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Chen S, Liang J, Chen D, Huang Q, Sun K, Zhong Y, Lin B, Kong J, Sun J, Gong C, Wang J, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Sun H. Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomic and proteomic characterization of neurologic post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:209-222. [PMID: 37858739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 causes neurological post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (neuro-PASC) remains unclear. Herein, we conducted proteomic and metabolomic analyses of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 21 neuro-PASC patients, 45 healthy volunteers, and 26 inflammatory neurological diseases patients. Our data showed 69 differentially expressed metabolites and six differentially expressed proteins between neuro-PASC patients and healthy individuals. Elevated sphinganine and ST1A1, sphingolipid metabolism disorder, and attenuated inflammatory responses may contribute to the occurrence of neuro-PASC, whereas decreased levels of 7,8-dihydropterin and activation of steroid hormone biosynthesis may play a role in the repair process. Additionally, a biomarker cohort consisting of sphinganine, 7,8-dihydroneopterin, and ST1A1 was preliminarily demonstrated to have high value in diagnosing neuro-PASC. In summary, our study represents the first attempt to integrate the diagnostic benefits of CSF with the methodological advantages of multi-omics, thereby offering valuable insights into the pathogenesis of neuro-PASC and facilitating the work of neuroscientists in disclosing different neurological dimensions associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilan Chen
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Dingqiang Chen
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Qiyuan Huang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Kaijian Sun
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yuxia Zhong
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Baojia Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jingjing Kong
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jiaduo Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Chengfang Gong
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qingguo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Haitao Sun
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Aragón-Serrano L, Carrillo-Serradell L, Planells-Romeo V, Isamat M, Velasco-de Andrés M, Lozano F. CD6 and Its Interacting Partners: Newcomers to the Block of Cancer Immunotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17510. [PMID: 38139340 PMCID: PMC10743954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer management still requires more potent and safer treatments, of which immunomodulatory receptors on the lymphocyte surface have started to show promise in new cancer immunotherapies (e.g., CTLA-4 and PD-1). CD6 is a signal-transducing transmembrane receptor, mainly expressed by all T cells and some B and NK cell subsets, whose endogenous ligands (CD166/ALCAM, CD318/CDCP-1, Galectins 1 and 3) are overexpressed by malignant cells of different lineages. This places CD6 as a potential target for novel therapies against haematological and non-haematological malignancies. Recent experimental evidence for the role of CD6 in cancer immunotherapies is summarised in this review, dealing with diverse and innovative strategies from the classical use of monoclonal antibodies to soluble recombinant decoys or the adoptive transfer of immune cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Aragón-Serrano
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.-S.); (L.C.-S.); (V.P.-R.); (M.V.-d.A.)
| | - Laura Carrillo-Serradell
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.-S.); (L.C.-S.); (V.P.-R.); (M.V.-d.A.)
| | - Violeta Planells-Romeo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.-S.); (L.C.-S.); (V.P.-R.); (M.V.-d.A.)
| | - Marcos Isamat
- Sepsia Therapeutics S.L., 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
| | - María Velasco-de Andrés
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.-S.); (L.C.-S.); (V.P.-R.); (M.V.-d.A.)
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.-S.); (L.C.-S.); (V.P.-R.); (M.V.-d.A.)
- Servei d’Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Casadó-Llombart S, Gheitasi H, Ariño S, Consuegra-Fernández M, Armiger-Borràs N, Kostov B, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Lozano F. Gene Variation at Immunomodulatory and Cell Adhesion Molecules Loci Impacts Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:822290. [PMID: 35372412 PMCID: PMC8971656 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.822290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by a combination of environmental and host genetic factors, which results in the focal lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands causing eye and mouth dryness. Glandular infiltrates include T and B cell subsets positive for CD5 and/or CD6, two surface scavenger receptors involved in the fine-tuning of intracellular signals mediated by the antigen-specific receptor complex of T (TCR) and B (BCR) cells. Moreover, the epithelial cells of inflamed glands overexpress CD166/ALCAM, a CD6 ligand involved in homo and heterotypic cell adhesion interactions. All this, together with the reported association of functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CD5, CD6, and CD166/ALCAM with the risk or prognosis of some immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, led us to investigate similar associations in a local cohort of patients with pSS. The logistic regression analyses of individual SNPs showed the association of CD5 rs2241002T with anti-Ro/La positivity, CD6 rs17824933C with neutropenia, and CD6 rs11230563T with increased leukopenia and neutropenia but decreased peripheral nervous system EULAR Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI). Further analyses showed the association of haplotypes from CD5 (rs2241002T-rs2229177C) with anemia and thrombocytopenia, CD6 (rs17824933G-rs11230563C-rs12360861G) with cutaneous ESSDAI, and CD166/ALCAM (rs6437585C-rs579565A-rs1044243C and rs6437585C-rs579565G-rs1044243T) with disease susceptibility and several analytical parameters (anti-nuclear antibodies, neurological ESSDAI, and hematologic cytopenias). These results support the relevance of gene variation at loci coding for cell surface receptors involved in the modulation of T and B lymphocyte activation (CD5, CD6) and epithelial-immune cell adhesion (CD166/ALCAM) in modulating the clinical and analytical outcomes in patients with pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Casadó-Llombart
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hoda Gheitasi
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ariño
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Consuegra-Fernández
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Armiger-Borràs
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belchin Kostov
- Primary Care Centre Les Corts, Consorci d'Atenció Primària de Salut Barcelona Esquerra (CAPSBE), Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Healthcare Transversal Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramos-Casals
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Brito-Zerón
- Research and Innovation Group in Autoimmune Diseases, RGAD-Sanitas Digital Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine, Millenium Clinic, Sanitas, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar Brito-Zerón
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d'Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Francisco Lozano
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4
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Zarobkiewicz MK, Bojarska-Junak AA. The Mysterious Actor-γδ T Lymphocytes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL). Cells 2022; 11:cells11040661. [PMID: 35203309 PMCID: PMC8870520 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia among adults. It is the clonal expansion of B cells expressing CD19 and CD5. Despite significant progress in treatment, CLL is still incurable. γδ T cells comprise an important subset of the cytotoxic T cells. Although γδ T cells in CLL are dysfunctional, they still can possibly be used for immunotherapy. The current paper reviews our understanding of γδ T lymphocytes in CLL.
