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Kaliappan A, Ramakrishnan S, Thomas P, Verma SK, Panwar K, Singh M, Dey S, Mohan Chellappa M. Polymorphism in the leucine-rich repeats of TLR7 in different breeds of chicken and in silico analysis of its effect on TLR7 structure and function. Gene 2024; 912:148373. [PMID: 38490513 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Chicken toll-like receptor 7 (chTLR7) is a viral sensing pattern recognition receptor and detects ssRNA. The ligand binding site comprises leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) located in the ectodomain of chTLR7. Hence, any polymorphism in the binding site would modify its functional interaction with the ligand, resulting in varied strength of immune response. This study first aimed to compare the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the ligand binding site of TLR7 in three indigenous chicken breeds namely Aseel, Kadaknath, Nicobari along with an exotic breed White Leghorn. Four synonymous SNPs (P123P, I171I, N339N and L421L) and four non-synonymous SNPs (I121V, S135T, F356S and S447G) were identified among various breeds. We employed in silico tools to screen the pathogenic nsSNPs and one nsSNP was identified as having potential impact on chTLR7 protein. Moreover, sequence and structure-based methods were used to determine the effect of nsSNPs on protein stability. It revealed I121V, F356S, and S447G as decreasing the stability while S135T increasing the stability of chTLR7. Additionally, docking analysis confirmed that I121V and F356S reduced the binding affinity of ligands (R-848 and polyU) to chTLR7 protein. The results suggest that the nsSNPs found in this study could alter the ligand binding of chTLR7 and modify the immune response between different breeds further contributing to disease susceptibility or resistance. Further, in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to analyze the effect of these SNPs on susceptibility or resistance against various viral diseases in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Kaliappan
- Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Saravanan Ramakrishnan
- Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India.
| | - Prasad Thomas
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Surya Kant Verma
- Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Khushboo Panwar
- Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Sohini Dey
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Madhan Mohan Chellappa
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
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2
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Kim M, Noh K, Kim P, Kim JH, Choi BW, Singh R, Choi JH, Han SB, Kim SS, Lee EY, Bae MA, Shin D, Kim M, Ahn JH. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New 2,6,7-Substituted Purine Derivatives as Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonists for Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9389-9405. [PMID: 38787938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
TLR7/8 agonists are versatile immune stimulators capable of treating various diseases such as viral infections, autoimmune, and cancer. Despite the structural similarity of TLR7/8, their immune stimulation mechanisms and time-course responses significantly differ. In this study, a new series of TLR7-selective agonists was synthesized utilizing the economical building block 2,6-dichloropurine. Compound 27b showed the most potent activity on hTLR7 with an EC50 of 17.53 nM and demonstrated high hTLR7 selectivity (224 folds against TLR8). 27b effectively stimulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in mouse macrophages and enhanced intranasal vaccine efficacy against influenza A virus in vivo. Assessment of humoral and mucosal antibody titers confirmed that 27b elevates IgG and IgA levels, protecting against both homologous and heterologous influenza viral infections. These findings suggest that 27b is a promising candidate as a vaccine adjuvant to prevent viral infections or as a robust immunomodulator with prolonged activity for treating immune-suppressed diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungseob Noh
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeongkeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- JD Bioscience, 208 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Wook Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soon Kim
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- JD Bioscience, 208 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Shin
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- JD Bioscience, 208 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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3
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Al-Azab M, Idiiatullina E, Liu Z, Lin M, Hrovat-Schaale K, Xian H, Zhu J, Yang M, Lu B, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Chang J, Li X, Guo C, Liu Y, Wu Q, Chen J, Lan C, Zeng P, Cui J, Gao X, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Masters SL. Genetic variants in UNC93B1 predispose to childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:969-980. [PMID: 38831104 PMCID: PMC11147776 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Rare genetic variants in toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) are known to cause lupus in humans and mice. UNC93B1 is a transmembrane protein that regulates TLR7 localization into endosomes. In the present study, we identify two new variants in UNC93B1 (T314A, located proximally to the TLR7 transmembrane domain, and V117L) in a cohort of east Asian patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. The V117L variant was associated with increased expression of type I interferons and NF-κB-dependent cytokines in patient plasma and immortalized B cells. THP-1 cells expressing the variant UNC93B1 alleles exhibited exaggerated responses to stimulation of TLR7/-8, but not TLR3 or TLR9, which could be inhibited by targeting the downstream signaling molecules, IRAK1/-4. Heterozygous mice expressing the orthologous Unc93b1V117L variant developed a spontaneous lupus-like disease that was more severe in homozygotes and again hyperresponsive to TLR7 stimulation. Together, this work formally identifies genetic variants in UNC93B1 that can predispose to childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al-Azab
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Aden, Yemen
| | - Elina Idiiatullina
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Therapy and Nursing, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Ziyang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Lin
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Katja Hrovat-Schaale
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huifang Xian
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianheng Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mandy Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingtai Lu
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyao Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Mitochondrial Genetics and Health, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Liu
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Chang
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiqin Guo
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- National Children Medical Center, Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiazhang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoting Lan
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Seth L Masters
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Kawai T, Ikegawa M, Ori D, Akira S. Decoding Toll-like receptors: Recent insights and perspectives in innate immunity. Immunity 2024; 57:649-673. [PMID: 38599164 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an evolutionarily conserved family in the innate immune system and are the first line of host defense against microbial pathogens by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLRs, categorized into cell surface and endosomal subfamilies, recognize diverse PAMPs, and structural elucidation of TLRs and PAMP complexes has revealed their intricate mechanisms. TLRs activate common and specific signaling pathways to shape immune responses. Recent studies have shown the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in TLR-mediated inflammatory responses. Despite their protective functions, aberrant responses of TLRs contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the delicate balance between TLR activation and regulatory mechanisms is crucial for deciphering their dual role in immune defense and disease pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of recent insights into the history of TLR discovery, elucidation of TLR ligands and signaling pathways, and their relevance to various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan; Life Science Collaboration Center (LiSCo), Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Moe Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ori
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DSS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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5
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Singh AS, Pathak D, Devi MS, Anifowoshe AT, Nongthomba U. Antibiotic alters host's gut microbiota, fertility, and antimicrobial peptide gene expression vis-à-vis ampicillin treatment on model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00507-9. [PMID: 38502456 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used to treat infectious diseases; however, persistence is often expressed by the pathogenic bacteria and their long-term relative effect on the host have been neglected. The present study investigated the impact of antibiotics in gut microbiota (GM) and metabolism of host. The effect of ampicillin antibiotics on GM of Drosophila melanogaster was analyzed through deep sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicon gene. The dominant phyla consisted of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeota, Acedobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Cyanobacteria. It was found that the composition of GM was significantly altered on administration of antibiotics. On antibiotic treatments, there were decline in relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, while there were increase in relative abundance of Chlorophyta and Bacteroidota. High abundance of 14 genera, viz., Wolbachia, Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Thiolamprovum, Pseudoalteromonas, Vibrio, Romboutsia, Staphylococcus, Alteromonas, Clostridium, Lysinibacillus, Litoricola, and Cellulophaga were significant (p ≤ 0.05) upon antibiotic treatment. Particularly, the abundance of Acetobacter was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) declined but increased for Wolbachia. Further, a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in Wolbachia endosymbiont of D. melanogaster, Wolbachia endosymbiont of Curculio okumai, and Wolbachia pipientis and a decrease in the Acinetobacter sp. were observed. We observed an increase in functional capacity for biosynthesis of certain nucleotides and the enzyme activities. Further, the decrease in antimicrobial peptide production in the treated group and potential effects on the host's defense mechanisms were observed. This study helps shed light on an often-overlooked dimension, namely the persistence of antibiotics' effects on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asem Sanjit Singh
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, 560012.
| | - Dhruv Pathak
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, 560012
| | - Manoharmayum Shaya Devi
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Monirampore, Barrackpore, Kolkata, India, 700 120
| | - Abass Toba Anifowoshe
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, 560012
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, 560012.
