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Do AD, Wu KS, Chu SS, Giang LH, Lin YL, Chang CC, Wong TT, Hsieh CL, Sung SY. LOXL1-AS1 contributes to metastasis in sonic-hedgehog medulloblastoma by promoting cancer stem-like phenotypes. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:130. [PMID: 38689348 PMCID: PMC11059759 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastomas (MBs) are one of the most common malignant brain tumor types in children. MB prognosis, despite improvement in recent years, still depends on clinical and biological risk factors. Metastasis is the leading cause of MB-related deaths, which highlights an unmet need for risk stratification and targeted therapy to improve clinical outcomes. Among the four molecular subgroups, sonic-hedgehog (SHH)-MB harbors clinical and genetic heterogeneity with a subset of high-risk cases. Recently, long non-coding (lnc)RNAs were implied to contribute to cancer malignant progression, but their role in MB remains unclear. This study aimed to identify pro-malignant lncRNAs that have prognostic and therapeutic significance in SHH-MB. METHODS The Daoy SHH-MB cell line was engineered for ectopic expression of MYCN, a genetic signature of SHH-MB. MYCN-associated lncRNA genes were identified using RNA-sequencing data and were validated in SHH-MB cell lines, MB tissue samples, and patient cohort datasets. SHH-MB cells with genetic manipulation of the candidate lncRNA were evaluated for metastatic phenotypes in vitro, including cell migration, invasion, sphere formation, and expressions of stemness markers. An orthotopic xenograft mouse model was used to evaluate metastasis occurrence and survival. Finally, bioinformatic screening and in vitro assays were performed to explore downstream mechanisms. RESULTS Elevated lncRNA LOXL1-AS1 expression was identified in MYCN-expressing Daoy cells and MYCN-amplified SHH-MB tumors, and was significantly associated with lower survival in SHH-MB patients. Functionally, LOXL1-AS1 promoted SHH-MB cell migration and cancer stemness in vitro. In mice, MYCN-expressing Daoy cells exhibited a high metastatic rate and adverse effects on survival, both of which were suppressed under LOLX1-AS1 perturbation. Integrative bioinformatic analyses revealed associations of LOXL1-AS1 with processes of cancer stemness, cell differentiation, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. LOXL1-AS1 positively regulated the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2. Knockdown of TGF-β2 in SHH-MB cells significantly abrogated their LOXL1-AS1-mediated prometastatic functions. CONCLUSIONS This study proved the functional significance of LOXL1-AS1 in SHH-MB metastasis by its promotion of TGF-β2-mediated cancer stem-like phenotypes, providing both prognostic and therapeutic potentials for targeting SHH-MB metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duy Do
- International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Kuo-Sheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Shung Chu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Le Hien Giang
- International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, 180000, Vietnam
| | - Yu-Ling Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chang Chang
- International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Tong Wong
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Institute for Drug Evaluation Platform, Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan.
| | - Shian-Ying Sung
- International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Hatanaka EA, Breunig JJ. In vitro and in vivo modeling systems of supratentorial ependymomas. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1360358. [PMID: 38469231 PMCID: PMC10925685 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1360358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ependymomas are rare brain tumors that can occur in both children and adults. Subdivided by the tumors' initial location, ependymomas develop in the central nervous system in the supratentorial or infratentorial/posterior fossa region, or the spinal cord. Supratentorial ependymomas (ST-EPNs) are predominantly characterized by common driver gene fusions such as ZFTA and YAP1 fusions. Some variants of ST-EPNs carry a high overall survival rate. In poorly responding ST-EPN variants, high levels of inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, limited therapeutic strategies, and tumor recurrence are among the reasons for poor patient outcomes with other ST-EPN subtypes. Thus, modeling these molecular profiles is key in further studying tumorigenesis. Due to the scarcity of patient samples, the development of preclinical in vitro and in vivo models that recapitulate patient tumors is imperative when testing therapeutic approaches for this rare cancer. In this review, we will survey ST-EPN modeling systems, addressing the strengths and limitations, application for therapeutic targeting, and current literature findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Hatanaka
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joshua J. Breunig
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Neural Sciences in Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Zhang S, Yang R, Ouyang Y, Shen Y, Hu L, Xu C. Cancer stem cells: a target for overcoming therapeutic resistance and relapse. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0333. [PMID: 38164743 PMCID: PMC10845928 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cells in cancers that are thought to initiate tumorous transformation and promote metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to treatment. Growing evidence has revealed the existence of CSCs in various types of cancers and suggested that CSCs differentiate into diverse lineage cells that contribute to tumor progression. We may be able to overcome the limitations of cancer treatment with a comprehensive understanding of the biological features and mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance in CSCs. This review provides an overview of the properties, biomarkers, and mechanisms of resistance shown by CSCs. Recent findings on metabolic features, especially fatty acid metabolism and ferroptosis in CSCs, are highlighted, along with promising targeting strategies. Targeting CSCs is a potential treatment plan to conquer cancer and prevent resistance and relapse in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610042, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Chengdu Wenjiang District People’s Hospital, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yujie Ouyang
- Acupuncture and Massage College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Oncology & Cancer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Lanlin Hu
- Department of Oncology & Cancer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Yu-Yue Pathology Scientific Research Center, Chongqing 400039, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Oncology & Cancer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Yu-Yue Pathology Scientific Research Center, Chongqing 400039, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
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Grunwald V, Ngo HD, Formanski JP, Jonas JS, Pöhlking C, Schwalbe B, Schreiber M. Development of Zika Virus E Variants for Pseudotyping Retroviral Vectors Targeting Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14487. [PMID: 37833934 PMCID: PMC10572498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental idea for targeting glioblastoma cells is to exploit the neurotropic properties of Zika virus (ZIKV) through its two outer envelope proteins, prM and E. This study aimed to develop envelope glycoproteins for pseudotyping retroviral vectors that can be used for efficient tumor cell infection. Firstly, the retroviral vector pNLlucAM was packaged using wild-type ZIKV E to generate an E-HIVluc pseudotype. E-HIVluc infection rates for tumor cells were higher than those of normal prME pseudotyped particles and the traditionally used vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) pseudotypes, indicating that protein E alone was sufficient for the formation of infectious pseudotyped particles. Secondly, two envelope chimeras, E41.1 and E41.2, with the E wild-type transmembrane domain replaced by the gp41 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, were constructed; pNLlucAM or pNLgfpAM packaged with E41.1 or E41.2 constructs showed infectivity for tumor cells, with the highest rates observed for E41.2. This envelope construct can be used not only as a tool to further develop oncolytic pseudotyped viruses for therapy, but also as a new research tool to study changes in tumor cells after the transfer of genes that might have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Grunwald
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hai Dang Ngo
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Patrick Formanski
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Sue Jonas
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Celine Pöhlking
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birco Schwalbe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg GmbH, Asklepios Klinik Nord, Standort Heidberg, 22417 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schreiber
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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Tang-Schomer MD, Bookland MJ, Sargent JE, N Jackvony T. Human Patient-Derived Brain Tumor Models to Recapitulate Ependymoma Tumor Vasculature. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:840. [PMID: 37508868 PMCID: PMC10376907 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite in vivo malignancy, ependymoma lacks cell culture models, thus limiting therapy development. Here, we used a tunable three-dimensional (3D) culture system to approximate the ependymoma microenvironment for recapitulating a patient's tumor in vitro. Our data showed that the inclusion of VEGF in serum-free, mixed neural and endothelial cell culture media supported the in vitro growth of all four ependymoma patient samples. The growth was driven by Nestin and Ki67 double-positive cells in a putative cancer stem cell niche, which was manifested as rosette-looking clusters in 2D and spheroids in 3D. The effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) such as collagen or Matrigel superseded that of the media conditions, with Matrigel resulting in the greater enrichment of Nestin-positive cells. When mixed with endothelial cells, the 3D co-culture models developed capillary networks resembling the in vivo ependymoma vasculature. The transcriptomic analysis of two patient cases demonstrated the separation of in vitro cultures by individual patients, with one patient's culture samples closely clustered with the primary tumor tissue. While VEGF was found to be necessary for preserving the transcriptomic features of in vitro cultures, the presence of endothelial cells shifted the gene's expression patterns, especially genes associated with ECM remodeling. The homeobox genes were mostly affected in the 3D in vitro models compared to the primary tumor tissue and between different 3D formats. These findings provide a basis for understanding the ependymoma microenvironment and enabling the further development of patient-derived in vitro ependymoma models for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min D Tang-Schomer
- UConn Health, Department of Pediatrics, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Markus J Bookland
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington St., Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Jack E Sargent
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Taylor N Jackvony
- UConn Health, Department of Pediatrics, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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6
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Andrieux G, Das T, Griffin M, Straehle J, Paine SML, Beck J, Boerries M, Heiland DH, Smith SJ, Rahman R, Chakraborty S. Spatially resolved transcriptomic profiles reveal unique defining molecular features of infiltrative 5ALA-metabolizing cells associated with glioblastoma recurrence. Genome Med 2023; 15:48. [PMID: 37434262 PMCID: PMC10337060 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatiotemporal heterogeneity originating from genomic and transcriptional variation was found to contribute to subtype switching in isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 wild-type glioblastoma (GBM) prior to and upon recurrence. Fluorescence-guided neurosurgical resection utilizing 5-aminolevulinic acid (5ALA) enables intraoperative visualization of infiltrative tumors outside the magnetic resonance imaging contrast-enhanced regions. The cell population and functional status of tumor responsible for enhancing 5ALA-metabolism to fluorescence-active PpIX remain elusive. The close spatial proximity of 5ALA-metabolizing (5ALA +) cells to residual disease remaining post-surgery renders 5ALA + biology an early a priori proxy of GBM recurrence, which is poorly understood. METHODS We performed spatially resolved bulk RNA profiling (SPRP) analysis of unsorted Core, Rim, Invasive margin tissue, and FACS-isolated 5ALA + /5ALA - cells from the invasive margin across IDH-wt GBM patients (N = 10) coupled with histological, radiographic, and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopic analyses. Deconvolution of SPRP followed by functional analyses was performed using CIBEROSRTx and UCell enrichment algorithms, respectively. We further investigated the spatial architecture of 5ALA + enriched regions by analyzing spatial transcriptomics from an independent IDH-wt GBM cohort (N = 16). Lastly, we performed survival analysis using Cox Proportinal-Hazards model on large GBM cohorts. RESULTS SPRP analysis integrated with single-cell and spatial transcriptomics uncovered that the GBM molecular subtype heterogeneity is likely to manifest regionally in a cell-type-specific manner. Infiltrative 5ALA + cell population(s) harboring transcriptionally concordant GBM and myeloid cells with mesenchymal subtype, -active wound response, and glycolytic metabolic signature, was shown to reside within the invasive margin spatially distinct from the tumor core. The spatial co-localization of the infiltrating MES GBM and myeloid cells within the 5ALA + region indicates PpIX fluorescence can effectively be utilized to resect the immune reactive zone beyond the tumor core. Finally, 5ALA + gene signatures were associated with poor survival and recurrence in GBM, signifying that the transition from primary to recurrent GBM is not discrete but rather a continuum whereby primary infiltrative 5ALA + remnant tumor cells more closely resemble the eventual recurrent GBM. CONCLUSIONS Elucidating the unique molecular and cellular features of the 5ALA + population within tumor invasive margin opens up unique possibilities to develop more effective treatments to delay or block GBM recurrence, and warrants commencement of such treatments as early as possible post-surgical resection of the primary neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tonmoy Das
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Systems Cell-Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Michaela Griffin
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jakob Straehle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon M L Paine
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jürgen Beck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter H Heiland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stuart J Smith
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Sajib Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Systems Cell-Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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7
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Han YP, Lin HW, Li H. Cancer Stem Cells in Tumours of the Central Nervous System in Children: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3154. [PMID: 37370764 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subgroup of cells found in various kinds of tumours with stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal, induced differentiation, and tumourigenicity. The existence of CSCs is regarded as a major source of tumour recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) are the most common solid tumours in children, which have many different types including highly malignant embryonal tumours and midline gliomas, and low-grade gliomas with favourable prognoses. Stem cells from the CNS tumours have been largely found and reported by researchers in the last decade and their roles in tumour biology have been deeply studied. However, the cross-talk of CSCs among different CNS tumour types and their clinical impacts have been rarely discussed. This article comprehensively reviews the achievements in research on CSCs in paediatric CNS tumours. Biological functions, diagnostic values, and therapeutic perspectives are reviewed in detail. Further investigations into CSCs are warranted to improve the clinical practice in treating children with CNS tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Hou-Wei Lin
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Jiaxing Women and Children Hospital Affiliated to Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China
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Emerging biomarker in carcinogenesis. Focus on Nestin. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2022; 39:1001-1007. [PMID: 36686021 PMCID: PMC9837589 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2022.122599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestin is a protein belonging to class VI intermediate filaments, which is involved in organogenesis, cellular metabolism and cytoskeletal organisation. Originally found to be expressed in neuroepithelial stem cells, nestin is also expressed in other tissues. It plays an important role in the carcinogenesis and angiogenesis. Its increased expression in melanoma is associated with an aggressive course of the disease and poor prognosis. Research findings for non-melanocytic skin neoplasms are inconclusive. The aim of this paper was to systematize knowledge on the role of nestin in cancerogenesis. The authors focused in particular on the expression of nestin in skin malignancies, as well as on the potential role of nestin in the pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of cutaneous neoplasms.
