1
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Pan S, Yu W, Zhang J, Guo Y, Qiao X, Xu P, Zhai Y. Environmental chemical TCPOBOP exposure alters milk liposomes and offspring growth trajectories in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116061. [PMID: 38340598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) has become a global health concern, and EEDs are known to be potent inducers of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). 1,4-bis [2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP, hereafter abbreviated as TC), a specific ligand for CAR, has been considered as a potential EED. Here, we analyzed the effect of TC exposure to female mice on the histological morphology of their alveoli in the basic unit of lactation. We quantified differences in the milk metabolome of the control and TC-exposed group while assessing the correlations between metabolites and neonatal growth. Mammary histological results showed that TC exposure inhibited alveolar development. Based on the milk metabolomic data, we identified a total of 1505 differential metabolites in both the positive and negative ion mode, which indicated that TC exposure affected milk composition. As expected, the differential metabolites were significantly enriched in the drug metabolism pathway. Further analyses revealed that differential metabolites were significantly enriched in multiple lipid metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid biosynthesis, suggesting that most differential metabolites were concentrated in lipids. Simultaneously, a quantitative analysis showed that TC exposure led to a decrease in the relative abundance of total milk lipids, affecting the proportion of some lipid subclasses. Notably, a portion of lipid metabolites were associated with neonatal growth. Taken together, these findings suggest that TC exposure may affect milk lipidomes, resulting in the inability of mothers to provide adequate nutrients, ultimately affecting the growth and health of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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2
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Liang Y, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Yu Y, Zhang J. Environmental endocrine disruptors and pregnane X receptor action: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113976. [PMID: 37532173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a kind of orphan nuclear receptor activated by a series of ligands. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are a wide class of molecules present in the environment that are suspected to have adverse effects on the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Since EEDs may modulate human/rodent PXR, this review aims to summarize EEDs as PXR modulators, including agonists and antagonists. The modular structure of PXR is also described, interestingly, the pharmacology of PXR have been confirmed to vary among different species. Furthermore, PXR play a key role in the regulation of endocrine function. Endocrine disruption of EEDs via PXR and its related pathways are systematically summarized. In brief, this review may provide a way to understand the roles of EEDs in interaction with the nuclear receptors (such as PXR) and the related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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3
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Bernal K, Touma C, Erradhouani C, Boronat-Belda T, Gaillard L, Al Kassir S, Le Mentec H, Martin-Chouly C, Podechard N, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Langouet S, Brion F, Knoll-Gellida A, Babin PJ, Sovadinova I, Babica P, Andreau K, Barouki R, Vondracek J, Alonso-Magdalena P, Blanc E, Kim MJ, Coumoul X. Combinatorial pathway disruption is a powerful approach to delineate metabolic impacts of endocrine disruptors. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3107-3123. [PMID: 35957500 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and chronic liver diseases among others, has been rising for several years. Epidemiology and mechanistic (in vivo, in vitro and in silico) toxicology have recently provided compelling evidence implicating the chemical environment in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In this review, we will describe the biological processes that contribute to the development of metabolic diseases targeted by metabolic disruptors, and will propose an integrated pathophysiological vision of their effects on several organs. With regard to these pathomechanisms, we will discuss the needs, and the stakes of evolving the testing and assessment of endocrine disruptors to improve the prevention and management of metabolic diseases that have become a global epidemic since the end of last century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Bernal
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Charbel Touma
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - Chedi Erradhouani
- Université Paris Cité, France.,Ecotoxicologie des substances et des milieux, Parc ALATA, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Talía Boronat-Belda
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Gaillard
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Sara Al Kassir
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM U1211, MRGM, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Hélène Le Mentec
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - Normand Podechard
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouet
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - François Brion
- Ecotoxicologie des substances et des milieux, Parc ALATA, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Anja Knoll-Gellida