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6
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Yeo NKW, Lim CK, Yaung KN, Khoo NKH, Arkachaisri T, Albani S, Yeo JG. Genetic interrogation for sequence and copy number variants in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Genet 2024; 15:1341272. [PMID: 38501057 PMCID: PMC10944961 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1341272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-onset systemic lupus erythematosus presents with a more severe disease and is associated with a greater genetic burden, especially in patients from Black, Asian or Hispanic ancestries. Next-generation sequencing techniques, notably whole exome sequencing, have been extensively used in genomic interrogation studies to identify causal disease variants that are increasingly implicated in the development of autoimmunity. This Review discusses the known casual variants of polygenic and monogenic systemic lupus erythematosus and its implications under certain genetic disparities while suggesting an age-based sequencing strategy to aid in clinical diagnostics and patient management for improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kim-Wah Yeo
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Che Kang Lim
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Translation Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katherine Nay Yaung
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Kim Huat Khoo
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thaschawee Arkachaisri
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joo Guan Yeo
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Wolf C, Lim EL, Mokhtari M, Kind B, Odainic A, Lara-Villacanas E, Koss S, Mages S, Menzel K, Engel K, Dückers G, Bernbeck B, Schneider DT, Siepermann K, Niehues T, Goetzke CC, Durek P, Minden K, Dörner T, Stittrich A, Szelinski F, Guerra GM, Massoud M, Bieringer M, de Oliveira Mann CC, Beltrán E, Kallinich T, Mashreghi MF, Schmidt SV, Latz E, Klughammer J, Majer O, Lee-Kirsch MA. UNC93B1 variants underlie TLR7-dependent autoimmunity. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadi9769. [PMID: 38207055 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi9769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
UNC93B1 is critical for trafficking and function of nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, which are essential for antiviral immunity. Overactive TLR7 signaling induced by recognition of self-nucleic acids has been implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we report UNC93B1 variants (E92G and R336L) in four patients with early-onset SLE. Patient cells or mouse macrophages carrying the UNC93B1 variants produced high amounts of TNF-α and IL-6 and upon stimulation with TLR7/TLR8 agonist, but not with TLR3 or TLR9 agonists. E92G causes UNC93B1 protein instability and reduced interaction with TLR7, leading to selective TLR7 hyperactivation with constitutive type I IFN signaling. Thus, UNC93B1 regulates TLR subtype-specific mechanisms of ligand recognition. Our findings establish a pivotal role for UNC93B1 in TLR7-dependent autoimmunity and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting TLR7 in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Ee Lyn Lim
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Mohammad Mokhtari
- Gene Center, Systems Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Barbara Kind
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Alexandru Odainic
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Eusebia Lara-Villacanas
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dortmund, University Witten/Herdecke, Dortmund 44145, Germany
| | - Sarah Koss
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Simon Mages
- Gene Center, Systems Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Katharina Menzel
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Kerstin Engel
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Gregor Dückers
- Department of Pediatrics, Helios Klinik Krefeld, Krefeld 47805, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bernbeck
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dortmund, University Witten/Herdecke, Dortmund 44145, Germany
| | - Dominik T Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dortmund, University Witten/Herdecke, Dortmund 44145, Germany
| | | | - Tim Niehues
- Department of Pediatrics, Helios Klinik Krefeld, Krefeld 47805, Germany
| | - Carl Christoph Goetzke
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Kirsten Minden
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Anna Stittrich
- Labor Berlin Charité-Vivantes GmbH, Department of Human Genetics, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Gabriela Maria Guerra
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Mona Massoud
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Markus Bieringer
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | | | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, BioMedizinisches Zentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Tilmann Kallinich
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Susanne V Schmidt
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Johanna Klughammer
- Gene Center, Systems Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Olivia Majer
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
- University Center for Rare Diseases, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
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8
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Tong AJ, Leylek R, Herzner AM, Rigas D, Wichner S, Blanchette C, Tahtinen S, Kemball CC, Mellman I, Haley B, Freund EC, Delamarre L. Nucleotide modifications enable rational design of TLR7-selective ligands by blocking RNase cleavage. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230341. [PMID: 38095631 PMCID: PMC10720541 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors 7 (TLR7) and 8 (TLR8) each sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), but their activation results in different immune activation profiles. Attempts to selectively target either TLR7 or TLR8 have been hindered by their high degree of homology. However, recent studies revealed that TLR7 and TLR8 bind different ligands resulting from the processing of ssRNA by endolysosomal RNases. We demonstrate that by introducing precise 2' sugar-modified bases into oligoribonucleotides (ORNs) containing known TLR7 and TLR8 binding motifs, we could prevent RNase-mediated degradation into the monomeric uridine required for TLR8 activation while preserving TLR7 activation. Furthermore, a novel, optimized protocol for CRISPR-Cas9 knockout in primary human plasmacytoid dendritic cells showed that TLR7 activation is dependent on RNase processing of ORNs and revealed a previously undescribed role for RNase 6 in degrading ORNs into TLR ligands. Finally, 2' sugar-modified ORNs demonstrated robust innate immune activation in mice. Altogether, we identified a strategy for creating tunable TLR7-selective agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Tesser A, Valencic E, Boz V, Tornese G, Pastore S, Zanatta M, Tommasini A. Rheumatological complaints in H syndrome: from inflammatory profiling to target treatment in a case study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2024; 22:21. [PMID: 38263041 PMCID: PMC10807099 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-023-00950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H Syndrome is a rare genetic condition caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the SLC29A3 gene. It is characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations, many of which are related to the immune-rheumatological field. These include scleroderma-like skin changes, deforming arthritis, and enlarged lymph nodes. The condition also features cardiac and endocrine defects, as well as hearing loss, for which the immune pathogenesis appears less clear. Immunomodulatory medications have been shown to improve many symptoms in recent experiences. CASE PRESENTATION A 21-year-old girl was referred to our institute after being diagnosed with H syndrome. Her medical history was characterized by the development of finger and toe deformities, which developed since the first years of life and progressively worsened with clinodactyly. At 6 years of age, she was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus without typical autoantibodies and with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. She also complained of frequent episodes of lymphadenopathy, sometimes with colliquation and growth retardation due to pancreatic insufficiency. It wasn't until the genetic diagnosis of H syndrome that the continual increase in acute phase reactants was noticed, suggesting that an immunological pathogenesis may be the source of her problems. During her visit to our institute, she reported serious pain in both feet and hands and difficulty walking due to knee arthritis and muscle contractures. Conventional therapy with steroid injection in affected joints and methotrexate only led to partial improvement. After a thorough assessment of her inflammatory profile showing a high interferon score, the girl received treatment with baricitinib. Furthermore, based on recent data showing that SLC29A3 deficiency results in interferon production because of Toll-like Receptor 7 activation in lysosomes, hydroxychloroquine was also added. The combination of the two drugs resulted for the first time in a rapid and persistent normalization of inflammatory markers, paralleled by a dramatic improvement in symptoms. CONCLUSIONS We describe the results of inhibiting IFN inflammation in H syndrome and discuss how JAK inhibitors and antimalarials might represent a mechanistically based treatment for this orphan drug disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tesser
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Erica Valencic
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, 34137, Italy.
| | - Valentina Boz
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tornese
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, 34137, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Serena Pastore
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Manuela Zanatta
- Centro di Coordinamento Regionale Malattie Rare ASUFC, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Alberto Tommasini
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, 34137, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, Trieste, 34149, Italy
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10
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Ikeda T, Sato K, Kawaguchi SI, Izawa J, Takayama N, Hayakawa H, Umino K, Morita K, Matsumoto K, Ushijima K, Kanda Y. Forodesine Enhances Immune Responses through Guanosine-Mediated TLR7 Activation while Preventing Graft-versus-Host Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:143-153. [PMID: 37938074 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that specific types of nuclear acids, including guanosine and its derivatives, act as natural ligands for TLR7. This led us to hypothesize that purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors not only can induce apoptosis of T cells but also can lead to TLR7 activation by accumulation of guanine nucleosides, in particular under systemic inflammation, where damaged tissues release a large amount of nucleotides. We demonstrate in the present study that a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, forodesine, can reduce the disease severity and prolong the survival in a xenogeneic mouse model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Guanine nucleosides were undetectable in mice during GVHD but increased significantly following forodesine treatment. Our in vitro experiments showed that forodesine enhanced guanosine-mediated cytokine production from APCs, including alveolar macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, through TLR7 signaling. Forodesine also enhanced Ag-presenting capacity, as demonstrated by increased CD8+ T cell proliferation and higher secretion of IFN-γ and IL-12p40 in an MLR with plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Furthermore, forodesine stimulated IFN-γ production from activated T cells in the presence of a low concentration of guanosine while inhibiting their proliferation and inducing apoptotic cell death. Although forodesine ameliorated GVHD severity, mice treated with forodesine showed significantly higher levels of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in plasma, suggesting in vivo upregulation of TLR7 signaling. Our study suggests that forodesine may activate a wide range of immune cells, including T cells, through TLR7 stimulation while inhibiting GVHD by inducing apoptosis of T cells, after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikeda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sato
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawaguchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Junko Izawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norihito Takayama
- Core Center of Research Apparatus, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hayakawa
- Core Center of Research Apparatus, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kento Umino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kaoru Morita
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kana Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ushijima