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9
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Geng A, Xu S, Yao Y, Qian Z, Wang X, Sun J, Zhang J, Shi F, Chen Z, Zhang W, Mao Z, Lu W, Jiang Y. Chrysin impairs genomic stability by suppressing DNA double-strand break repair in breast cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:379-391. [PMID: 34985375 PMCID: PMC8855858 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.2020434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysin, a natural compound isolated from various plants, such as the blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea L.), exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Accumulating evidence shows that chrysin inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and regulating cell cycle arrest. However, whether chrysin is involved in regulating genomic stability and its underlying mechanisms in breast cancer cells have not been determined. Here, we demonstrated that chrysin impairs genomic stability in MCF-7 and BT474 cells, inhibits cell survival and enhances the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Further experiments revealed that chrysin impairs DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, resulting in accumulation of DNA damage. Mechanistic studies showed that chrysin inhibits the recruitment of the key NHEJ factor 53BP1 and delays the recruitment of the HR factor RAD51. Thus, we elucidated novel regulatory mechanisms of chrysin in DSB repair and proposed that a combination of chrysin and chemotherapy has curative potential in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Geng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,CONTACT Anke Geng Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Shiya Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxia Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Qian
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyue Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weina Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Wen Lu Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Ying Jiang Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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10
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Hayden E, Holliday H, Lehmann R, Khan A, Tsoli M, Rayner BS, Ziegler DS. Therapeutic Targets in Diffuse Midline Gliomas-An Emerging Landscape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246251. [PMID: 34944870 PMCID: PMC8699135 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) remain one of the most devastating childhood brain tumour types, for which there is currently no known cure. In this review we provide a summary of the existing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disease, highlighting current analyses and novel treatment propositions. Together, the accumulation of these data will aid in the understanding and development of more effective therapeutic options for the treatment of DMGs. Abstract Diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) are invariably fatal pediatric brain tumours that are inherently resistant to conventional therapy. In recent years our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of DMG tumorigenicity has resulted in the identification of novel targets and the development of a range of potential therapies, with multiple agents now being progressed to clinical translation to test their therapeutic efficacy. Here, we provide an overview of the current therapies aimed at epigenetic and mutational drivers, cellular pathway aberrations and tumor microenvironment mechanisms in DMGs in order to aid therapy development and facilitate a holistic approach to patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Hayden
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia; (E.H.); (H.H.); (R.L.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (B.S.R.)
| | - Holly Holliday
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia; (E.H.); (H.H.); (R.L.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (B.S.R.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lehmann
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia; (E.H.); (H.H.); (R.L.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (B.S.R.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Aaminah Khan
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia; (E.H.); (H.H.); (R.L.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (B.S.R.)
| | - Maria Tsoli
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia; (E.H.); (H.H.); (R.L.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (B.S.R.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Benjamin S. Rayner
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia; (E.H.); (H.H.); (R.L.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (B.S.R.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - David S. Ziegler
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia; (E.H.); (H.H.); (R.L.); (A.K.); (M.T.); (B.S.R.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick 2031, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9382-1730; Fax: +61-2-9382-1789
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11
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Thomas P, Galopin N, Bonérandi E, Clémenceau B, Fougeray S, Birklé S. CAR T Cell Therapy's Potential for Pediatric Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215445. [PMID: 34771608 PMCID: PMC8582542 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary T cells that are genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors constitute an effective new therapy with curative potential for patients with hematological tumors. The value of chimeric antigen receptor T cells in childhood brain tumors, the leading cause of cancer death in children, is less clear. In this context, the main obstacles for these engineered T cells remain how to find them, allow them to infiltrate, and induce them to remain active in the tumor site. Here, we discuss recent progress in the field and examine future directions for realizing the potential of this therapy. Abstract Malignant central nervous system tumors are the leading cause of cancer death in children. Progress in high-throughput molecular techniques has increased the molecular understanding of these tumors, but the outcomes are still poor. Even when efficacious, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy cause neurologic and neurocognitive morbidity. Adoptive cell therapy with autologous CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T) has demonstrated remarkable remission rates in patients with relapsed refractory B cell malignancies. Unfortunately, tumor heterogeneity, the identification of appropriate target antigens, and location in a growing brain behind the blood–brain barrier within a specific suppressive immune microenvironment restrict the efficacy of this strategy in pediatric neuro-oncology. In addition, the vulnerability of the brain to unrepairable tissue damage raises important safety concerns. Recent preclinical findings, however, have provided a strong rationale for clinical trials of this approach in patients. Here, we examine the most important challenges associated with the development of CAR T cell immunotherapy and further present the latest preclinical strategies intending to optimize genetically engineered T cells’ efficiency and safety in the field of pediatric neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Thomas
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (P.T.); (N.G.); (E.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Natacha Galopin
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (P.T.); (N.G.); (E.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Emma Bonérandi
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (P.T.); (N.G.); (E.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Béatrice Clémenceau
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Sophie Fougeray
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (P.T.); (N.G.); (E.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Stéphane Birklé
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (P.T.); (N.G.); (E.B.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-228-08-03-00
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12
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Saydé T, Manczak R, Saada S, Bégaud G, Bessette B, Lespes G, Le Coustumer P, Gaudin K, Dalmay C, Pothier A, Lalloué F, Battu S. Characterization of Glioblastoma Cancer Stem Cells Sorted by Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation Using an Ultrahigh-Frequency Range Dielectrophoresis Biosensor. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12664-12671. [PMID: 34491042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) appear to be an essential target for cancer therapies, in particular, in brain tumors such as Glioblastoma. Nevertheless, their isolation is made difficult by their low content in culture or tumors (<5% of the tumor mass) and is essentially based on the use of fluorescent or magnetic labeling techniques, increasing the risk of differentiation induction. The use of label-free separation methods such as sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF) is promising, but it becomes necessary to consider a coupling with a detection and characterization method for future identification and purification of CSCs from patient-derived tumors. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the capability of using an ultrahigh-frequency range dielectrophoresis fluidic biosensor as a detector. This implies an important methodological adaptation of SdFFF cell sorting by the use of a new compatible carrier liquid DEP buffer (DEP-B). After SdFFF sorting, subpopulations derived from U87-MG and LN18 cell lines undergo biological characterization, demonstrating that using DEP-B as a carrier liquid, we sorted by SdFFF subpopulations with specific differentiation characteristics: F1 = differentiated cells/F2 = CSCs. These subpopulations presented high-frequency crossover (HFC) values similar to those measured for standard differentiated (around 110 MHz) and CSC (around 80 MHz) populations. This coupling appeared as a promising solution for the development of an online integration of these two complementary label-free separation/detection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Saydé
- EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges 87025, France.,ARNA, INSERM U1212, UMR CNRS 5320, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Rémi Manczak
- XLIM-UMR CNRS 7252, Université de Limoges, 123, avenue Albert Thomas, Limoges 87060 LIMOGES CEDEX, France
| | - Sofiane Saada
- EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges 87025, France
| | - Gaelle Bégaud
- EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges 87025, France
| | - Barbara Bessette
- EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges 87025, France
| | - Gaëtane Lespes
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (E2S/UPPA), 2 Avenue Pierre Angot, Pau 64053, France
| | - Philippe Le Coustumer
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420 CNRS-INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Karen Gaudin
- ARNA, INSERM U1212, UMR CNRS 5320, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Claire Dalmay
- XLIM-UMR CNRS 7252, Université de Limoges, 123, avenue Albert Thomas, Limoges 87060 LIMOGES CEDEX, France
| | - Arnaud Pothier
- XLIM-UMR CNRS 7252, Université de Limoges, 123, avenue Albert Thomas, Limoges 87060 LIMOGES CEDEX, France
| | - Fabrice Lalloué
- EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges 87025, France
| | - Serge Battu
- EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges 87025, France
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13
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Paul MR, Zage PE. Overview and recent advances in the targeting of medulloblastoma cancer stem cells. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:957-974. [PMID: 34047251 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1932472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Medulloblastoma, an embryonal small round blue cell tumor primarily arising in the posterior fossa, is the most common malignancy of the central nervous system in children and requires intensive multi-modality therapy for cure. Overall 5-year survival is approximately 75% in children with primary disease, but outcomes for relapsed disease are very poor. Recent advances have identified molecular subgroups with excellent prognosis, with 5-year overall survival rates >90%, and subgroups with very poor prognosis with overall survival rates <50%. Molecular subtyping has allowed for more sophisticated risk stratification of patients, but new treatments for the highest risk patients have not yet improved outcomes. Targeting cancer stem cells may improve outcomes, and several candidate targets and novel drugs are under investigation.Areas covered: We discuss medulloblastoma epidemiology, biology, treatment modalities, risk stratification, and molecular subgroup analysis, links between subgroup and developmental biology, cancer stem cell biology in medulloblastoma including previously described cancer stem cell markers and proposed targeted treatments in the current literature.Expert opinion: The understanding of cancer stem cells in medulloblastoma will advance therapies targeting the most treatment-resistant cells within the tumor and therefore reduce the incidence of treatment refractory and relapsed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rose Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (M.R.P., P.E.Z.); Peckham Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Peter E Zage
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (M.R.P., P.E.Z.); Peckham Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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14
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Nasir A, Cardall A, Othman RT, Nicolaou N, Lourdusamy A, Linke F, Onion D, Ryzhova M, Cameron H, Valente C, Ritchie A, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Grabowska AM, Kerr ID, Coyle B. ABCB1 inhibition provides a novel therapeutic target to block TWIST1-induced migration in medulloblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab030. [PMID: 33948561 PMCID: PMC8080134 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic intervention in metastatic medulloblastoma is dependent on elucidating the underlying metastatic mechanism. We investigated whether an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like pathway could drive medulloblastoma metastasis. Methods A 3D Basement Membrane Extract (3D-BME) model was used to investigate medulloblastoma cell migration. Cell line growth was quantified with AlamarBlue metabolic assays and the morphology assessed by time-lapse imaging. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR and protein expression by immunohistochemistry of patient tissue microarrays and mouse orthotopic xenografts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to determine whether the EMT transcription factor TWIST1 bound to the promoter of the multidrug pump ABCB1. TWIST1 was overexpressed in MED6 cells by lentiviral transduction (MED6-TWIST1). Inhibition of ABCB1 was mediated by vardenafil, and TWIST1 expression was reduced by either Harmine or shRNA. Results Metastatic cells migrated to form large metabolically active aggregates, whereas non-tumorigenic/non-metastatic cells formed small aggregates with decreasing metabolic activity. TWIST1 expression was upregulated in the 3D-BME model. TWIST1 and ABCB1 were significantly associated with metastasis in patients (P = .041 and P = .04, respectively). High nuclear TWIST1 expression was observed in the invasive edge of the MED1 orthotopic model, and TWIST1 knockdown in cell lines was associated with reduced cell migration (P < .05). TWIST1 bound to the ABCB1 promoter (P = .03) and induced cell aggregation in metastatic and TWIST1-overexpressing, non-metastatic (MED6-TWIST1) cells, which was significantly attenuated by vardenafil (P < .05). Conclusions In this study, we identified a TWIST1–ABCB1 signaling axis during medulloblastoma migration, which can be therapeutically targeted with the clinically approved ABCB1 inhibitor, vardenafil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishah Nasir
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alice Cardall
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ramadhan T Othman
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Niovi Nicolaou
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anbarasu Lourdusamy
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Franziska Linke
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David Onion
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marina Ryzhova
- Department of Neuropathology, NN Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hanna Cameron
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cara Valente
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alison Ritchie
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Cooperation Unit Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Pediatric Neurooncology and Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian D Kerr
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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15
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BLBP Is Both a Marker for Poor Prognosis and a Potential Therapeutic Target in Paediatric Ependymoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092100. [PMID: 33925302 PMCID: PMC8123630 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric ependymomas are aggressive, treatment-resistant tumours with a tendency towards relapse, consistent with a sub-population of therapy-resistant cancer stem cells. These cells are believed to derive from brain lipid binding protein (BLBP)-expressing radial glia, hence we proposed that BLBP may be a marker for ependymoma therapy resistance. BLBP protein expression correlated with reduced overall survival (OS) in patients from two trials (CNS9204, a chemotherapy-led infant trial-5 y OS 45% vs. 80%, p = 0.011-and CNS9904, a radiotherapy-led trial-OS 38% vs. 85%, p = 0.002). All ependymoma cell lines examined by qRT-PCR expressed BLBP, with expression elevated in stem cell-enriched neurospheres. Modulation of BLBP function in 2D and 3D assays, using either peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) antagonists or BLBP's fatty acid substrate docosahexaneoic acid (DHA), potentiated chemotherapy response and reduced cell migration and invasion in ependymoma cell lines. BLBP is therefore an independent predictor of poor survival in paediatric ependymoma, and treatment with PPAR antagonists or DHA may represent effective novel therapies, preventing chemotherapy resistance and invasion in paediatric ependymoma patients.
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16
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Abdalla Y, Luo M, Mäkilä E, Day BW, Voelcker NH, Tong WY. Effectiveness of porous silicon nanoparticle treatment at inhibiting the migration of a heterogeneous glioma cell population. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:60. [PMID: 33637089 PMCID: PMC7908697 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 80% of brain tumours are gliomas. Despite treatment, patient mortality remains high due to local metastasis and relapse. It has been shown that transferrin-functionalised porous silicon nanoparticles (Tf@pSiNPs) can inhibit the migration of U87 glioma cells. However, the underlying mechanisms and the effect of glioma cell heterogeneity, which is a hallmark of the disease, on the efficacy of Tf@pSiNPs remains to be addressed. RESULTS Here, we observed that Tf@pSiNPs inhibited heterogeneous patient-derived glioma cells' (WK1) migration across small perforations (3 μm) by approximately 30%. A phenotypical characterisation of the migrated subpopulations revealed that the majority of them were nestin and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 positive, an indication of their cancer stem cell origin. The treatment did not inhibit cell migration across large perforations (8 μm), nor cytoskeleton formation. This is in agreement with our previous observations that cellular-volume regulation is a mediator of Tf@pSiNPs' cell migration inhibition. Since aquaporin 9 (AQP9) is closely linked to cellular-volume regulation, and is highly expressed in glioma, the effect of AQP9 expression on WK1 migration was investigated. We showed that WK1 migration is correlated to the differential expression patterns of AQP9. However, AQP9-silencing did not affect WK1 cell migration across perforations, nor the efficacy of cell migration inhibition mediated by Tf@pSiNPs, suggesting that AQP9 is not a mediator of the inhibition. CONCLUSION This in vitro investigation highlights the unique therapeutic potentials of Tf@pSiNPs against glioma cell migration and indicates further optimisations that are required to maximise its therapeutic efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Abdalla
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.,Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Meihua Luo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ermei Mäkilä
- Industrial Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Bryan W Day
- Sid Faithfull Brain Cancer Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong. .,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,Leibniz Institut für Neue Materialien (INM), Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Wing Yin Tong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Targeting Glioma Stem-Like Cells for Malignant Glioma Treatment: Latest Advances and Implications for Clinical Application. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020516. [PMID: 32102285 PMCID: PMC7072475 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are heterogeneous neoplasms. Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) are undifferentiated and self-renewing cells that develop and maintain these tumors. These cells are the main population that resist current therapies. Genomic and epigenomic analyses has identified various molecular subtypes. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) reduces the number of GSCs through differentiation and induction of apoptosis, thus increasing therapeutic sensitivity. However, the short half-life of BMP4 impedes its clinical application. We previously reviewed BMP4 signaling in central nervous system development and glioma tumorigenesis and its potential as a treatment target in human gliomas. Recent advances in understanding both adult and pediatric malignant gliomas highlight critical roles of BMP4 signaling pathways in the regulation of tumor biology, and indicates its potential as a therapeutic molecule. Furthermore, significant progress has been made on synthesizing BMP4 biocompatible delivery materials, which can bind to and markedly extend BMP4 half-life. Here, we review current research associated with BMP4 in brain tumors, with an emphasis on pediatric malignant gliomas. We also summarize BMP4 delivery strategies, highlighting biocompatible BMP4 binding peptide amphiphile nanostructures as promising novel delivery platforms for treatment of these devastating tumors.
