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Li Y, Chen W, Kang Y, Zhen X, Zhou Z, Liu C, Chen S, Huang X, Liu HJ, Koo S, Kong N, Ji X, Xie T, Tao W. Nanosensitizer-mediated augmentation of sonodynamic therapy efficacy and antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6973. [PMID: 37914681 PMCID: PMC10620173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dense stroma of desmoplastic tumor limits nanotherapeutic penetration and hampers the antitumor immune response. Here, we report a denaturation-and-penetration strategy and the use of tin monosulfide nanoparticles (SnSNPs) as nano-sonosensitizers that can overcome the stromal barrier for the management of desmoplastic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). SnSNPs possess a narrow bandgap (1.18 eV), allowing for efficient electron (e-)-hole (h+) pair separation to generate reactive oxygen species under US activation. More importantly, SnSNPs display mild photothermal properties that can in situ denature tumor collagen and facilitate deep penetration into the tumor mass upon near-infrared irradiation. This approach significantly enhances sonodynamic therapy (SDT) by SnSNPs and boosts antitumor immunity. In mouse models of malignant TNBC and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the combination of robust SDT and enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration achieves remarkable anti-tumor efficacy. This study presents an innovative approach to enhance SDT and antitumor immunity using the denaturation-and-penetration strategy, offering a potential combined sono-immunotherapy approach for the cancer nanomedicine field.
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Grants
- This work was supported by US METAvivor Early Career Investigator Award (No. 2018A020560, W.T.), Harvard/Brigham Health & Technology Innovation Fund (No. 2023A004452; W.T.), Department Basic Scientist Grant (No. 2420 BPA075, W.T.), Gillian Reny Stepping Strong Center for Trauma Innovation Breakthrough Innovator Award (No. 113548, W.T.), Nanotechnology Foundation (No. 2022A002721, W.T.), Farokhzad Family Distinguished Chair Foundation (No. 018129, W.T.). W.T. also acknowledges the support from American Heart Association (AHA) Transformational Project Award (No. 23TPA1072337), AHA Collaborative Sciences Award (No. 2018A004190), AHA’s Second Century Early Faculty Independence Award (No. 23SCEFIA1151841), American Lung Association (ALA) Cancer Discovery Award (No. LCD1034625), ALA Courtney Cox Cole Lung Cancer Research Award (No. 2022A017206), Novo Nordisk Validation Award (No. 2023A009607), and the Khoury Innovation Award (No. 2020A003219).
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82122076, N.K.)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81730108 and 81973635, T.X.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiang Li
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yong Kang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueyan Zhen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhuoming Zhou
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chuang Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shuying Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xiangang Huang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hai-Jun Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seyoung Koo
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Element Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Successful treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in a captive green iguana (Iguana iguana). Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 46:100610. [PMID: 34715376 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reptiles are popular exotic pets and green iguanas (Iguana iguana) are amongst the top ten most popular reptiles. Here we describe a captive 8-year-old female green iguana that was referred for treatment of a non-healing, discharging lesion on the side of the body. The lesion was surgically excised and histopathological analysis revealed an epidermal proliferation of neoplastic keratinocytes, with focal infiltration through the basement membrane, into the underlying superficial dermis. Marked dysplastic changes, characterized by multifocal dyskeratosis and keratin pearl formation were also noted. A diagnosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was made. Two years later, the iguana has shown no signs of recurrence. This is the first report of successful treatment of cutaneous SCC in a green iguana and contributes to the limited knowledge of cutaneous neoplasms in green iguanas.
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IRIDIUM 192 ( 192-Ir) HIGH DOSE RATE BRACHYTHERAPY IN A CENTRAL BEARDED DRAGON ( POGONA VITTICEPS) WITH ROSTRAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:241-244. [PMID: 32212571 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 0.5-kg, 9-yr-old, male central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) presented with a proliferative mass (0.4 × 0.2 inches) on the left rostral aspect of the lower lip. Physical examination, blood work, and whole-body radiography did not reveal any other abnormalities. Histopathology confirmed squamous cell carcinoma. Considering the small size of the tumor, absence of deep tissue infiltration, and its radioresponsive characteristics, iridium 192 high dose rate brachytherapy was attempted. The dragon initially received three doses of 4 Gy/site at days 0, 7, and 17. Recurrence developed 3 mo later. Three more fractions of 6 Gy/site at days 0, 7, and 14 were delivered according to the same procedure. A second recurrence appeared after 2 mo. Surgical excision was then performed, followed by four fractions of 6 Gy/site on the surgical site at 2-wk intervals. Sixteen months posttreatment, no recurrence of the mass was observed.