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyoonoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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11
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Miyake K, Shibata T, Fukui R, Murakami Y, Sato R, Hiranuma R. Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1444:97-108. [PMID: 38467975 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid (NA)-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) reside in the endosomal compartment of innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. NAs transported to the endosomal compartment are degraded by DNases and RNases. Degradation products, including single-stranded DNA, oligoRNA, and nucleosides, are recognized by TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 to drive the defense responses against pathogens. NA degradation influences endosomal TLR responses by generating and degrading TLR ligands. TLR ligand accumulation because of impaired NA degradation causes constitutive TLR activation, leading to autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, some genes associated with these diseases promote endosomal TLR responses. Therefore, endosomal TLRs are promising therapeutic targets for TLR-mediated inflammatory diseases, and novel drugs targeting TLRs are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hiranuma
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Tang D, Liu Y, Wang C, Li L, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Yan Y. Invasion by exogenous RNA: cellular defense strategies and implications for RNA inference. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:573-584. [PMID: 38045546 PMCID: PMC10689678 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous RNA poses a continuous threat to genome stability and integrity across various organisms. Accumulating evidence reveals complex mechanisms underlying the cellular response to exogenous RNA, including endo-lysosomal degradation, RNA-dependent repression and innate immune clearance. Across a variety of mechanisms, the natural anti-sense RNA-dependent defensive strategy has been utilized both as a powerful gene manipulation tool and gene therapy strategy named RNA-interference (RNAi). To optimize the efficiency of RNAi silencing, a comprehensive understanding of the whole life cycle of exogenous RNA, from cellular entry to its decay, is vital. In this paper, we review recent progress in comprehending the recognition and elimination of foreign RNA by cells, focusing on cellular entrance, intracellular transportation, and immune-inflammatory responses. By leveraging these insights, we highlight the potential implications of these insights for advancing RNA interference efficiency, underscore the need for future studies to elucidate the pathways and fates of various exogenous RNA forms, and provide foundational information for more efficient RNA delivery methods in both genetic manipulation and therapy in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxu Tang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Chundi Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Lifang Li
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiao Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Ying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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13
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Mukherjee S, Patra R, Behzadi P, Masotti A, Paolini A, Sarshar M. Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244345. [PMID: 37822929 PMCID: PMC10562563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or dying cells. The wide distribution of different cell types, ranging from epithelial to immune cells, highlights the crucial roles of TLRs in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, TLRs binding mediates the expression of several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, that lead to the induction of several other signaling molecules such as key pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, extraordinary progress in immunobiological research has suggested that TLRs could represent promising targets for the therapeutic intervention of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections as well as human cancers. So far, for the prevention and possible treatment of inflammatory diseases, various TLR antagonists/inhibitors have shown to be efficacious at several stages from pre-clinical evaluation to clinical trials. Therefore, the fascinating role of TLRs in modulating the human immune responses at innate as well as adaptive levels directed the scientists to opt for these immune sensor proteins as suitable targets for developing chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics against cancer. Hitherto, several TLR-targeting small molecules (e.g., Pam3CSK4, Poly (I:C), Poly (A:U)), chemical compounds, phytocompounds (e.g., Curcumin), peptides, and antibodies have been found to confer protection against several types of cancers. However, administration of inappropriate doses of such TLR-modulating therapeutics or a wrong infusion administration is reported to induce detrimental outcomes. This review summarizes the current findings on the molecular and structural biology of TLRs and gives an overview of the potency and promises of TLR-directed therapeutic strategies against cancers by discussing the findings from established and pipeline discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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14
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Youness A, Cenac C, Faz-López B, Grunenwald S, Barrat FJ, Chaumeil J, Mejía JE, Guéry JC. TLR8 escapes X chromosome inactivation in human monocytes and CD4 + T cells. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:60. [PMID: 37723501 PMCID: PMC10506212 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human endosomal Toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR8 recognize self and non-self RNA ligands, and are important mediators of innate immunity and autoimmune pathogenesis. TLR7 and TLR8 are, respectively, encoded by adjacent X-linked genes. We previously established that TLR7 evades X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female immune cells. Whether TLR8 also evades XCI, however, has not yet been explored. METHOD In the current study, we used RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA FISH) to directly visualize, on a single-cell basis, primary transcripts of TLR7 and TLR8 relative to X chromosome territories in CD14+ monocytes and CD4+ T lymphocytes from women, Klinefelter syndrome (KS) men, and euploid men. To assign X chromosome territories in cells lacking robust expression of a XIST compartment, we designed probes specific for X-linked genes that do not escape XCI and therefore robustly label the active X chromosome. We also assessed whether XCI escape of TLR8 was associated with sexual dimorphism in TLR8 protein expression by western blot and flow cytometry. RESULTS Using RNA FISH, we show that TLR8, like TLR7, evades XCI in immune cells, and that cells harboring simultaneously TLR7 and TLR8 transcript foci are more frequent in women and KS men than in euploid men, resulting in a sevenfold difference in frequency. This transcriptional bias was again observable when comparing the single X of XY males with the active X of cells from females or KS males. Interestingly, TLR8 protein expression was significantly higher in female mononuclear blood cells, including all monocyte subsets, than in male cells. CONCLUSIONS TLR8, mirroring TLR7, escapes XCI in human monocytes and CD4+ T cells. Co-dependent transcription from the active X chromosome and escape from XCI could both contribute to higher TLR8 protein abundance in female cells, which may have implications for the response to viruses and bacteria, and the risk of developing inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Youness
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), UMR 1291 INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Cenac
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), UMR 1291 INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Berenice Faz-López
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), UMR 1291 INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Solange Grunenwald
- Service d’Endocrinologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, Hôpital Larrey, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Franck J. Barrat
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Julie Chaumeil
- INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - José Enrique Mejía
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), UMR 1291 INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), UMR 1291 INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
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15
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Shibata T, Sato R, Taoka M, Saitoh SI, Komine M, Yamaguchi K, Goyama S, Motoi Y, Kitaura J, Izawa K, Yamauchi Y, Tsukamoto Y, Ichinohe T, Fujita E, Hiranuma R, Fukui R, Furukawa Y, Kitamura T, Takai T, Tojo A, Ohtsuki M, Ohto U, Shimizu T, Ozawa M, Yoshida N, Isobe T, Latz E, Mukai K, Taguchi T, Hemmi H, Akira S, Miyake K. TLR7/8 stress response drives histiocytosis in SLC29A3 disorders. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230054. [PMID: 37462944 PMCID: PMC10354536 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the lysosomal nucleoside transporter SLC29A3 cause lysosomal nucleoside storage and histiocytosis: phagocyte accumulation in multiple organs. However, little is known about the mechanism by which lysosomal nucleoside storage drives histiocytosis. Herein, histiocytosis in Slc29a3-/- mice was shown to depend on Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), which senses a combination of nucleosides and oligoribonucleotides (ORNs). TLR7 increased phagocyte numbers by driving the proliferation of Ly6Chi immature monocytes and their maturation into Ly6Clow phagocytes in Slc29a3-/- mice. Downstream of TLR7, FcRγ and DAP10 were required for monocyte proliferation. Histiocytosis is accompanied by inflammation in SLC29A3 disorders. However, TLR7 in nucleoside-laden splenic monocytes failed to activate inflammatory responses. Enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines was observed only after stimulation with ssRNAs, which would increase lysosomal ORNs. Patient-derived monocytes harboring the G208R SLC29A3 mutation showed enhanced survival and proliferation in a TLR8-antagonist-sensitive manner. These results demonstrated that TLR7/8 responses to lysosomal nucleoside stress drive SLC29A3 disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Taoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiroh Saitoh
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Komine
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Goyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Motoi
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- Atopy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumi Izawa
- Atopy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Tsukamoto
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ichinohe
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hiranuma
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Kitamura
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamitaro Ohtsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Ozawa
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier Institute—Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Mantovani S, Oliviero B, Varchetta S, Renieri A, Mondelli MU. TLRs: Innate Immune Sentries against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098065. [PMID: 37175768 PMCID: PMC10178469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been responsible for a devastating pandemic since March 2020. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), crucial components in the initiation of innate immune responses to different pathogens, trigger the downstream production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferons, and other mediators. It has been demonstrated that they contribute to the dysregulated immune response observed in patients with severe COVID-19. TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR7 have been associated with COVID-19 severity. Here, we review the role of TLRs in the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19, including TLR7 and TLR3 rare variants, the L412F polymorphism in TLR3 that negatively regulates anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, the TLR3-related cellular senescence, the interaction of TLR2 and TLR4 with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and implication of TLR2 in NET formation by SARS-CoV-2. The activation of TLRs contributes to viral clearance and disease resolution. However, TLRs may represent a double-edged sword which may elicit dysregulated immune signaling, leading to the production of proinflammatory mediators, resulting in severe disease. TLR-dependent excessive inflammation and TLR-dependent antiviral response may tip the balance towards the former or the latter, altering the equilibrium that drives the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mantovani
- Department of Research, Division of Clinical Immunology-Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Oliviero
- Department of Research, Division of Clinical Immunology-Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Varchetta