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18
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Hermans E, Hulleman E. Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models of Pediatric Brain Tumors: In a Mature Phase or Still in Its Infancy? Front Oncol 2020; 9:1418. [PMID: 31970083 PMCID: PMC6960099 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, molecular profiling has led to the discovery of an increasing number of brain tumor subtypes, and associated therapeutic targets. These molecular features have been incorporated in the 2016 new World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS), which now distinguishes tumor subgroups not only histologically, but also based on molecular characteristics. Despite an improved diagnosis of (pediatric) tumors in the CNS however, the survival of children with malignant brain tumors still is far worse than for those suffering from other types of malignancies. Therefore, new treatments need to be developed, based on subgroup-specific genetic aberrations. Here, we provide an overview of the currently available orthotopic xenograft models for pediatric brain tumor subtypes as defined by the 2016 WHO classification, to facilitate the choice of appropriate animal models for the preclinical testing of novel treatment strategies, and to provide insight into the current gaps and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hermans
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esther Hulleman
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Lester A, McDonald KL. Intracranial ependymomas: molecular insights and translation to treatment. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:3-12. [PMID: 31433520 PMCID: PMC8018002 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymomas are primary central nervous system tumors (CNS), arising within the posterior fossa and supratentorial regions of the brain, and in the spine. Over the last decade, research has resulted in substantial insights into the molecular characteristics of ependymomas, and significant advances have been made in the establishment of a molecular classification system. Ependymomas both within and between the three CNS regions in which they arise, have been shown to contain distinct genetic, epigenetic and cytogenic aberrations, with at least three molecularly distinct subgroups identified within each region. However, these advances in molecular characterization have yet to be translated into clinical practice, with the standard treatment for ependymoma patients largely unchanged. This review summarizes the advances made in the molecular characterization of intracranial ependymomas, outlines the progress made in establishing preclinical models and proposes strategies for moving toward subgroup-specific preclinical investigations and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Lester
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUniversity of NSWSydneyAustralia
| | - Kerrie L. McDonald
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUniversity of NSWSydneyAustralia
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20
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Sabnis DH, Storer LCD, Liu JF, Jackson HK, Kilday JP, Grundy RG, Kerr ID, Coyle B. A role for ABCB1 in prognosis, invasion and drug resistance in ependymoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10290. [PMID: 31311995 PMCID: PMC6635358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three of the hallmarks of poor prognosis in paediatric ependymoma are drug resistance, local invasion and recurrence. We hypothesised that these hallmarks were due to the presence of a sub-population of cancer stem cells expressing the multi-drug efflux transporter ABCB1. ABCB1 gene expression was observed in 4 out of 5 paediatric ependymoma cell lines and increased in stem cell enriched neurospheres. Functional inhibition of ABCB1 using vardenafil or verapamil significantly (p ≤ 0.05–0.001) potentiated the response to three chemotherapeutic drugs (vincristine, etoposide and methotrexate). Both inhibitors were also able to significantly reduce migration (p ≤ 0.001) and invasion (p ≤ 0.001). We demonstrate that ABCB1 positive patients from an infant chemotherapy-led trial (CNS9204) had a shorter mean event free survival (EFS) (2.7 versus 8.6 years; p = 0.007 log-rank analysis) and overall survival (OS) (5.4 versus 12 years; p = 0.009 log-rank analysis). ABCB1 positivity also correlated with reduced event free survival in patients with incompletely resected tumours who received chemotherapy across CNS9204 and CNS9904 (a radiotherapy-led SIOP 1999-04 trial cohort; p = 0.03). ABCB1 is a predictive marker of chemotherapy response in ependymoma patients and vardenafil, currently used to treat paediatric pulmonary hypertension in children, could be repurposed to reduce chemoresistance, migration and invasion in paediatric ependymoma patients at non-toxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgagauri H Sabnis
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lisa C D Storer
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jo-Fen Liu
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hannah K Jackson
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J P Kilday
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Children's Brain Tumour Research Network & Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard G Grundy
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian D Kerr
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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21
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Rogers HA, Chapman R, Kings H, Allard J, Barron-Hastings J, Pajtler KW, Sill M, Pfister S, Grundy RG. Limitations of current in vitro models for testing the clinical potential of epigenetic inhibitors for treatment of pediatric ependymoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36530-36541. [PMID: 30559935 PMCID: PMC6284855 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic modifications have been shown to play an important role in the classification and pathogenesis of the pediatric brain tumor ependymoma, suggesting they are a potential therapeutic target. Results Agents targeting epigenetic modifications inhibited the growth and induced the death of ependymoma cells with variable efficiency. However, this was often not at clinically achievable doses. Additionally, DNA methylation profiling revealed a lack of similarity to primary ependymomas suggesting alterations were induced during culture. Toxicity to fetal neural stem cells was also seen at similar drug concentrations Conclusions Agents targeting epigenetic modifications were able to inhibit the growth and induced the death of ependymoma cells grown in vitro. However, many agents were only active at high doses, outside clinical ranges, and also resulted in toxicity to normal brain cells. The lack of similarity in DNA methylation profiles between cultured cells and primary ependymomas questions the validity of using in vitro cultured cells for pre-clinical analysis of agents targeting epigenetic mechanisms and suggests further investigation using models that are more appropriate should be undertaken before agents are taken forward for clinical testing. Materials and Methods The effects of agents targeting epigenetic modifications on the growth and death of a panel of ependymoma cell lines was investigated, as well as toxicity to normal fetal neural stem cells. The ependymoma cell lines were characterized using DNA methylation profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Anne Rogers
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rebecca Chapman
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Holly Kings
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julie Allard
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jodie Barron-Hastings
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Hopp Children's Cancer Centre at the NCT (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sill
- Hopp Children's Cancer Centre at the NCT (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Centre at the NCT (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Guy Grundy
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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22
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MSI1 associates glioblastoma radioresistance via homologous recombination repair, tumor invasion and cancer stem-like cell properties. Radiother Oncol 2018; 129:352-363. [PMID: 30322656 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common brain malignancy in adults, and currently available GBM treatments present several unique challenges. It is known that GBM involves cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and tumor cells that aggressively invade normal brain tissues, and both cell types may cause resistance to radiotherapy (RT) and are thus responsible for therapeutic failure. The radioresistance of GBM cells relies on the efficient activation of the DNA damage response (DDR), but the mechanisms linking this response with stem-cell status and tumor invasion remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used irradiation to treat patient-derived GBM (Par) cells and then purified radioresistant GBM (R2M2) cells through two rounds of irradiation and an invasion assay. Musashi-1 (MSI1) is a neural stem-cell marker and key oncogenic factor of GBM. We identified MSI1 expression to predict radioresistance through silencing an MSI1-high-expressing R2M2 cell line or inducing overexpression in a Par cell line with low/no MSI1 expression and assessing the subsequent DDR. RESULT MSI1 enhances tumor invasion via VCAM1 and modulates GBM radioresistance via the hyperactivation of the DDR through increasing homologous recombination repair and evading apoptosis. MSI1 knockdown induces DNA damage accumulation in irradiated GBM cells and promotes their depletion in vitro; MSI1 knockdown also inhibits the formation of GBMs generated by irradiated xeno-transplanted cells. MSI1 inhibition may radiosensitize tumors, prevent CSC-positive selection induced by RT, and reduce tumor invasion. CONCLUSION MSI1 may involve in regulating GBM radioresistance, invasion, and recurrence and could be a novel target for GBM treatment.
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23
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Wang Z, Liang P, He X, Wu B, Liu Q, Xu Z, Wu H, Liu Z, Qian Y, Wang S, Zhu R. Etoposide loaded layered double hydroxide nanoparticles reversing chemoresistance and eradicating human glioma stem cells in vitro and in vivo. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13106-13121. [PMID: 29961791 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02708k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant and lethal glioma in human brain tumors and contains self-renewing, tumorigenic glioma stem cells (GSCs) that contribute to tumor initiation, therapeutic resistance and further recurrence. In this study, we combined in vitro cellular efficacy with in vivo antitumor performance to evaluate the outcome of an etoposide (VP16) loaded layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposite (L-V) on human GSCs. The effects on GSC proliferation and apoptosis showed that loading with LDH could significantly sensitize GSCs to VP16 and enhance the GSC elimination. Further qPCR and western blot assays demonstrated that L-V could effectively attenuate GSC related pluripotency gene expression and reduce the cancer stemness. An in vivo GSC xenograft mice model showed that L-V can overcome drug resistance, eradicate GSCs, sharply decrease the stemness and reverse the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RNA-seq analysis elucidated that L-V plays a vital role by down-regulating the PI3K/AKt/mTOR expression and activating the Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway, hence leading to GSC stemness loss and greatly enhancing the GSC targeting effect. Taken together, this study demonstrated the outstanding performance of L-V reversing the drug resistance of GSCs, thus providing a novel strategy for clinical translation application of nanomedicine in malignant glioma chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Luo YT, Cheng J, Feng X, He SJ, Wang YW, Huang Q. The viable circulating tumor cells with cancer stem cells feature, where is the way out? J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:38. [PMID: 29482576 PMCID: PMC5828305 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With cancer stem cells (CSCs) became the research hotspot, emerging studies attempt to reveal the functions of these special subsets in tumorigenesis. Although various approaches have been used in CSCs researches, only a few could really reflect or simulate the microenvironment in vivo. At present, CSCs theories are still difficult to apply for clinical remedy because CSCs subpopulations are always hard to identify and trace. Thus an ideal approach for clinicians and researchers is urgently needed. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as the method of noninvasive-liquid biopsy, could be detected in the peripheral blood (PB) from many tumors and even could be treated as procurators for CSCs deeper researches from patient-derived sample. However, CTCs, as a diagnostic marker, also raise much controversy over theirs clinical value. Mechanisms causing CTCs to shed from the tumor have not been fully characterized, thus it is unclear whether CTCs represent the entire makeup of cancer cells in the tumor or only a subset. The heterogeneity of CTCs also caused different clinical outcomes. To overcome these unsolved problems, recently, CTC researches are not just depend on enumerations, whereas those CTC subsets that could expand in vitro may play a pivotal role in the metastatic cascade. Here, we retrospect the CTC developmental history and discourse upon the enrichment of viable CTCs in functional assays, probe the further avenue at the crossroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Luo
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - J Cheng
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - X Feng
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - S J He
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Y W Wang
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Q Huang
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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25
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Targeting DNA double strand break repair with hyperthermia and DNA-PKcs inhibition to enhance the effect of radiation treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65504-65513. [PMID: 27602767 PMCID: PMC5323171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is based on the induction of lethal DNA damage, primarily DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Efficient DSB repair via Non-Homologous End Joining or Homologous Recombination can therefore undermine the efficacy of radiotherapy. By suppressing DNA-DSB repair with hyperthermia (HT) and DNA-PKcs inhibitor NU7441 (DNA-PKcsi), we aim to enhance the effect of radiation. The sensitizing effect of HT for 1 hour at 42°C and DNA-PKcsi [1 μM] to radiation treatment was investigated in cervical and breast cancer cells, primary breast cancer sphere cells (BCSCs) enriched for cancer stem cells, and in an in vivo human tumor model. A significant radio-enhancement effect was observed for all cell types when DNA-PKcsi and HT were applied separately, and when both were combined, HT and DNA-PKcsi enhanced radio-sensitivity to an even greater extent. Strikingly, combined treatment resulted in significantly lower survival rates, 2 to 2.5 fold increase in apoptosis, more residual DNA-DSB 6 h post treatment and a G2-phase arrest. In addition, tumor growth analysis in vivo showed significant reduction in tumor growth and elevated caspase-3 activity when radiation was combined with HT and DNA-PKcsi compared to radiation alone. Importantly, no toxic side effects of HT or DNA-PKcsi were found. In conclusion, inhibiting DNA-DSB repair using HT and DNA-PKcsi before radiotherapy leads to enhanced cytotoxicity in cancer cells. This effect was even noticed in the more radio-resistant BCSCs, which are clearly sensitized by combined treatment. Therefore, the addition of HT and DNA-PKcsi to conventional radiotherapy is promising and might contribute to more efficient tumor control and patient outcome.