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Shah Z, Nazir S, Mazhar K, Abbasi R, Samokhvalov IM. PEGylated doped- and undoped-TiO 2 nanoparticles for photodynamic Therapy of cancers. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:173-183. [PMID: 31136827 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide has been widely known for its phototoxicity in the environmental context, but little is known for its use in the photodynamic therapy of cancers. Previous studides have shown the hazardous effects of undoped-titanium dioxide nanoparticles (undoped-TiO2 NPs) in the ecosystem; however, it remains to explore the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugation and doping of metal and non-metal on the photodynamic activity of TiO2. Here we report the synthesis, characterizations, and applications of doped- and undoped-TiO2 NPs stabilized by PEG in the photodynamic therapy of cancers. Our results demonstrate that in vitro PEG-NPs significantly reduced the survival of human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) upon solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiations. We found that doping of the metal (cobalt) and non-metal (nitrogen) onto TiO2 nanocrystals enhanced the photoactivation of doped-TiO2 NPs in the visible/near infrared (Vis/NIR) region, but these nanocrystals were revealed by cytotoxicity assays to be less potent in killing cancer cells compared to PEGylated undoped-TiO2. The significant photodynamic effect was shown by PEGylated undoped-TiO2 synthesized through the sol-gel method with 75% killing of HeLa cells at 5.5 μg/mL concentrations in exposure to UV or sunlight radiations. In vitro cytotoxicity was measured by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) and 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assays after irradiations with IR, UV, and sunlight for 15-30 minutes (min). All the synthesized NPs were characterized by XRD, AFM, SEM, EDX and DRS chemical analysis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that water-soluble PEGylated TiO2 NPs maybe a good candidate for the photodynamic therapy of cervical cancer cells. Our data propose that the use of PEG surfactant can enhance the potency of already available photochemical therpeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Shah
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Samina Nazir
- College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kehkashan Mazhar
- Institute of Biomedical & Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Sector G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashda Abbasi
- Institute of Biomedical & Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Sector G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Igor M Samokhvalov
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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5
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Hamblin MR, Huang YY, Heiskanen V. Non-mammalian Hosts and Photobiomodulation: Do All Life-forms Respond to Light? Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:126-139. [PMID: 29882348 PMCID: PMC6286699 DOI: 10.1111/php.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser (light) therapy, was discovered over 50 years ago, but only recently has it been making progress toward wide acceptance. PBM originally used red and near-infrared (NIR) lasers, but now other wavelengths and non-coherent light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are being explored. The almost complete lack of side effects makes the conduction of controlled clinical trials relatively easy. Laboratory research has mainly concentrated on mammalian cells (normal or cancer) in culture, and small rodents (mice and rats) as models of different diseases. A sizeable body of work was carried out in the 1970s and 1980s in Russia looking at various bacterial and fungal cells. The present review covers some of these studies and a recent number of papers that have applied PBM to so-called "model organisms." These models include flies (Drosophila), worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), fish (zebrafish) and caterpillars (Galleria). Much knowledge about the genomics and proteomics, and many reagents for these organisms already exist. They are inexpensive to work with and have lower regulatory barriers compared to vertebrate animals. Other researchers have studied different models (snails, sea urchins, Paramecium, toads, frogs and chickens). Plants may respond to NIR light differently from visible light (photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis) but PBM in plants has not been much studied. Veterinarians routinely use PBM to treat non-mammalian patients. The conclusion is that red or NIR light does indeed have significant biologic effects conserved over many different kingdoms, and perhaps it is true that "all life-forms respond to light."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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6
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Dobson J, de Queiroz GF, Golding JP. Photodynamic therapy and diagnosis: Principles and comparative aspects. Vet J 2018; 233:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Huang L, El-Hussein A, Xuan W, Hamblin MR. Potentiation by potassium iodide reveals that the anionic porphyrin TPPS4 is a surprisingly effective photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 178:277-286. [PMID: 29172135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that addition of the non-toxic salt, potassium iodide can potentiate antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of a broad-spectrum of microorganisms, producing many extra logs of killing. If the photosensitizer (PS) can bind to the microbial cells, then delivering light in the presence of KI produces short-lived reactive iodine species, while if the cells are added after light the killing is caused by molecular iodine produced as a result of singlet oxygen-mediated oxidation of iodide. In an attempt to show the importance of PS-bacterial binding, we compared two charged porphyrins, TPPS4 (thought to be anionic and not able to bind to Gram-negative bacteria) and TMPyP4 (considered cationic and well able to bind to bacteria). As expected TPPS4+light did not kill Gram-negative Escherichia coli, but surprisingly when 100mM KI was added, it was highly effective (eradication at 200nM+10J/cm2 of 415nm light). TPPS4 was more effective than TMPyP4 in eradicating the Gram-positive bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the fungal yeast Candida albicans (regardless of KI). TPPS4 was also highly active against E. coli after a centrifugation step when KI was added, suggesting that the supposedly anionic porphyrin bound to bacteria and Candida. This was confirmed by uptake experiments. We compared the phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate derivative (ClAlPCS4), which did not bind to bacteria or allow KI-mediated killing of E. coli after a spin, suggesting it was truly anionic. We conclude that TPPS4 behaves as if it has some cationic character in the presence of bacteria, which may be related to its delivery from suppliers in the form of a dihydrochloride salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed El-Hussein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Weijun Xuan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Clinical Medical College and Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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8
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Christman J, Devau M, Wilson-Robles H, Hoppes S, Rech R, Russell KE, Heatley JJ. Oncology of Reptiles: Diseases, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2017; 20:87-110. [PMID: 27890294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on necropsy review, neoplasia in reptiles has a comparable frequency to that of mammals and birds. Reptile neoplasia is now more frequently diagnosed in clinical practice based on increased use of advanced diagnostic techniques and improvements in reptilian husbandry allowing greater longevity of these species. This article reviews the current literature on neoplasia in reptiles, and focuses on advanced diagnostics and therapeutic options for reptilian patientssuffering neoplastic disease. Although most applied clinical reptile oncology is translated from dog and cat oncology, considerations specific to reptilian patients commonly encountered in clinical practice (turtles, tortoises, snakes, and lizards) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Christman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 408 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Michael Devau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 408 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 408 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Sharman Hoppes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 408 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Raquel Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 400 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Karen E Russell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 408 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 408 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered more than 100 years ago, and has since become a well-studied therapy for cancer and various non-malignant diseases including infections. PDT uses photosensitizers (PSs, non-toxic dyes) that are activated by absorption of visible light to initially form the excited singlet state, followed by transition to the long-lived excited triplet state. This triplet state can undergo photochemical reactions in the presence of oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (including singlet oxygen) that can destroy cancer cells, pathogenic microbes and unwanted tissue. The dual-specificity of PDT relies on accumulation of the PS in diseased tissue and also on localized light delivery. Tetrapyrrole structures such as porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins and phthalocyanines with appropriate functionalization have been widely investigated in PDT, and several compounds have received clinical approval. Other molecular structures including the synthetic dyes classes as phenothiazinium, squaraine and BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene), transition metal complexes, and natural products such as hypericin, riboflavin and curcumin have been investigated. Targeted PDT uses PSs conjugated to antibodies, peptides, proteins and other ligands with specific cellular receptors. Nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to PDT, giving rise to approaches such as nanoparticle delivery, fullerene-based PSs, titania photocatalysis, and the use of upconverting nanoparticles to increase light penetration into tissue. Future directions include photochemical internalization, genetically encoded protein PSs, theranostics, two-photon absorption PDT, and sonodynamic therapy using ultrasound.