- Department of Research, Division of Clinical Immunology-Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mario U Mondelli
- Department of Research, Division of Clinical Immunology-Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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17
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Kato H, Ohta K, Akagi M, Fukada S, Sakuma M, Naruse T, Nishi H, Shigeishi H, Takechi M, Aikawa T. LL-37-dsRNA Complexes Modulate Immune Response via RIG-I in Oral Keratinocytes. Inflammation 2023; 46:808-823. [PMID: 36763254 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of nucleic acids as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) promotes an inflammatory response. On the other hand, LL-37, an antimicrobial peptide, is a multifunctional modulator of immune response, though whether it modulates inflammatory responses induced by nucleic acids in oral keratinocytes is unknown. In this study, we firstly investigated the effect of LL-37 on CXCL10 induced by DAMPs and PAMPs in immortalized oral keratinocytes, RT7. Furthermore, the effects of LL-37 on translocation of exogenous nucleic acids into cytoplasm as well as cytosolic receptor, RIG-I on immune responses mediated by LL-37-nucleic acid complexes were examined. From these results, LL-37 enhanced necrotic cell supernatant (NCS)-induced CXCL10 expression in RT7, while the response was decreased by RNase. Complexes of LL-37 and double-stranded (ds) RNA, Poly(I:C) enhanced CXCL10 expression in comparison with each alone, which were associated with NF-κB activation. Furthermore, LL-37 was shown to bind with ds nucleotides and translocate into cytoplasm. Knockdown of RIG-I decreased expression of CXCL10 induced by LL-37-Poly(I:C) complexes, and RIG-I were co-localized with Poly(I:C) entered by LL-37 in cytoplasm. LL-37 modulates dsRNA-mediated inflammatory response via RIG-I in oral keratinocytes, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centerand, Chugoku Cancer Center , 3-1 Aoyama-Cho, Kure, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Misaki Akagi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shohei Fukada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sakuma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takako Naruse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishi
- Department of General Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takechi
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centerand, Chugoku Cancer Center , 3-1 Aoyama-Cho, Kure, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Tomonao Aikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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18
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Wallach T, Raden M, Hinkelmann L, Brehm M, Rabsch D, Weidling H, Krüger C, Kettenmann H, Backofen R, Lehnardt S. Distinct SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments activate Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 and induce cytokine release from human macrophages and microglia. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1066456. [PMID: 36713399 PMCID: PMC9880480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1066456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pandemic coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is marked by thromboembolic events and an inflammatory response throughout the body, including the brain. Methods Employing the machine learning approach BrainDead we systematically screened for SARS-CoV-2 genome-derived single-stranded (ss) RNA fragments with high potential to activate the viral RNA-sensing innate immune receptors Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and/or TLR8. Analyzing HEK TLR7/8 reporter cells we tested such RNA fragments with respect to their potential to induce activation of human TLR7 and TLR8 and to activate human macrophages, as well as iPSC-derived human microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain. Results We experimentally validated several sequence-specific RNA fragment candidates out of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments predicted in silico as activators of human TLR7 and TLR8. Moreover, these SARS-CoV-2 ssRNAs induced cytokine release from human macrophages and iPSC-derived human microglia in a sequence- and species-specific fashion. Discussion Our findings determine TLR7 and TLR8 as key sensors of SARS-CoV-2-derived ssRNAs and may deepen our understanding of the mechanisms how this virus triggers, but also modulates an inflammatory response through innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wallach
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Raden
- Bioinformatics, Department of Computer Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Hinkelmann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariam Brehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Rabsch
- Bioinformatics, Department of Computer Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Weidling
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Cellular Neuroscience, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Bioinformatics, Department of Computer Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Seija Lehnardt, ; Rolf Backofen,
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Seija Lehnardt, ; Rolf Backofen,
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19
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Zheng H, Wu P, Bonnet PA. Recent Advances on Small-Molecule Antagonists Targeting TLR7. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020634. [PMID: 36677692 PMCID: PMC9865772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognizing the pathogen-associated elements and damage and as such is a major player in the innate immune system. TLR7 triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines or type-I interferons (IFN), which is essential for immunoregulation. Increasing reports also highlight that the abnormal activation of endosomal TLR7 is implicated in various immune-related diseases, carcinogenesis as well as the proliferation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Hence, the design and development of potent and selective TLR7 antagonists based on small molecules or oligonucleotides may offer new tools for the prevention and management of such diseases. In this review, we offer an updated overview of the main structural features and therapeutic potential of small-molecule antagonists of TLR7. Various heterocyclic scaffolds targeting TLR7 binding sites are presented: pyrazoloquinoxaline, quinazoline, purine, imidazopyridine, pyridone, benzanilide, pyrazolopyrimidine/pyridine, benzoxazole, indazole, indole, and quinoline. Additionally, their structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies associated with biological activities and protein binding modes are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zheng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Peiyang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Pierre-Antoine Bonnet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier ENSCM, Montpellier University, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique CNRS, 34093 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
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20
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Sapkota S, Gantier MP. Selecting Therapeutic Antisense Oligonucleotides with Gene Targeting and TLR8 Potentiating Bifunctionality. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2691:225-234. [PMID: 37355549 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3331-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of preclinical evidence has led to the hypothesis that human Toll-like receptor 8 (hTLR8) activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) could have potent anticancer effects through its action on monocytes, myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), and natural killer (NK) cells. This has motivated the initiation of several clinical trials for chemical hTLR8 agonists in a variety of cancers. Concurrently, a growing number of synthetic antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are being developed as cancer therapeutics. We have recently reported that 2'-O-methyl (2'OMe)-modified ASOs can potentiate sensing of hTLR8 chemical agonists in a sequence-dependent manner. This suggests that select gene-targeting ASOs with anticancer activity may synergize with low-dose hTLR8 agonists in the TME. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to rapidly screen and identify such synthetic bifunctional oligonucleotides with synergistic activity on hTLR8 sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sapkota
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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21
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Rossini V, Tolosa-Enguis V, Frances-Cuesta C, Sanz Y. Gut microbiome and anti-viral immunity in COVID-19. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4587-4602. [PMID: 36382631 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2143476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the respiratory system, but the gastrointestinal tract is also a target. Prolonged gut disorders, in COVID-19 patients, were correlated with decreased richness and diversity of the gut microbiota, immune deregulation and delayed viral clearance. Although there are no definitive conclusions, ample evidence would suggest that the gut microbiome composition and function play a role in COVID-19 progression. Microbiome modulation strategies for population stratification and management of COVID-19 infection are under investigation, representing an area of interest in the ongoing pandemic. In this review, we present the existing data related to the interaction between gut microbes and the host's immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the implications for current disease management and readiness to face future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rossini
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - V Tolosa-Enguis
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - C Frances-Cuesta
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Y Sanz
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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22
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Nicolai M, Steinberg J, Obermann HL, Solis FV, Bartok E, Bauer S, Jung S. Identification of an Optimal TLR8 Ligand by Alternating the Position of 2′-O-Ribose Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911139. [PMID: 36232437 PMCID: PMC9570189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of RNA by receptors of the innate immune system is regulated by various posttranslational modifications. Different single 2′-O-ribose (2′-O-) methylations have been shown to convert TLR7/TLR8 ligands into specific TLR8 ligands, so we investigated whether the position of 2′-O-methylation is crucial for its function. To this end, we designed different 2′-O-methylated RNA oligoribonucleotides (ORN), investigating their immune activity in various cell systems and analyzing degradation under RNase T2 treatment. We found that the 18S rRNA-derived TLR7/8 ligand, RNA63, was differentially digested as a result of 2′-O-methylation, leading to variations in TLR8 and TLR7 inhibition. The suitability of certain 2′-O-methylated RNA63 derivatives as TLR8 agonists was further demonstrated by the fact that other RNA sequences were only weak TLR8 agonists. We were thus able to identify specific 2′-O-methylated RNA derivatives as optimal TLR8 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nicolai
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Steinberg
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Jung
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
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23
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Liu ZM, Yang MH, Yu K, Lian ZX, Deng SL. Toll-like receptor (TLRs) agonists and antagonists for COVID-19 treatments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:989664. [PMID: 36188605 PMCID: PMC9518217 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.989664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly infects humans and animals which make coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a grievous epidemic worldwide which broke out in 2020. According to data analysis of the other coronavirus family, for instance severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), can provide experience for the mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a pattern recognition receptor (PRRs), have an indispensable function in identifying the invader even activate the innate immune system. It is possible for organism to activate different TLR pathways which leads to secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin 1 (IL-1), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and type Ⅰ interferon. As a component of non-specific immunity, TLRs pathway may participate in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic processes, due to previous works have proved that TLRs are involved in the invasion and infection of SARS-CoV and MERS to varying degrees. Different TLR, such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 probably have a double-sided in COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is of great significance for a correctly acknowledging how TLR take part in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic processes, which will be the development of treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Mei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng-Xing Lian, ; Shou-Long Deng,
