1
|
Rossi M, Martinengo B, Diamanti E, Salerno A, Rizzardi N, Fato R, Bergamini C, Souza de Oliveira A, de Araújo Marques Ferreira T, Andrade Holanda C, Romeiro LAS, Soeiro MDNC, Nunes K, Ferreira de Almeida Fiuza L, Meuser Batista M, Fraga CAM, E A Alkhalaf H, Elmahallawy EK, Ebiloma GU, De Koning HP, Vittorio S, Vistoli G, Blanquart C, Bertrand P, Bolognesi ML. Benign-by-Design SAHA Analogues for Human and Animal Vector-Borne Parasitic Diseases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1506-1515. [PMID: 39291036 PMCID: PMC11403742 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for new drugs fulfilling One Health and Green Chemistry requirements is an urgent call. Here, for the first time, we envisaged developing SAHA analogues by starting from the cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) agro-industrial waste and employing a metathesis approach. This sustainable combination (comprising principles #7 and #9) allowed a straightforward synthesis of compounds 13-20. All of them were found to not be toxic on HepG2, IMR-32, and L929 cell lines. Then, their potential against major human and animal vector-borne parasitic diseases (VBPDs) was assessed. Compound 13 emerged as a green hit against the trypomastigote forms of T. b. brucei. In silico studies showed that the T. b. brucei HDAC (TbDAC) catalytic pocket could be occupied with a similar binding mode by both SAHA and 13, providing a putative explanation for its antiparasitic mechanism of action (13, EC50 = 0.7 ± 0.2 μM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Bianca Martinengo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Eleonora Diamanti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Nicola Rizzardi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Romana Fato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Andressa Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Inovações Terapêuticas, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Thais de Araújo Marques Ferreira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Inovações Terapêuticas, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Andrade Holanda
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Inovações Terapêuticas, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Soares Romeiro
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Inovações Terapêuticas, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Maria de Nazaré Correia Soeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz. Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040360, Brazil
| | - Krislayne Nunes
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz. Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040360, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Ferreira de Almeida Fiuza
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz. Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040360, Brazil
| | - Marcos Meuser Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz. Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040360, Brazil
| | - Carlos A M Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Hamed E A Alkhalaf
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G43 2DX, United Kingdom
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Godwin U Ebiloma
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4NT, United Kingdom
| | - Harry P De Koning
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G43 2DX, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Vittorio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Christophe Blanquart
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, Nantes CRCI2NA, France
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- University of Poitiers IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, 4, rue Michel Brunet - TSA 51106. B27, Poitiers cedex 9 86073, France
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salimi Z, Afsharinasab M, Rostami M, Eshaghi Milasi Y, Mousavi Ezmareh SF, Sakhaei F, Mohammad-Sadeghipour M, Rasooli Manesh SM, Asemi Z. Iron chelators: as therapeutic agents in diseases. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:2759-2776. [PMID: 38694398 PMCID: PMC11060230 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The concentration of iron is tightly regulated, making it an essential element. Various cellular processes in the body rely on iron, such as oxygen sensing, oxygen transport, electron transfer, and DNA synthesis. Iron excess can be toxic because it participates in redox reactions that catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species and elevate oxidative stress. Iron chelators are chemically diverse; they can coordinate six ligands in an octagonal sequence. Because of the ability of chelators to trap essential metals, including iron, they may be involved in diseases caused by oxidative stress, such as infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Iron-chelating agents, by tightly binding to iron, prohibit it from functioning as a catalyst in redox reactions and transfer iron and excrete it from the body. Thus, the use of iron chelators as therapeutic agents has received increasing attention. This review investigates the function of various iron chelators in treating iron overload in different clinical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Salimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Mehdi Afsharinasab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Mehdi Rostami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad
| | - Yaser Eshaghi Milasi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi Ezmareh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Fariba Sakhaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Maryam Mohammad-Sadeghipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipoor Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arbon D, Mach J, Čadková A, Sipkova A, Stursa J, Klanicová K, Machado M, Ganter M, Levytska V, Sojka D, Truksa J, Werner L, Sutak R. Chelation of Mitochondrial Iron as an Antiparasitic Strategy. