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Getts
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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Turley DM, Miller SD. Prospects for antigen-specific tolerance based therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 51:217-35. [PMID: 19130025 DOI: 10.1007/400_2008_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A primary focus in autoimmunity is the breakdown of central and peripheral tolerance resulting in the survival and eventual activation of autoreactive T cells. As CD4(+) T cells are key contributors to the underlying pathogenic mechanisms responsible for onset and progression of most autoimmune diseases, they are a logical target for therapeutic strategies. One method for restoring self-tolerance is to exploit the endogenous regulatory mechanisms that govern CD4(+) T cell activation. In this review, we discuss tolerance strategies with the common goal of inducing antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance. Emphasis is given to the use of peptide-specific tolerance strategies, focusing on ethylene carbodiimide (ECDI)-peptide-coupled cells (Ag-SP) and nonmitogenic anti-CD3, which specifically target the T cell receptor (TCR) in the absence of costimulatory signals. These approaches induce a TCR signal of insufficient strength to cause CD4(+) T cell activation and instead lead to functional T cell anergy/deletion and activation of Ag-specific induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) while avoiding generalized long-term immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Turley
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Tarry 6-718, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Albert MH, Yu XZ, Magg T. Ethylenecarbodiimide-coupled allogeneic antigen presenting cells induce human CD4+ regulatory T cells. Clin Immunol 2008; 129:381-93. [PMID: 18819845 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells can tolerize transplantation alloresponses in animal models. However isolation of these cells in sufficient numbers from humans is cumbersome and prone to contamination with alloreactive CD25(+) T cells. Incubation of ethylenecarbodiimide-coupled antigen presenting cells (APC) with naïve T cells and antigen has been shown to induce tolerance in various experimental models. We therefore investigated whether ECDI-coupled allogeneic APC were able to induce an expandable human CD4(+) Treg population. CD4(+) and CD4(+) CD25(-) cells cultured for 5 days with ECDI-treated human PBMC exhibited potent suppressive capacity in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Induction of these ECDI-Tregs was associated with up-regulation of Foxp3 mRNA and protein expression and they maintained high expression of CD62L and CD27 as well as low CD127 expression. ECDI-treated APC displayed reduced expression of the co-stimulatory signaling molecules CD40 and CD80, and failed to stimulate proliferation and cytokine secretion in co-cultured CD4(+) T cells. Restimulation in the presence of rapamycin and hrIL-2 led to expansion of ECDI-Tregs with increasing Foxp3 levels and suppressive activity significantly higher than expanded naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs. In summary these findings support the hypothesis that ECDI-coupled APC can convert naïve CD4(+) T cells into functional Tregs with different phenotypic characteristics than naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs. These inducible Tregs could provide a novel approach that might facilitate the translation of ex vivo generated and expanded Tregs into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Albert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dr. von Haunersches Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 Munich, Germany.