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5
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AlSaieedi A, Salhi A, Tifratene F, Raies AB, Hungler A, Uludag M, Van Neste C, Bajic VB, Gojobori T, Essack M. DES-Tcell is a knowledgebase for exploring immunology-related literature. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14344. [PMID: 34253812 PMCID: PMC8275784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells are a subtype of white blood cells circulating throughout the body, searching for infected and abnormal cells. They have multifaceted functions that include scanning for and directly killing cells infected with intracellular pathogens, eradicating abnormal cells, orchestrating immune response by activating and helping other immune cells, memorizing encountered pathogens, and providing long-lasting protection upon recurrent infections. However, T-cells are also involved in immune responses that result in organ transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, and some allergic diseases. To support T-cell research, we developed the DES-Tcell knowledgebase (KB). This KB incorporates text- and data-mined information that can expedite retrieval and exploration of T-cell relevant information from the large volume of published T-cell-related research. This KB enables exploration of data through concepts from 15 topic-specific dictionaries, including immunology-related genes, mutations, pathogens, and pathways. We developed three case studies using DES-Tcell, one of which validates effective retrieval of known associations by DES-Tcell. The second and third case studies focuses on concepts that are common to Grave’s disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Several reports have shown that up to 20% of GD patients treated with antithyroid medication develop HT, thus suggesting a possible conversion or shift from GD to HT disease. DES-Tcell found miR-4442 links to both GD and HT, and that miR-4442 possibly targets the autoimmune disease risk factor CD6, which provides potential new knowledge derived through the use of DES-Tcell. According to our understanding, DES-Tcell is the first KB dedicated to exploring T-cell-relevant information via literature-mining, data-mining, and topic-specific dictionaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahdab AlSaieedi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (MLT), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences (FAMS), King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, 21589-80324, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Salhi
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faroug Tifratene
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Bin Raies
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnaud Hungler
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmut Uludag
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christophe Van Neste
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir B Bajic
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Filgueira LM, Cervantes JB, Lovelle OA, Herrera C, Figueredo C, Caballero JA, Sánchez N, Berrio J, Lorenzo G, Cepeda M, Ramos M, Saavedra D, Añe-Kouri AL, Mazorra Z, Leon K, Crombet T, Caballero A. An anti-CD6 antibody for the treatment of COVID-19 patients with cytokine-release syndrome: report of three cases. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:289-295. [PMID: 33397150 PMCID: PMC7784786 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In COVID-19, the inflammatory cytokine-release syndrome is associated with the progression of the disease. Itolizumab is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes human CD6 expressed in activated T cells. The antibody has shown to be safe and efficacious in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis. Its effect is associated with the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines release, including IFN-γ, IL-6 and TNF-α. Here, we report the outcome of three severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with itolizumab as part of an expanded access protocol. Itolizumab was able to reduce IL-6 concentrations in all the patients. Two of the three patients showed respiratory and radiological improvement and were fully recovered. We hypothesize this anti-inflammatory therapy in addition to antiviral and anticoagulant therapy could reduce COVID-19 associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro Manuel Filgueira
- Manuel Piti Fajardo University Hospital, Ciudad Escolar Abel Santamaría. U/M 9958, Santa Clara city, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Julio Betancourt Cervantes
- Manuel Piti Fajardo University Hospital, Ciudad Escolar Abel Santamaría. U/M 9958, Santa Clara city, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Orlando Adolfo Lovelle
- Manuel Piti Fajardo University Hospital, Ciudad Escolar Abel Santamaría. U/M 9958, Santa Clara city, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Carlos Herrera
- Arnaldo Milián University Hospital, Santa Clara St., Santa Clara city, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Carlos Figueredo
- Manuel Piti Fajardo University Hospital, Ciudad Escolar Abel Santamaría. U/M 9958, Santa Clara city, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Jorge Alain Caballero
- Arnaldo Milián University Hospital, Santa Clara St., Santa Clara city, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Naivy Sánchez
- Manuel Piti Fajardo University Hospital, Ciudad Escolar Abel Santamaría. U/M 9958, Santa Clara city, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Jorge Berrio
- Manuel Piti Fajardo University Hospital, Ciudad Escolar Abel Santamaría. U/M 9958, Santa Clara city, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Geidy Lorenzo
- Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Meylan Cepeda
- Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mayra Ramos
- Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Danay Saavedra
- Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana Laura Añe-Kouri
- Superior Institute of Basic & Preclinical Sciences of Havana "Victoria de Girón", Street 25, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Zaima Mazorra
- Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Kalet Leon
- Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Tania Crombet
- Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Armando Caballero
- Arnaldo Milián University Hospital, Santa Clara St., Santa Clara city, Villa Clara, Cuba
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Li Y, Ruth JH, Rasmussen SM, Athukorala KS, Weber DP, Amin MA, Campbell PL, Singer NG, Fox DA, Lin F. Attenuation of Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Targeting CD6. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1505-1513. [PMID: 32307907 DOI: 10.1002/art.41288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD6 is an important regulator of T cell function that interacts with the ligands CD166 and CD318. To further clarify the significance of CD6 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we examined the effects of targeting CD6 in the mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), using CD6-knockout (CD6-KO) mice and CD6-humanized mice that express human CD6 in lieu of mouse CD6 on their T cells. METHODS We immunized wild-type (WT) and CD6 gene-KO mice with a collagen emulsion to induce CIA. For treatment studies using CD6-humanized mice, mice were immunized similarly and a mouse anti-human CD6 IgG (UMCD6) or control IgG was injected on days 7, 14, and 21. Joint tissues were evaluated for tissue damage, leukocyte infiltration, and local inflammatory cytokine production. Collagen-specific Th1, Th9, and Th17 responses and serum levels of collagen-specific IgG subclasses were also evaluated in WT and CD6-KO mice with CIA. RESULTS The absence of CD6 reduced 1) collagen-specific Th9 and Th17, but not Th1 responses, 2) the levels of many proinflammatory joint cytokines, and 3) serum levels of collagen-reactive total IgG and IgG1, but not IgG2a and IgG3. Joint homogenate hemoglobin content was significantly reduced in CD6-KO mice with CIA compared to WT mice with CIA (P < 0.05) (reduced angiogenesis). Moreover, treating CD6-humanized mice with mouse anti-human CD6 monoclonal antibody was similarly effective in reducing joint inflammation in CIA. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data suggest that interaction of CD6 with its ligands is important for the perpetuation of CIA and other inflammatory arthritides that are T cell driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Lin
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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8
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Moreno-Manuel A, Jantus-Lewintre E, Simões I, Aranda F, Calabuig-Fariñas S, Carreras E, Zúñiga S, Saenger Y, Rosell R, Camps C, Lozano F, Sirera R. CD5 and CD6 as immunoregulatory biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:1074-1083. [PMID: 32953486 PMCID: PMC7481598 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-19-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of immune surveillance in the tumour microenvironment is leading to the development of new biomarkers and therapies. The present research focuses on the expression of CD5 and CD6-two lymphocyte surface markers involved in the fine tuning of TCR signaling-as potential prognostic biomarkers in resectable stages of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS CD5 and CD6 gene expression was analysed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) in 186 paired fresh frozen tumour and normal tissue samples of resected NSCLC. RESULTS Patients with higher CD5 expression had significantly increased overall survival (OS, 49.63 vs. 99.90 months, P=0.013). CD5 expression levels were correlated to CD4 infiltration and expression levels, and survival analysis showed that patients with a higher CD5/CD4 + ratio had significantly improved prognosis. Multivariate analysis established CD5 expression as an independent prognostic biomarker for OS in early stages of NSCLC (HR=0.554; 95% CI, 0.360-0.853; P=0.007). Further survival analysis of NSCLC cases (n=97) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, confirmed the prognostic value of both CD5 and CD6 expression¸ although CD6 expression alone did not reach significant prognostic value in our NSCLC training cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our data support further studies on CD5 and CD6 as novel prognostic markers in resectable NSCLC and other cancer types (i.e., melanoma), as well as a role for these receptors in immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moreno-Manuel
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ines Simões
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptative System, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptative System, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Calabuig-Fariñas
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Carreras
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptative System, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheila Zúñiga
- Unidad de Medicina de Precisión en Oncología Traslacional, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yvonne Saenger
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Carlos Camps
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptative System, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d’Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Sirera
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition known to affect about 1%-3% of the global population. Psoriasis can be a serious burden to the patients, having deleterious effect on their physical, social and mental wellbeing. Systemic therapies consisting of methotrexate, cyclosporine, acitretin, PUVA, etc. used in moderate to severe psoriasis, are associated with end organ toxicity with long term use. AREAS COVERED Role of Itolizumab, an anti CD6 biologic in regulation of lymphocyte development, selection, activation and differentiation in the set-up of psoriasis. We performed a literature review by searching online databases including PubMed and Google Scholar. EXPERT OPINION There is emerging evidence to implicate CD6 and its ligands in the pathogenesis and potentially the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, like psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Its potential advantage over anti TNF biologics in predisposing to lesser risk of tuberculosis and other serious systemic infections or adverse effects makes it a potential valuable asset in the armamentarium of anti-psoriasis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research , Chandigarh, India
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10