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:676-687. [PMID: 38287902 PMCID: PMC10862539 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Iron, as an essential micronutrient, plays a crucial role in host-pathogen interactions. In order to limit the growth of the pathogen, a common strategy of innate immunity includes withdrawing available iron to interfere with the cellular processes of the microorganism. Against that, unicellular parasites have developed powerful strategies to scavenge iron, despite the effort of the host. Iron-sequestering compounds, such as the approved and potent chelator deferoxamine (DFO), are considered a viable option for therapeutic intervention. Since iron is heavily utilized in the mitochondrion, targeting iron chelators in this organelle could constitute an effective therapeutic strategy. This work presents mitochondrially targeted DFO, mitoDFO, as a candidate against a range of unicellular parasites with promising in vitro efficiency. Intracellular Leishmania infection can be cleared by this compound, and experimentation with Trypanosoma brucei 427 elucidates its possible mode of action. The compound not only affects iron homeostasis but also alters the physiochemical properties of the inner mitochondrial membrane, resulting in a loss of function. Furthermore, investigating the virulence factors of pathogenic yeasts confirms that mitoDFO is a viable candidate for therapeutic intervention against a wide spectrum of microbe-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Arbon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mach
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Čadková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Sipkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stursa
- Institute
of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
- Laboratory
of Clinical Pathophysiology, Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague, Czech
Republic
| | - Kristýna Klanicová
- Institute
of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Machado
- Graduate
Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências
Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade
do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- Centre for
Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Markus Ganter
- Centre for
Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Levytska
- Institute
of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute
of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Truksa
- Institute
of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Werner
- Institute
of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
- Laboratory
of Clinical Pathophysiology, Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague, Czech
Republic
| | - Robert Sutak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Azadbakht M, Davoodi A, Hosseinimehr SJ, Keighobadi M, Fakhar M, Valadan R, Faridnia R, Emami S, Azadbakht M, Bakhtiyari A. Tropolone alkaloids from Colchicum kurdicum (Bornm.) Stef. (Colchicaceae) as the potent novel antileishmanial compounds; purification, structure elucidation, antileishmanial activities and molecular docking studies. Exp Parasitol 2020; 213:107902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
5
|
Dos-Santos ALA, Dick CF, Lopes LR, Rocco-Machado N, Muzi-Filho H, Freitas-Mesquita AL, Paes-Vieira L, Vieyra A, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Tartrate-resistant phosphatase type 5 in Trypanosoma cruzi is important for resistance to oxidative stress promoted by hydrogen peroxide. Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107748. [PMID: 31442453 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (the causative agent of Chagas disease) presents a complex life cycle that involves adaptations in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. As a protozoan parasite of hematophagous insects and mammalian hosts, T. cruzi is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS). To investigate the functionality of T. cruzi tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 (TcACP5), we cloned, superexpressed and purified the enzyme. Purified TcACP5 exhibited a Vmax and apparent Km for pNPP hydrolysis of 7.7 ± 0.2 nmol pNP × μg-1 × h-1 and 169.3 ± 22.6 μM, respectively. The pH dependence was characterized by sharp maximal activity at pH 5.0, and inhibition assays demonstrated its sensitivity to acid phosphatase inhibitors. Similar activities were obtained with saturating concentrations of P-Ser and P-Thr as substrates. The enzyme metabolizes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro, and parasites superexpressing this enzyme were more resistant to oxidative stress promoted by H2O2. Taken together, these results suggest that TcACP5 plays a central role in phosphoryl transfer and redox reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André L A Dos-Santos
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia F Dick
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro R Lopes
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathália Rocco-Machado
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Muzi-Filho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anita L Freitas-Mesquita
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, Grande Rio University, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cataneo AHD, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Miranda-Sapla MM, Assolini JP, Panis C, Kian D, Yamauchi LM, Colado Simão AN, Casagrande R, Pinge-Filho P, Costa IN, Verri WA, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR. Quercetin promotes antipromastigote effect by increasing the ROS production and anti-amastigote by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 expression, affecting iron availability. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
7
|
Mulaw T, Tariku A, Tsegaye AT, Abebe Z. Effect of iron-folic acid supplementation on change of hemoglobin among visceral Leishmaniasis patients in northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective follow up study. BMC HEMATOLOGY 2018; 18:29. [PMID: 30258634 PMCID: PMC6151065 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-018-0123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background An individual with visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) commonly present with anemia and one of the VL treatment center in northwest Ethiopia has been recommended iron-folic acid supplementation to these patients. But there is no documented evidence whether iron-folic acid supplementation improves the hematological profile of patients. Therefore, the study aimed to assess change in hemoglobin (Hb) and its determinant factors among VL patients with and without iron-folic acid supplementation in northwest Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2016. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and transferred to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 for analysis. Independent sample T-test and linear regression were used to compare the change in Hb and identify factors associated with a change in Hb, respectively. A 95% confidence level and p-values less than 0.05 were used determine statistically significant. Results From a total of 602 VL patients, 299 (49.7%) were from University of Gondar hospital. The mean (±SD) change of Hb from baseline to end of treatment was 0.99(±1.64) and 1.61(±1.88) g/dl with and without iron-folate supplementation, respectively, with mean difference 0.62, 95% CI (0.34, 0.90) and a p-value of < 0.0001. In multiple linear regressions, combination therapy of sodium stibogluconate-paramomycin (SSG-PM) was positively associated with a change of Hb (β [SE, p]: 0.710/0.15, < 0.0001). Whereas age (- 0.030/0.009, 0.001), nasal bleeding (- 0.261/0.123, 0.035), baseline white blood cell (- 0.139/0.044, 0.002) and hemoglobin (- 0.513/0.031, < 0.0001), end of treatment spleen size (- 0.059/0.015, < 0.0001) and iron-folic acid supplementation (- 0.574/0.163, < 0.0001) were negatively associated with change of Hb. Conclusion Iron-folic acid supplementation had a negative effect on the change of Hb. A combination therapy of SSG-PM, age, nasal bleeding, baseline white blood cells and Hb, and iron-folic acid supplementation were the determinants of change of Hb. Therefore, avoiding iron-folic acid supplementation and strengthening VL treatment with a combination of SSG-PM and, and early identification of complications is recommended for a better outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Mulaw
- 1University of Gondar Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Tariku
- 2Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adino Tesfahun Tsegaye
- 3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zegeye Abebe
- 2Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wall RJ, Moniz S, Thomas MG, Norval S, Ko EJ, Marco M, Miles TJ, Gilbert IH, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Wyllie S. Antitrypanosomal 8-Hydroxy-Naphthyridines Are Chelators of Divalent Transition Metals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e00235-18. [PMID: 29844044 PMCID: PMC6105827 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00235-18;e00235-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of information regarding the mechanisms of action (MoA) or specific molecular targets of phenotypically active compounds can prove a barrier to their development as chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we report the results of our orthogonal genetic, molecular, and biochemical studies to determine the MoA of a novel 7-substituted 8-hydroxy-1,6-naphthyridine (8-HNT) series that displays promising activity against Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania donovani High-throughput loss-of-function genetic screens in T. brucei highlighted two probable zinc transporters associated with resistance to these compounds. These transporters localized to the parasite Golgi apparatus. Directed by these findings, the role of zinc and other divalent cations in the MoA of these compounds was investigated. 8-HNT compounds were found to directly deplete intracellular levels of Zn2+, while the addition of exogenous Zn2+ and Fe2+ reduced the potency of compounds from this series. Detailed biochemical analyses confirmed that 8-HNT compounds bind directly to a number of divalent cations, predominantly Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+, forming 2:1 complexes with one of these cations. Collectively, our studies demonstrate transition metal depletion, due to chelation, as the MoA of the 8-HNT series of compounds. Strategies to improve the selectivity of 8-HNT compounds are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Wall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Moniz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Thomas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Eun-Jung Ko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Marco
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy J Miles
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antitrypanosomal 8-Hydroxy-Naphthyridines Are Chelators of Divalent Transition Metals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00235-18. [PMID: 29844044 PMCID: PMC6105827 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00235-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of information regarding the mechanisms of action (MoA) or specific molecular targets of phenotypically active compounds can prove a barrier to their development as chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we report the results of our orthogonal genetic, molecular, and biochemical studies to determine the MoA of a novel 7-substituted 8-hydroxy-1,6-naphthyridine (8-HNT) series that displays promising activity against Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania donovani High-throughput loss-of-function genetic screens in T. brucei highlighted two probable zinc transporters associated with resistance to these compounds. These transporters localized to the parasite Golgi apparatus. Directed by these findings, the role of zinc and other divalent cations in the MoA of these compounds was investigated. 8-HNT compounds were found to directly deplete intracellular levels of Zn2+, while the addition of exogenous Zn2+ and Fe2+ reduced the potency of compounds from this series. Detailed biochemical analyses confirmed that 8-HNT compounds bind directly to a number of divalent cations, predominantly Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+, forming 2:1 complexes with one of these cations. Collectively, our studies demonstrate transition metal depletion, due to chelation, as the MoA of the 8-HNT series of compounds. Strategies to improve the selectivity of 8-HNT compounds are discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mohajeri M, Saghaei L, Ghanadian M, Saberi S, Pestechian N, Ostadhusseini E. Synthesis and In vitro Leishmanicidal Activities of Six Quercetin Derivatives. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:64. [PMID: 29862213 PMCID: PMC5952540 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_76_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Today, leishmaniasis is a widespread, infectious parasitic disease caused by Leishmania spp. Natural-derived compounds are likely to provide a valuable source of new pharmaceuticals, and among them, quercetin derivatives may have antileishmanial effects. The antileishmanial activity of 3,5,7,3’,4’-pentahydroxyflavonol (quercetin) derivatives is partly attributed to the position and pKa of phenolic or catechol hydroxyl groups. Therefore, to optimize their leishmanicidal effect, the structural features of quercetin and its derivatives were improved by acylation or alkylation of hydroxyl groups and changing their pKa and consequently their activities. Materials and Methods: In this study, during a regioselective method, quercetin derivatives were synthesized. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by mass, IR, 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectral data. The antileishmanial activities of compounds 1–6 were compared with glucantime as the standard drug against promastigotes of Leishmania major using standard cell-based leishmanicidal assay. Results: In this study, during a regioselective method, two 7-O-quercetin derivatives (5 and 6), and three quercetin acetate derivatives (2, 3, and 4) were synthesized. In detail, the IC50 values found against L. major were (1) 2.5 ± 0.92; (2) 2.85 ± 0.99; (3) 15.5 ± 1.95; (4) 13.5 ± 3.5; (5) 2.6 ± 0.57; and (6) 1.3 ± 0.35 μM while IC50 value of glucantime as the standard drug was 88.5 ± 9.47 μM. Conclusions: The present study showed an effective antileishmanial activity of quercetin semisynthetic compounds (1–6) against in vitro promastigotes of L. major. Among them, quercetin analogs with more lipophilic and iron-chelating activity showed more antiparasite activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mohajeri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sedighe Saberi
- Department of Medical Mycoparasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nader Pestechian
- Department of Medical Mycoparasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ostadhusseini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
New iminodibenzyl derivatives with anti-leishmanial activity. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 172:9-15. [PMID: 28414928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infection caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by sandflies. Current treatments are expensive and time-consuming, involving Sb(V)-based compounds, lipossomal amphotericin B and miltefosine. Recent studies suggest that inhibition of trypanothione reductase (TR) could be a specific target in the development of new drugs because it is essential and exclusive to trypanosomatids. This work presents the synthesis and characterization of new iminodibenzyl derivatives (dado) with ethylenediamine (ea), ethanolamine (en) and diethylenetriamine (dien) and their copper(II) complexes. Computational methods indicated that the complexes were highly lipophilic. Pro-oxidant activity assays by oxidation of the dihydrorhodamine (DHR) fluorimetric probe showed that [Cu(dado-ea)]2+ has the highest rate of oxidation, independent of H2O2 concentration. The toxicity to L. amazonensis promastigotes and RAW 264,7 macrophages was assessed, showing that dado-en was the most active new compound. Complexation to copper did not have an appreciable effect on the toxicity of the compounds.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zaidi A, Singh KP, Ali V. Leishmania and its quest for iron: An update and overview. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 211:15-25. [PMID: 27988301 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of genus Leishmania are the causative agents of complex neglected diseases called leishmaniasis and continue to be a significant health concern globally. Iron is a vital nutritional requirement for virtually all organisms, including pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites, and plays a crucial role in many facets of cellular metabolism as a cofactor of several enzymes. Iron acquisition is essential for the survival of parasites. Yet parasites are also vulnerable to the toxicity of iron and reactive oxygen species. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the current knowledge about iron acquisition and usage by Leishmania species. We have also discussed about host strategy to modulate iron availability and the strategies deployed by Leishmania parasites to overcome iron withholding defences and thus favour parasite growth within host macrophages. Since iron plays central roles in the host's response and parasite metabolism, a comprehensive understanding of the iron metabolism is beneficial to identify potential viable therapeutic opportunities against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zaidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Krishn Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Iron is an essential cofactor for many basic metabolic pathways in pathogenic microbes and their hosts. It is also dangerous as it can catalyse the production of reactive free radicals. This dual character makes the host can either limit iron availability to invading microbes or exploit iron to induce toxicity to pathogens. Successful pathogens, including Leishmania species, must possess mechanisms to circumvent host's iron limitation and iron-induced toxicity in order to survive. In this review, we discuss the regulation of iron metabolism in the setting of infection and delineate the iron acquisition strategies used by Leishmania parasites and their subversions to host iron metabolism to overcome host's iron-related defences.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
SUMMARYIron is an essential element for the survival of trichomonads during host–parasite interaction. The availability of this metal modulates several metabolic pathways of the parasites and regulates the expression of virulence factors such as adhesins and proteolytic enzymes. In this study, we investigated the effect of iron depletion on the morphology and life cycle ofTritrichomonas foetus. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that depletion of iron from the culture medium (named TYM-DIP inducer medium) induces morphological transformation of typical pear-shaped trophozoites into spherical and non-motile pseudocysts. Remarkably, inoculation of pseudocysts into an iron-rich medium (standard TYM medium), or addition of FeSO4to a TYM-DIP inducer medium reverted the morphological transformation process and typical trophozoites were recovered. These results show that pseudocysts are viable forms of the parasite and highlight the role of iron as a modulator of the parasite phenotype. Although iron is required for the survival ofT. foetus, iron depletion does not cause a cellular collapse of pseudocysts, but instead induces phenotypic alterations, probably in order to allow the parasite to survive conditions of nutritional stress. Together, these findings support previous studies that suggest pseudocysts are a resistance form in the life cycle ofT. foetusand enable new approaches to understanding the multifactorial role of iron in the cell biology of this protozoan parasite.