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10
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Lanza A, Baldi A, Spugnini EP. Surgery and electrochemotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in a yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:455-7. [PMID: 25632821 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.4.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 5-year-old female yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta) was referred for evaluation of a 2-month nonhealing ulcerated mass on the dorsal aspect of the neck. CLINICAL FINDINGS The turtle was quiet, alert, and responsive, with a 2 × 1.5-cm ulcerated lesion on the neck. Signs of discomfort were observed during manipulation of the neck; no other abnormalities were detected during physical evaluation. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Following total body radiography and hematologic and serum biochemical analysis, the turtle was anesthetized and the mass was surgically removed. The excised tissue was submitted for histologic evaluation. A histopathologic diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was made. Further surgical revision was not an option because of the extensive nature of the lesion; therefore, the tumor bed was treated with electrochemotherapy (ECT). Two sessions of ECT were performed with a 2-week interval between treatments. Electrochemotherapy involved intratumoral administration of bleomycin followed by trains of biphasic electric pulses. The treatment was well tolerated, and the turtle was disease free after 12 months. CLINICAL RELEVANCE ECT resulted in good local control of SCC and should be considered as a possible postsurgical adjuvant treatment in reptiles with cutaneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lanza
- Centro Veterinario Gianicolense, Via Lorenzo Valla 25, Rome, 00152, Italy
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11
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Onoyama M, Tsuka T, Imagawa T, Osaki T, Minami S, Azuma K, Kawashima K, Ishi H, Takayama T, Ogawa N, Okamoto Y. Photodynamic hyperthermal chemotherapy with indocyanine green: a novel cancer therapy for 16 cases of malignant soft tissue sarcoma. J Vet Sci 2013; 15:117-23. [PMID: 24136207 PMCID: PMC3973754 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen cases of malignant soft tissue sarcoma (STS; 10 canines and six felines) were treated with a novel triple therapy that combined photodynamic therapy, hyperthermia using indocyanine green with a broadband light source, and local chemotherapy after surgical tumor resection. This triple therapy was called photodynamic hyperthermal chemotherapy (PHCT). In all cases, the surgical margin was insufficient. In one feline case, PHCT was performed without surgical resection. PHCT was performed over an interval of 1 to 2 weeks and was repeated three to 21 times. No severe side effects, including severe skin burns, necrosis, or skin suture rupture, were observed in any of the animals. No disease recurrence was observed in seven out of 10 (70.0%) dogs and three out of six (50.0%) cats over the follow-up periods ranging from 238 to 1901 days. These results suggest that PHCT decreases the risk of STS recurrence. PHCT should therefore be considered an adjuvant therapy for treating companion animals with STS in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Onoyama
- The United Graduated Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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12
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Buchholz J, Walt H. Veterinary photodynamic therapy: a review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:342-7. [PMID: 24284083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Whereas in human medicine photodynamic therapy represents a well-known and recognized treatment option for diverse indications, it is still little known and unfortunately not yet established treatment option for pets. Various photosensitizers and light sources have been used and clinical results have been published. The main indication is a frequently occurring skin tumor in cats: in situ carcinoma/squamous cell carcinoma, mainly found in not or only slightly pigmented areas of the head. For early stages of this tumor, promising results have been published, partly using new, selective drugs to decrease light sensitivity after systemic administration and to increase response rates. Other possible indications are urinary tract neoplasia of dogs and equine sarcoids, the latter representing very common tumors in horses where no effective treatment is known so far. This review article summarizes the role of photodynamic therapy in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Buchholz
- Animal Oncology and Imaging Center, Rothussstrasse 2, CH-6331 Huenenberg, Switzerland.
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13
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DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF A PHARYNGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A MADAGASCAR GROUND BOA (BOA MADAGASCARIENSIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:144-51. [DOI: 10.1638/1042-7260-44.1.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Blackwood L, Murphy S, Buracco P, De Vos JP, De Fornel-Thibaud P, Hirschberger J, Kessler M, Pastor J, Ponce F, Savary-Bataille K, Argyle DJ. European consensus document on mast cell tumours in dogs and cats. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 10:e1-e29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Blackwood
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The Leahurst Campus; University of Liverpool Chester High Road; Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
| | - S. Murphy
- The Animal Health Trust; Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
| | - P. Buracco
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Turin; Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | - J. P. De Vos
- “De Ottenhorst” Veterinary Oncology Referral Centre; Terneuzen The Netherlands
| | - P. De Fornel-Thibaud
- DESV Internal Medicine, Centre de Cancérologie Vétérinaire; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Hirschberger
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Veterinärstr; München Germany
| | | | - J. Pastor
- Patología Médica Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - F. Ponce
- VetAgro Sup; Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | | | - D. J. Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; Easter Bush Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
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15
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Hannon DE, Garner MM, Reavill DR. Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Inland Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-21.4.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Hannon
- 1. Memphis Veterinary Specialists, 555 Trinity Creek Cove, Cordova, TN 38018, USA
| | | | - Drury R. Reavill
- 3. Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA
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Squamous cell carcinoma with vascular invasion in a diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2011; 41:745-8. [PMID: 21370664 DOI: 10.1638/2010-0096.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common neoplasm diagnosed in domestic and wild animals, including several species of reptiles. However, reports of SCC invading vasculature or metastasizing in snakes are lacking. This report documents a case of SCC in an adult male eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) with a unique presentation and invasion into several small- to medium-sized vessels, suggestive of a metastatic process. What was initially suspected to be an abscessed tail was ultimately determined to be SCC originating at the base of the rattle.