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng-Xing Lian, ; Shou-Long Deng,
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24
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Miyake K, Shibata T, Fukui R, Sato R, Saitoh SI, Murakami Y. Nucleic Acid Sensing by Toll-Like Receptors in the Endosomal Compartment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941931. [PMID: 35812450 PMCID: PMC9259784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) respond to pathogen constituents, such as microbial lipids and nucleic acids (NAs). TLRs recognize NAs in endosomal compartments. Structural and functional studies have shown that recognition of NAs by TLRs depends on NA processing by RNases and DNases. DNase II-dependent DNA degradation is required for TLR9 responses to single-stranded DNAs, whereas RNase T2-dependent RNA degradation enables TLR7 and TLR8 to respond to nucleosides and oligoribonucleotides. In contrast, RNases and DNases negatively regulate TLR responses by degrading their ligands. RNase T2 negatively regulates TLR3 responses to degrading the TLR3 ligand double-stranded RNAs. Therefore, NA metabolism in the endosomal compartments affects the endosomal TLR responses. Dysregulation of NA metabolism in the endosomal compartment drives the TLR-dependent pathologies in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kensuke Miyake,
| | - Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiroh Saitoh
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Brown GJ, Cañete PF, Wang H, Medhavy A, Bones J, Roco JA, He Y, Qin Y, Cappello J, Ellyard JI, Bassett K, Shen Q, Burgio G, Zhang Y, Turnbull C, Meng X, Wu P, Cho E, Miosge LA, Andrews TD, Field MA, Tvorogov D, Lopez AF, Babon JJ, López CA, Gónzalez-Murillo Á, Garulo DC, Pascual V, Levy T, Mallack EJ, Calame DG, Lotze T, Lupski JR, Ding H, Ullah TR, Walters GD, Koina ME, Cook MC, Shen N, de Lucas Collantes C, Corry B, Gantier MP, Athanasopoulos V, Vinuesa CG. TLR7 gain-of-function genetic variation causes human lupus. Nature 2022; 605:349-356. [PMID: 35477763 PMCID: PMC9095492 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although circumstantial evidence supports enhanced Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signalling as a mechanism of human systemic autoimmune disease1-7, evidence of lupus-causing TLR7 gene variants is lacking. Here we describe human systemic lupus erythematosus caused by a TLR7 gain-of-function variant. TLR7 is a sensor of viral RNA8,9 and binds to guanosine10-12. We identified a de novo, previously undescribed missense TLR7Y264H variant in a child with severe lupus and additional variants in other patients with lupus. The TLR7Y264H variant selectively increased sensing of guanosine and 2',3'-cGMP10-12, and was sufficient to cause lupus when introduced into mice. We show that enhanced TLR7 signalling drives aberrant survival of B cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells, and in a cell-intrinsic manner, accumulation of CD11c+ age-associated B cells and germinal centre B cells. Follicular and extrafollicular helper T cells were also increased but these phenotypes were cell-extrinsic. Deficiency of MyD88 (an adaptor protein downstream of TLR7) rescued autoimmunity, aberrant B cell survival, and all cellular and serological phenotypes. Despite prominent spontaneous germinal-centre formation in Tlr7Y264H mice, autoimmunity was not ameliorated by germinal-centre deficiency, suggesting an extrafollicular origin of pathogenic B cells. We establish the importance of TLR7 and guanosine-containing self-ligands for human lupus pathogenesis, which paves the way for therapeutic TLR7 or MyD88 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Brown
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Pablo F Cañete
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Arti Medhavy
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Josiah Bones
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jonathan A Roco
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yuke He
- China Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Qin
- China Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jean Cappello
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Julia I Ellyard
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Katharine Bassett
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Qian Shen
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yaoyuan Zhang
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Cynthia Turnbull
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Xiangpeng Meng
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Phil Wu
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Eun Cho
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lisa A Miosge
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - T Daniel Andrews
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matt A Field
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Denis Tvorogov
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angel F Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- Division of Structural Biology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - África Gónzalez-Murillo
- Unidad de Terapias Avanzadas, Oncología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Virginia Pascual
- Department of Pediatrics, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tess Levy
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric J Mallack
- Division of Child Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel G Calame
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy Lotze
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huihua Ding
- China Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai, Jiao Tong University (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Tomalika R Ullah
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giles D Walters
- Department of Renal Medicine, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mark E Koina
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nan Shen
- China Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai, Jiao Tong University (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carmen de Lucas Collantes
- Sección de Nefrología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Pediatría. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ben Corry
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai, Jiao Tong University (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vicki Athanasopoulos
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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26
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Köllisch G, Solis FV, Obermann HL, Eckert J, Müller T, Vierbuchen T, Rickmeyer T, Muche S, Przyborski JM, Heine H, Kaufmann A, Baumeister S, Lingelbach K, Bauer S. TLR8 is activated by 5'-methylthioinosine, a Plasmodium falciparum-derived intermediate of the purine salvage pathway. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110691. [PMID: 35417716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune recognition of the malaria-causing pathogen Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) is not fully explored. Here, we identify the nucleoside 5'-methylthioinosine (MTI), a Plasmodium-specific intermediate of the purine salvage pathway, as a pathogen-derived Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist. Co-incubation of MTI with the TLR8 enhancer poly(dT) as well as synthetic or P. falciparum-derived RNA strongly increase its stimulatory activity. Of note, MTI generated from methylthioadenosine (MTA) by P. falciparum lysates activates TLR8 when MTI metabolism is inhibited by immucillin targeting the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PfPNP). Importantly, P. falciparum-infected red blood cells incubated with MTI or cultivated with MTA and immucillin lead to TLR8-dependent interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in human monocytes. Our data demonstrate that the nucleoside MTI is a natural human TLR8 ligand with possible in vivo relevance for innate sensing of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Köllisch
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Hannah-Lena Obermann
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, BMFZ, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jeannine Eckert
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology und Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Vierbuchen
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Rickmeyer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Muche
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jude M Przyborski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Heine
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaufmann
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, BMFZ, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Baumeister
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Lingelbach
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, BMFZ, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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27
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Li X, Sun X, Guo X, Li X, Peng S, Mu X. Chemical reagents modulate nucleic acid-activated toll-like receptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112622. [PMID: 35008000 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-mediated interferon signaling plays a pivotal role in defense against microorganisms, especially during viral infection. Receptors sensing exogenous nucleic acid molecules are localized in the cytosol and endosomes. Cytosolic sensors, including cGAS, RIG-I, and MDA5, and endosome-anchored receptors are toll-like receptors (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9). These TLRs share the same domain architecture and have similar structures, facing the interior of endosomes so their binding to nucleic acids of invading pathogens via endocytosis is possible. The correct function of these receptors is crucial for cell homeostasis and effective response against pathogen invasion. A variety of endogenous mechanisms modulates their activities. Nevertheless, naturally occurring mutations lead to aberrant TLR-mediated interferon (IFN) signaling. Furthermore, certain pathogens require a more robust defense against control. Thus, manipulating these TLR activities has a profound impact. High-throughput virtual screening followed by experimental validation led to the discovery of numerous chemicals that can change these TLR-mediated IFN signaling activities. Many of them are unique in selectivity, while others regulate more than one TLR due to commonalities in these receptors. We summarized these nucleic acid-sensing TLR-mediated IFN signaling pathways and the corresponding chemicals activating or deactivating their signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyuan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Xueren Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shouchun Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xin Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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28
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Murakami Y, Fukui R, Tanaka R, Motoi Y, Kanno A, Sato R, Yamaguchi K, Amano H, Furukawa Y, Suzuki H, Suzuki Y, Tamura N, Yamashita N, Miyake K. Anti-TLR7 Antibody Protects Against Lupus Nephritis in NZBWF1 Mice by Targeting B Cells and Patrolling Monocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777197. [PMID: 34868046 PMCID: PMC8632649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and multiple organ damage. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), an innate immune RNA sensor expressed in monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and B cells, promotes disease progression. However, little is known about the cellular mechanisms through which TLR7 drives lupus nephritis. Here, we show that the anti-mouse TLR7 mAb, but not anti-TLR9 mAb, protected lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice from nephritis. The anti-TLR7 mAb reduced IgG deposition in glomeruli by inhibiting the production of autoantibodies to the RNA-associated antigens. We found a disease-associated increase in Ly6Clow patrolling monocytes that expressed high levels of TLR7 and had upregulated expression of lupus-associated IL-10, CD115, CD31, and TNFSF15 in NZBWF1 mice. Anti-TLR7 mAb abolished this lupus-associated increase in patrolling monocytes in the circulation, spleen, and glomeruli. These results suggested that TLR7 drives autoantibody production and lupus-associated monocytosis in NZBWF1 mice and, that anti-TLR7 mAb is a promising therapeutic tool targeting B cells and monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reika Tanaka
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Motoi
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kanno
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Amano
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Tamura