Collapse
|
15
|
Strategies of Intracellular Pathogens for Obtaining Iron from the Environment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:476534. [PMID: 26120582 PMCID: PMC4450229 DOI: 10.1155/2015/476534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most microorganisms are destroyed by the host tissues through processes that usually involve phagocytosis and lysosomal disruption. However, some organisms, called intracellular pathogens, are capable of avoiding destruction by growing inside macrophages or other cells. During infection with intracellular pathogenic microorganisms, the element iron is required by both the host cell and the pathogen that inhabits the host cell. This minireview focuses on how intracellular pathogens use multiple strategies to obtain nutritional iron from the intracellular environment in order to use this element for replication. Additionally, the implications of these mechanisms for iron acquisition in the pathogen-host relationship are discussed.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Silva-Gomes S, Vale-Costa S, Appelberg R, Gomes MS. Iron in intracellular infection: to provide or to deprive? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:96. [PMID: 24367768 PMCID: PMC3856365 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their chemical versatility, transition metals were incorporated as cofactors for several basic metabolic pathways in living organisms. This same characteristic makes them potentially harmful, since they can be engaged in deleterious reactions like Fenton chemistry. As such, organisms have evolved highly specialized mechanisms to supply their own metal needs while keeping their toxic potential in check. This dual character comes into play in host-pathogen interactions, given that the host can either deprive the pathogen of these key nutrients or exploit them to induce toxicity toward the invading agent. Iron stands as the prototypic example of how a metal can be used to limit the growth of pathogens by nutrient deprivation, a mechanism widely studied in Mycobacterium infections. However, the host can also take advantage of iron-induced toxicity to control pathogen proliferation, as observed in infections caused by Leishmania. Whether we may harness either of the two pathways for therapeutical purposes is still ill-defined. In this review, we discuss how modulation of the host iron availability impacts the course of infections, focusing on those caused by two relevant intracellular pathogens, Mycobacterium and Leishmania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Silva-Gomes
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Vale-Costa
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria S Gomes
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cellular growth and mitochondrial ultrastructure of leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes are affected by the iron chelator 2,2-dipyridyl. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2481. [PMID: 24147167 PMCID: PMC3798463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron is an essential element for the survival of microorganisms in vitro and in vivo, acting as a cofactor of several enzymes and playing a critical role in host-parasite relationships. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is a parasite that is widespread in the new world and considered the major etiological agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Although iron depletion leads to promastigote and amastigote growth inhibition, little is known about the role of iron in the biology of Leishmania. Furthermore, there are no reports regarding the importance of iron for L. (V.) braziliensis. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, the effect of iron on the growth, ultrastructure and protein expression of L. (V.) braziliensis was analyzed by the use of the chelator 2,2-dipyridyl. Treatment with 2,2-dipyridyl affected parasites' growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Multiplication of the parasites was recovered after reinoculation in fresh culture medium. Ultrastructural analysis of treated promastigotes revealed marked mitochondrial swelling with loss of cristae and matrix and the presence of concentric membranar structures inside the organelle. Iron depletion also induced Golgi disruption and intense cytoplasmic vacuolization. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of tetramethylrhodamine ester-stained parasites showed that 2,2-dipyridyl collapsed the mitochondrial membrane potential. The incubation of parasites with propidium iodide demonstrated that disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential was not associated with plasma membrane permeabilization. TUNEL assays indicated no DNA fragmentation in chelator-treated promastigotes. In addition, two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that treatment with the iron chelator induced up- or down-regulation of proteins involved in metabolism of nucleic acids and coordination of post-translational modifications, without altering their mRNA levels. Conclusions Iron chelation leads to a multifactorial response that results in cellular collapse, starting with the interruption of cell proliferation and culminating in marked mitochondrial impairment in some parasites and their subsequent cell death, whereas others may survive and resume proliferating. American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is a neglected disease that is widely distributed in the Americas. The protozoan parasite Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is one of the main causative agents of ATL, being responsible for the development of different clinical manifestations of the disease, which ranges from self-healing cutaneous lesions to disseminated and mucocutaneous forms. Because iron is essential for the survival and growth of Leishmania, as it is required for colonization of macrophages and development of lesions in mice, several chelating compounds have been tested for their effects on the growth of these parasites. In the present work, treatment of L. (V.) braziliensis with the iron chelator 2,2-dipyridyl inhibited the growth of promastigote forms in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, multiplication of the parasites was recovered after reinoculation in fresh culture medium. The iron chelator also induced mitochondrial dysfunction and altered expression of proteins involved in metabolism of nucleic acids and coordination of post-translational modifications. The events described above ultimately caused the death of some parasites, most likely due to mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas others adapted and survived, suggesting a plasticity or resilience of the mitochondrion in this parasite.