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Gonçalves CM, Henriques SN, Santos RF, Carmo AM. CD6, a Rheostat-Type Signalosome That Tunes T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2994. [PMID: 30619347 PMCID: PMC6305463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following T cell receptor triggering, T cell activation is initiated and amplified by the assembly at the TCR/CD3 macrocomplex of a multitude of stimulatory enzymes that activate several signaling cascades. The potency of signaling is, however, modulated by various inhibitory components already at the onset of activation, long before co-inhibitory immune checkpoints are expressed to help terminating the response. CD5 and CD6 are surface glycoproteins of T cells that have determinant roles in thymocyte development, T cell activation and immune responses. They belong to the superfamily of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) glycoproteins but whereas the inhibitory role of CD5 has been established for long, there is still controversy on whether CD6 may have similar or antagonistic functions on T cell signaling. Analysis of the structure and molecular associations of CD5 and CD6 indicates that these molecules assemble at the cytoplasmic tail a considerable number of signaling effectors that can putatively transduce diverse types of intracellular signals. Biochemical studies have concluded that both receptors can antagonize the flow of TCR-mediated signaling; however, the impact that CD5 and CD6 have on T cell development and T cell-mediated immune responses may be different. Here we analyze the signaling function of CD6, the common and also the different properties it exhibits comparing with CD5, and interpret the functional effects displayed by CD6 in recent animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine M Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia N Henriques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita F Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre M Carmo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Consuegra-Fernández M, Lin F, Fox DA, Lozano F. Clinical and experimental evidence for targeting CD6 in immune-based disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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The role of CD6 in autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:1001-1002. [PMID: 29572546 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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Solanki A, Yanez DC, Ross S, Lau CI, Papaioannou E, Li J, Saldaña JI, Crompton T. Gli3 in fetal thymic epithelial cells promotes thymocyte positive selection and differentiation by repression of Shh. Development 2018; 145:dev.146910. [PMID: 29361554 PMCID: PMC5817998 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gli3 is a Hedgehog (Hh)-responsive transcription factor that can function as a transcriptional repressor or activator. We show that Gli3 activity in mouse thymic epithelial cells (TECs) promotes positive selection and differentiation from CD4+ CD8+ to CD4+ CD8- single-positive (SP4) cells in the fetal thymus and that Gli3 represses Shh Constitutive deletion of Gli3, and conditional deletion of Gli3 from TECs, reduced differentiation to SP4, whereas conditional deletion of Gli3 from thymocytes did not. Conditional deletion of Shh from TECs increased differentiation to SP4, and expression of Shh was upregulated in the Gli3-deficient thymus. Use of a transgenic Hh reporter showed that the Hh pathway was active in thymocytes, and increased in the Gli3-deficient fetal thymus. Neutralisation of endogenous Hh proteins in the Gli3-/- thymus restored SP4 differentiation, indicating that Gli3 in TECs promotes SP4 differentiation by repression of Shh Transcriptome analysis showed that Hh-mediated transcription was increased whereas TCR-mediated transcription was decreased in Gli3-/- thymocytes compared with wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Solanki
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Diana C Yanez
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Susan Ross
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ching-In Lau
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Jiawei Li
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - José Ignacio Saldaña
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.,School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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14
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Bughani U, Saha A, Kuriakose A, Nair R, Sadashivarao RB, Venkataraman R, Patel S, Deshchougule AT, S. SK, Montero E, Pai HV, Palanivelu DV, Melarkode R, Nair P. T cell activation and differentiation is modulated by a CD6 domain 1 antibody Itolizumab. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180088. [PMID: 28672038 PMCID: PMC5495335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD6 is associated with T-cell modulation and is implicated in several autoimmune diseases. We previously demonstrated that Itolizumab, a CD6 domain 1 (CD6D1) specific humanized monoclonal antibody, inhibited the proliferation and cytokine production by T lymphocytes stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody or when co-stimulated with ALCAM. Aberrant IL-17 producing CD4+ helper T-cells (Th17) have been identified as pivotal for the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis. Itolizumab has demonstrated efficacy in human diseases known to have an IL-17 driven pathogenesis. Here, in in vitro experiments we show that by day 3 of human PBMC activation using anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 co-stimulation in a Th17 polarizing milieu, 15-35% of CD4+ T-cells overexpress CD6 and there is an establishment of differentiated Th17 cells. Addition of Itolizumab reduces the activation and differentiation of T cells to Th17 cells and decreases production of IL-17. These effects are associated with the reduction of key transcription factors pSTAT3 and RORγT. Further, transcription analysis studies in these conditions indicate that Itolizumab suppressed T cell activation by primarily reducing cell cycle, DNA transcription and translation associated genes. To understand the mechanism of this inhibition, we evaluated the effect of this anti-human CD6D1 mAb on ALCAM-CD6 as well as TCR-mediated T cell activation. We show that Itolizumab but not its F(ab')2 fragment directly inhibits CD6 receptor hyper-phosphorylation and leads to subsequent decrease in associated ZAP70 kinase and docking protein SLP76. Since Itolizumab binds to CD6 expressed only on human and chimpanzee, we developed an antibody binding specifically to mouse CD6D1. This antibody successfully ameliorated the incidence of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in the mice model. These results position CD6 as a key molecule in sustaining the activation and differentiation of T cells and an important target for modulating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Bughani
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Arindam Saha
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Anshu Kuriakose
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Reshmi Nair
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Swati Patel
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Satish Kumar S.
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Enrique Montero
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Harish V. Pai
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Pradip Nair
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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15
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Carrasco E, Escoda-Ferran C, Climent N, Miró-Julià C, Simões IT, Martínez-Florensa M, Sarukhan A, Carreras E, Lozano F. Human CD6 Down-Modulation following T-Cell Activation Compromises Lymphocyte Survival and Proliferative Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:769. [PMID: 28713387 PMCID: PMC5492662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Available evidence indicates that the CD6 lymphocyte surface receptor is involved in T-cell developmental and activation processes, by facilitating cell-to-cell adhesive contacts with antigen-presenting cells and likely modulating T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Here, we show that in vitro activation of human T cells under different TCR-ligation conditions leads to surface downregulation of CD6 expression. This phenomenon was (i) concomitant to increased levels of soluble CD6 (sCD6) in culture supernatants, (ii) partially reverted by protease inhibitors, (iii) not associated to CD6 mRNA down-regulation, and (iv) reversible by stimulus removal. CD6 down-modulation inversely correlated with the upregulation of CD25 in both FoxP3− (Tact) and FoxP3+ (Treg) T-cell subsets. Furthermore, ex vivo analysis of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with activated (CD25+) or effector memory (effector memory T cell, CD45RA−CCR7−) phenotype present lower CD6 levels than their naïve or central memory (central memory T cell, CD45RA−CCR7+) counterparts. CD6lo/− T cells resulting from in vitro T-cell activation show higher apoptosis and lower proliferation levels than CD6hi T cells, supporting the relevance of CD6 in the induction of proper T-cell proliferative responses and resistance to apoptosis. Accordingly, CD6 transfectants also showed higher viability when exposed to TCR-independent apoptosis-inducing conditions in comparison with untransfected cells. Taken together, these results provide insight into the origin of sCD6 and the previously reported circulating CD6-negative T-cell subset in humans, as well as into the functional consequences of CD6 down-modulation on ongoing T-cell responses, which includes sensitization to apoptotic events and attenuation of T-cell proliferative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Carrasco
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Escoda-Ferran
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Climent
- IDIBAPS-AIDS Research Group, HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Miró-Julià
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inês T Simões
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Esther Carreras
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Consuegra-Fernández M, Martínez-Florensa M, Aranda F, de Salort J, Armiger-Borràs N, Lozano T, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Engel P, Lozano F. Relevance of CD6-Mediated Interactions in the Regulation of Peripheral T-Cell Responses and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2017; 8:594. [PMID: 28611770 PMCID: PMC5447708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD6 lymphocyte receptor has been involved in the pathophysiology of different autoimmune disorders and is now considered a feasible target for their treatment. In vitro data show the relevance of CD6 in the stabilization of adhesive contacts between T-cell and antigen-presenting cells, and the modulation of T-cell receptor signals. However, the in vivo consequences of such a function are yet undisclosed due to the lack of suitable genetically modified animal models. Here, the in vitro and in vivo challenge of CD6-deficient (CD6-/-) cells with allogeneic cells was used as an approach to explore the role of CD6 in immune responses under relative physiological stimulatory conditions. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays showed lower proliferative responses of splenocytes from CD6-/- mice together with higher induction of regulatory T cells (Treg, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) with low suppressive activity on T and B-cell proliferation. In line with these results, CD6-/- mice undergoing a lupus-like disorder induced by chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) showed higher serum titers of anti-double-stranded DNA and nucleosome autoantibodies. This occurred together with reduced splenomegaly, which was associated with lower in vivo bromodesoxyuridine incorporation of spleen cells and with increased percentages of spleen follicular B cells (B2, CD21+CD23hi) and Treg cells. Interestingly, functional analysis of in vivo-generated CD6-/- Treg cells exhibited defective suppressive activity. In conclusion, the data from MLR and cGvHD-induced lupus-like models in CD6-/- mice illustrate the relevance of CD6 in T (and B) cell proliferative responses and, even more importantly, Treg induction and suppressive function in the in vivo maintenance of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Consuegra-Fernández
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José de Salort
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Armiger-Borràs
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Abstract
CD6 was established as a marker of T cells more than three decades ago, and recent studies have identified CD6 as a risk gene for multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease in which autoreactive T cells are integrally involved. Nevertheless, the precise role of CD6 in regulating T-cell responses is controversial and its significance in the pathogenesis of various diseases remains elusive, partly due to the lack of animals engineered to alter expression of the CD6 gene. In this report, we found that CD6 KO mice showed decreased pathogenic T-cell responses, reduced spinal cord T-cell infiltration, and attenuated disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. CD6-deficient T cells exhibited augmented activation, but also significantly reduced survival and proliferation after activation, leading to overall decreased Th1 and Th17 polarization. Activated CD6-deficient T cells also showed impaired infiltration through brain microvascular endothelial cell monolayers. Furthermore, by developing CD6 humanized mice, we identified a mouse anti-human CD6 monoclonal antibody that is highly effective in treating established EAE without depleting T cells. These results suggest that (i) CD6 is a negative regulator of T-cell activation, (ii) at the same time, CD6 is a positive regulator of activated T-cell survival/proliferation and infiltration; and (iii) CD6 is a potential new target for treating MS and potentially other T-cell-driven autoimmune conditions.