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Nanodrug applications in photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:14-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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L'eplattenier HF, Klem B, Teske E, van Sluijs FJ, van Nimwegen SA, Kirpensteijn J. Preliminary results of intraoperative photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid in dogs with prostate carcinoma. Vet J 2008; 178:202-7. [PMID: 17904397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six client-owned dogs with prostate carcinoma were treated with a combination of (1) partial subcapsular prostatectomy using an Nd:YAG laser, (2) intraoperative photodynamic therapy using a halogen broad band lamp after local administration of a photosensitiser, and (3) systemic treatment with meloxicam. Median survival time was 41days (range 10-68days), which compared negatively with previous reports of subtotal laser prostatectomy combined with topical interleukin-2 administration, and photodynamic therapy alone. Despite treatment, the disease progressed locally, causing signs of stranguria to recur, and in the form of distant metastases. The recurrence of clinical signs due to the primary tumour despite photodynamic therapy is probably largely explained by insufficient penetration of light into the tissue. Better results may be obtained using other light sources (e.g. laser) and alternative techniques of light delivery, such as fibres or catheters allowing interstitial diffusion of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F L'eplattenier
- Utrecht University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Bexfield NH, Stell AJ, Gear RN, Dobson JM. Photodynamic therapy of superficial nasal planum squamous cell carcinomas in cats: 55 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1385-9. [PMID: 18798792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common skin tumors in cats. We investigated photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the photosensitizing agent 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) topically and a high-intensity red light source. HYPOTHESIS PDT is a safe and effective treatment for feline SCCs. ANIMALS Fifty-five client-owned cats with superficial nasal planum SCCs. METHODS Prospective, uncontrolled clinical trial. PDT was performed using topical 5-ALA and light of peak wavelength 635 nm. Adverse effects, response, and tumor control were evaluated. RESULTS 53/55 (96%) cats responded to therapy, and there was a complete response in 47/55 (85%). Six cats (11%) had a partial response. Of the 47 cats with complete response to a single treatment, 24 recurred (51%), with a median time to recurrence of 157 days (95% confidence interval, 109-205 days). Repeat PDT was performed in 22 cats, and at a median follow-up of 1,146 days, 23 (45%) cats were alive and disease free, 17 (33%) had to be euthanized due to tumor recurrence, and 11 (22%) were euthanized for other reasons. Only transient mild local adverse effects were observed after treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE PDT using 5-ALA and a red light source was safe, well tolerated, and effective in the treatment of superficial nasal planum SCCs of cats and offers an alternative to conventional therapy. Although initial response rates were high, this treatment did not lead to a durable remission or cure in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Bexfield
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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ATTEMPTED PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AGAINST PATAGIAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN AN AFRICAN ROSE-RINGED PARAKEET (PSITTACULA KRAMERI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 38:597-600. [DOI: 10.1638/ms-04-082.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Borgatti-Jeffreys A, Hooser SB, Miller MA, Lucroy MD. Phase I clinical trial of the use of zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:399-404. [PMID: 17397295 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the threshold for acute toxicosis of parenterally administered zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (ZnPcS(4)), a candidate second-generation photosensitizer, in mice and evaluate the compound's safety in a phase I clinical trial of ZnPcS(4)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) in pet dogs with naturally occurring tumors. ANIMALS Male Swiss-Webster mice and client-owned dogs with naturally occurring neoplasms. PROCEDURES For the study of acute toxicosis, mice were given graded doses of ZnPcS(4). To determine safety, a rapid-titration phase I clinical trial of ZnPcS(4)-based PDT in tumor-bearing dogs was conducted. RESULTS In mice, administration of >or= 100 mg of ZnPcS(4)/kg resulted in renal tubular necrosis 24 hours after IP injection. In tumor-bearing dogs, ZnPcS(4) doses <or= 4 mg/kg induced no signs of toxicosis and resulted in partial to complete tumor responses in 10 of 12 dogs 4 weeks after PDT. Tumor remission was observed with ZnPcS(4) doses as low as 0.25 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A conservative starting dose of ZnPcS(4) was arrived at on the basis of mouse toxicosis findings. Zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate-based PDT was tolerated well by all dogs and warrants further study. The identification of the maximum tolerated dose through traditional phase I clinical trials may be unnecessary for evaluating novel PDT protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Borgatti-Jeffreys
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Vilensky J, Koudinova NV, Harmelin A, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) of a canine-transmissible venereal tumour in a murine model with Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09). Vet Comp Oncol 2005; 3:182-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2005.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Garner MM, Hernandez-Divers SM, Raymond JT. Reptile neoplasia: a retrospective study of case submissions to a specialty diagnostic service. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2004; 7:653-71, vi. [PMID: 15296868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective study appears to be the largest publication to date regarding the prevalence of neoplasia in reptiles. As in previous publications, neoplasia is most common in snakes, followed by lizards, chelonians, and crocodilians. Several interesting trends were documented in this study, some of which appear to be previously unidentified, and some that support the findings of previous publications.
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Abstract
The majority of information on oncology therapies has been reported in humans, canine, and feline patients, and laboratory animals with experimentally induced tumors. A variety of treatments,including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and others have been used with exotic animals. There are many species of exotic pets, and anatomic differences, as well as husbandry and nutritional requirements, must be taken into account to provide optimal care. By providing a broad overview of therapies and considerations for treatment, this article is intended to provide the practitioner with an overview of approach and options when addressing oncology cases in exotic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Graham
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357190, Seattle, WA 98195-7190, USA.