Collapse
|
19
|
Vale-Costa S, Gomes-Pereira S, Teixeira CM, Rosa G, Rodrigues PN, Tomás A, Appelberg R, Gomes MS. Iron overload favors the elimination of Leishmania infantum from mouse tissues through interaction with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2061. [PMID: 23459556 PMCID: PMC3573095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a central role in host-parasite interactions, since both intervenients need iron for survival and growth, but are sensitive to iron-mediated toxicity. The host's iron overload is often associated with susceptibility to infection. However, it has been previously reported that iron overload prevented the growth of Leishmania major, an agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in BALB/c mice. In order to further clarify the impact of iron modulation on the growth of Leishmania in vivo, we studied the effects of iron supplementation or deprivation on the growth of L. infantum, the causative agent of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis, in the mouse model. We found that dietary iron deficiency did not affect the protozoan growth, whereas iron overload decreased its replication in the liver and spleen of a susceptible mouse strain. The fact that the iron-induced inhibitory effect could not be seen in mice deficient in NADPH dependent oxidase or nitric oxide synthase 2 suggests that iron eliminates L. infantum in vivo through the interaction with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Iron overload did not significantly alter the mouse adaptive immune response against L. infantum. Furthermore, the inhibitory action of iron towards L. infantum was also observed, in a dose dependent manner, in axenic cultures of promastigotes and amastigotes. Importantly, high iron concentrations were needed to achieve such effects. In conclusion, externally added iron synergizes with the host's oxidative mechanisms of defense in eliminating L. infantum from mouse tissues. Additionally, the direct toxicity of iron against Leishmania suggests a potential use of this metal as a therapeutic tool or the further exploration of iron anti-parasitic mechanisms for the design of new drugs. Leishmania are important vector-borne protozoan pathogens that cause different forms of disease, ranging from cutaneous self-healing lesions to life-threatening visceral infection. L. infantum is the most common species causing visceral leishmaniasis in Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Iron plays a critical role in host-pathogen interactions. Both the microorganism and its host need iron for growth. However, iron may promote the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species, which contribute to pathogen elimination, but also to host tissue pathology. We investigated the effect of manipulating host iron status on the outcome of L. infantum infection, using the mouse as an experimental model. We found that dietary iron deprivation had no effect on L. infantum growth, and iron-dextran injection decreased the multiplication of L. infantum in mouse organs. The fact that this anti-parasitic effect of iron was not observed in mice genetically deficient in superoxide and nitric oxide synthesis pathways indicates that iron is likely to act in synergy with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the host's macrophages. This work clearly shows that iron supplementation improves the host's capacity to eliminate L. infantum parasites and suggests that iron may be further explored as a therapeutic tool to fight this type of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Vale-Costa
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Gomes-Pereira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CISA-ESTSP - Núcleo de Investigação em Farmácia, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Miguel Teixeira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Rosa
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Nuno Rodrigues
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Tomás
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Salomé Gomes
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gehrke SS, Pinto EG, Steverding D, Pleban K, Tempone AG, Hider RC, Wagner GK. Conjugation to 4-aminoquinoline improves the anti-trypanosomal activity of Deferiprone-type iron chelators. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:805-13. [PMID: 23266185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential growth component in all living organisms and plays a central role in numerous biochemical processes due to its redox potential and high affinity for oxygen. The use of iron chelators has been suggested as a novel therapeutic approach towards parasitic infections, such as malaria, sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis. Known iron chelating agents such as Deferoxamine and the 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (HPO) Deferiprone possess anti-parasitic activity but suffer from mammalian toxicity, relatively modest potency, and/or poor oral availability. In this study, we have developed novel derivatives of Deferiprone with increased anti-parasitic activity and reduced cytotoxicity against human cell lines. Of particular interest are several new derivatives in which the HPO scaffold has been conjugated, via a linker, to the 4-aminoquinoline ring system present in the known anti-malaria drug Chloroquine. We report the inhibitory activity of these novel analogues against four parasitic protozoa, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum and Plasmodium falciparum, and, for direct comparison, against human cells lines. We also present data, which support the hypothesis that iron starvation is the major cause of growth inhibition of these new Deferiprone-Chloroquine conjugates in T. brucei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S Gehrke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, SE19NH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Flannery AR, Huynh C, Mittra B, Mortara RA, Andrews NW. LFR1 ferric iron reductase of Leishmania amazonensis is essential for the generation of infective parasite forms. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23266-79. [PMID: 21558274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.229674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania is the causative agent of serious human infections worldwide. The parasites alternate between insect and vertebrate hosts and cause disease by invading macrophages, where they replicate. Parasites lacking the ferrous iron transporter LIT1 cannot grow intracellularly, indicating that a plasma membrane-associated mechanism for iron uptake is essential for the establishment of infections. Here, we identify and functionally characterize a second member of the Leishmania iron acquisition pathway, the ferric iron reductase LFR1. The LFR1 gene is up-regulated under iron deprivation and accounts for all the detectable ferric reductase activity exposed on the surface of Leishmania amazonensis. LFR1 null mutants grow normally as promastigote insect stages but are defective in differentiation into the vertebrate infective forms, metacyclic promastigotes and amastigotes. LFR1 overexpression partially restores the abnormal morphology of infective stages but markedly reduces parasite viability, precluding its ability to rescue LFR1 null replication in macrophages. However, LFR1 overexpression is not toxic for amastigotes lacking the ferrous iron transporter LIT1 and rescues their growth defect. In addition, the intracellular growth of both LFR1 and LIT1 null parasites is rescued in macrophages loaded with exogenous iron. This indicates that the Fe(3+) reductase LFR1 functions upstream of LIT1 and suggests that LFR1 overexpression results in excessive Fe(2+) production, which impairs parasite viability after intracellular transport by LIT1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Flannery