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18
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Dogra S, Uprety S, Suresh SH. Itolizumab, a novel anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody: a safe and efficacious biologic agent for management of psoriasis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:395-402. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1279601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Shraddha Uprety
- Dept of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Chitwan Medical College, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
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19
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Orta-Mascaró M, Consuegra-Fernández M, Carreras E, Roncagalli R, Carreras-Sureda A, Alvarez P, Girard L, Simões I, Martínez-Florensa M, Aranda F, Merino R, Martínez VG, Vicente R, Merino J, Sarukhan A, Malissen M, Malissen B, Lozano F. CD6 modulates thymocyte selection and peripheral T cell homeostasis. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1387-97. [PMID: 27377588 PMCID: PMC4986531 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Orta-Mascaró, Lozano, and collaborators provide the first analysis of CD6-deficient mice, showing that this molecule modulates T cell receptor signaling and the threshold for thymocyte and peripheral T cell subset selection. The CD6 glycoprotein is a lymphocyte surface receptor putatively involved in T cell development and activation. CD6 facilitates adhesion between T cells and antigen-presenting cells through its interaction with CD166/ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), and physically associates with the T cell receptor (TCR) at the center of the immunological synapse. However, its precise role during thymocyte development and peripheral T cell immune responses remains to be defined. Here, we analyze the in vivo consequences of CD6 deficiency. CD6−/− thymi showed a reduction in both CD4+ and CD8+ single-positive subsets, and double-positive thymocytes exhibited increased Ca2+ mobilization to TCR cross-linking in vitro. Bone marrow chimera experiments revealed a T cell–autonomous selective disadvantage of CD6−/− T cells during development. The analysis of TCR-transgenic mice (OT-I and Marilyn) confirmed that abnormal T cell selection events occur in the absence of CD6. CD6−/− mice displayed increased frequencies of antigen-experienced peripheral T cells generated under certain levels of TCR signal strength or co-stimulation, such as effector/memory (CD4+TEM and CD8+TCM) and regulatory (T reg) T cells. The suppressive activity of CD6−/− T reg cells was diminished, and CD6−/− mice presented an exacerbated autoimmune response to collagen. Collectively, these data indicate that CD6 modulates the threshold for thymocyte selection and the generation and/or function of several peripheral T cell subpopulations, including T reg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Orta-Mascaró
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Carreras
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | | | - Pilar Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Inês Simões
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Aranda
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | | | | | - Jesús Merino
- Departmento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75654 Paris, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Aira LE, Hernández P, Prada D, Chico A, Gómez JA, González Z, Fuentes K, Viada C, Mazorra Z. Immunological evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with itolizumab. MAbs 2015; 8:187-95. [PMID: 26466969 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation that affects approximately 1% of the general population. Itolizumab, a monoclonal antibody specific for the human CD6 molecule mainly expressed on T lymphocytes, has been shown to inhibit proliferation of T cells and proinflammatory cytokine production in psoriasis patients. We have now assessed the immunological effect of itolizumab in combination with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis by analyzing clinical samples taken from 30 patients enrolled in a clinical trial. T and B cell subpopulations were measured at different time points of the study. Plasma cytokine levels and anti-idiotypic antibody response to itolizumab were also evaluated. The combined treatment of itolizumab and methotrexate led to a reduction in the frequency of T cell subpopulations, and plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines showed a significant decrease up to at least 12 weeks after treatment ended. No anti-idiotypic antibody response was detected. These results support the relevance of the CD6 molecule as a therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Viada
- a Center of Molecular Immunology ; Havana , Cuba
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21
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Menon R, David BG. Itolizumab - a humanized anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody with a better side effects profile for the treatment of psoriasis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8:215-22. [PMID: 25945063 PMCID: PMC4407739 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s47784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Management of psoriasis is a challenge to the treating physician. The chronic inflammatory state of psoriasis with exacerbations and remissions necessitate “on-and-off” treatment schedules. The safety profiles of drugs and tolerability issues for patients are important factors to be considered during treatment. Various biological agents targeting T-cells and the inflammatory cytokines are available for systemic treatment of psoriasis. However, major causes of concern while using these drugs are risk of susceptibility to infection and development of anti-drug antibodies, which will affect the pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, and safety profile of the drug. Itolizumab, a humanized anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody, is a new molecule that acts by immunomodulating the CD6 molecule. CD6 is a co-stimulatory molecule required for optimal T-cell stimulation by the antigen-presenting cells. This step is crucial in T-cell proliferation to form Th1 and Th17 cells, which play a major role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. This article deals with the properties of Itolizumab and its role in the treatment of psoriasis. Based on the available published data, Itolizumab seems to have a better adverse effects profile and at the same time comparatively less efficacy when compared to other biological agents available for treating psoriasis. Larger studies with longer duration are required to clearly depict the long-term side effects profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Menon
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Ariyur, Pondicherry, India
| | - Brinda G David
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Ariyur, Pondicherry, India
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22
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Escoda-Ferran C, Carrasco E, Caballero-Baños M, Miró-Julià C, Martínez-Florensa M, Consuegra-Fernández M, Martínez VG, Liu FT, Lozano F. Modulation of CD6 function through interaction with Galectin-1 and -3. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2805-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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23
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da Glória VG, Martins de Araújo M, Mafalda Santos A, Leal R, de Almeida SF, Carmo AM, Moreira A. T cell activation regulates CD6 alternative splicing by transcription dynamics and SRSF1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:391-9. [PMID: 24890719 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The T cell-surface glycoprotein CD6 is a modulator of cellular responses and has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. During Ag presentation, CD6 is targeted to the immunological synapse in a ligand binding-dependent manner, in which CD6 domain 3 directly contacts CD166, expressed on the APC. T cell activation results in the induction of CD6Δd3, an alternatively spliced isoform that lacks the ligand-binding domain and thus no longer localizes at the immunological synapse. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of CD6Δd3 upon human primary T cell activation. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we observed an increase in RNA polymerase II occupancy along the CD6 gene and augmented CD6 transcription. We showed that activation leads to transcription-related chromatin modifications, revealed by higher CD6 acetylation levels. Modulation of chromatin conformation using a histone deacetylase inhibitor that increases transcription rate causes an increase of exon 5 skipping. We further showed that the splicing factor SRSF1 binds to a regulatory element in CD6 intron 4, activating exon 5 splicing and promoting exon 5 inclusion. Concomitant with T cell activation-induced exon 5 skipping, we observed a downregulation of SRSF1. Using RNA immunoprecipitation, we showed that in activated T cells, SRSF1 recruitment to the CD6 transcript is impaired by increased chromatin acetylation levels. We propose that upon T cell activation, SRSF1 becomes limiting, and its function in CD6 exon 5 splicing is countered by an increase in CD6 transcription, dependent on chromatin acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia G da Glória
- Grupo Regulação Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Martins de Araújo
- Grupo Activação Celular e Expressão Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e da Saude, Escola de Ciências da Saude, Universidade do Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's Laboratório Associado, Braga/Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Grupo Activação Celular e Expressão Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Leal
- Grupo Regulação Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F de Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal; and
| | - Alexandre M Carmo
- Grupo Activação Celular e Expressão Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Moreira
- Grupo Regulação Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal;
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24
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Aira LE, López-Requena A, Fuentes D, Sánchez L, Pérez T, Urquiza A, Bautista H, Falcón L, Hernández P, Mazorra Z. Immunological and histological evaluation of clinical samples from psoriasis patients treated with anti-CD6 itolizumab. MAbs 2014; 6:783-93. [PMID: 24594862 PMCID: PMC4011922 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a prevalence of approximately 2-3% in the general population. The majority of diagnosed patients have plaque psoriasis, and about 20% have moderate-to-severe disease. Itolizumab, a new monoclonal antibody specific for the CD6 molecule mainly expressed on T lymphocytes, has demonstrated to inhibit in vitro ligand-induced proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. We assessed the immunological and histopathological effect of the antibody using clinical samples taken from 26 patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis included in a clinical trial. The precursor frequency of lymphocytes activated with anti-CD2/CD3/CD28 beads, as well as the number of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting T cells after stimulation, were measured at different time points of the study. Serum cytokine levels and anti-idiotypic antibody response to itolizumab were also evaluated. Additionally, lymphocyte infiltration and epidermis hyperplasia were studied in five patients. A significant reduction in T cell proliferation capacity and number of IFN-γ-producing T cells was found in treated patients. Serum levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor and IFN-γ showed an overall trend toward reduction. No anti-idiotypic antibody response was detected. A significant reduction in the epidermis hyperplasia was observed in analyzed patients. These results support the relevance of the CD6 molecule as a therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dasha Fuentes