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Spiering AE, de Vries TJ. Why Females Do Better: The X Chromosomal TLR7 Gene-Dose Effect in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:756262. [PMID: 34858409 PMCID: PMC8632002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A male sex bias has emerged in the COVID-19 pandemic, fitting to the sex-biased pattern in other viral infections. Males are 2.84 times more often admitted to the ICU and mortality is 1.39 times higher as a result of COVID-19. Various factors play a role in this, and novel studies suggest that the gene-dose of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 7 could contribute to the sex-skewed severity. TLR7 is one of the crucial pattern recognition receptors for SARS-CoV-2 ssRNA and the gene-dose effect is caused by X chromosome inactivation (XCI) escape. Female immune cells with TLR7 XCI escape have biallelic TLR7 expression and produce more type 1 interferon (IFN) upon TLR7 stimulation. In COVID-19, TLR7 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells is one of the pattern recognition receptors responsible for IFN production and a delayed IFN response has been associated with immunopathogenesis and mortality. Here, we provide a hypothesis that females may be protected to some extend against severe COVID-19, due to the biallelic TLR7 expression, allowing them to mount a stronger and more protective IFN response early after infection. Studies exploring COVID-19 treatment via the TLR7-mediated IFN pathway should consider this sex difference. Various factors such as age, sex hormones and escape modulation remain to be investigated concerning the TLR7 gene-dose effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Spiering
- Amsterdam University College, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Amsterdam University College, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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30
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Lind NA, Rael VE, Pestal K, Liu B, Barton GM. Regulation of the nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 22:224-235. [PMID: 34272507 PMCID: PMC8283745 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a subset of TLRs recognizes nucleic acids, which are present in both the host and foreign microorganisms. This specificity enables broad recognition by virtue of the ubiquity of nucleic acids but also introduces the possibility of self-recognition and autoinflammatory or autoimmune disease. Defining the regulatory mechanisms required to ensure proper discrimination between foreign and self-nucleic acids by TLRs is an area of intense research. Progress over the past decade has revealed a complex array of regulatory mechanisms that ensure maintenance of this delicate balance. These regulatory mechanisms can be divided into a conceptual framework with four categories: compartmentalization, ligand availability, receptor expression and signal transduction. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of each of these layers of regulation. Activation of nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors is finely tuned to limit self-reactivity while maintaining recognition of foreign microorganisms. The authors describe recent progress made in defining the regulatory mechanisms that facilitate this delicate balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lind
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Victoria E Rael
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Pestal
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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31
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Miyake K, Saitoh SI, Fukui R, Shibata T, Sato R, Murakami Y. Dynamic control of nucleic-acid-sensing Toll-like receptors by the endosomal compartment. Int Immunol 2021; 33:835-840. [PMID: 34223897 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid (NA)-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and mature with chaperones, such as Unc93B1 and the protein associated with TLR4 A (PRAT4A)-gp96 complex. The TLR-Unc93B1 complexes move to the endosomal compartment, where proteases such as cathepsins activate their responsiveness through proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain of TLRs. Without proteolytic cleavage, ligand-dependent dimerization of NA-sensing TLRs is prevented by the uncleaved loop in the extracellular domains. Additionally, the association of Unc93B1 inhibits ligand-dependent dimerization of TLR3 and TLR9 and, therefore, Unc93B1 is released from these TLRs before dimerization. Ligand-activated NA-sensing TLRs induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and act on the endosomal compartment to initiate anterograde trafficking to the cell periphery for type I interferon production. In the endosomal compartment, DNA and RNA are degraded by DNases and RNases, respectively, generating degradation products. DNase 2A and RNase T2 generate ligands for TLR9 and TLR8, respectively. In this mechanism, DNases and RNases control innate immune responses to NAs in endosomal compartments. NA-sensing TLRs and the endosomal compartment work together to monitor environmental cues through endosomes and decide to launch innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiroh Saitoh
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Talukdar A, Ganguly D, Roy S, Das N, Sarkar D. Structural Evolution and Translational Potential for Agonists and Antagonists of Endosomal Toll-like Receptors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8010-8041. [PMID: 34107682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are members of a large family of evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which serve as key components of the innate immune system by playing a pivotal role in sensing "nonself" ligands. Endosomal TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9) can recognize pathogen-derived nucleic acid and initiate an innate immune response because they react against both self- and non-self-origin nucleic acid molecules. Accordingly, both receptor agonists and antagonists are potentially useful in disparate clinical contexts and thus are globally sought after. Recent research has revealed that agonists and antagonists share an overlapping binding region. This Perspective highlights rational medicinal chemistry approaches to elucidate the structural attributes of small molecules capable of agonism or antagonism or of elegantly switching between the two. The structural evolution of different chemotypes can provide the framework for the future development of endosomal TLR agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swarnali Roy
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Nirmal Das
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipika Sarkar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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33
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Johnson MB, Chandler M, Afonin KA. Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) as molecular tools to direct desirable and avoid undesirable immunological effects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:427-438. [PMID: 33857556 PMCID: PMC8178219 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) represent a highly versatile molecular platform for the targeted delivery of various therapeutics. However, despite their promise, further clinical translation of this innovative technology can be hindered by immunological off-target effects. All human cells are equipped with an arsenal of receptors that recognize molecular patterns specific to foreign nucleic acids and understanding the rules that guide this recognition offer the key rationale for the development of therapeutic NANPs with tunable immune stimulation. Numerous recent studies have provided increasing evidence that in addition to NANPs' physicochemical properties and therapeutic effects, their interactions with cells of the immune system can be regulated through multiple independently programmable architectural parameters. The results further suggest that defined immunomodulation by NANPs can either support their immunoquiescent delivery or be used for conditional stimulation of beneficial immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brittany Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Morgan Chandler
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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34
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Toll-Like Receptors: General Molecular and Structural Biology. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9914854. [PMID: 34195298 PMCID: PMC8181103 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9914854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system. Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune system to each other. The TLRs are activated through binding to damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), microbial/microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and xenobiotic-associated molecular patterns (XAMPs). The immunogenetic molecules of TLRs have their own functions, structures, coreceptors, and ligands which make them unique. These properties of TLRs give us an opportunity to find out how we can employ this knowledge for ligand-drug discovery strategies to control TLRs functions and contribution, signaling pathways, and indirect activities. Hence, the authors of this paper have a deep observation on the molecular and structural biology of human TLRs (hTLRs). Methods and Materials To prepare this paper and fulfill our goals, different search engines (e.g., GOOGLE SCHOLAR), Databases (e.g., MEDLINE), and websites (e.g., SCOPUS) were recruited to search and find effective papers and investigations. To reach this purpose, we tried with papers published in the English language with no limitation in time. The iCite bibliometrics was exploited to check the quality of the collected publications. Results Each TLR molecule has its own molecular and structural biology, coreceptor(s), and abilities which make them unique or a complementary portion of the others. These immunogenetic molecules have remarkable roles and are much more important in different sections of immune and nonimmune systems rather than that we understand to date. Conclusion TLRs are suitable targets for ligand-drug discovery strategies to establish new therapeutics in the fields of infectious and autoimmune diseases, cancers, and other inflammatory diseases and disorders.
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Kaushik D, Kaur A, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. Structural evolution of toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists from imidazoquinolines to imidazoles. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1065-1120. [PMID: 34355178 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00031d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several synthetic heterocyclic small molecules like imiquimod, resiquimod, CL097, CL075, bromopirone, tilorone, loxoribine and isatoribine demonstrated TLR7/8 agonistic activity and relatively modest structural changes in such molecules result in major variation in the TLR7 and/or TLR8 activity. A strict dependency of the electronic configuration of the heterocyclic system was also observed to influence the agonistic activity. In the present review, an evolution of imidazole based TLR7/8 agonist from imidazoquinoline based scaffold is delineated along with the elaboration of detailed structure activity relationship (SAR) in each chemotype. The structural and activity details of not only the active compounds but also the related inactive compounds are included to better understand the SAR. TLR7/8 agonists are emerging as promising vaccine adjuvant candidates and the present SAR and structural information will provide a road map towards the identification of more potent and appropriate candidates for further drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd 11 Walkley Avenue Warradale 5046 Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Bedford Park 5042 Australia
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India .,National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
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Transaminase Elevations during Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Safety Considerations and Role in Achieving Functional Cure. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050745. [PMID: 33922828 PMCID: PMC8146791 DOI: 10.3390/v13050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While current therapies for chronic HBV infection work well to control viremia and stop the progression of liver disease, the preferred outcome of therapy is the restoration of immune control of HBV infection, allowing therapy to be removed while maintaining effective suppression of infection and reversal of liver damage. This “functional cure” of chronic HBV infection is characterized by the absence of detectable viremia (HBV DNA) and antigenemia (HBsAg) and normal liver function and is the goal of new therapies in development. Functional cure requires removal of the ability of infected cells in the liver to produce the hepatitis B surface antigen. The increased observation of transaminase elevations with new therapies makes understanding the safety and therapeutic impact of these flares an increasingly important issue. This review examines the factors driving the appearance of transaminase elevations during therapy of chronic HBV infection and the interplay of these factors in assessing the safety and beneficial nature of these flares.