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26
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Dosch J, Hadley E, Wiese C, Soderberg M, Houwman T, Ding K, Kharazova A, Collins JL, van Knippenberg B, Gregory C, Kofman A. Time-lapse microscopic observation of non-dividing cells in cultured human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line. Cell Cycle 2017; 17:174-181. [PMID: 29169283 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1395535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells resemble normal tissue-specific stem cells in many aspects, such as self-renewal and plasticity. Like their non-malignant counterparts, cancer stem cells are suggested to exhibit a relative quiescence. The established cancer cell lines reportedly harbor slow-proliferating cells that are positive for some cancer stem cells markers. However, the fate of these cells and their progeny remains unknown. We used time-lapse microscopy and the contrast-based segmentation algorithm to identify and monitor actively dividing and non-dividing cells in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line. Within the monitored field of view the non-dividing cells were represented by three cells that never divided, and one cell that attempted to divide, but failed cytokinesis, and later, after significantly prolonged division, produced the progeny with enlarged segmented nuclei, thus pointing to a possible mitotic catastrophe. Together, these cells initially constituted about 6.2% of the total number of seeded cells, yet only 0.02% of all cells at the end of the observation period when cells became confluent. Non-dividing cells were characterized by rounded shape, dark nuclei, random cytoplasmic streaming and subtle oscillatory movement, however, they did not migrate and rarely formed cell-cell contacts as compared to actively dividing cells. Our data indicate that the observed non-dividing MG-63 cells do not have a growth advantage over other cells and, therefore, they do not contribute to the cancer stem cells pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dosch
- a Department of Biology , Dakota Wesleyan University , 219 Corrigan Science Center, 1200 W. University Ave, Mitchell , SD , U.S.A
| | - Elise Hadley
- a Department of Biology , Dakota Wesleyan University , 219 Corrigan Science Center, 1200 W. University Ave, Mitchell , SD , U.S.A
| | - Cal Wiese
- a Department of Biology , Dakota Wesleyan University , 219 Corrigan Science Center, 1200 W. University Ave, Mitchell , SD , U.S.A
| | - Marissa Soderberg
- a Department of Biology , Dakota Wesleyan University , 219 Corrigan Science Center, 1200 W. University Ave, Mitchell , SD , U.S.A
| | - Tori Houwman
- a Department of Biology , Dakota Wesleyan University , 219 Corrigan Science Center, 1200 W. University Ave, Mitchell , SD , U.S.A
| | - Kai Ding
- b Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , 401 N. Broadway / Suite 1471, Baltimore MD , U.S.A
| | | | - John L Collins
- d Department of Biology , University of Tennessee at Martin , 574 University Street, U.S.A
| | - Bart van Knippenberg
- e CytoSMART Technologies BV , De Lismortel 31 5612AR Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Carl Gregory
- f Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Texas A&M Health Science Center 208B , Reynolds Medical Building, College Station , TX , U.S.A
| | - Alexander Kofman
- a Department of Biology , Dakota Wesleyan University , 219 Corrigan Science Center, 1200 W. University Ave, Mitchell , SD , U.S.A .,g Aging-Cancer Interface Group , LDS Medical Center , St. Petersburg , Russian Federation
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27
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Wenger A, Larsson S, Danielsson A, Elbæk KJ, Kettunen P, Tisell M, Sabel M, Lannering B, Nordborg C, Schepke E, Carén H. Stem cell cultures derived from pediatric brain tumors accurately model the originating tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:18626-18639. [PMID: 28148893 PMCID: PMC5386635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children but high-grade gliomas in children and adolescents have remained a relatively under-investigated disease despite this. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of the diseases is required in order to improve the outcome for these children. In vitro-cultured primary tumor cells from patients are indispensable tools for this purpose by enabling functional analyses and development of new therapies. However, relevant well-characterized in vitro cultures from pediatric gliomas cultured under serum-free conditions have been lacking. We have therefore established patient-derived in vitro cultures and performed thorough characterization of the cells using large-scale analyses of DNA methylation, copy-number alterations and investigated their stability during prolonged time in culture. We show that the cells were stable during prolonged culture in serum-free stem cell media without apparent alterations in morphology or growth rate. The cells were proliferative, positive for stem cell markers, able to respond to differentiation cues and initiated tumors in zebrafish and mice suggesting that the cells are cancer stem cells or progenitor cells. The cells accurately mirrored the tumor they were derived from in terms of methylation pattern, copy number alterations and DNA mutations. These unique primary in vitro cultures can thus be used as a relevant and robust model system for functional studies on pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wenger
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Larsson
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Danielsson
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kirstine Juul Elbæk
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petronella Kettunen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neuropathology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Tisell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sabel
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Lannering
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Nordborg
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth Schepke
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Carén
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Khan I, Baeesa S, Bangash M, Schulten HJ, Alghamdi F, Qashqari H, Madkhali N, Carracedo A, Saka M, Jamal A, Al-Maghrabi J, AlQahtani M, Al-Karim S, Damanhouri G, Saini K, Chaudhary A, Abuzenadah A, Hussein D. Pleomorphism and drug resistant cancer stem cells are characteristic of aggressive primary meningioma cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:72. [PMID: 28736504 PMCID: PMC5521079 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meningioma tumors arise in arachnoid membranes, and are the most reported central nervous system (CNS) tumors worldwide. Up to 20% of grade I meningioma tumors reoccur and currently predictive cancer stem cells (CSCs) markers for aggressive and drug resistant meningiomas are scarce. Methods Meningioma tissues and primary cell lines were investigated using whole transcriptome microarray analysis, immunofluorescence staining of CSCs markers (including CD133, Sox2, Nestin, and Frizzled 9), and drug treatment with cisplatin or etoposide. Results Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of six meningioma samples separated tissues into two groups. Analysis identified stem cells related pathways to be differential between the two groups and indicated the de-regulation of the stem cell associated genes Reelin (RELN), Calbindin 1 (CALB1) and Anterior Gradient 2 Homolog (AGR2). Immunofluorescence staining for four tissues confirmed stemness variation in situ. Biological characterization of fifteen meningioma primary cell lines concordantly separated cells into two functionally distinct sub-groups. Pleomorphic cell lines (NG type) grew significantly faster than monomorphic cell lines (G type), had a higher number of cells that express Ki67, and were able to migrate aggressively in vitro. In addition, NG type cell lines had a lower expression of nuclear Caspase-3, and had a significantly higher number of CSCs co-positive for CD133+ Sox2+ or AGR2+ BMI1+. Importantly, these cells were more tolerant to cisplatin and etoposide treatment, showed a lower level of nuclear Caspase-3 in treated cells and harbored drug resistant CSCs. Conclusion Collectively, analyses of tissues and primary cell lines revealed stem cell associated genes as potential targets for aggressive and drug resistant meningiomas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-017-0441-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq Khan
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Baeesa
- Division of Neurosurgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bangash
- Division of Neurosurgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alghamdi
- Pathology Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi Qashqari
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Madkhali
- Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Cyber-University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Mohamad Saka
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif Jamal
- Pathology Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Pathology Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlQahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Karim
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazi Damanhouri
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Kulvinder Saini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib Road, Sirmour, 173101 Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Adeel Chaudhary
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Abuzenadah
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Deema Hussein
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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29
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Xi G, Li YD, Grahovac G, Rajaram V, Wadhwani N, Pundy T, Mania-Farnell B, James CD, Tomita T. Targeting CD133 improves chemotherapeutic efficacy of recurrent pediatric pilocytic astrocytoma following prolonged chemotherapy. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:21. [PMID: 28137267 PMCID: PMC5282778 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) are the most common pediatric central nervous system neoplasms. In the majority of cases these tumors are benign and receive favorable prognosis following gross total surgical resection. In patients with progressive or symptomatic tumors, aggressive surgical resection is generally not feasible, thus radiation or chemotherapy are accepted initial or adjuvant interventions. Due to serious long-lasting side-effects, radiation is limited in young children; therefore, chemotherapy is widely practiced as an adjuvant treatment for these patients. However, chemotherapy can promote the emergence of multidrug resistant tumor cells that are more malignant than those of the original tumor. CD133, a putative stem cell marker in normal tissue and malignant brain tumors, enhances multidrug resistant gene 1 (MDR1) expression following chemotherapy in adult malignant glioblastomas. This study examines the relationship between CD133 and MDR1 in pediatric PAs exposed to chemotherapy, with the goal of identifying therapeutic targets that manifest as a result of chemotherapy. Methods Slides were obtained for 15 recurrent PAs, seven of which had received chemotherapy prior to surgical treatment for the recurrent tumor. These samples, as well as primary tumor tissue slides from the same patients were used to investigate CD133 and MDR1 expression via immunofluorescence. Archived frozen tissue samples from the same patients were used to examine CD133, MDR1 and PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signaling mediators, via western blot. Two drug resistant pediatric PA cell lines Res186 and Res199 were also used to evaluate the role of CD133 on cell response to cytotoxic therapy. Results CD133 and MDR1 were co-expressed and their expression was elevated in recurrent PAs from patients that had received chemotherapy, compared to patients that had not received chemotherapy. PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signaling mediator expression was also elevated in recurrent, chemotherapy-treated PA. Suppressing CD133 expression with siCD133 decreased levels of PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signaling mediators and MDR1, while increasing cell chemosensitivity, as indicated by quantification of apoptotic cells following chemotherapy. Conclusions CD133 contributes to multidrug resistance by regulating MDR1 levels via the PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signal pathway not only in adult glioblastomas, but also in pediatric PAs. Targeting CD133, adjuvant to conventional chemotherapy may improve outcomes for children with recurrent PA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0593-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifa Xi
- Falk Brain Tumor Center, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E Chicago Ave, PO Box #28, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Yuping Derek Li
- Falk Brain Tumor Center, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E Chicago Ave, PO Box #28, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Gordan Grahovac
- Falk Brain Tumor Center, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E Chicago Ave, PO Box #28, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Veena Rajaram
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nitin Wadhwani
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tatiana Pundy