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Tanabe S, Yamaguchi M, Iijima M, Nakajima S, Sakata I, Miyaki S, Takemura T, Furuoka H, Kobayashi Y, Matsui T, Uzuka Y, Sarashina T. Fluorescence detection of a new photosensitizer, PAD-S31, in tumour tissues and its use as a photodynamic treatment for skin tumours in dogs and a cat: a preliminary report. Vet J 2004; 167:286-93. [PMID: 15080878 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the detection by fluorescence of a new photosensitizer, PAD-S31, in tumours in dogs and cats and the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) by using PAD-S31 for skin tumours in two dogs and one cat. PAD-S31 is a hydrophilic photosensitizer that has two peaks at absorption wavelengths 406 and 665 nm in distilled water. In a preliminary experiment in mice transplanted with SCCVII and colon 26, PAD-S31 was retained in tumour tissues rather than in other organs. The tumours resected from dogs and cats after intravenous administration of PAD-S31 at a dose of 15 mg/kg emitted strong red fluorescence under light illumination of 402 nm wavelength. Animals given PAD-S31 showed no cutaneous photosensitivity under room light illumination. Irradiation at laser light 670 nm wavelength (fluence rate 150 mW/cm2 and total light dosage 150 J/cm2) on cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs ( n=2 ) and a cutaneous basal cell tumour in a cat induced complete remission. These results suggest PAD-S31 could be a promising photosensitizer for use in a small animal veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Okamoto Y, Yonemura D, Miyatake K, Hashimoto Y, Hirano T, Sakata I, Minami S. Tissue Retention and Adverse Reaction after Intravenous Injection of Hematoporphyrin Derivatives in Dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:1599-601. [PMID: 15644616 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated changes in hematology and chemical profile, and the tissue retention of hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) following the intravenous injection in dogs. HpD at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg was intravenously injected to 16 dogs (n=4 each) and complete blood count (CBC) and blood chemistry were performed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after the injection. To examine tissue retention, HpD (5 mg/kg) was administered to 15 dogs and 3 dogs were euthanized on days 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 after the injection, respectively, to collect the skin, muscle, small intestine, spleen, kidney and liver as tissue samples. There were no significant changes in CBC and blood chemical profile except for an increase in LDH concentrations in dogs given 10 and 15 mg/kg of HpD at day 3. The levels of HpD retention in the tissues were ranked in the following order: liver > kidney > spleen > intestine > muscle > skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Okamoto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 101 Minami 4-chome, Koyama-cho, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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HAHN KEVINA, PANJEHPOUR MASOUD, LEGENDRE ALFREDM. Photodynamic therapy response in cats with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma as a function of fluence. Vet Dermatol 2002; 9:3-7. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1998.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KEVIN A. HAHN
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37901, USA
| | - MASOUD PANJEHPOUR
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37901, USA
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Stell AJ, Dobson JM, Langmack K. Photodynamic therapy of feline superficial squamous cell carcinoma using topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid. J Small Anim Pract 2001; 42:164-9. [PMID: 11327662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb01796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken to investigate the treatment of superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum, pinna and eyelid in cats by photodynamic therapy, using topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid cream, with subsequent exposure to red light of wavelength 635 nm, supplied by a light-emitting diode source. A total of 13 squamous cell carcinomas were treated, including 10 nasal planum lesions, two pinnal lesions and one eyelid lesion. After a single treatment, complete responses were seen in nine out of 10 nasal planum lesions, one out of two pinnal lesions and the eyelid lesion. The overall complete response rate for lesions managed with a single photodynamic therapy treatment was 85 per cent. Seven of the 11 lesions (63.6 per cent) showing a complete response subsequently recurred; the time to recurrence ranged from 19 to 56 weeks (median 21 weeks, mean 26.7 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Stell
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge
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SUEDMEYER WMKIRK, MCCAW DUDLEY, TURNQUIST SUSAN. Attempted Photodynamic Therapy of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Casque of a Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis). J Avian Med Surg 2001. [DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742(2001)015[0044:aptosc]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Magne ML, Rodriguez CO, Autry SA, Edwards BF, Theon AP, Madewell BR. Photodynamic therapy of facial squamous cell carcinoma in cats using a new photosensitizer. Lasers Surg Med 2000; 20:202-9. [PMID: 9047175 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9101(1997)20:2<202::aid-lsm12>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Photodynamic therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment modality for surface-oriented neoplasms of the skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of photodynamic therapy using a new photosensitizer in the treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the feline facial skin. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Cats with naturally occurring squamous cell carcinomas of the facial skin were entered into the study. Tumors were staged using a modification of the World Health Organization (WHO) system for classification of feline tumors of epidermal origin. Photodynamic therapy was delivered to the tumors using an argon-pumped dye laser 24 hours after the administration of the photosensitizer pyropheophorbide-alpha-hexyl-ether (HPPH-23). Following treatment, tumors were evaluated for complete response rates and local control durations. RESULTS Fifteen tumors were staged T1a (< 1.5 cm diameter, noninvasive), 18 T1b (< 1.5 cm, invasive), and 28 T2B (> 1.5 cm, invasive). Complete response rates as well as local control durations were significantly (P < 0.05) related to stage. Complete response was achieved in 100% of T1a tumors, 56% of T1b tumors, and 18% of T2b tumors. One-year local control rates were 100% for T1a tumors and 53% for T1b tumors; overall 1-year local control rate for all treated tumors was 62%. Clinical, hematological, and biochemical evidence of toxicity was not seen in any cat following drug administration. However, morbidity was observed following treatment of large, invasive tumors of the nasal plane. CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy with the photosensitizer HPPH-23 was safe and effective in treating early stage squamous cell carcinomas of the feline nasal plane and facial skin. However, toxicity was encountered following treatment of large neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Magne
- Center for Companion Animal Health, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Wound healing is an intricate process requiring the orchestration of cells, growth factors, cytokines, and the extracellular matrix. Cytokines, specifically TGF-beta, are believed to be instrumental in sustaining the fibrotic process, which leads to scarring. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses potent photosensitizers, which induce a wide range of effects on cells and the extracellular matrix. The influences of PDT on wound healing are not well known. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven full-thickness incisional wounds were placed on each of 24 hairless Sprague Dawly rats, three wounds on one flank serving as dark controls and four on the contralateral side treated with PDT. Wounds were created two days before, one hour before, or one hour after red light exposure with an argon ion pumped dye laser. Twelve rats were injected with 0.25 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg of the PDT drug, BPD-MA, and the other 12 with 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg of the PDT drug, CASP, 3 and 24 hours prior to irradiation of light, respectively. At low doses of both photosensitizers, animals were irradiated with 1, 5, 10, and 20 J/cm2. At higher doses of BPD-MA and CASP animals were treated with 10, 20, 50, and 100 J/cm2 of light. Wounds were examined each day for 14 days and noted for edema, erythema, inflammation, necrosis, and quality of scarring. Wounds were also photographed at day 0, 2, 5, 8, and 14 post-irradiation. All animals were sacrificed 14 days after irradiation and the wounds were evaluated by light microscopy. RESULTS Grossly, animals treated with 0.25 mg/kg BPD-MA showed no effect with PDT. Animals treated with 0.5 mg/kg BPD, and 5 and 10 mg/kg CASP showed responses that varied with both light and drug dose. Erythema, edema, inflammation, and necrosis attributed to PDT were all observed, but there was no apparent influence of PDT on either the rate or final appearance of wound healing. Histologically, there were no apparent differences between treated and untreated sites, regardless of the drug, dose of light, or time of irradiation. CONCLUSION A single PDT treatment given before or after skin wounds does not apparently alter wound healing even when PDT caused brisk inflammatory reactions. PDT may have effects that were not detected. We conclude that PDT does not greatly influence incisional skin wound healing in the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Parekh