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Meagher C, Tang Q, Fife BT, Bour-Jordan H, Wu J, Pardoux C, Bi M, Melli K, Bluestone JA. Spontaneous development of a pancreatic exocrine disease in CD28-deficient NOD mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7793-803. [PMID: 18523243 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease in humans characterized by a progressive lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltrate in the exocrine pancreas. In this study, we report that regulatory T cell-deficient NOD.CD28KO mice spontaneously develop AIP that closely resembles the human disease. NOD mouse AIP was associated with severe periductal and parenchymal inflammation of the exocrine pancreas by CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and B cells. Spleen CD4(+) T cells were found to be both necessary and sufficient for the development of AIP. Autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells from affected mice recognized a approximately 50-kDa protein identified as pancreatic amylase. Importantly, administration of tolerogenic amylase-coupled fixed spleen cells significantly ameliorated disease severity, suggesting that this protein functions as a key autoantigen. The establishment and characterization of this spontaneous pancreatic amylase-specific AIP in regulatory T cell-deficient NOD.CD28KO mice provides an excellent model for the study of disease pathogenesis and development of new therapies for human autoimmune pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Meagher
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Lutterotti A, Sospedra M, Martin R. Antigen-specific therapies in MS - Current concepts and novel approaches. J Neurol Sci 2008; 274:18-22. [PMID: 18599087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Induction of antigen-specific tolerance is a promising therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases. Despite many successes in animal models, translation to the clinic has been hampered by lack of efficacy, disease exacerbation and hypersensitivity reactions. Novel approaches aim at inducing tolerance to several immunodominant antigens at the same time. Besides several key issues like the route of administration, dose of antigen and nature of antigen, antigen-specific therapies should be performed early in the disease course in order to block the diversification of autoreactive specificities and thereby prevent disease progression. It is essential that clinical trials are accompanied by appropriate immunologic analyses to be used either as a parameter to monitor safety and efficacy, but also to get a better understanding of the mechanisms of disease and the respective treatment approach. Here we will discuss the mechanisms of tolerance, the experience with trials in MS and present novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lutterotti
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical MS Research (inims), Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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11
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Magg T, Albert MH. Tracking cell proliferation using the far red fluorescent dye SNARF-1. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2007; 72:458-64. [PMID: 17397063 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The [(3)H]thymidine incorporation assay and staining of living cells with fluorescent dyes like carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE) have evolved as valuable methods for studying T cell responses. To assess proliferation of cells already labeled by FITC, CFSE, GFP, or other "green" molecules or to simultaneously track two otherwise indistinguishable cell populations in mixed cell cultures, it would be desirable to have a dye with distinct fluorescent properties for this application. METHODS We analyzed the dilution of the far red fluorescent dye SNARF-1 in proliferating cells by flow cytometric analysis. The results were compared with the CFSE dilution technique as well as the [(3)H]thymidine incorporation assay. RESULTS Staining of primary human lymphocytes revealed that SNARF-1 labeling was equivalent to CFSE for estimating proportions of proliferating cells in stimulated cell cultures and yielded results comparable to [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. We showed that SNARF-1 offers the possibility to simultaneously analyze the proliferation of phenotypically indistinguishable subsets of hematopoietic cells and can also be used to track uniformly proliferating, non hematopoietic cells like HEK293. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we have demonstrated that labeling of cells with SNARF-1 allows for estimating cell proliferation of cells of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Magg
- Department for Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dr. von Haunersches Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
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12
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Miller SD, Turley DM, Podojil JR. Antigen-specific tolerance strategies for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:665-77. [PMID: 17690713 DOI: 10.1038/nri2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and effective antigen-specific therapies is needed to treat patients with autoimmune diseases. These therapies must allow for the specific tolerization of self-reactive immune cells without altering host immunity to infectious insults. Experimental models and clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune disease have identified putative mechanisms by which antigen-specific therapies induce tolerance. Although advances have been made in the development of efficient antigen-specific therapies, translating these therapies from bench to bedside has remained difficult. Here, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of antigen-specific therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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13
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Keyoung HM, Goldman SA. Glial progenitor-based repair of demyelinating neurological diseases. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2007; 18:93-104, x. [PMID: 17244557 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases of the brain and spinal cord affect more than one-quarter million of Americans, with numbers reaching more than two million across the world. These patients experience not only the vascular, traumatic, and inflammatory demyelinations of adulthood but the congenital and childhood dysmyelinating syndromes of the pediatric leukodystrophies. Several disease-modifying strategies have been developed that slow disease progression, especially in the inflammatory demyelinations and in multiple sclerosis in particular. Yet, currently available disease modifiers typically influence the immune system and are neither intended to nor competent to reverse the structural neurologic damage attending acquired demyelination. Fortunately, however, the disorders of myelin lend themselves well to attempts at structural repair, because central oligodendrocytes are the primary, and often sole, victims of the underlying disease process. Given the relative availability and homogeneity of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, the disorders of myelin formation and maintenance may be especially compelling targets for cell-based neurologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Michael Keyoung
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, PO Box 0470, San Francisco, CA 94143-0470, USA.