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heli H, Mirtorabi S, Karimian K. Advances in iron chelation: an update. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:819-56. [PMID: 21449664 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.569493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress (caused by excess iron) can result in tissue damage, organ failure and finally death, unless treated by iron chelators. The causative factor in the etiology of a variety of disease states is the presence of iron-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can result in cell damage or which can affect the signaling pathways involved in cell necrosis-apoptosis or organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular, hepatic or renal dysfunctions. Iron chelators can reduce oxidative stress by the removal of iron from target tissues. Equally as important, removal of iron from the active site of enzymes that play key roles in various diseases can be of considerable benefit to the patients. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on iron chelators used as therapeutic agents. The importance of iron in oxidative damage is discussed, along with the three clinically approved iron chelators. EXPERT OPINION A number of iron chelators are used as approved therapeutic agents in the treatment of thalassemia major, asthma, fungal infections and cancer. However, as our knowledge about the biochemistry of iron and its role in etiologies of seemingly unrelated diseases increases, new applications of the approved iron chelators, as well as the development of new iron chelators, present challenging opportunities in the areas of drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Heli
- Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Department of Chemistry, Fars, 7348113111, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kontoghiorghes GJ, Kolnagou A, Skiada A, Petrikkos G. The Role of Iron and Chelators on Infections in Iron Overload and Non Iron Loaded Conditions: Prospects for the Design of New Antimicrobial Therapies. Hemoglobin 2010; 34:227-39. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2010.483662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Mehta A, Shaha C. Mechanism of metalloid-induced death in Leishmania spp.: role of iron, reactive oxygen species, Ca2+, and glutathione. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1857-68. [PMID: 16678023 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that metalloid-induced cell death in protozoan parasites is due to oxidative injury; however, the biochemical changes related to this event are not fully understood. Leishmania spp. demonstrated cross-resistance to two related metalloids, arsenic and antimony, and both metalloids induced cell death accompanied by cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation that was preceded by an increase in reactive oxygen species. Both drugs caused mitochondrial dysfunction in terms of loss of membrane potential and a drop in ATP levels. Arsenic treatment resulted in an elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels that did not occur with antimony exposure. Cellular glutathione level was reduced after antimony treatment but arsenic did not affect glutathione. Inhibition of Ca2+ influx during arsenic treatment reduced cell death, whereas supplementation of glutathione during antimony treatment rescued cell loss. Under iron-depleted conditions, the cytotoxic effects of arsenic and antimony did not occur and cell survival increased; in contrast, the presence of excess iron resulted in higher cell death. Therefore, this study provides a new possibility that iron can potentiate parasite death induced by metalloids like arsenic and antimony. In addition, an important observation is that the two similar metalloids produce toxicity by very different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Mehta
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Melo-Braga MB, da Rocha-Azevedo B, Silva-Filho FC. Tritrichomonas foetus: the role played by iron during parasite interaction with epithelial cells. Exp Parasitol 2004; 105:111-20. [PMID: 14969688 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/11/2003] [Accepted: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the role played by iron during interaction of Tritrichomonas foetus with cultured epithelial cells. We have observed that the growth rate of T. foetus is influenced by the amount of iron available into culture medium. When organisms maintained for 24h in iron-depleted medium were transferred to an iron-rich one, many protozoan cells exhibited a cytokinesis blockage. Parasites maintained in iron-depleted medium exhibited a significant increase in cytoadhesion when compared with both controls and parasites that had been cultured in medium in which iron was replaced. T. foetus collected from iron-depleted medium also exhibited a reduction in its ability to destroy epithelial cell monolayers and a reduction in the activity of several cysteine proteases. Taken together, the results presented here demonstrate that iron may be an extracellular signal, which seems to modulate the ability of T. foetus to interact with host epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane B Melo-Braga
- UFRJ-Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS-Bloco G, G-0-44, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hua DH, Tamura M, Egi M, Werbovetz K, Delfín D, Salem M, Chiang PK. Antiprotozoal activities of symmetrical bishydroxamic acids. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4357-61. [PMID: 13129572 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Symmetrical bishydroxamic acids along with their sodium salts containing an alkyl spacer between two aromatic rings were synthesized, and their antiparasitic activities were evaluated. Bishydroxamic acids were conveniently prepared from the alkylation of methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate with various dihalo-alkane, -alkene, and -ether followed by reaction with hydroxylamine. Surprisingly, the bishydroxamic acids and their sodium salts possess strong inhibitory activities against Plasmodium falciparum parasites with IC50 values in the range of 0.26-3.2 microM. Bishydroxamic acid 3 and its sodium salt 12 also inhibit the growth of Leishmania donovani, albeit at higher concentrations. The corresponding biscarboxylic acids and bismethyl esters are inactive. Presumably, the ability of bishydroxamic acids to complex with metallic iron in hemoglobin may be responsible for antimalarial activity of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duy H Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Breidbach T, Scory S, Krauth-Siegel RL, Steverding D. Growth inhibition of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei by the iron chelator deferoxamine. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:473-9. [PMID: 11849643 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei with the iron chelator deferoxamine inhibits the proliferation of the parasites. Compared with mammalian cells, bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei are 10 times more sensitive to iron depletion. The primary target of the chelator is obviously the intracellular iron as the toxicity of deferoxamine is abolished by addition of holotransferrin, the exogenous source of iron for the parasite. To identify probable target sites, the effect of deferoxamine on ribonucleotide reductase, alternative oxidase and superoxide dismutase, three iron-dependent enzymes in bloodstream-form trypanosomes, was studied. Incubation of the parasites with the chelator leads to inhibition of DNA synthesis and lowers oxygen consumption indicating that deferoxamine may affect ribonucleotide reductase and alternative oxidase. The compound does not inhibit the holoenzymes directly but probably acts by chelating cellular iron thus preventing its incorporation into the newly synthesised apoproteins. Treatment of the parasites with deferoxamine for 24 h has no effect on the activity of superoxide dismutase. The results have implications for antitrypanosomal drug development based on specific intervention with the parasite's iron metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Breidbach
- Abteilung Parasitologie, Hygiene-Institut der Ruprecht-Karls Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wilson ME, Lewis TS, Miller MA, McCormick ML, Britigan BE. Leishmania chagasi: uptake of iron bound to lactoferrin or transferrin requires an iron reductase. Exp Parasitol 2002; 100:196-207. [PMID: 12173405 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4894(02)00018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania chagasi can utilize iron bound to transferrin, lactoferrin, or other chelates. We investigated the mechanism of iron uptake. Promastigotes preferentially took up iron in a reduced rather than an oxidized form, suggesting that extracellular iron must be reduced prior to internalization. Similar to literature reports, a 70-kDa protein in promastigote membrane-containing microsomes bound to [125I]-labeled transferrin. However, [125I]lactoferrin and [125I]albumin also bound a similar 70-kDa protein, suggesting that binding might not be specific. Both total and fractionated promastigotes exhibited an NADPH-dependent iron reductase activity. In contrast to trypanosomes, which take up transferrin through a specific receptor, these data support a model in which a parasite-associated or secreted reductase reduces ferric to ferrous iron, decreasing its affinity for the extracellular chelate and allowing it to be readily internalized by the parasite. This could account for the ability of the parasite to utilize iron from multiple sources in diverse host environments. Index Descriptors and Abbreviations. Index descriptors: Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, iron, iron reductase, lactoferrin, L. chagasi, leishmaniasis, nutrient acquisition, protozoan, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, transferrin; Abbreviations used: DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; DTT, dithiothreitol; HBSS, Hanks' balanced salt solution; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NEM, N-ethylmaleimide; RNA, ribonucleic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Wilson
- Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bisti S, Konidou G, Papageorgiou F, Milon G, Boelaert JR, Soteriadou K. The outcome of Leishmania major experimental infection in BALB/c mice can be modulated by exogenously delivered iron. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:3732-40. [PMID: 11169417 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200012)30:12<3732::aid-immu3732>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously established that Leishmania promastigotes express a transferrin receptor and that iron chelators inhibit promastigote growth in vitro. Thus, we were interested in modulating the vertebrate host iron pool and to monitor whether such changes will affect the outcome of L. major infection in BALB / c mice, inoculated in the footpad with 106 stationary phase promastigotes. Treatment of mice with desferrioxamine resulted in a slight delay of the development of cutaneous lesions. In contrast and unexpectedly, systemic iron delivery, at early time points of parasite delivery, significantly limited footpad pathology. Accordingly, parasite loads at the site of parasite delivery, the draining lymph node, liver and spleen were significantly reduced in iron-loaded mice. Importantly, the "protective" effect of iron delivery correlated with the presence, at the site of inoculation, of lower levels of IL-4 and IL-10 transcripts while both IFN-gamma and inducible nitric oxide synthase transcripts were at higher levels. The presence of more type 1 cytokine transcripts was further supported by the increased levels of IgG2a in their sera. These data strongly suggest that susceptibility to L. major as assessed in the footpad model is modifiable by interventions that alter the iron status of the host at early time points of parasite delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bisti
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Britigan BE, Lewis TS, McCormick ML, Wilson ME. Evidence for the existence of a surface receptor for ferriclactoferrin and ferrictransferrin associated with the plasma membrane of the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 443:135-40. [PMID: 9781352 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9068-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated the ability of the promastigote form of the protozoan parasite Leishmania chagasi to utilize iron chelated to lactoferrin and transferrin for growth and metabolism. We have obtained evidence suggesting that the promastigote form of the parasite possesses specific binding sites for lactoferrin and transferrin. Lactoferrin binding appears to be: 1) independent of whether or not the protein contains iron; 2) not inhibited by transferrin; and 3) independent of whether the organism is in log or stationary phase of growth. Transferrin binding is: 1) markedly greater if the protein is iron loaded; 2) inhibited by the presence of lactoferrin; and 3) independent of whether the organism is in log or stationary growth phase. Preliminary ligand blot analyses are consistent with the presence of a protein or proteins which bind lactoferrin and/or transferrin. The relationship to these binding sites to those described in other protozoan species requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B E Britigan
- Research Service, VA Medical Center-Iowa City, Iowa 52246, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|