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lucroy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Martens A, de Moor A, Waelkens E, Merlevede W, De Witte P. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of hypericin for photodynamic therapy of equine sarcoids. Vet J 2000; 159:77-84. [PMID: 10640414 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.1999.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of the photodynamic compound, hypericin, in the treatment of equine sarcoids was evaluated. The in vitro cytotoxicity was assessed using three equine cell lines and the observed phototoxic effect was comparable to that on different highly sensitive human cell lines and significantly influenced by the energy density used although independent of the cell type. The in vivo antitumoural action of photodynamic therapy using hypericin was evaluated on three equine sarcoids in a donkey. Four intratumoural injections were given and the tumours were illuminated daily during 25 days. An 81% reduction in tumour volume was obtained at the end of therapy and 2 months later, a 90% reduction was observed. Further experimental work should be performed, but these results suggest that photodynamic therapy using hypericin has a potential for the non-invasive treatment of equine sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
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Anderson CY, Freye K, Tubesing KA, Li YS, Kenney ME, Mukhtar H, Elmets CA. A Comparative Analysis of Silicon Phthalocyanine Photosensitizers for in vivo Photodynamic Therapy of RIF-1 Tumors in C3H Mice. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb05206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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LaMuraglia GM, Adili F, Karp SJ, Statius van Eps RG, Watkins MT. Photodynamic therapy inactivates extracellular matrix-basic fibroblast growth factor: insights to its effect on the vascular wall. J Vasc Surg 1997; 26:294-301. [PMID: 9279318 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(97)70192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the light activation of photosensitizer dyes for the production of oxygen and other free radical moieties without the generation of heat, has been shown to inhibit the development of experimentally induced intimal hyperplasia. The host response to PDT, a form of vascular injury that results in complete vascular wall cell eradication, is devoid of inflammation and proliferation and promotes favorable vascular wall healing. These effects do not result in intimal hyperplasia and are suggestive of PDT-induced changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM). As a model to better understand the biologic consequences of PDT on the vascular wall matrix proteins, the effect of PDT was studied on the powerful matrix-resident mitogen basic fibroblast factor (bFGF) in vitro. METHODS PDT (5 to 200 J/cm2, 100 mW/cm2, 675 nm) was used with the photosensitizer chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine (5 micrograms/ml) to inactivate bFGF in vitro while 100 J/cm2 of irradiation was administered 24 hours after 5 mg/ml of the photosensitizer was used in vivo. PDT was used on bFGF in solution and on endothelial cell-derived ECM. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantitate bFGF in solution after PDT treatment or after extraction from the ECM by collagenase and heparin. Functional activity of matrix-associated bFGF was assessed by smooth muscle cell mitogenesis by 3H-thymidine incorporation. To demonstrate the in vivo relevance of these observations, immunohistochemical analysis of PDT-treated rat carotid arteries was undertaken. RESULTS PDT eliminated detectable levels of bFGF in solution. PDT of ECM significantly reduced matrix-bound bFGF (1.0 +/- 0.6 vs 27.5 +/- 1.3 pg/ml; p < 0.0001). This reduction in bFGF after PDT of the ECM was associated with a decrease in vascular smooth muscle cell mitogenesis (52.4% +/- 4.6%; p < 0.0001) when plated on PDT-treated matrix compared with nontreated matrix. Quantitative replenishment of exogenous bFGF to PDT-treated matrix restored proliferation to baseline levels. PDT of rat carotid arteries demonstrated a loss of bFGF staining compared with control nontreated arteries. CONCLUSIONS PDT inactivation of matrix-resident bFGF and possibly other bioactive molecules can provide a mechanism by which PDT suppresses smooth muscle cell proliferation in the vessel wall. This free radical-mediated alteration of matrix may contribute to favorable vascular healing when PDT is used for the inhibition of injury-induced intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M LaMuraglia
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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Anderson C, Hrabovsky S, McKinley Y, Tubesing K, Tang HP, Dunbar R, Mukhtar H, Elmets CA. Phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy: disparate effects of pharmacologic inhibitors on cutaneous photosensitivity and on tumor regression. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65:895-901. [PMID: 9155263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The phthalocyanines are promising second-generation photosensitizers that are being evaluated for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignant tumors. In vivo studies with the silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 have shown that it is highly effective at causing regression of RIF-1 tumors in C3H/HeN mice in PDT protocols. Because cutaneous photosensitivity is the major complication of photosensitizers used for PDT, experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of inhibitors of the inflammatory response (cyproheptadine, dexamethasone, pentoxifylline, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] antibodies) on Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity and tumor regression. The C3H/HeN mice were injected with either Pc 4 or Photofrin and were exposed to 86 J/cm2 of filtered radiation emitted from a solar simulator. Animals were irradiated at 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 28 days postinjection. Cutaneous photosensitivity was assessed using the murine ear-swelling response. Cyproheptadine, dexamethasone, pentoxifylline and TNF-alpha antibodies were administered prior to illumination to assess their ability to block Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity and to evaluate whether such treatment adversely influenced Pc 4 PDT-induced tumor regression. Compared to Photofrin, Pc 4 produced cutaneous photosensitivity that was transient, resolving within 24 h, and that could be elicited for only 10 days after administration. In contrast, Photofrin caused photosensitivity that required 4 days to resolve and could be elicited for at least 1 month after it was administered. The Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity could be blocked by corticosteroids and an inhibitor of vasoactive amines (cyproheptadine). The TNF-alpha gene transcription was found to increase in keratinocytes following treatment with Pc 4 and light. The anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of cytokine transcription, also prevented cutaneous photosensitivity, implicating TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity. None of these agents had any effect on Pc 4 PDT-induced tumor regression. Cyproheptadine, dexamethasone, pentoxifylline and TNF-alpha antibodies may be valuable pharmacologic agents in the management of cutaneous photosensitivity associated with PDT without altering the efficacy of this new therapeutic modality. The findings suggest that it should be possible to devise PDT protocols that block cutaneous photosensitivity without impairing the anti-tumor response to the agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anderson
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
Because of the location of skin tumors, afflicted dogs and cats are frequently presented to veterinarians for examination. The location also facilitates the use of radiation therapy for patients with skin tumors. Few animals treated with radiation therapy for skin tumors experience significant toxicity. Animals with a variety of skin tumors can benefit from treatment with radiation therapy. These tumors include mast cell tumors, squamous cell carcinoma, tumors of the digit, tumors of the ear canal, tumors of the cutaneous adnexa, mammary gland tumors, plasma cell tumors, cutaneous melanoma, cutaneous hemangiosarcoma, and transmissible venereal tumors. The prognosis for individual patients varies with the tumor type and, in some cases, with the stage of the disease.