- National Center for Laboratory Animal Breeding; Havana, Cuba
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25
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Martínez-Florensa M, Consuegra-Fernández M, Martínez VG, Cañadas O, Armiger-Borràs N, Bonet-Roselló L, Farrán A, Vila J, Casals C, Lozano F. Targeting of Key Pathogenic Factors From Gram-Positive Bacteria by the Soluble Ectodomain of the Scavenger-Like Lymphocyte Receptor CD6. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1077-86. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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26
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Pinto M, Carmo AM. CD6 as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases: successes and challenges. BioDrugs 2013; 27:191-202. [PMID: 23568178 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane surface glycoprotein CD6 was one of the first antigens identified on T lymphocytes. The recognition of its involvement in T-cell signaling processes heralds the potential of CD6 as a target for therapy in a number of pathologies associated with imbalances in T-cell function. Its tissue distribution, cellular expression, and overall molecular structure are well described, and the interaction with its physiological ligand CD166 has been determined to the amino-acid level. Nevertheless, the involvement of CD6 in signaling pathways remains poorly characterized and its biological function is controversial; still unresolved are whether CD6 is a co-stimulatory molecule in T-cell activation or, similar to the related CD5 antigen, a modulator of intracellular signaling. Here we revisit the earliest attempts of modulating immune function using CD6 monoclonal antibodies, and review the current thinking behind the recent developments in immunotherapy targeting CD6. Notwithstanding the promises and hopes brought by monoclonals already in clinical trials, the fact is that very little is known about the mechanism of action of these reagents, whether they enhance the physiological role of the receptor or whether they may induce a completely novel biochemical response that might, nevertheless, be beneficially used to treat human immune pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Pinto
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
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27
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Swaminathan B, Cuapio A, Alloza I, Matesanz F, Alcina A, García-Barcina M, Fedetz M, Fernández Ó, Lucas M, Órpez T, Pinto-Medel MJ, Otaegui D, Olascoaga J, Urcelay E, Ortiz MA, Arroyo R, Oksenberg JR, Antigüedad A, Tolosa E, Vandenbroeck K. Fine mapping and functional analysis of the multiple sclerosis risk gene CD6. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62376. [PMID: 23638056 PMCID: PMC3634811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD6 has recently been identified and validated as risk gene for multiple sclerosis (MS), based on the association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs17824933, located in intron 1. CD6 is a cell surface scavenger receptor involved in T-cell activation and proliferation, as well as in thymocyte differentiation. In this study, we performed a haptag SNP screen of the CD6 gene locus using a total of thirteen tagging SNPs, of which three were non-synonymous SNPs, and replicated the recently reported GWAS SNP rs650258 in a Spanish-Basque collection of 814 controls and 823 cases. Validation of the six most strongly associated SNPs was performed in an independent collection of 2265 MS patients and 2600 healthy controls. We identified association of haplotypes composed of two non-synonymous SNPs [rs11230563 (R225W) and rs2074225 (A257V)] in the 2nd SRCR domain with susceptibility to MS (Pmax(T) permutation = 1×10−4). The effect of these haplotypes on CD6 surface expression and cytokine secretion was also tested. The analysis showed significantly different CD6 expression patterns in the distinct cell subsets, i.e. – CD4+ naïve cells, P = 0.0001; CD8+ naïve cells, P<0.0001; CD4+ and CD8+ central memory cells, P = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively; and natural killer T (NKT) cells, P = 0.02; with the protective haplotype (RA) showing higher expression of CD6. However, no significant changes were observed in natural killer (NK) cells, effector memory and terminally differentiated effector memory T cells. Our findings reveal that this new MS-associated CD6 risk haplotype significantly modifies expression of CD6 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cluster Analysis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Order
- Genetic Loci
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Linkage Disequilibrium
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Spain
- White People/genetics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhairavi Swaminathan
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Angélica Cuapio
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Matesanz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcina
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Maria Fedetz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar Fernández
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Lucas
- Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple, Hospital Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Teresa Órpez
- Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mª Jesus Pinto-Medel
- Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - David Otaegui
- Área de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Javier Olascoaga
- Servicio de Neurología, Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple, Hospital Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Immunology Department H. Clínico S. Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria S. Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Ortiz
- Immunology Department H. Clínico S. Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria S. Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Arroyo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department H. Clínico S. Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria S. Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge R. Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- * E-mail:
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28
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Le Dantec C, Alonso R, Fali T, Montero E, Devauchelle V, Saraux A, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y. Rationale for treating primary Sjögren’s syndrome patients with an anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody (Itolizumab). Immunol Res 2013; 56:341-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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A clinical exploratory study with itolizumab, an anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 2:204-11. [PMID: 24371585 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CD6 is a co-stimulatory molecule, predominantly expressed on lymphocytes, that has been linked to autoreactive responses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity and preliminary efficacy of itolizumab, a humanized anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Fifteen patients were enrolled in a phase I, open-label, dose-finding study. Five cohorts of patients received a weekly antibody monotherapy with a dose-range from 0.1 to 0.8 mg/kg. Itolizumab showed a good safety profile, with no severe or serious adverse events reported so far. No signs or symptoms associated with immunosuppression were observed in the study. Objective clinical responses were achieved in more than 80% of patients after treatment completion, and these responses tend to be sustained afterwards. This clinical study constitutes the first evidence of the safety and positive clinical effect of a monotherapy using an anti-CD6 antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Key Words
- ACR, American College of Rheumatology
- AE, adverse events
- CD6
- CRP, C reactive protein
- DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
- ESR, eritrosedimentation rate
- Exploratory study
- NSAIDs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RF, rheumatoid factor
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- SAE, serious adverse event.
- T lymphocyte
- iv, intravenous
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
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30
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Iolyeva M, Karaman S, Willrodt AH, Weingartner S, Vigl B, Halin C. Novel role for ALCAM in lymphatic network formation and function. FASEB J 2012; 27:978-90. [PMID: 23169771 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-217844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules play an important role in vascular biology because they mediate vascular stability, permeability, and leukocyte trafficking to and from tissues. Performing microarray analyses, we have recently identified activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) as an inflammation-induced gene in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). ALCAM belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and engages in homophilic as well as heterophilic interactions. In this study, we found ALCAM to be expressed at the protein level in human and murine lymphatic and blood vascular endothelial cells in vitro and in the vasculature of human and murine tissues in vivo. Functional in vitro experiments revealed that ALCAM mediates adhesive interactions, migration, and tube formation in LECs, suggesting a role for ALCAM in lymphatic vessel (LV) stability and in lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, ALCAM supported dendritic cell (DC) adhesion to lymphatic endothelium. In agreement with these findings, experiments performed in ALCAM mice detected reduced LEC numbers in various tissues and defects in the formation of an organized LV network. Moreover, DC migration from lung to draining lymph nodes was compromised in ALCAM mice. Collectively, our data reveal a novel role for ALCAM in stabilizing LEC-LEC interactions and in the organization and function of the LV network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Iolyeva
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Str. 10, HCI H413, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Martínez VG, Moestrup SK, Holmskov U, Mollenhauer J, Lozano F. The conserved scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily in therapy and diagnosis. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:967-1000. [PMID: 21880988 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily of soluble or membrane-bound protein receptors is characterized by the presence of one or several repeats of an ancient and highly conserved protein module, the SRCR domain. This superfamily (SRCR-SF) has been in constant and progressive expansion, now up to more than 30 members. The study of these members is attracting growing interest, which parallels that in innate immunity. No unifying function has been described to date for the SRCR domains, this being the result of the limited knowledge still available on the physiology of most members of the SRCR-SF, but also of the sequence versatility of the SRCR domains. Indeed, involvement of SRCR-SF members in quite different functions, such as pathogen recognition, modulation of the immune response, epithelial homeostasis, stem cell biology, and tumor development, have all been described. This has brought to us new information, unveiling the possibility that targeting or supplementing SRCR-SF proteins could result in diagnostic and/or therapeutic benefit for a number of physiologic and pathologic states. Recent research has provided structural and functional insight into these proteins, facilitating the development of means to modulate the activity of SRCR-SF members. Indeed, some of these approaches are already in use, paving the way for a more comprehensive use of SRCR-SF members in the clinic. The present review will illustrate some available evidence on the potential of well known and new members of the SRCR-SF in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Gabriela Martínez