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Turley DM, Miller SD. Peripheral tolerance induction using ethylenecarbodiimide-fixed APCs uses both direct and indirect mechanisms of antigen presentation for prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2212-20. [PMID: 17277126 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II (MHC II)-restricted T cell responses are a common driving force of autoimmune disease. Accordingly, numerous therapeutic strategies target CD4(+) T cells with the hope of attenuating autoimmune responses and restoring self-tolerance. We have previously reported that i.v. treatment with Ag-pulsed, ethylenecarbodiimide (ECDI)-fixed splenocytes (Ag-SPs) is an efficient protocol to induce Ag-specific tolerance for prevention and treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Ag-SPs coupled with peptide can directly present peptide:MHC II complexes to target CD4(+) T cells in the absence of costimulation to induce anergy. However, Ag-SPs coupled with whole protein also efficiently attenuates Ag-specific T cell responses suggesting the potential contribution of alternative indirect mechanisms/interactions between the Ag-SPs and target CD4(+) T cells. Thus, we investigated whether MHC II compatibility was essential to the underlying mechanisms by which Ag-SP induces tolerance during autoimmune disease. Using MHC-deficient, allogeneic, and/or syngeneic donor Ag-SPs, we show that MHC compatibility between the Ag-SP donor and the host is not required for tolerance induction. Interestingly, we found that ECDI treatment induces apoptosis of the donor cell population which promotes uptake and reprocessing of donor cell peptides by host APCs resulting in the apparent MHC II-independent induction of tolerance. However, syngeneic donor cells are more efficient at inducing tolerance, suggesting that Ag-SPs induce functional Ag-SP tolerance via both direct and indirect (cross-tolerance) mechanisms leading to prevention and effective treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Turley
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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15
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Horwitz MS, Ilic A, Fine C, Sarvetnick N. Induction of antigen specific peripheral humoral tolerance to cardiac myosin does not prevent CB3-mediated autoimmune myocarditis. J Autoimmun 2005; 25:102-11. [PMID: 16011890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Revised: 04/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myocarditis often progresses to dilated cardiomyopathy resulting in heart failure or cardiac transplantation. Viral infection is the most common cause of myocarditis and coxsackie B viruses (CBV) are the most frequently cited etiologic agents associated with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Additionally, CBV infections of genetically susceptible mice induce autoimmune myocarditis resembling human disease, including the development of autoantibodies to cardiac myosin. Herein, we describe experiments in which peripheral tolerance to cardiac myosin was induced by administration of antigen-coupled antigen presenting cells. While the antibody response to cardiac myosin following CB3 infection was reduced, the viral induction of clinical autoimmune myocarditis was not affected. Additionally, viral replication was unaffected by the reduced humoral response to cardiac myosin. Therefore, the humoral response to cardiac myosin is not required for the development of autoimmunity following infection of NOD mice. This work demonstrates the difficulty in using antigen specific tolerance as a course of treatment to prevent multivalent autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Pluchino S, Zanotti L, Rossi B, Brambilla E, Ottoboni L, Salani G, Martinello M, Cattalini A, Bergami A, Furlan R, Comi G, Constantin G, Martino G. Neurosphere-derived multipotent precursors promote neuroprotection by an immunomodulatory mechanism. Nature 2005; 436:266-71. [PMID: 16015332 DOI: 10.1038/nature03889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), transplantation of neural multipotent (stem) precursor cells (NPCs) is aimed at replacing damaged neural cells. Here we show that in CNS inflammation, NPCs are able to promote neuroprotection by maintaining undifferentiated features and exerting unexpected immune-like functions. In a mouse model of chronic CNS inflammation, systemically injected adult syngeneic NPCs use constitutively activated integrins and functional chemokine receptors to selectively enter the inflamed CNS. These undifferentiated cells survive repeated episodes of CNS inflammation by accumulating within perivascular areas where reactive astrocytes, inflamed endothelial cells and encephalitogenic T cells produce neurogenic and gliogenic regulators. In perivascular CNS areas, surviving adult NPCs induce apoptosis of blood-borne CNS-infiltrating encephalitogenic T cells, thus protecting against chronic neural tissue loss as well as disease-related disability. These results indicate that undifferentiated adult NPCs have relevant therapeutic potential in chronic inflammatory CNS disorders because they display immune-like functions that promote long-lasting neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pluchino