- Falk Brain Tumor Center, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E Chicago Ave, PO Box #28, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Charles David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Falk Brain Tumor Center, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E Chicago Ave, PO Box #28, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Yu H, Dai G, He QR, Tang JJ. Enantioselective synthesis and evaluation of 4-styryldihydropyrimidin-2-thiones as anti-proliferative agents. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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31
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van Oorschot B, Granata G, Di Franco S, Ten Cate R, Rodermond HM, Todaro M, Medema JP, Franken NAP. Targeting DNA double strand break repair with hyperthermia and DNA-PKcs inhibition to enhance the effect of radiation treatment. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 27602767 DOI: 10.1863/oncotarget.11798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is based on the induction of lethal DNA damage, primarily DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Efficient DSB repair via Non-Homologous End Joining or Homologous Recombination can therefore undermine the efficacy of radiotherapy. By suppressing DNA-DSB repair with hyperthermia (HT) and DNA-PKcs inhibitor NU7441 (DNA-PKcsi), we aim to enhance the effect of radiation.The sensitizing effect of HT for 1 hour at 42°C and DNA-PKcsi [1 μM] to radiation treatment was investigated in cervical and breast cancer cells, primary breast cancer sphere cells (BCSCs) enriched for cancer stem cells, and in an in vivo human tumor model. A significant radio-enhancement effect was observed for all cell types when DNA-PKcsi and HT were applied separately, and when both were combined, HT and DNA-PKcsi enhanced radio-sensitivity to an even greater extent. Strikingly, combined treatment resulted in significantly lower survival rates, 2 to 2.5 fold increase in apoptosis, more residual DNA-DSB 6 h post treatment and a G2-phase arrest. In addition, tumor growth analysis in vivo showed significant reduction in tumor growth and elevated caspase-3 activity when radiation was combined with HT and DNA-PKcsi compared to radiation alone. Importantly, no toxic side effects of HT or DNA-PKcsi were found.In conclusion, inhibiting DNA-DSB repair using HT and DNA-PKcsi before radiotherapy leads to enhanced cytotoxicity in cancer cells. This effect was even noticed in the more radio-resistant BCSCs, which are clearly sensitized by combined treatment. Therefore, the addition of HT and DNA-PKcsi to conventional radiotherapy is promising and might contribute to more efficient tumor control and patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje van Oorschot
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Granata
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Di Franco
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosemarie Ten Cate
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M Rodermond
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas A P Franken
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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de Araujo PR, Gorthi A, da Silva AE, Tonapi SS, Vo DT, Burns SC, Qiao M, Uren PJ, Yuan ZM, Bishop AJR, Penalva LOF. Musashi1 Impacts Radio-Resistance in Glioblastoma by Controlling DNA-Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2271-8. [PMID: 27470713 PMCID: PMC5012509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The conserved RNA-binding protein Musashi1 (MSI1) has been characterized as a stem cell marker, controlling the balance between self-renewal and differentiation and as a key oncogenic factor in numerous solid tumors, including glioblastoma. To explore the potential use of MSI1 targeting in therapy, we studied MSI1 in the context of radiation sensitivity. Knockdown of MSI1 led to a decrease in cell survival and an increase in DNA damage compared to control in cells treated with ionizing radiation. We subsequently examined mechanisms of double-strand break repair and found that loss of MSI1 reduces the frequency of nonhomologous end-joining. This phenomenon could be attributed to the decreased expression of DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit, which we have previously identified as a target of MSI1. Collectively, our results suggest a role for MSI1 in double-strand break repair and that its inhibition may enhance the effect of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rosa de Araujo
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Aparna Gorthi
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Acarizia E da Silva
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sonal S Tonapi
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Dat T Vo
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Suzanne C Burns
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mei Qiao
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Philip J Uren
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhi-Min Yuan
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander J R Bishop
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Luiz O F Penalva
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.
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Ivanov DP, Coyle B, Walker DA, Grabowska AM. In vitro models of medulloblastoma: Choosing the right tool for the job. J Biotechnol 2016; 236:10-25. [PMID: 27498314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recently-defined four molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma have required updating of our understanding of in vitro models to include molecular classification and risk stratification features from clinical practice. This review seeks to build a more comprehensive picture of the in vitro systems available for modelling medulloblastoma. The subtype classification and molecular characterisation for over 40 medulloblastoma cell-lines has been compiled, making it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses in current model systems. Less than half (18/44) of established medulloblastoma cell-lines have been subgrouped. The majority of the subgrouped cell-lines (11/18) are Group 3 with MYC-amplification. SHH cell-lines are the next most common (4/18), half of which exhibit TP53 mutation. WNT and Group 4 subgroups, accounting for 50% of patients, remain underrepresented with 1 and 2 cell-lines respectively. In vitro modelling relies not only on incorporating appropriate tumour cells, but also on using systems with the relevant tissue architecture and phenotype as well as normal tissues. Novel ways of improving the clinical relevance of in vitro models are reviewed, focusing on 3D cell culture, extracellular matrix, co-cultures with normal cells and organotypic slices. This paper champions the establishment of a collaborative online-database and linked cell-bank to catalyse preclinical medulloblastoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyan P Ivanov
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Cancer Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - David A Walker
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Cancer Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Zeng L, Zhao Y, Ouyang T, Zhao T, Zhang S, Chen J, Yu J, Lei T. Label-retaining assay enriches tumor-initiating cells in glioblastoma spheres cultivated in serum-free medium. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:815-824. [PMID: 27446356 PMCID: PMC4950123 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-retaining cells, which are characterized by dormancy or slow cycling, may be identified in a number of human normal and cancer tissues, and these cells demonstrate stem cell potential. In glioblastoma, label-retaining assays to enrich glioma stem cells remain to be fully investigated. In the present study, glioblastoma sphere cells cultured in serum-free medium were initially stained with the cell membrane fluorescent marker DiI. The fluorescence intensity during cell proliferation and sphere reformation was observed. At 2 weeks, the DiI-retaining cells were screened by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and compared phenotypically with the DiI-negative cells in terms of in vitro proliferation, clonogenicity and multipotency and for in vivo tumorigenicity, as well as sensitivity to irradiation and temozolomide treatment. It was observed that DiI-retaining cells accounted for a small proportion, <10%, within the glioblastoma spheres and that DiI-retaining cells proliferated significantly more slowly compared with DiI-negative cells (P=0.011, P=0.035 and P=0.023 in the of NCH421k, NCH441 and NCH644 glioblastoma sphere cell lines). Significantly increased clonogenicity (P=0.002, P=0.034 and P=0.016 in the NCH441, NCH644 and NCH421k glioblastoma sphere cell lines) and three-lineage multipotency were observed in DiI-retaining cells in vitro compared with DiI-negative cells. As few as 100 DiI-retaining cells were able to effectively generate tumors in the immunocompromised mouse brain, whereas the same number of DiI-negative cells possessed no such ability, indicating the increased tumorigenicity of DiI-retaining cells compared with DiI-negative cells. Furthermore, DiI-retaining cells demonstrated significant resistance following irradiation (P=0.012, P=0.024 and P=0.036) and temozolomide (P=0.003, P=0.005 and P=0.029) compared with DiI-negative cells in the NCH421k, NCH441 and NCH644 glioblastoma sphere cell lines, respectively. It was concluded that label-retaining cells in glioblastoma spheres manifest clear stem cell features and that the label-retaining assay may be utilized to further enrich glioma stem cells cultured under serum-free conditions for additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingcheng Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yiqing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Taohui Ouyang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Tianyuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Suojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jiasheng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Kwak J, Shim JK, Kim DS, Lee JH, Choi J, Park J, Shin KJ, Kim SH, Kim P, Huh YM, Kim EH, Chang JH, Kim SH, Kang SG. Isolation and characterization of tumorspheres from a recurrent pineoblastoma patient: Feasibility of a patient-derived xenograft. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:569-78. [PMID: 27277549 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of tumorspheres (TSs) might confer treatment resistance to pineoblastoma (PB). The existence of PB TSs with cellular immortalization potential has not yet been reported. We developed a procedure for isolating TSs from recurrent PB (rPB) and tested whether their properties made them suitable for use as a patient-derived xenograft (PDX). Immunocytochemical staining, RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR showed that, among stemness proteins, CD133, musashi and podoplanin were expressed at elevated levels in rPB TSs, but nestin was not. rPB TSs cultured under neuro-glial differentiation conditions expressed TUBB3, but not GFAP, MBP or NeuN. Unlike glioblastoma TSs, rPB TSs showed no clear evidence of invasion in 3D invasion assay or increased expression of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. An orthotopic xenograft showed that tumor xenografts replicated the histopathological features of the patient tumor and expressed similar genome profiles, as determined by short tandem repeat genotyping. These data demonstrate the isolation and the characterization of rPB TSs for the first time. Using an orthotopic xenograft, we showed that rPB TSs could replicate the patient tumor, demonstrating their potential as a PDX for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Kwak
- Department of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junjeong Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Shin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilnam Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Min Huh
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ho Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Tumours of the central nervous system are the most common solid tumour, accounting for a quarter of the 1500 cases of childhood cancer diagnosed each year in the U.K. They are the most common cause of cancer-related death in children. Treatment consists of surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Survival rates have generally increased, but many survivors suffer from radiotherapy-related neurocognitive and endocrine side effects as well as an increased risk of secondary cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy is normally given in combination to circumvent chemoresistance, but several studies have demonstrated it to be ineffective in the absence of radiotherapy. The identification of children with drug-resistant disease at the outset could allow stratification of those that are potentially curable by chemotherapy alone. Ultimately, however, what is required is a means to overcome this drug resistance and restore the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Medulloblastomas and ependymomas account for over 30% of paediatric brain tumours. Advances in neurosurgery, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy have led to improvements in 5-year overall survival rates. There remain, however, significant numbers of medulloblastoma patients that have intrinsically drug-resistant tumours and/or present with disseminated disease. Local relapse in ependymoma is also common and has an extremely poor prognosis with only 25% of children surviving first relapse. Each of these is consistent with the acquisition of drug and radiotherapy resistance. Since the majority of chemotherapy drugs currently used to treat these patients are transport substrates for ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) we will address the hypothesis that ABCB1 expression underlies this drug resistance.