- Center Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Alonso R, Buors C, Le Dantec C, Hillion S, Pers JO, Saraux A, Montero E, Marianowski R, Loisel S, Devauchelle V, Youinou P, Renaudineau Y. Aberrant expression of CD6 on B-cell subsets from patients with Sjögren's syndrome. J Autoimmun 2011; 35:336-41. [PMID: 20810246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CD6 is one of a pair of related genes encoding CD5-associated receptors on all T cells and a subset of B cells. The current availability of "T1h", a humanized anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody for B cell-mediated autoimmune disorders revives analysis of the B-cell subset expression of CD6, particularly in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Refined phenotype of B-lymphocytes peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow and tonsils revealed that the overlap between the expression of CD6 is less close to that of CD5 than currently acknowledged. In contrast to CD5, CD6 is absent on transitional B cells, while present on mature and memory B cells. Interestingly, the PB proportion of CD6(+) B cells is decreased in patients with primary SS, as opposed to those with rheumatoid arthritis. The reduction in primary SS does not result from the shedding of CD6 from the membrane of B cells, but from the lowering of memory B lymphocytes. It may result from the ability of CD6 to make transmigration of CD27(+) memory B cells into the salivary glands (SGs) easier. Consistent with this view is our finding that CD166 (one of the ligands for CD6) is highly expressed on epithelial cells of patients' SGs. This study is relevant in that the humanized T1h anti-CD6 becomes an alternative to anti-CD20 for treatment of primary SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Alonso
- EA 2216 Immunology and Pathology, IFR 148 ScInBioS, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
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The genetic association of variants in CD6, TNFRSF1A and IRF8 to multiple sclerosis: a multicenter case-control study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18813. [PMID: 21552549 PMCID: PMC3084233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the recently published meta-analysis of multiple sclerosis genome-wide association studies De Jager et al. identified three single nucleotide polymorphisms associated to MS: rs17824933 (CD6), rs1800693 (TNFRSF1A) and rs17445836 (61.5 kb from IRF8). To refine our understanding of these associations we sought to replicate these findings in a large more extensive independent sample set of 11 populations of European origin. Principal Findings We calculated individual and combined associations using a meta-analysis method by Kazeem and Farral (2005). We confirmed the association of rs1800693 in TNFRSF1A (p 4.19×10−7, OR 1.12, 7,665 cases, 8,051 controls) and rs17445836 near IRF8 (p 5.35×10−10, OR 0.84, 6,895 cases, 7,580 controls and 596 case-parent trios) The SNP rs17824933 in CD6 also showed nominally significant evidence for association (p 2.19×10−5, OR 1.11, 8,047 cases, 9,174 controls, 604 case-parent trios). Conclusions Variants in TNFRSF1A and in the vicinity of IRF8 were confirmed to be associated in these independent cohorts, which supports the role of these loci in etiology of multiple sclerosis. The variant in CD6 reached genome-wide significance after combining the data with the original meta-analysis. Fine mapping is required to identify the predisposing variants in the loci and future functional studies will refine their molecular role in MS pathogenesis.
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Rationale for Targeting CD6 as a Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases. ARTHRITIS 2011; 2010:130646. [PMID: 22076177 PMCID: PMC3195340 DOI: 10.1155/2010/130646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CD6 is a 105–130 kDa surface glycoprotein expressed on the majority of T cells and a subset of B cells. The human cd6 gene maps to chromosome 11, and the expression of its protein product is tightly regulated. CD6 mediates cellular adhesion migration across the endothelial and epithelial cells. In addition, it participates in the antigen presentation by B cells and the subsequent proliferation of T cells. CD6 may bind in trans to surface glycoproteins (such as ALCAM and 3A11), or to microbial lipopolysaccharides, and may bind in cis to endogenous ligands (such as CD3 and CD5), and thereby deliver a costimulatory signal. Transinteractions are reinforced during autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis) and some cancers. Based on experimental data and on clinical results in RA and psoriasis, we believe that the recent humanized anti-CD6-specific mAb T1h may act as a regulator of the immunological response in addition to its function as an anti-T- and -B cell agent.
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35
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Berland R, Fiering S, Wortis HH. A conserved enhancer element differentially regulates developmental expression of CD5 in B and T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7537-43. [PMID: 21076064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified an enhancer element upstream of the mouse cd5 gene that was required in reporter assays for the induction of cd5 promoter activity by BCR cross-linking. This element is highly conserved in placental mammals. To determine its physiological role, we have now generated mice with a targeted deletion of the enhancer. The result is the loss of CD5 expression in peritoneal and splenic B-1a cells of adult mice and an inability to induce CD5 by cross-linking of the BCR on splenic B-2 cells. Surprisingly, CD5 expression on B-1a cells of neonatal mice was only minimally compromised. Cd5 enhancer deletion also had only a modest effect on CD5 expression in the T lineage. Thus, this enhancer provides age- and tissue-specific regulation of CD5 expression and is an example of the utilization of different modes of regulation of expression in T and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Berland
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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36
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Nair P, Melarkode R, Rajkumar D, Montero E. CD6 synergistic co-stimulation promoting proinflammatory response is modulated without interfering with the activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule interaction. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:116-30. [PMID: 20726988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD6 membrane-proximal scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain (SRCR3) includes the activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) binding site. CD6-ALCAM mediates a low-affinity interaction and their long-term engagement contributes to the immunological synapse. Their ligation may play a dual function, facilitating stable adhesion between the antigen-presenting cells and T cells during the early activation phase and later in the proliferative phase of the immune response. This study explored the strength of the CD6 co-stimulatory effect and whether CD6 co-stimulation with its natural ligand ALCAM also contributes to the lymphocyte effector differentiation. It was found that CD6-ALCAM interaction in vitro induced a synergistic co-stimulation of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, defined by Bliss analysis. CD6 co-stimulation enhanced the CD3 proliferative efficacy by 23-34%. Moreover, a fivefold increment in the CD25 molecules number with a distinct gene transcription profile associated with cell activation, differentiation, survival and adhesion molecules was observed over CD3 single activation. Additionally, CD6 co-stimulation in excess interleukin (IL)-2 promotes a preferentially proinflammatory response. Besides, a CD6 membrane-distal domain (SRCR1)-specific non-depleting monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibited the induced proliferation in the presence of ALCAM, reducing interferon-γ, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α production. These results suggest that CD6 co-stimulation enhances the intrinsic activity of the CD3 activation pathway and contributes to the T helper type 1 subset commitment, enhancing the IL-2 sensitivity of recent activated human lymphocytes. It supports the role of CD6 as a susceptibility gene for pathological autoimmunity leading to tissue inflammation, and its relevance for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nair
- Research and Development, Biocon Ltd, Bangalore, India
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37
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The human CD6 gene is transcriptionally regulated by RUNX and Ets transcription factors in T cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2226-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Alonso R, Huerta V, de Leon J, Piedra P, Puchades Y, Guirola O, Chinea G, Montero E. Towards the definition of a chimpanzee and human conserved CD6 domain 1 epitope recognized by T1 monoclonal antibody. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2008; 27:291-301. [PMID: 18707547 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2008.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains are evolutionally conserved modules that display complex structures stabilized by key amino acids, while some other residues have evolved with a relative independence, thus allowing the functional diversity of these receptors. CD6, a highly glycosylated membrane protein predominantly expressed on lymphocytes, contains three SRCR domains. The lack of CD6 domain crystal structure has limited the characterization of the binding sites for the interacting molecules. The interaction between CD6 and its ligand, activated leukocyte-cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM)/CD166, through the membrane-proximal SRCR3 domain, has low affinity and involves conserved sites in both molecules mediating a cross-species binding. The CD6-ALCAM interaction has been involved in cell adhesion, maturation, regulation of activation, and survival processes, suggesting the potential relevance of this target for therapeutic interventions. Several anti-CD6 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) have been described but their affinity and epitope definition remain unclear. We found the murine and humanized T1 MAb versions have similar CD6 recognition profiles and affinity constants of about 6 x 10(8). These antibodies do not block the CD6-ALCAM interaction and recognize a conformational epitope independent of the CD6 N-glycosylation. This epitope was additionally found in the chimpanzee and contains an RXE/Q consensus motif located in the membrane-distal SRCR1. These results, together with the therapeutic evidence previously obtained with these MAbs, suggest a differential contribution of CD6 domains to lymphocyte biology. Potential mechanisms for T1 MAb therapeutic effect different from CD6-CD166 interaction blocking would be dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Alonso
- Experimental Immunotherapy Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba.