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM U1211, MRGM, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM U1211, MRGM, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Iva Sovadinova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karine Andreau
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Etienne Blanc
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Min Ji Kim
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
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4
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Ciallella HL, Russo DP, Sharma S, Li Y, Sloter E, Sweet L, Huang H, Zhu H. Predicting Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Based On the Combination of Chemical Structures and Biological Data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5984-5998. [PMID: 35451820 PMCID: PMC9191745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
For hazard identification, classification, and labeling purposes, animal testing guidelines are required by law to evaluate the developmental toxicity potential of new and existing chemical products. However, guideline developmental toxicity studies are costly, time-consuming, and require many laboratory animals. Computational modeling has emerged as a promising, animal-sparing, and cost-effective method for evaluating the developmental toxicity potential of chemicals, such as endocrine disruptors, without the use of animals. We aimed to develop a predictive and explainable computational model for developmental toxicants. To this end, a comprehensive dataset of 1244 chemicals with developmental toxicity classifications was curated from public repositories and literature sources. Data from 2140 toxicological high-throughput screening assays were extracted from PubChem and the ToxCast program for this dataset and combined with information about 834 chemical fragments to group assays based on their chemical-mechanistic relationships. This effort revealed two assay clusters containing 83 and 76 assays, respectively, with high positive predictive rates for developmental toxicants identified with animal testing guidelines (PPV = 72.4 and 77.3% during cross-validation). These two assay clusters can be used as developmental toxicity models and were applied to predict new chemicals for external validation. This study provides a new strategy for constructing alternative chemical developmental toxicity evaluations that can be replicated for other toxicity modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Ciallella
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Daniel P. Russo
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA
| | - Swati Sharma
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Yafan Li
- The Lubrizol Corporation, Wickliffe, OH, 44092, USA
| | - Eddie Sloter
- The Lubrizol Corporation, Wickliffe, OH, 44092, USA
| | - Len Sweet
- The Lubrizol Corporation, Wickliffe, OH, 44092, USA
| | - Heng Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA
- Corresponding Author333 Hao Zhu, 201 South Broadway, Joint Health Sciences Center, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08103; Telephone: (856) 225-6781;
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5
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Liu Y, Chen W, Chen J, Ma Y, Cen Y, Wang S, He X, You M, Yang G. miR-122-5p regulates hepatocytes damage caused by BaP and DBP co-exposure through SOCS1/STAT3 signaling in vitro. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112570. [PMID: 34352581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BaP and DBP are ubiquitously and contemporaneously present in the environment. However, Current studies largely concentrate on the effects of a single pollutant (BaP or DBP). The liver is vital for biogenic activities. The effects of BaP and DBP co-exposure on liver remain unclear. Thus, we treated human normal liver cell (L02 cell) with BaP or/and DBP. We found that compared to individual exposure, co-exposure to BaP and DBP induced further increased levels of AST and ALT. BaP and DBP co-exposure caused further increased levels of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α, decreased IL-10 level, and a higher percentage of apoptotic cells and S-phase arrest cells. BaP and DBP co-exposure worsen the decrease of miR-122-5p level and chaos of SOCS1/STAT3 signaling. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays showed that SOCS1 was a validated target of miR-122-5p. miR-122-5p overexpression alleviated the increased SOCS1 expression, decreased phospho-STAT3 expression, decreased IL-10 level, increased TNF-α levels, increased percentage of apoptosis and S-phase arrest, and cytotoxicity induced by BaP and DBP co-exposure in hepatocytes. These results suggested that miR-122-5p negatively regulated the synergistic effects on apoptosis and disorder of inflammatory factor secretion involved in hepatocyte injury caused by BaP and DBP co-exposure through targeting SOCS1/STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Liu
- School of Public Heath, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- School of Public Heath, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Public Heath, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yemei Ma
- School of Public Heath, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yanli Cen
- School of Public Heath, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- School of Public Heath, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xiu He
- School of Public Heath, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Mingdan You
- School of Public Heath, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
| | - Guanghong Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.