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Khan IN, Al-Karim S, Bora RS, Chaudhary AG, Saini KS. Cancer stem cells: a challenging paradigm for designing targeted drug therapies. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1205-16. [PMID: 26143148 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite earlier controversies about their role and existence within tumors, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are now emerging as a plausible target for new drug discovery. Research and development (R&D) efforts are being directed against key gene(s) driving initiation, growth, and metastatic pathways in CSCs and the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the niche signals that enable these pluripotent CSCs to evade radio- and chemotherapy, and to travel to secondary tissues remain enigmatic. Small-molecule drugs, biologics, miRNA, RNA interference (RNAi), and vaccines, among others, are under active investigation. Here, we examine the feasibility of leveraging current knowhow of the molecular biology of CSCs and their cellular milieu to design futuristic, targeted drugs with potentially lower toxicity that can override the multiple drug-resistance issues currently observed with existing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq N Khan
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Karim
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Embryonic Stem Cell Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roop S Bora
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib 173 101, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Adeel G Chaudhary
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kulvinder S Saini
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib 173 101, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Nambirajan A, Sharma MC, Gupta RK, Suri V, Singh M, Sarkar C. Study of stem cell marker nestin and its correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor and microvascular density in ependymomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:714-25. [PMID: 24224478 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ependymomas are relatively rare glial tumours, whose pathogenesis is not well elucidated. They are enigmatic tumours that show site-specific differences in their biological behaviour. Recent studies have hypothesized that ependymoma cancer stem cells (CSCs) are derived from radial glia and express stem cell markers such as nestin, which is associated with a poor prognosis. CSCs reside in 'vascular niches', where endothelial cells and molecular signals like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play an important role in their survival. Studies analysing VEGF expression in ependymomas showed that ependymal vascular proliferation is less sensitive to induction by VEGF, questioning the possible beneficial effect of anti-VEGF therapy in ependymomas. We aimed to study nestin and VEGF immunoexpression in ependymomas, correlate them with clinicopathological parameters and reveal a role for VEGF in ependymomas that extends beyond the context of tumour angiogenesis. METHODS We analysed 126 cases of ependymomas of different grades and locations for nestin and VEGF immunoexpression. Endothelial cells were labelled with CD34. Vascular patterns and microvascular density was determined. RESULTS Nestin and VEGF expression in tumour cells were more frequent in supratentorial tumours [89% (33/37) and 65% (24/37) respectively], and were associated with a significantly poor progression-free survival (PFS). VEGF expression did not reveal any correlation with necrosis or bizarre vascular patterns. CONCLUSIONS Supratentorial location is an independent predictor of a poor PFS. Significant coexpression of nestin and VEGF suggests that latter possibly augments stem cell survival. Thus, anti-VEGF therapy may be a good option in future for nestin immunopositive ependymomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Nambirajan
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Neradil J, Veselska R. Nestin as a marker of cancer stem cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:803-11. [PMID: 25940879 PMCID: PMC4520630 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the pathology of malignant diseases has been extensively studied during the last decade. Nestin, a class VI intermediate filament protein, was originally detected in neural stem cells during development. Its expression has also been reported in different tissues under various pathological conditions. Specifically, nestin has been shown to be expressed in transformed cells of various human malignancies, and a correlation between its expression and the clinical course of some diseases has been proved. Furthermore, the coexpression of nestin with other stem cell markers was described as a CSC phenotype that was subsequently verified using tumorigenicity assays. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the recent findings regarding nestin expression in CSCs, its possible role in CSC phenotypes, particularly with respect to capacity for self-renewal, and its utility as a putative marker of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Neradil
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Xi G, Hayes E, Lewis R, Ichi S, Mania-Farnell B, Shim K, Takao T, Allender E, Mayanil CS, Tomita T. CD133 and DNA-PK regulate MDR1 via the PI3K- or Akt-NF-κB pathway in multidrug-resistant glioblastoma cells in vitro. Oncogene 2015; 35:241-50. [PMID: 25823028 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an adjuvant treatment for glioblastomas, however, chemotherapy remains palliative because of the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). Following prolonged chemotherapy, MDR protein 1 (MDR1) and CD133 increase in recurrent glioblastomas. CD133 positive (CD133+) glioma cancer stem-like cells (GCSCs) markedly promote drug resistance and exhibit increased DNA damage repair capability; thus they have a key role in determining tumor chemosensitivity. Although CD133, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and MDR1 are elevated in CD133+ GCSCs, the relationship among these molecules has not been elucidated. In this study, MDR glioblastoma cell lines were created in response to prolonged doxorubicin chemotherapy. CD133, DNA-PK and MDR1 were markedly elevated in these cells. CD133 and DNA-PK may increase MDR1 via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signal pathway. PI3K downstream targets Akt and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which interacts with the MDR1 promoter, were also elevated in these cells. Downregulation of CD133 and DNA-PK by small interfering RNA, or inhibition of PI3K or Akt, decreased Akt, NF-κB and MDR1 expression. The results indicate that CD133 and DNA-PK regulate MDR1 through the PI3K- or Akt-NF-κB signal pathway. Consequently, a novel chemotherapeutic regimen targeting CD133 and DNA-PK in combination with traditional protocols may increase chemotherapeutic efficacy and improve prognosis for individuals who present with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Falk Brain Tumor Center, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E Hayes
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Lewis
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Ichi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Mania-Farnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN, USA
| | - K Shim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Takao
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E Allender
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C S Mayanil
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Development Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Tomita
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Falk Brain Tumor Center, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Xu J, Margol A, Asgharzadeh S, Erdreich-Epstein A. Pediatric brain tumor cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:218-24. [PMID: 25211508 PMCID: PMC10656279 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors as a group, including medulloblastomas, gliomas, and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) are the most common solid tumors in children and the leading cause of death from childhood cancer. Brain tumor-derived cell lines are critical for studying the biology of pediatric brain tumors and can be useful for initial screening of new therapies. Use of appropriate brain tumor cell lines for experiments is important, as results may differ depending on tumor properties, and can thus affect the conclusions and applicability of the model. Despite reports in the literature of over 60 pediatric brain tumor cell lines, the majority of published papers utilize only a small number of these cell lines. Here we list the approximately 60 currently-published pediatric brain tumor cell lines and summarize some of their central features as a resource for scientists seeking pediatric brain tumor cell lines for their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Xu
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Ashley Margol
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
- Department of Pathology, Saban Research Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
- Department of Pathology, Saban Research Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
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DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Inhibitors as Cancer Therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Overcoming multiple drug resistance mechanisms in medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:57. [PMID: 24887326 PMCID: PMC4229867 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour. Recurrence and progression of disease occurs in 15-20% of standard risk and 30-40% of high risk patients. We analysed whether circumvention of chemoresistance pathways (drug export, DNA repair and apoptotic inhibition) can restore chemotherapeutic efficacy in a panel of MB cell lines. RESULTS We demonstrate, by immunohistochemistry in patient tissue microarrays, that ABCB1 is expressed in 43% of tumours and is significantly associated with high-risk. We show that ABCB1, O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) and BCL2 family members are differentially expressed (by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and flow cytometry) in MB cell lines. Based on these findings, each pathway was then inhibited or circumvented and cell survival assessed using clonogenic assays. Inhibition of ABCB1 using vardenafil or verapamil resulted in a significant increase in sensitivity to etoposide in ABCB1-expressing MB cell lines. Sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) was MGMT-dependent, but two novel imidazotetrazine derivatives (N-3 sulfoxide and N-3 propargyl TMZ analogues) demonstrated ≥7 fold and ≥3 fold more potent cytotoxicity respectively compared to TMZ in MGMT-expressing MB cell lines. Activity of the BAD mimetic ABT-737 was BCL2A1 and ABCB1 dependent, whereas the pan-BCL2 inhibitor obatoclax was effective as a single cytotoxic agent irrespective of MCL1, BCL2, BCL2A1, or ABCB1 expression. CONCLUSIONS ABCB1 is associated with high-risk MB; hence, inhibition of ABCB1 by vardenafil may represent a valid approach in these patients. Imidazotetrazine analogues of TMZ and the BH3 mimetic obatoclax are promising clinical candidates in drug resistant MB tumours expressing MGMT and BCL2 anti-apoptotic members respectively.
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Meco D, Servidei T, Lamorte G, Binda E, Arena V, Riccardi R. Ependymoma stem cells are highly sensitive to temozolomide in vitro and in orthotopic models. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1067-77. [PMID: 24526307 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ependymoma management remains challenging because of the inherent chemoresistance of this tumor. To determine whether ependymoma stem cells (SCs) might contribute to therapy resistance, we investigated the sensitivity of ependymoma SCs to temozolomide and etoposide. METHODS The efficacies of the two DNA damaging agents were explored in two ependymoma SC lines in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS Ependymoma SC lines were highly sensitive to temozolomide and etoposide in vitro, but only temozolomide impaired tumor-initiation properties. Consistently, temozolomide but not etoposide showed significant antitumoral activity on ependymoma SC-driven subcutaneous and orthotopic xenografts by reducing the mitotic fraction. In vitro temozolomide at the EC50 (10 µM) induced accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase that was unexpectedly accompanied by downregulation of p27 and p21 without modulation of full-length p53 (FLp53). Differentiation-committed ependymoma SCs acquired resistance to temozolomide. Inhibition of proliferation was partly due to apoptosis, that occurred earlier in differentiated cells as compared to neurospheres. The activation of apoptosis correlated with an increase in p53β/γ isoforms without modulation of FLp53 under both serum-free and differentiation-promoting media. Incubation of cells in both conditions with temozolomide resulted in increased glioneuronal differentiation exhibiting elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein, galactosylceramidase, and βIII-tubulin expression compared to untreated controls. O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) transcript levels were very low in SCs, and were increased by treatment and, epigenetically, by differentiation through MGMT promoter unmethylation. CONCLUSION Ependymoma growth might be impaired by temozolomide through preferential depletion of a less differentiated, more tumorigenic, MGMT-negative cell population with stem-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Meco
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (D.M., T.S., R.R.); Istituto CSS - Mendel Laboratory, Rome, Italy (G.L.); Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Building U3, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy (E.B.); Institute of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (V.A.)
| | - Tiziana Servidei
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (D.M., T.S., R.R.); Istituto CSS - Mendel Laboratory, Rome, Italy (G.L.); Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Building U3, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy (E.B.); Institute of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (V.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Lamorte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (D.M., T.S., R.R.); Istituto CSS - Mendel Laboratory, Rome, Italy (G.L.); Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Building U3, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy (E.B.); Institute of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (V.A.)
| | - Elena Binda
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (D.M., T.S., R.R.); Istituto CSS - Mendel Laboratory, Rome, Italy (G.L.); Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Building U3, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy (E.B.); Institute of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (V.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (D.M., T.S., R.R.); Istituto CSS - Mendel Laboratory, Rome, Italy (G.L.); Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Building U3, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy (E.B.); Institute of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (V.A.)
| | - Riccardo Riccardi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (D.M., T.S., R.R.); Istituto CSS - Mendel Laboratory, Rome, Italy (G.L.); Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Building U3, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy (E.B.); Institute of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy (V.A.)