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Lucroy MD, Magne ML, Peavy GM, Madewell BR, Edwards BF. Photodynamic therapy in veterinary medicine: current status and implications for applications in human disease. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LASER MEDICINE & SURGERY 1996; 14:305-10. [PMID: 9612196 DOI: 10.1089/clm.1996.14.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The historical development and published veterinary applications of photodynamic therapy are reviewed. Potential animal models, using naturally-occurring diseases in veterinary patients, for the future development of photodynamic therapy are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lucroy
- Center for Companion Animal Health, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pyropheophorbide-a-hexyl ether (HPPH) is a new compound being investigated for use as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy; however, the pharmacokinetics are not known for any of the target species likely to be treated with this drug. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of this drug prior to institution of a clinical trial in canine patients with various cancers. STUDY DESIGN, MATERIALS AND METHODS HPPH (0.3mg/kg i.v.) was administered to 12 dogs and blood samples were drawn at intervals for 24 hours and plasma HPPH concentrations were determined. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each dog. RESULTS No evidence of toxicity was noted in any dog. The mean half-life was calculated to be 26.98 +/- 2.35 hrs. The mean clearance was 5.061 +/- 0.214 ml/hr/kg. The mean volume of distribution of the central compartment was 0.069 +/- 0.003 L/kg, and the mean steady state volume of distribution was 4.47 +/- 0.25 L/kg. CONCLUSION The conclusion is that 0.3 mg/kg HPPH injected intravenously resulted in measurable plasma levels for 24 hrs, and resulted in no detectable adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Payne
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia 65211, USA
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Abstract
This article contains practical information about the more common feline skin tumors and an update on recent treatments. The tumor type, gross appearance, clinical behavior, prognosis, and treatment are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Fox
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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LaMuraglia GM, Klyachkin ML, Adili F, Abbott WM. Photodynamic therapy of vein grafts: suppression of intimal hyperplasia of the vein graft but not the anastomosis. J Vasc Surg 1995; 21:882-90; discussion 889-90. [PMID: 7776467 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(95)70215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is no clinically useful therapy for the suppression of vein bypass graft intimal hyperplasia (IH). Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a technique that uses light to activate otherwise biologically inert photosensitizers to produce cytotoxic effects, has been demonstrated to successfully inhibit experimental IH in balloon-injured arteries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of PDT as a method to reduce vein graft IH. METHODS Reversed external jugular vein bypass grafts of the common carotid artery were performed in 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals received either chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine (2.5 mg/kg intravenously) 24 hours before the ex vivo irradiation of the vein grafts (VG) with 100 joule/cm2 at 675 nm (PDT VG) or saline solution as control (CON VG). Preharvest bromodeoxyuridine was administered to label proliferating cells. All vein grafts were perfusion fixed within 96 hours for a pilot study or at 2 and 4 weeks for the main study. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and morphometric analysis were performed. RESULTS There was no acute thrombus formation in the hypocellular PDT VG with occasional platelets but no leukocytes adherent to the luminal surface. Intimal areas of the PDT VG were 18% at 2 weeks and 53% at 4 weeks of the CON VGs (p < 0.05). Medial areas and percent of stenoses were also significantly less in PDT than in CON VG. However, intimal hyperplasia noted in the longitudinal sections within 2 mm of the anastomoses did not demonstrate a difference between PDT and CON VG. Intimal hyperplasia of both PDT and CON VG consisted of smooth muscle cells, verified by immunohistochemistry. Bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells were more abundant in 2-week than in 4-week specimens, were found most frequently in the intimal areas of the CON VG body, and were equivalent in the anastomoses of PDT VG and CON VG. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PDT of vein grafts suppresses the development of IH in the body of the vein graft but does not affect IH adjacent to the anastomoses. The artery may be the source of proliferating smooth muscle cells that contribute to the anastomotic vein graft IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M LaMuraglia
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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LaMuraglia GM, ChandraSekar NR, Flotte TJ, Abbott WM, Michaud N, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy inhibition of experimental intimal hyperplasia: acute and chronic effects. J Vasc Surg 1994; 19:321-9; discussion 329-31. [PMID: 8114192 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(94)70107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is a focal arterial problem that still eludes successful therapy. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the acute treatment of experimental IH with light to activate an otherwise biologically inert photosensitizer. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute and long-term effects of PDT inhibition of IH on the artery wall. METHODS Segmental IH was induced by balloon injury localized to the cervical common carotid artery of 33 rats. The photosensitizer chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine (5 mg/kg) for the experimental group or saline solution for the control group was administered intravenously. Twenty-four hours later, all instrumented portions of arteries were irradiated at 675 nm to induce cytotoxic injury in the PDT-treated arteries as compared with laser only-treated arteries for controls. Animals were killed at 1, 2, 4, and 16 weeks. RESULTS There were no untoward side effects in either group. All PDT-treated arteries were devoid of smooth muscle or inflammatory cells in the treated media. There was no evidence of arterial degeneration of PDT-treated arteries. Only three arteries in the PDT group developed IH, whereas it was universal in all controls. In control arteries, immunocytochemistry with bromodeoxyuridine revealed maximal intimal and medial cell proliferation at 1 week, and morphometric analysis demonstrated a maximal IH at 2 weeks. Immunocytochemistry staining for smooth muscle cell actin was positive for the IH in control and when present in PDT-treated arteries, whereas the adventitia of PDT-treated arteries were positive after 2 weeks. Electron microscopy demonstrated early myofibroblast migration to the adventitia, and at 16 weeks occasional myofibroblasts were noted in the media of PDT-treated arteries. There was complete reendothelial cell covering of the intima by 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS These in vivo data demonstrate that PDT is an effective local method for the treatment of experimental IH. There is no evidence of significant recurrence of IH or arterial degeneration. Further studies with PDT may provide novel approaches to the understanding and treatment of arterial IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M LaMuraglia