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39
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Choi SC, Kim KD, Kim JT, Kim JW, Lee HG, Kim JM, Jang YS, Yoon DY, Kim KI, Yang Y, Cho DH, Lim JS. Expression of human NDRG2 by myeloid dendritic cells inhibits down-regulation of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) and contributes to maintenance of T cell stimulatory activity. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:89-98. [PMID: 17911180 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0507300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a member of a new family of differentiation-related genes, is expressed specifically in dendritic cells (DC) differentiated from monocytes, CD34(+) progenitor cells, and the myelomonocytic leukemic cell line. In this study, we demonstrate that NDRG2 protein expression is detected, not only in in vitro-differentiated DC but also in primary DC from lymph nodes, thymus, and skin when anti-NDRG2 antibodies are used. As predicted from previous studies investigating the mRNA expression pattern of several types of cell lines, progenitor cells, and DC, NDRG2 protein was expressed strongly in DC. Its expression was detected at significant levels after differentiation from progenitor cells. RNA interference of NDRG2 demonstrated that activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) expression is down-regulated specifically in DC differentiated from NDRG2 small interfering RNA (siRNA)-transfected monocytes. This was consistent with our observation that U937 cells transfected with NDRG2 became resistant to the GM-CSF/IL-4-induced ALCAM reduction. Furthermore, DC, which had differentiated from NDRG2 siRNA-transfected monocytes, showed a reduced ability to induce T cell proliferation. Taken together, our results indicate that NDRG2 is able to preserve ALCAM expression during DC differentiation from monocytes under cytokine culture conditions and that its expression helps DC maintain costimulatory signals necessary for T cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Korea Reseach Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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40
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Castro MAA, Oliveira MI, Nunes RJ, Fabre S, Barbosa R, Peixoto A, Brown MH, Parnes JR, Bismuth G, Moreira A, Rocha B, Carmo AM. Extracellular isoforms of CD6 generated by alternative splicing regulate targeting of CD6 to the immunological synapse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4351-61. [PMID: 17371992 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The great majority of mammalian genes yield multiple transcripts arising from differential mRNA processing, but in very few instances have alternative forms been assigned distinct functional properties. We have cloned and characterized a new isoform of the accessory molecule CD6 that lacks the CD166 binding domain and is expressed in rat and human primary cells. The novel isoform, CD6Deltad3, results from exon 5 skipping and consequently lacks the third scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain of CD6. Differential expression of the SRCR domain 3 resulted in a remarkable functional difference: whereas full-length CD6 targeted to the immunological synapse, CD6Deltad3 was unable to localize at the T cell:APC interface during Ag presentation. Analysis of expression of CD6 variants showed that, while being more frequent in coexpression with full-length CD6, the CD6Deltad3 isoform constituted the sole species in a small percentage of T cells. In the rat thymus, CD6Deltad3 is less represented in double-positive thymocytes but is detectable in nearly 50% of single-positive CD4 or CD8 thymocytes, suggesting that CD6 switching between full-length and Deltad3 isoforms may be involved in thymic selection. Strikingly, CD6Deltad3 is markedly up-regulated upon activation of T lymphocytes, partially substituting full-length CD6, as evaluated by RT-PCR analysis at the single-cell level, by immunoblotting, and by flow cytometry using Abs recognizing SRCR domains 1 and 3 of human CD6. This elegant mechanism controlling the expression of the CD166 binding domain may help regulate signaling delivered by CD6, through different types of extracellular engagement.
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MESH Headings
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule/metabolism
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/chemistry
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Isoforms/analysis
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica A A Castro
- Group of Cell Activation and Gene Expression, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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41
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Kasler HG, Verdin E. Histone deacetylase 7 functions as a key regulator of genes involved in both positive and negative selection of thymocytes. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:5184-200. [PMID: 17470548 PMCID: PMC1951960 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02091-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) is highly expressed in CD4(+)/CD8(+) thymocytes and functions as a signal-dependent repressor of gene transcription during T-cell development. In this study, we expressed HDAC7 mutant proteins in a T-cell line and use DNA microarrays to identify transcriptional targets of HDAC7 in T cells. The changes in gene expression levels were compared to differential gene expression profiles associated with positive and negative thymic selection. This analysis reveals that HDAC7 regulates an extensive set of genes that are differentially expressed during both positive and negative thymic selection. Many of these genes play important functional roles in thymic selection, primarily via modulating the coupling between antigen receptor engagement and downstream signaling events. Consistent with the model that HDAC7 may play an important role in both positive and negative thymic selection, the expression of distinct HDAC7 mutants or the abrogation of HDAC7 expression can either enhance or inhibit the signal-dependent differentiation of a CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert G Kasler
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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42
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Hassan NJ, Simmonds SJ, Clarkson NG, Hanrahan S, Puklavec MJ, Bomb M, Barclay AN, Brown MH. CD6 regulates T-cell responses through activation-dependent recruitment of the positive regulator SLP-76. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:6727-38. [PMID: 16914752 PMCID: PMC1592849 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00688-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the role of lymphocyte membrane proteins depends on dissecting the role of a protein in the steady state and on engagement with its ligand. We show that expression of CD6 in T cells limits their responsiveness but that engagement by the physiological ligand CD166 gives costimulation. This costimulatory effect of CD6 is mediated through phosphorylation-dependent binding of a specific tyrosine residue, 662Y, in its cytoplasmic region to the adaptor SLP-76. A direct interaction between SLP-76 and CD6 was shown by binding both to a phosphorylated peptide (equilibrium dissociation constant [K(D)] = 0.5 muM at 37 degrees C) and, using a novel approach, to native phosphorylated CD6. Evidence that CD6 and SLP-76 interact in cells was obtained in coprecipitation experiments with normal human T cells. Analysis of human CD6 mutants in a murine T-cell hybridoma model showed that both costimulation by CD6 and the interaction between CD6 and SLP-76 were dependent on 662Y. The results have implications for regulation by CD6 and the related T-cell surface protein, CD5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namir J Hassan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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43
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Ibáñez A, Sarrias MR, Farnós M, Gimferrer I, Serra-Pagès C, Vives J, Lozano F. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activation by the CD6 Lymphocyte Surface Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1152-9. [PMID: 16818773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD6 is a cell surface receptor primarily expressed on immature thymocytes and mature T and B1a lymphocytes. Through its binding to activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166), CD6 is considered to play an important role in lymphocyte development and activation. Accordingly, CD6 associates with the TCR/CD3 complex and colocalizes with it at the center of the mature immunological synapse on T lymphocytes. Moreover, the CD6-ALCAM interaction has been shown to be critical for proper immunological synapse maturation and T cell proliferative responses. However, the precise biological effects of CD6 ligation and its signaling pathway are still not well understood. The present study shows that CD6 ligation with three different specific mAbs (161.8, SPV-L14.2, and MAE1-C10) induces time- and dose-dependent activation of ERK1/2 on normal and leukemic human T cells. This effect was also observed upon CD6 ligation with a chimerical ALCAM protein (ALCAM-Fc). The C-terminal cytoplasmic region of CD6, as well as Src tyrosine kinases, was critical for CD6-induced ERK1/2 activation. Synergistic effects were observed upon coligation of the TCR/CD3 complex with CD6. The ligation of CD6 induced the transcriptional activation of reporter genes under the control of the c-Fos serum responsive element and AP-1. Accordingly, CD6-mediated activation of p38 and JNK was also observed. These findings indicate that the CD6-ALCAM interaction results in activation of the three MAPK cascades, likely influencing the dynamic balance that determines whether resting or activated lymphocytes survive or undergo apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule/metabolism
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule/physiology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cytoplasm/chemistry
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Enzyme Induction/immunology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia/enzymology
- Leukemia/immunology
- Leukemia/pathology
- Ligands
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/biosynthesis
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/biosynthesis
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- src-Family Kinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ibáñez
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Gimferrer I, Ibáñez A, Farnós M, Sarrias MR, Fenutría R, Roselló S, Zimmermann P, David G, Vives J, Serra-Pagès C, Lozano F. The lymphocyte receptor CD6 interacts with syntenin-1, a scaffolding protein containing PDZ domains. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1406-14. [PMID: 16034076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD6 is a type I membrane glycoprotein expressed on thymocytes, mature T and B1a lymphocytes, and CNS cells. CD6 binds to activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166), and is considered as a costimulatory molecule involved in lymphocyte activation and thymocyte development. Accordingly, CD6 partially associates with the TCR/CD3 complex and colocalizes with it at the center of the mature immunological synapse (IS) on T lymphocytes. However, the signaling pathway used by CD6 is still mostly unknown. The yeast two-hybrid system has allowed us the identification of syntenin-1 as an interacting protein with the cytoplasmic tail of CD6. Syntenin-1 is a PDZ (postsynaptic density protein-95, postsynaptic discs large, and zona occludens-1) domain-containing protein, which functions as an adaptor protein able to bind cytoskeletal proteins and signal transduction effectors. Mutational analyses showed that certain amino acids of the most C-terminal sequence of CD6 (-YDDISAA) and the two postsynaptic density protein-95, postsynaptic discs large, and zona occludens-1 domains of syntenin-1 are relevant to the interaction. Further confirmation of the CD6-syntenin-1 interaction was obtained from pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays in mammalian cells. Image analyses also showed that syntenin-1 accumulates at CD6 caps and at the IS. Therefore, we propose that syntenin-1 may function as a scaffolding protein coupling CD6 and most likely other lymphocyte receptors to cytoskeleton and/or signaling effectors during IS maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Gimferrer