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Santa P, Garreau A, Serpas L, Ferriere A, Blanco P, Soni C, Sisirak V. The Role of Nucleases and Nucleic Acid Editing Enzymes in the Regulation of Self-Nucleic Acid Sensing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629922. [PMID: 33717156 PMCID: PMC7952454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of microbial nucleic acids by the innate immune system is mediated by numerous intracellular nucleic acids sensors. Upon the detection of nucleic acids these sensors induce the production of inflammatory cytokines, and thus play a crucial role in the activation of anti-microbial immunity. In addition to microbial genetic material, nucleic acid sensors can also recognize self-nucleic acids exposed extracellularly during turn-over of cells, inefficient efferocytosis, or intracellularly upon mislocalization. Safeguard mechanisms have evolved to dispose of such self-nucleic acids to impede the development of autoinflammatory and autoimmune responses. These safeguard mechanisms involve nucleases that are either specific to DNA (DNases) or RNA (RNases) as well as nucleic acid editing enzymes, whose biochemical properties, expression profiles, functions and mechanisms of action will be detailed in this review. Fully elucidating the role of these enzymes in degrading and/or processing of self-nucleic acids to thwart their immunostimulatory potential is of utmost importance to develop novel therapeutic strategies for patients affected by inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Santa
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Garreau
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lee Serpas
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Patrick Blanco
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- Immunology and Immunogenetic Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vanja Sisirak
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
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Liu M, Zen K. Toll-Like Receptors Regulate the Development and Progression of Renal Diseases. KIDNEY DISEASES 2021; 7:14-23. [PMID: 33614730 DOI: 10.1159/000511947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Stimulated by both microbial and endogenous ligands, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the development and progression of renal diseases. Summary As a highly conserved large family, TLRs have 11 members in humans (TLR1∼TLR11) and 13 members in mouse (TLR1∼TLR13). It has been widely reported that TLR2 and TLR4 signaling, activated by both exogenous and endogenous ligands, promote disease progression in both renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and diabetic nephropathy. TLR4 also vitally functions in CKD and infection-associated renal diseases such as pyelonephritis induced by urinary tract infection. Stimulation of intracellular TLR7/8 and TLR9 by host-derived nucleic acids also plays a key role in systemic lupus erythematosus. Given that certain microRNAs with GU-rich sequence have recently been found to be able to serve as TLR7/8 ligands, these microRNAs may initiate pro-inflammatory signal via activating TLR signal. Moreover, as microRNAs can be transferred across different organs via cell-secreted exosomes or protein-RNA complex, the TLR signaling activated by the miRNAs released by other injured organs may also result in renal dysfunction. Key Messages In this review, we sum up the recent progress in the role of TLRs in various forms of glomerulonephritis and discuss the possible prevention or therapeutic strategies for clinic treatment to renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Chinese Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Chinese Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Zuo T, Liu Q, Zhang F, Lui GCY, Tso EYK, Yeoh YK, Chen Z, Boon SS, Chan FKL, Chan PKS, Ng SC. Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19. Gut 2021; 70:276-284. [PMID: 32690600 PMCID: PMC7385744 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA was detected in faeces of patients with COVID-19, the activity and infectivity of the virus in the GI tract during disease course is largely unknown. We investigated temporal transcriptional activity of SARS-CoV-2 and its association with longitudinal faecal microbiome alterations in patients with COVID-19. DESIGN We performed RNA shotgun metagenomics sequencing on serial faecal viral extractions from 15 hospitalised patients with COVID-19. Sequencing coverage of the SARS-CoV-2 genome was quantified. We assessed faecal microbiome composition and microbiome functionality in association with signatures of faecal SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. RESULTS Seven (46.7%) of 15 patients with COVID-19 had stool positivity for SARS-CoV-2 by viral RNA metagenomic sequencing. Even in the absence of GI manifestations, all seven patients showed strikingly higher coverage (p=0.0261) and density (p=0.0094) of the 3' vs 5' end of SARS-CoV-2 genome in their faecal viral metagenome profile. Faecal viral metagenome of three patients continued to display active viral infection signature (higher 3' vs 5' end coverage) up to 6 days after clearance of SARS-CoV-2 from respiratory samples. Faecal samples with signature of high SARS-CoV-2 infectivity had higher abundances of bacterial species Collinsella aerofaciens, Collinsella tanakaei, Streptococcus infantis, Morganella morganii, and higher functional capacity for nucleotide de novo biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis and glycolysis, whereas faecal samples with signature of low-to-none SARS-CoV-2 infectivity had higher abundances of short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria, Parabacteroides merdae, Bacteroides stercoris, Alistipes onderdonkii and Lachnospiraceae bacterium 1_1_57FAA. CONCLUSION This pilot study provides evidence for active and prolonged 'quiescent' GI infection even in the absence of GI manifestations and after recovery from respiratory infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gut microbiota of patients with active SARS-CoV-2 GI infection was characterised by enrichment of opportunistic pathogens, loss of salutary bacteria and increased functional capacity for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zuo
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,State Key Laboratory for digestive disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,State Key Laboratory for digestive disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,State Key Laboratory for digestive disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace Chung-Yan Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eugene YK Tso
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Kit Yeoh
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siaw Shi Boon
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis KL Chan
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul KS Chan
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siew C Ng
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China .,State Key Laboratory for digestive disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Okude H, Ori D, Kawai T. Signaling Through Nucleic Acid Sensors and Their Roles in Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 11:625833. [PMID: 33633744 PMCID: PMC7902034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.625833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is essential for eliciting antiviral immune responses by inducing the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Such responses are a prerequisite for mounting innate and pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses. However, host cells also use nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information, and the aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acids by PRRs is associated with the onset of autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of nucleic acid sensing by PRRs, including Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and DNA sensor molecules, and their signaling pathways as well as the disorders caused by uncontrolled or unnecessary activation of these PRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Okude
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ori
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
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Ogawa A, Nagiri C, Shihoya W, Inoue A, Kawakami K, Hiratsuka S, Aoki J, Ito Y, Suzuki T, Suzuki T, Inoue T, Nureki O, Tanihara H, Tomizawa K, Wei FY. N 6-methyladenosine (m 6A) is an endogenous A3 adenosine receptor ligand. Mol Cell 2021; 81:659-674.e7. [PMID: 33472058 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
About 150 post-transcriptional RNA modifications have been identified in all kingdoms of life. During RNA catabolism, most modified nucleosides are resistant to degradation and are released into the extracellular space. In this study, we explored the physiological role of these extracellular modified nucleosides and found that N6-methyladenosine (m6A), widely recognized as an epigenetic mark in RNA, acts as a ligand for the human adenosine A3 receptor, for which it has greater affinity than unmodified adenosine. We used structural modeling to define the amino acids required for specific binding of m6A to the human A3 receptor. We also demonstrated that m6A was dynamically released in response to cytotoxic stimuli and facilitated type I allergy in vivo. Our findings implicate m6A as a signaling molecule capable of activating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and triggering pathophysiological responses, a previously unreported property of RNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ogawa
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chisae Nagiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Advanced Research and Development Programs for Medical Innovation (PRIME), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan; Advanced Research and Development Programs for Medical Innovation (LEAP), AMED, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Suzune Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Advanced Research and Development Programs for Medical Innovation (LEAP), AMED, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan.