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Kwak J, Shin HJ, Kim SH, Shim JK, Lee JH, Huh YM, Kim EH, Park EK, Chang JH, Kim SH, Hong YK, Kim DS, Lee SJ, Kang SG. Isolation of tumor spheres and mesenchymal stem-like cells from a single primitive neuroectodermal tumor specimen. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29:2229-39. [PMID: 23812627 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been reported that cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be isolated from primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) specimens. Moreover, mesenchymal stem-like cells (MSLCs) have been isolated from Korean glioma specimens. Here, we tested whether tumor spheres and MSLCs can be simultaneously isolated from a single PNET specimen, a question that has not been addressed. METHODS We isolated single-cell suspensions from PNET specimens, then cultured these cells using methods for MSLCs or CSCs. Cultured cells were analyzed for surface markers of CSCs using immunocytochemistry and for surface markers of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Tumor spheres were exposed to neural differentiation conditions, and MSLCs were exposed to mesenchymal differentiation conditions. Possible locations of MSLCs within PNET specimens were determined by immunofluorescence analysis of tumor sections. RESULTS Cells similar to tumor spheres and MSLCs were independently isolated from one of two PNET specimens. Spheroid cells, termed PNET spheres, were positive for CD133 and nestin, and negative for musashi and podoplanin. PNET spheres were capable of differentiation into immature neural cells and astrocytes, but not oligodendrocytes or mature neural cells. FACS analysis revealed that adherent cells isolated from the same PNET specimen, termed PNET-MSLCs, had surface markers similar to BM-MSCs. These cells were capable of mesenchymal differentiation. Immunofluorescence labeling indicated that some CD105(+) cells might be closely related to endothelial cells and pericytes. CONCLUSION We showed that both tumor spheres and MSLCs can be isolated from the same PNET specimen. PNET-MSLCs occupied a niche in the vicinity of the vasculature and could be a source of stroma for PNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Kwak
- Department of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yu L, Liu S, Zhang C, Zhang B, Simões BM, Eyre R, Liang Y, Yan H, Wu Z, Guo W, Clarke RB. Enrichment of human osteosarcoma stem cells based on hTERT transcriptional activity. Oncotarget 2013; 4:2326-38. [PMID: 24334332 PMCID: PMC3926830 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is crucial for the maintenance of stem/progenitor cells in adult tissues and is detected in most malignant cancers, including osteosarcoma. However, the relationship between telomerase expression and cancer stem cells remains unknown. We observed that sphere-derived osteosarcoma cells had higher telomerase activity, indicating that telomerase activity might be enriched in osteosarcoma stem cells. We sorted subpopulations with high or low telomerase activity (TEL) using hTERT transcriptional promoter-induced green fluorescent protein (GFP). The TELpos cells showed an increased sphere and tumor propagating capacity compared to TELneg cells, and enhanced stem cell-like properties such as invasiveness, metastatic activity and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the telomerase inhibitor MST312 prevented tumorigenic potential both in vitro and in vivo, preferentially targeting the TELpos cells. These data support telomerase inhibition as a potential targeted therapy for osteosarcoma stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Shiqing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Bruno M. Simões
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Eyre
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China and the Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Huichao Yan
- Opening Laboratory for Oversea Scientists, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Science, Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tumor Hospital Xiangya School of Medicine of Central South University, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, P.R.China
| | - Weichun Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Robert B. Clarke
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK
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Rogers HA, Mayne C, Chapman RJ, Kilday JP, Coyle B, Grundy RG. PI3K pathway activation provides a novel therapeutic target for pediatric ependymoma and is an independent marker of progression-free survival. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6450-60. [PMID: 24077346 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, there are few effective adjuvant therapies for pediatric ependymoma outside confocal radiation, and prognosis remains poor. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is one of the most commonly activated pathways in cancer. PI3Ks transduce signals from growth factors and cytokines, resulting in the phosphorylation and activation of AKT, which in turn induces changes in cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PI3K pathway status was analyzed in ependymoma using gene expression data and immunohistochemical analysis of phosphorylated AKT (P-AKT). The effect of the PI3K pathway on cell proliferation was investigated by immunohistochemical analysis of cyclin D1 and Ki67, plus in vitro functional analysis. To identify a potential mechanism of PI3K pathway activation, PTEN protein expression and the mutation status of PI3K catalytic subunit α-isoform gene (PIK3CA) was investigated. RESULTS Genes in the pathway displayed significantly higher expression in supratentorial than in posterior fossa and spinal ependymomas. P-AKT protein expression, indicating pathway activation, was seen in 72% of tumors (n = 169) and P-AKT expression was found to be an independent marker of a poorer progression-free survival. A significant association between PI3K pathway activation and cell proliferation was identified, suggesting that pathway activation was influencing this process. PTEN protein loss was not associated with P-AKT staining and no mutations were identified in PIK3CA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the PI3K pathway could act as a biomarker, not only identifying patients with a worse prognosis but also those that could be treated with therapies targeted against the pathway, a strategy potentially effective in a high percentage of ependymoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel A Rogers
- Authors' Affiliation: Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, D Floor Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Marengo B, De Ciucis CG, Ricciarelli R, Furfaro AL, Colla R, Canepa E, Traverso N, Marinari UM, Pronzato MA, Domenicotti C. p38MAPK inhibition: a new combined approach to reduce neuroblastoma resistance under etoposide treatment. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e589. [PMID: 23579276 PMCID: PMC3641341 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the second most common solid pediatric tumor and is characterized by clinical and biological heterogeneity, and stage-IV of the disease represents 50% of all cases. Considering the limited success of present chemotherapy treatment, it has become necessary to find new and effective therapies. In this context, our approach consists of identifying and targeting key molecular pathways associated with NB chemoresistance. This study has been carried out on three stage-IV NB cell lines with different status of MYCN amplification. Cells were exposed to a standard chemotherapy agent, namely etoposide, either alone or in combination with particular drugs, which target intracellular signaling pathways. Etoposide alone induced a concentration-dependent reduction of cell viability and, at very high doses, totally counteracted cell tumorigenicity and neurosphere formation. In addition, etoposide activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), AKT and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Pre-treatment with SB203580, a p38MAPK inhibitor, dramatically sensibilized NB cells to etoposide, strongly reducing the dosage needed to inhibit tumorigenicity and neurosphere formation. Importantly, SB203580–etoposide cotreatment also reduced cell migration and invasion by affecting cyclooxygenase-2, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, C–X–C chemokine receptor-4 and matrix metalloprotease-9. Collectively, our results suggest that p38MAPK inhibition, in combination with standard chemotherapy, could represent an effective strategy to counteract NB resistance in stage-IV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Marengo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Friedman GK, Raborn J, Kelly VM, Cassady KA, Markert JM, Gillespie GY. Pediatric glioma stem cells: biologic strategies for oncolytic HSV virotherapy. Front Oncol 2013; 3:28. [PMID: 23450706 PMCID: PMC3584319 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common adult malignant brain tumor, GBMs in childhood represent less than 10% of pediatric malignant brain tumors and are phenotypically and molecularly distinct from adult GBMs. Similar to adult patients, outcomes for children with high-grade gliomas (HGGs) remain poor. Furthermore, the significant morbidity and mortality yielded by pediatric GBM is compounded by neurotoxicity for the developing brain caused by current therapies. Poor outcomes have been attributed to a subpopulation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistant cells, termed “glioma stem cells” (GSCs), “glioma progenitor cells,” or “glioma-initiating cells,” which have the ability to initiate and maintain the tumor and to repopulate the recurring tumor after conventional therapy. Future innovative therapies for pediatric HGG must be able to eradicate these therapy-resistant GSCs. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSV), genetically engineered to be safe for normal cells and to express diverse foreign anti-tumor therapeutic genes, have been demonstrated in preclinical studies to infect and kill GSCs and tumor cells equally while sparing normal brain cells. In this review, we discuss the unique aspects of pediatric GSCs, including markers to identify them, the microenvironment they reside in, signaling pathways that regulate them, mechanisms of cellular resistance, and approaches to target GSCs, with a focus on the promising therapeutic, genetically engineered oHSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Friedman
- Brain Tumor Research Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
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50
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Shin GY, Shim JK, Lee JH, Shin HJ, Lee SJ, Huh YM, Kim EH, Park EK, Kim SH, Chang JH, Kim DS, Hong YK, Kim SH, Kang SG, Lang FF. Changes in the biological characteristics of glioma cancer stem cells after serial in vivo subtransplantation. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29:55-64. [PMID: 23143001 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, the interaction between the niche and glioma cancer stem cells (gCSCs) is gaining attention. However, there are few studies concerned with the effects of repeated exposure to a new microenvironment on gCSCs characteristics. In this study, serial in vivo subtransplantation was performed to create a new microenvironment. We evaluated and compared the biological characteristics of gCSCs after serial in vivo subtransplantation. METHODS We cultured gCSCs from human glioma specimens according to cultured gliomasphere methods. The isolated gCSCs were termed zero-generation gCSCs (G0-gCSCs). By subsequent serial subtransplantation, we obtained first-generation gCSCs (G1-gCSCs) and second-generation gCSCs (G2-gCSCs). We evaluated and compared the biological characteristics of G0-gCSCs, G1-gCSCs, and G2-gCSCs. The in vitro characteristics included the morphology, surface marker profiles, and neural differentiation capacity and the in vivo characteristics was the survival of mice xenografts. Additionally, brain sections were analyzed using PCNA, TUNEL, and CD31 staining. RESULTS We observed no significant differences in the in vitro characteristics of G0-gCSCs, G1-gCSCs, and G2-gCSCs. However, the survival time of mice glioma xenografts was significantly decreased upon serial subtransplantation. In addition, immunohistochemical analyses showed that the number of TUNEL(+) cells was significantly decreased while the number of CD31(+) cells was significantly increased with serial in vivo subtransplantation. CONCLUSIONS There were significant in vivo biological changes in gCSCs upon serial in vivo subtransplantation, which were shorter xenograft survival, increased angiogenesis, and decreased apoptosis. This study suggests that the repeated exposure to new microenvironments may affect the biological changes in gCSCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeong Shin
- Department of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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