- Neuroimmunology Unit-DIBIT, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Hospital, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Smith PA, Morris-Downes M, Heijmans N, Pryce G, Arter E, O'Neill JK, 't Hart B, Baker D, Amor S. Epitope spread is not critical for the relapse and progression of MOG 8-21 induced EAE in Biozzi ABH mice. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 164:76-84. [PMID: 15927270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging autoimmunity (epitope-spreading) generated as a consequence of myelin damage is suggested to underlie the relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS). Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG 8-21) induces relapsing EAE in ABH mice characterized by broadening of the autoimmune reportoire. Despite epitope spreading tolerance to the priming antigen, but not emerging epitope reactivities, resulted in long-term inhibition of clinical relapse. In contrast, spinal cord homogenate induced EAE was dominated by a proteolipid protein (PLP 56-70) autoreactivity despite the plethora of CNS antigens in the immunogen. This data suggests that during relapsing-remitting demyelinating disease the pathogenic process is dominated by the initiating antigen, with only a minor role played by emerging T-cell populations. These findings may have important implications for the efficacy of antigen-based immune therapies in autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Smith
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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18
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Kaneko K, Morelli AE, Wang Z, Thomson AW. Alloantigen presentation by ethylcarbodiimide-treated dendritic cells induces T cell hyporesponsiveness, and prolongs organ graft survival. Clin Immunol 2003; 108:190-8. [PMID: 14499242 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ethylcarbodiimide (ECDI) couples soluble antigens (Ag) to lymphoid cells bestowing tolerizing potential. We examined whether ECDI-treated allogeneic dendritic cells (DC) could promote Ag-specific T cell unresponsiveness and prolong graft survival. Exposure of murine myeloid DC to ECDI did not affect surface immunophenotype but reduced their ability to cluster with T cells, enhanced their apoptotic death, and markedly reduced their allostimulatory activity. Anti-donor proliferative and cytotoxic T cell responses of mice primed with ECDI-treated DC were markedly inhibited. Secretion of both Th1 (IFNgamma) and Th2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-10) was suppressed. Cardiac allograft survival in mice preconditioned with a single injection of ECDI-DC was prolonged significantly. These results indicate that ECDI-treated DC promote T cell unresponsiveness to donor alloAgs and prolong transplant survival. The effects are not associated with sparing of Th2 responses, but may reflect inhibitory effects of apoptotic donor DC on host immune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Kaneko
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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19
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Xu B, Bulfone-Paus S, Aoyama K, Yu S, Huang P, Morimoto K, Matsushita T, Takeuchi T. Role of Fas/Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis in murine contact hypersensitivity. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:927-38. [PMID: 12810350 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in immune responses, but little is known about its involvement in contact hypersensitivity (CH). In this study, we have investigated the role of Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated apoptosis in the pathogenesis of CH. Mice were sensitized by one topical application of 100 microl of 3% oxazolone to shaved skin of the abdomen. Six days later, CH was provoked by challenging both sides of sensitized mouse right ear with 15 microl of 1% oxazolone. Using a DNA ladder assay, we found that apoptosis was induced in the skin of oxazolone-sensitized mice 24-96 h after allergen challenge. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-propidium iodide (PI) apoptosis flow cytometric assay showed that early apoptotic CD4(+) T cells (annexin V-FITC(+)PI(-)), but not late apoptotic CD4(+) T cells (annexin V-FITC(+)PI(+)), increased in the inflamed skin of mice with CH. Moreover, the expressions of mRNAs for T helper (Th2) cytokine (interleukin (IL)-4), Th1 cytokine (interferon (IFN)-gamma) and proapoptotic molecules (Bax, Fas, FasL and IL-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE)/caspase-1) were significantly elevated in the oxazolone-sensitized mouse skin 6-72 h after allergen challenge. Dramatic increase in IL-10 mRNA was only observed in the sensitized mouse skin 6 and 12 h after allergen challenge. Furthermore, CH was significantly inhibited with decreased apoptosis and early apoptotic CD4(+) T cells in inflamed skin in Fas mutant lpr/lpr mice compared to wild-type mice, whereas there were no significant differences in IL-4, IFN-gamma, IL-10, Bax and ICE mRNAs in the inflamed skin of CH between lpr/lpr and wild-type mice. Our results thus suggest that Fas/FasL pathway partially contributes to apoptosis in murine CH and that Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis plays a partial role in the development of CH. The contribution of Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis to CH appears independent of Th1 and Th2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohui Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Schmidt-Weber
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Obere Str. 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland
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21
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Burrows GG, Chou YK, Wang C, Chang JW, Finn TP, Culbertson NE, Kim J, Bourdette DN, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM, Ikeda M, Yoshioka T, Allen CN, Offner H, Vandenbark AA. Rudimentary TCR signaling triggers default IL-10 secretion by human Th1 cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4386-95. [PMID: 11591763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the process of inducing T cell activation has been hampered by the complex interactions between APC and inflammatory Th1 cells. To dissociate Ag-specific signaling through the TCR from costimulatory signaling, rTCR ligands (RTL) containing the alpha1 and beta1 domains of HLA-DR2b (DRA*0101:DRB1*1501) covalently linked with either the myelin basic protein peptide 85-99 (RTL303) or CABL-b3a2 (RTL311) peptides were constructed to provide a minimal ligand for peptide-specific TCRs. When incubated with peptide-specific Th1 cell clones in the absence of APC or costimulatory molecules, only the cognate RTL induced partial activation through the TCR. This partial activation included rapid TCR zeta-chain phosphorylation, calcium mobilization, and reduced extracellular signal-related kinase activity, as well as IL-10 production, but not proliferation or other obvious phenotypic changes. On restimulation with APC/peptide, the RTL-pretreated Th1 clones had reduced proliferation and secreted less IFN-gamma; IL-10 production persisted. These findings reveal for the first time the rudimentary signaling pattern delivered by initial engagement of the external TCR interface, which is further supplemented by coactivation molecules. Activation with RTLs provides a novel strategy for generating autoantigen-specific bystander suppression useful for treatment of complex autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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Bellinger DL, Felten DL, Lorton D, Brouxhon S. Effects of interleukin-2 on the expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in nerves and lymphoid cells in secondary lymphoid organs from the Fischer 344 rat. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 119:37-50. [PMID: 11525798 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of interleukin (IL)-2 on corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) immunoreactivity in the Fischer 344 (F344) rat spleen. Rats were given either vehicle or 1, 10, 25, 50, 100, or 200 ng of human recombinant (hr)IL-2 by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, and were sacrificed 0.5, 1, 4, 12, or 24 h after treatment. Spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes were prepared for immunocytochemistry to localize CRH. In spleens from vehicle-treated animals, CRH immunoreactivity was present in several types of cells of the immune system, but CRH(+) nerves were not observed in either spleens or lymph nodes from vehicle-treated animals. Treatment with IL-2 induced CRH expression in nerves in the spleen in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CRH(+) nerves were not found in the mesenteric lymph nodes after IL-2 treatment, instead a dramatic time- and dose-dependent accumulation of CRH(+) cells (resembling small lymphocytes and large granular mononuclear cells) in the cortex and medulla. These findings indicate that IL-2 stimulates the synthesis of CRH in nerves that innervate the F344 rat spleen, and promote the appearance of CRH(+) immunocytes into draining mesenteric lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Bellinger
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Box 603, 11021 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92352, USA.
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