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Mousavi MJ, Mahmoudi M, Ghotloo S. Escape from X chromosome inactivation and female bias of autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2020; 26:127. [PMID: 33297945 PMCID: PMC7727198 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in females than males. Various predisposing factors, including female sex hormones, X chromosome genes, and the microbiome have been implicated in the female bias of autoimmune diseases. During embryogenesis, one of the X chromosomes in the females is transcriptionally inactivated, in a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI). This equalizes the impact of two X chromosomes in the females. However, some genes escape from XCI, providing a basis for the dual expression dosage of the given gene in the females. In the present review, the contribution of the escape genes to the female bias of autoimmune diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Ghotloo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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43
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Zhao Y, Chen H, Iqbal J, Liu X, Zhang H, Xiao S, Jin N, Yao F, Shen L. Targeted metabolomics study of early pathological features in hippocampus of triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease male mice. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:927-946. [PMID: 33197957 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious neurodegenerative disease in people of age 65 or above. The detailed etiology and pathogenesis of AD have not been elucidated yet. In this study, the hippocampi of 2- and 6-month-old triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease male mice and age-sex-matched wild-type (WT) mice were analyzed by using targeted metabolomics approach. Compared with WT mice, 24 and 60 metabolites were found with significant differences in 2- and 6-month-old AD mice. Among these, 14 metabolites were found common while 10 metabolites showed consistent variable trends in both groups. These differential metabolites are found associated with amino acid, lipid, vitamin, nucleotide-related base, neurotransmitter and energy metabolisms, and oxidative stress. The results suggest that these differential metabolites might play a critical role in AD pathophysiology, and may serve as potential biomarkers for AD. Moreover, the results highlight the involvement of abnormal purine, pyrimidine, arginine, and proline metabolism, along with glycerophospholipid metabolism in early pathology of AD. For the first time, several differential metabolites are found to be associated with AD in this study. Targeted metabolomics can be used for rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of specific target metabolites associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xukun Liu
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Na Jin
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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44
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Ostendorf T, Zillinger T, Andryka K, Schlee-Guimaraes TM, Schmitz S, Marx S, Bayrak K, Linke R, Salgert S, Wegner J, Grasser T, Bauersachs S, Soltesz L, Hübner MP, Nastaly M, Coch C, Kettwig M, Roehl I, Henneke M, Hoerauf A, Barchet W, Gärtner J, Schlee M, Hartmann G, Bartok E. Immune Sensing of Synthetic, Bacterial, and Protozoan RNA by Toll-like Receptor 8 Requires Coordinated Processing by RNase T2 and RNase 2. Immunity 2020; 52:591-605.e6. [PMID: 32294405 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) activation induces a potent T helper-1 (Th1) cell response critical for defense against intracellular pathogens, including protozoa. The receptor harbors two distinct binding sites, uridine and di- and/or trinucleotides, but the RNases upstream of TLR8 remain poorly characterized. We identified two endolysosomal endoribonucleases, RNase T2 and RNase 2, that act synergistically to release uridine from oligoribonucleotides. RNase T2 cleaves preferentially before, and RNase 2 after, uridines. Live bacteria, P. falciparum-infected red blood cells, purified pathogen RNA, and synthetic oligoribonucleotides all required RNase 2 and T2 processing to activate TLR8. Uridine supplementation restored RNA recognition in RNASE2-/- or RNASET2-/- but not RNASE2-/-RNASET2-/- cells. Primary immune cells from RNase T2-hypomorphic patients lacked a response to bacterial RNA but responded robustly to small-molecule TLR8 ligands. Our data identify an essential function of RNase T2 and RNase 2 upstream of TLR8 and provide insight into TLR8 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ostendorf
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Andryka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Saskia Schmitz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samira Marx
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kübra Bayrak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rebecca Linke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Salgert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Wegner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tatjana Grasser
- Axolabs GmbH, Fritz-Hornschuch-Strasse 9, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Sonja Bauersachs
- Axolabs GmbH, Fritz-Hornschuch-Strasse 9, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Leon Soltesz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Nastaly
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Coch
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Miltenyi Biotech, Biomedicine Division, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Kettwig
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Roehl
- Axolabs GmbH, Fritz-Hornschuch-Strasse 9, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Marco Henneke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Winfried Barchet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schlee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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45
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Bartok E, Hartmann G. Immune Sensing Mechanisms that Discriminate Self from Altered Self and Foreign Nucleic Acids. Immunity 2020; 53:54-77. [PMID: 32668228 PMCID: PMC7359798 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity of the organism by detecting pathogens, dyshomeostasis and damage, and inducing appropriate responses to eliminate pathogens and reconstitute homeostasis. Effector mechanisms include i) immune signaling, ii) restriction of NA functions such as inhibition of mRNA translation, and iii) cell death pathways. An appropriate effector response is necessary for host defense, but dysregulated NA-sensing can lead to devastating autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. Their inherent biochemical similarity renders the reliable distinction between self NA under homeostatic conditions and altered or exogenous NA particularly challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in our understanding of the closely coordinated and regulated network of innate immune receptors, restriction factors, and nucleases to effectively respond to pathogens and maintain host integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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Soni C, Perez OA, Voss WN, Pucella JN, Serpas L, Mehl J, Ching KL, Goike J, Georgiou G, Ippolito GC, Sisirak V, Reizis B. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Type I Interferon Promote Extrafollicular B Cell Responses to Extracellular Self-DNA. Immunity 2020; 52:1022-1038.e7. [PMID: 32454024 PMCID: PMC7306002 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Class-switched antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are prevalent and pathogenic in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet mechanisms of their development remain poorly understood. Humans and mice lacking secreted DNase DNASE1L3 develop rapid anti-dsDNA antibody responses and SLE-like disease. We report that anti-DNA responses in Dnase1l3-/- mice require CD40L-mediated T cell help, but proceed independently of germinal center formation via short-lived antibody-forming cells (AFCs) localized to extrafollicular regions. Type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling and IFN-I-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) facilitate the differentiation of DNA-reactive AFCs in vivo and in vitro and are required for downstream manifestations of autoimmunity. Moreover, the endosomal DNA sensor TLR9 promotes anti-dsDNA responses and SLE-like disease in Dnase1l3-/- mice redundantly with another nucleic acid-sensing receptor, TLR7. These results establish extrafollicular B cell differentiation into short-lived AFCs as a key mechanism of anti-DNA autoreactivity and reveal a major contribution of pDCs, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and IFN-I to this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Oriana A Perez
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - William N Voss
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Joseph N Pucella
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lee Serpas
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Justin Mehl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Krystal L Ching
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jule Goike
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Vanja Sisirak
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpt, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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47
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Patinote C, Karroum NB, Moarbess G, Cirnat N, Kassab I, Bonnet PA, Deleuze-Masquéfa C. Agonist and antagonist ligands of toll-like receptors 7 and 8: Ingenious tools for therapeutic purposes. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 193:112238. [PMID: 32203790 PMCID: PMC7173040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the TLRs family and more precisely its functions opened a variety of gates to modulate immunological host responses. TLRs 7/8 are located in the endosomal compartment and activate a specific signaling pathway in a MyD88-dependant manner. According to their involvement into various autoimmune, inflammatory and malignant diseases, researchers have designed diverse TLRs 7/8 ligands able to boost or block the inherent signal transduction. These modulators are often small synthetic compounds and most act as agonists and to a much lesser extent as antagonists. Some of them have reached preclinical and clinical trials, and only one has been approved by the FDA and EMA, imiquimod. The key to the success of these modulators probably lies in their combination with other therapies as recently demonstrated. We gather in this review more than 360 scientific publications, reviews and patents, relating the extensive work carried out by researchers on the design of TLRs 7/8 modulators, which are classified firstly by their biological activities (agonist or antagonist) and then by their chemical structures, which total syntheses are not discussed here. This review also reports about 90 clinical cases, thereby showing the biological interest of these modulators in multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Patinote
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nour Bou Karroum
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Georges Moarbess
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Natalina Cirnat
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Issam Kassab
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
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48
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Toll-like Receptors and the Control of Immunity. Cell 2020; 180:1044-1066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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49
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Furusho K, Shibata T, Sato R, Fukui R, Motoi Y, Zhang Y, Saitoh SI, Ichinohe T, Moriyama M, Nakamura S, Miyake K. Cytidine deaminase enables Toll-like receptor 8 activation by cytidine or its analogs. Int Immunol 2020; 31:167-173. [PMID: 30535046 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8), a sensor for pathogen-derived single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), binds to uridine (Uri) and ssRNA to induce defense responses. We here show that cytidine (Cyd) with ssRNA also activated TLR8 in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and a myeloid cell line U937, but not in an embryonic kidney cell line 293T. Cyd deaminase (CDA), an enzyme highly expressed in leukocytes, deaminates Cyd to Uri. CDA expression enabled TLR8 response to Cyd and ssRNA in 293T cells. CDA deficiency and a CDA inhibitor both reduced TLR8 responses to Cyd and ssRNA in U937. The CDA inhibitor also reduced PBL response to Cyd and ssRNA. A Cyd analogue, azacytidine, is used for the therapy of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. Azacytidine with ssRNA induced tumor necrosis factor-α expression in U937 and PBLs in a manner dependent on CDA and TLR8. These results suggest that CDA enables TLR8 activation by Cyd or its analogues with ssRNA through deaminating activity. Nucleoside metabolism might impact TLR8 responses in a variety of situations such as the treatment with nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Furusho
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Motoi
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yun Zhang
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiroh Saitoh
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ichinohe
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Moriyama
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Zhang Z, Ohto U, Shibata T, Taoka M, Yamauchi Y, Sato R, Shukla NM, David SA, Isobe T, Miyake K, Shimizu T. Structural Analyses of Toll-like Receptor 7 Reveal Detailed RNA Sequence Specificity and Recognition Mechanism of Agonistic Ligands. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3371-3381.e5. [PMID: 30566863 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an innate immune receptor for single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and has important roles in infectious diseases. We previously reported that TLR7 shows synergistic activation in response to two ligands, guanosine and ssRNA. However, the specific ssRNA sequence preference, detailed recognition mode of TLR7 and its ligand, and molecular determinants of TLR7 and TLR8 selectivity remain unknown. Here, we report on TLR7 from a large-scale crystallographic study combined with a multifaceted approach. We reveal that successive uridine-containing ssRNAs fully or moderately bind TLR7, whereas single uridine-containing ssRNAs have reduced affinities. We also reveal the detailed relationships between the chemical structures of ligands and their binding to TLR7. We demonstrate that an engineered TLR8 mutant alters its responsiveness to TLR7-specific ligands. Finally, we identify guanosine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate (2',3'-cGMP) as a possible endogenous ligand for TLR7 with greater affinity than guanosine. The abundant structural information will facilitate future development of treatments targeting TLR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masato Taoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nikunj M Shukla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2-132 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sunil A David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2-132 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Toshiaki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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