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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Leunig A, Staub F, Peters J, Heimann A, Kempski O, Goetz AE. An in vitro model to study cellular photosensitizer uptake and photodynamic dose-response relationships of tumor cells. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1993; 193:361-70. [PMID: 8122041 DOI: 10.1007/bf02576244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellular fluorescence intensity (CFI) after incubation with varying concentrations of the photosensitizer Photofrin and the photodynamically induced dose-response relationships of hamster melanoma cells (A-MEL-3) were studied in a recently developed in vitro model. After administration of Photofrin to the extracellular serum-free medium, CFI was evaluated by flow cytometry together with constantly fluorescing latex particles used as a reference. After 5 min, 50% of maximal CFI was found, and after 60 min CFI was maximal. No further increase was obtained during the exposure to Photofrin over the incubation period of 4 h. During this plateau phase, CFI was significantly related to the concentration of Photofrin in the extracellular medium (r = 0.94; P < 0.001). Subsequent to increasing intervals of Photofrin exposure, cells were irradiated with laser light at 630 nm (40 mW/cm2, 4J). Cell viability as evaluated by trypan blue exclusion was significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of Photofrin in the medium, and significantly correlated with CFI during the plateau phase. After photodynamic treatment (PDT) cell fluorescence was reduced by about 15%. This was neither dose- nor time-dependent. On the basis of these findings we propose that CFI indicates photosensitizer uptake. This is also supported by the relation between CFI and phototoxicity. The latter also suggests that CFI might be useful to predict the PDT in vivo efficacy by this in vitro model. Besides measurements of photosensitizer uptake and cell photoxicity, the model demonstrates an excellent opportunity to study the molecular mechanisms of action associated with PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leunig
- Institute of Surgical Research, University of Munich, Germany
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van Leengoed HL, van der Veen N, Versteeg AA, Ouellet R, van Lier JE, Star WM. In vivo photodynamic effects of phthalocyanines in a skin-fold observation chamber model: role of central metal ion and degree of sulfonation. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58:575-80. [PMID: 8248334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb04935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Six sulfonated metallophthalocyanines, chelated with either aluminum or zinc and sulfonated to different degrees, were studied in vivo for their photodynamic activity in a rat skin-fold chamber model. The chamber, located on the back of female WAG/Rij rats, contained a syngeneic mammary carcinoma implanted into a layer of subcutaneous tissue. Twenty-four hours after intravenous administration of 2.5 mumol/kg of one of the dyes, the chambers received a treatment light dose of 600 J/cm2 with monochromatic light of 675 nm at a power density of 100 mW/cm2. During light delivery and up to a period of 7 days after treatment, vascular effects of tumor and normal tissue were scored. Tumor cell viability was determined by histology and by reimplantation of the chamber contents into the skin of the same animal, either 2 h after treatment or after the 7 day observation period. Vascular effects of both tumor and subcutaneous tissue were strongest with dyes with the lowest degree of sulfonation and decreased with increasing degree of sulfonation. Tumor regrowth did not occur with aluminum phthalocyanine mono- and disulfonate and with zinc phthalocyanine monosulfonate. With the protocol that was used, complete necrosis without recovery was only observed when reimplantation took place at the end of the 7 day follow-up period. Reimplantation 2 h after treatment always resulted in tumor regrowth. At this interval, the presence of viable tumor cells was confirmed histologically. In general tumor tissue vasculature was more susceptible to photodynamic damage than vasculature of the normal tissue. The effect on the circulation of both tumor and normal tissue increased with decreasing degree of sulfonation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Leach MW, Khoshyomn S, Bringus J, Autry SA, Boggan JE. Normal brain tissue response to photodynamic therapy using aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in the rat. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 57:842-5. [PMID: 8337258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb09221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on normal brain tissue and depth of brain necrosis were evaluated in rats receiving 2.5 mg/kg aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate. Twenty-four hours later brains were irradiated with 675 nm light at a power density of 50 mW/cm2 and energy doses ranging from 1.6 to 121.5 J/cm2. Brains were removed 24 h after PDT and evaluated microscopically. When present, brain lesions consisted of well-demarcated areas of coagulation necrosis. When plotting the depth of necrosis against the natural log of energy dose, the data fit a piecewise linear model, with a changepoint at 54.6 J/cm2 and an x intercept of 7.85 J/cm2. The slopes before and after the changepoint were 2.04 and 0.21 mm/ln J cm-2, respectively. The x intercept suggests a minimum light dose below which necrosis of normal brain will not occur, whereas the changepoint indicates the energy density corresponding to an approximate maximum depth of necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Leach
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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Agarwal R, Athar M, Elmets CA, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H. Photodynamic therapy of chemically- and ultraviolet B radiation-induced murine skin papillomas by chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate. Photochem Photobiol 1992; 56:43-50. [PMID: 1508981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb09600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer combines irradiation of tumors with visible light following selective uptake of the photosensitizer by the tumor cells. PhotofrinR-II (Pf-II) is the only photosensitizer which is in clinical use in PDT, whereas chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcTS) has also shown promise in preclinical studies. In most such studies, the effectiveness of the photosensitizers has been assessed in implanted tumor model systems rather than in model systems where tumors are allowed to grow in their own connective tissue matrix. In this study the pharmacokinetics, tumor ablation capability and cutaneous photosensitization response of AlPcTS have been assessed in mice bearing chemically- and ultraviolet B radiation (UVB)-induced benign skin papillomas. When tumor-bearing animals were injected intraperitoneally with AlPcTS (5 mg/kg body wt), maximum tumor:normal skin ratio of 2.4 was observed at 48 h, at which time the mice were irradiated within the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer. In tumor ablation studies with SENCAR mice bearing chemically-induced skin tumors, AlPcTS resulted in greater than 80% ablation in tumor volume at 20 days post-irradiation. In cutaneous photosensitization response, AlPcTS produced only transient effects (no effect after 24 h) in SENCAR mice. Pharmacokinetics data, tumor ablation effects and cutaneous photosensitization response of AlPcTS were comparable in SKH-1 hairless mice bearing UVB-induced skin tumors. Our data indicate that AlPcTS produces significant photodynamic effects towards the ablation of murine skin tumors, and that it does not produce prolonged cutaneous photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Agarwal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moan
- Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo
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