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Institut di Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Evans DM, Zhu G, Duffy DL, Frazer IH, Montgomery GW, Martin NG. A major quantitative trait locus for CD4-CD8 ratio is located on chromosome 11. Genes Immun 2005; 5:548-52. [PMID: 15306848 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD4-CD8 ratio is an important diagnostic measure of immune system functioning. In particular, CD4-CD8 ratio predicts the time taken for progression of HIV infection to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the long-term survival of AIDS patients. To map genes that regulate differences between healthy individuals in CD4-CD8 ratio, we typed 757 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers at an average spacing of approximately 5 cM across the genome in 405 pairs of dizygotic twins at ages 12, 14 and 16. We used multipoint variance components linkage analysis to test for linkage between marker loci and CD4-CD8 ratio at each age. We found suggestive evidence of linkage on chromosome 11p in 12-year-old twins (LOD=2.55, P=0.00031) and even stronger evidence of linkage in the same region at age 14 (LOD=3.51, P=0.00003). Possible candidate genes include CD5 and CD6, which encode cell membrane proteins involved in the positive selection of thymocytes. We also found suggestive evidence of linkage at other areas of the genome including regions on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 17 and 22.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Evans
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
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46
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Niederberger N, Buehler LK, Ampudia J, Gascoigne NRJ. Thymocyte stimulation by anti-TCR-beta, but not by anti-TCR-alpha, leads to induction of developmental transcription program. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 77:830-841. [PMID: 15661827 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1004608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-T cell receptor (aTCR) antibody (Ab) stimulation of T cells results in TCR down-modulation and T cell activation. Differences in the effect of anti-alpha-chain and beta-chain Ab have been reported on thymocytes. Anti-beta-chain Ab but not anti-alpha-chain reagents cause long-term TCR down-modulation. However, both types of Ab result in TCR cross-linking and activate early steps in signal transduction. In this study, we show that TCR internalization and calcium flux, hallmarks of T cell activation, are similar with aValpha and aVbeta treatment. Therefore, we have compared the gene expression profiles of preselection thymocytes stimulated with these reagents. We find that aValpha treatment does not cause any significant change in gene expression compared with control culture conditions. In contrast, aVbeta stimulation results in numerous changes in gene expression. The alterations of expression of genes known to be expressed in thymocytes are similar to changes caused by positive thymic selection, suggesting that the expression of some of the genes without known roles in thymocyte development and of novel genes whose expression is found to be altered may also be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Niederberger
- Department of Immunology, IMM1, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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47
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Wang HC, Montufar-Solis D, Teng BB, Klein JR. Maximum Immunobioactivity of Murine Small Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Resides in a Subpopulation of CD43+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6294-302. [PMID: 15528368 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD43 has been linked to many function-associated T cell activities. Using mAbs that recognize two different CD43 determinants, we show that, although mouse small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) expressed the CD43 core molecule reactive with mAb R2/60, only about one-half of the total IELs-including some but not all of the TCRalphabeta and TCRgammadelta cells-expressed the CD43 S7(-) reactive determinant. CD43 S7(+) IELs secreted more IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-gamma following anti-CD3 stimulation, and were >4-fold more cytotoxic in fresh isolates and >16-fold more cytotoxic after anti-CD3 stimulation, than S7(-) IELs. S7(+) but not S7(-) IELs from the ileum of IL-10(-/-) mice spontaneously produced IFN-gamma. In vivo BrdU uptake by IELs in non-Ag-primed mice was greatest in the S7(+) population, indicating that significantly more S7(+) IELs than S7(-) IELs undergo cell expansion under normal homeostatic conditions. DNA microarray analyses showed that S7(+) IELs expressed higher levels of genes associated with activated T cells, whereas S7(-) IELs expressed genes used in the regulation of NK cells. These findings define two functionally distinct populations of IELs based on CD43 expression independent of TCR class, and they identify a subset of IELs that may serve as a target to better control intestinal inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Leukosialin
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Sialoglycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Sialoglycoproteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Heuy-Ching Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Branch, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6516 M.D. Anderson Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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48
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Saifullah MK, Fox DA, Sarkar S, Abidi SMA, Endres J, Piktel J, Haqqi TM, Singer NG. Expression and Characterization of a Novel CD6 Ligand in Cells Derived from Joint and Epithelial Tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6125-33. [PMID: 15528349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD6 is a T cell surface glycoprotein that plays an important role in interactions of thymocytes with thymic epithelial cells and in mature T cell interactions with selected nonprofessional tissue APCs. We describe a novel CD6 ligand (CD6L) 3A11 Ag that is distinct from the known CD6L (CD166). The 3A11 protein is expressed on cells derived from human thymus, skin, synovium, and cartilage, and its expression is enhanced by IFN-gamma. mAbs directed against the 3A11 Ag and CD166 exhibit distinct patterns of binding to a panel of cell lines. Confocal microscopy shows that both CD166 and the 3A11 Ag are expressed at the cell surface, and that these proteins colocalize. The 3A11 Ag has a molecular mass of 130 kDa and is immunoprecipitated using either mAb 3A11 or soluble CD6-Ig fusion protein. mAbs directed against individual CD6L were less potent than was soluble CD6-Ig fusion protein in reducing adhesion of T cells to adherent 3A11-positive epithelial cells in vitro, suggesting that these Abs recognize epitopes on the 3A11 Ag and CD166 that are distinct from CD6 binding sites. Finally, transfection of epithelial cells with CD166-specific small interfering RNAs significantly decreased CD166 expression without alteration in 3A11 Ag levels, and thus confirmed that these two CD6L are distinct. Taken together, our data identifies a novel 130-kDa CD6L that may mediate interactions of synovial and epithelial cells with T lymphocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule/biosynthesis
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule/chemistry
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule/genetics
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Mice
- Molecular Weight
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Saifullah
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital/University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Gimferrer I, Calvo M, Mittelbrunn M, Farnós M, Sarrias MR, Enrich C, Vives J, Sánchez-Madrid F, Lozano F. Relevance of CD6-Mediated Interactions in T Cell Activation and Proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2262-70. [PMID: 15294938 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD6 is a cell surface receptor expressed on immature thymocytes and mature T and B1a lymphocytes. The ultimate function of CD6 has not been deciphered yet, but much evidence supports a role for CD6 in T cell activation and differentiation. In this study, we show that a fraction of CD6 molecules physically associates with the TCR/CD3 complex by coimmunoprecipitation, cocapping, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments. Image analysis of Ag-specific T-APC conjugates demonstrated that CD6 and its ligand, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166), colocalize with TCR/CD3 at the center of the immunological synapse, the so-called central supramolecular activation cluster. The addition of a soluble rCD6 form significantly reduced the number of mature Ag-specific T-APC conjugates, indicating that CD6 mediates early cell-cell interactions needed for immunological synapse maturation to proceed. This was in agreement with the dose-dependent inhibition of CD3-mediated T cell proliferation induced by soluble rCD6. Taken together, our data illustrate the important role played by the intra- and intercellular molecular interactions mediated by CD6 during T cell activation and proliferation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Gimferrer
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Kolb HJ, Guenther W, Gyurkocza B, Hoetzl F, Simoes B, Falk C, Schleuning M, Ledderose G. Tolerance and chimerism. Transplantation 2003; 75:26S-31S. [PMID: 12819487 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000067948.90241.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stem-cell transplantation from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical family members carries a high risk of rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) if donor and recipient differ by more than one HLA antigen. The authors have developed treatment protocols from studies in dog leukocyte antigen-haploidentical dogs that prevent rejection and modify GVHD to the extent that patients with aggressive hematologic neoplasia can be treated with success. Principal improvements have been achieved in the use of cyclophosphamide and total-body irradiation for conditioning and T-cell depletion for prevention of GVHD. More recently, the combination of marrow and CD6-depleted mobilized donor blood cells (MDBC) has been introduced for HLA-haploidentical transplantation on the basis that CD6-depleted MDBC contain immunoregulatory cells besides stem cells and natural killer cells. Clinical results are reported on 36 patients with high-risk hematologic neoplasia. The results encourage the use of HLA-haploidentical stem-cell transplantation at an earlier stage of the disease. This method could also be of use for tolerance induction in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jochem Kolb
- Clinical Cooperative Group Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine III, University of Munich, Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.
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