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6
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Oliviero F, Lukowicz C, Boussadia B, Forner-Piquer I, Pascussi JM, Marchi N, Mselli-Lakhal L. Constitutive Androstane Receptor: A Peripheral and a Neurovascular Stress or Environmental Sensor. Cells 2020; 9:E2426. [PMID: 33171992 PMCID: PMC7694609 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic nuclear receptors (NR) are intracellular players involved in an increasing number of physiological processes. Examined and characterized in peripheral organs where they govern metabolic, transport and detoxification mechanisms, accumulating data suggest a functional expression of specific NR at the neurovascular unit (NVU). Here, we focus on the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), expressed in detoxifying organs such as the liver, intestines and kidneys. By direct and indirect activation, CAR is implicated in hepatic detoxification of xenobiotics, environmental contaminants, and endogenous molecules (bilirubin, bile acids). Importantly, CAR participates in physiological stress adaptation responses, hormonal and energy homeostasis due to glucose and lipid sensing. We next analyze the emerging evidence supporting a role of CAR in NVU cells including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a key vascular interface regulating communications between the brain and the periphery. We address the emerging concept of how CAR may regulate specific P450 cytochromes at the NVU and the associated relevance to brain diseases. A clear understanding of how CAR engages during pathological conditions could enable new mechanistic, and perhaps pharmacological, entry-points within a peripheral-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Oliviero
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
| | - Céline Lukowicz
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
| | - Badreddine Boussadia
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Jean-Marc Pascussi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Laila Mselli-Lakhal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
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7
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Küblbeck J, Niskanen J, Honkakoski P. Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor CAR. Cells 2020; 9:E2306. [PMID: 33076503 PMCID: PMC7602645 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3) has emerged as a master activator of drug- and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and transporters that govern the clearance of both exogenous and endogenous small molecules. Recent studies indicate that CAR participates, together with other nuclear receptors (NRs) and transcription factors, in regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatocyte communication, proliferation and toxicity, and liver tumor development in rodents. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) constitute a wide range of persistent organic compounds that have been associated with aberrations of hormone-dependent physiological processes. Their adverse health effects include metabolic alterations such as diabetes, obesity, and fatty liver disease in animal models and humans exposed to EDCs. As numerous xenobiotics can activate CAR, its role in EDC-elicited adverse metabolic effects has gained much interest. Here, we review the key features and mechanisms of CAR as a xenobiotic-sensing receptor, species differences and selectivity of CAR ligands, contribution of CAR to regulation hepatic metabolism, and evidence for CAR-dependent EDC action therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Küblbeck
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Jonna Niskanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA
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8
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Differential activation of human pregnane X receptor PXR by isomeric mono-methylated indoles in intestinal and hepatic in vitro models. Toxicol Lett 2020; 324:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Dietrich K, Baumgart J, Eshkind L, Reuter L, Gödtel-Armbrust U, Butt E, Musheev M, Marini F, More P, Grosser T, Niehrs C, Wojnowski L, Mathäs M. Health-Relevant Phenotypes in the Offspring of Mice Given CAR Activators Prior to Pregnancy. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1827-1835. [PMID: 30154105 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic induction in response to drugs and environmental chemicals affects drug therapies and energy metabolism. We investigated whether the induction is transmitted to the offspring. We injected 3-day- and 6-week-old F0 female mice with TCPOBOP, an activator of the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3), and mated them 1-6 weeks afterward. We detected in the offspring long-lasting alterations of CAR-mediated drug disposition, energy metabolism, and lipid profile. The transmission to the first filial generation (F1) was mediated by TCPOBOP transfer from the F0 adipose tissue via milk, as revealed by embryo transfer, crossfostering experiments, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. The important environmental pollutant PCB153 activated CAR in the F1 generation in a manner similar to TCPOBOP. Our findings indicate that chemicals accumulating and persisting in adipose tissue may exert liver-mediated, health-relevant effects on F1 offspring simply via physical transmission in milk. Such effects may occur even if treatment has been terminated far ahead of conception. This should be considered in assessing developmental toxicity and in the long-term follow-up of offspring of mothers exposed to both approved and investigational drugs, and to chemicals with known or suspected accumulation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Leonid Eshkind
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Lea Reuter
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Ute Gödtel-Armbrust
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Elke Butt
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Michael Musheev
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Piyush More
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Tanja Grosser
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Leszek Wojnowski
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
| | - Marianne Mathäs
- Department of Pharmacology (K.D., L.R., U.G.-A., P.M., T.G., L.W., M.Ma.) and Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (F.M.), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Translational Animal Research Center (J.B., L.E.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.B.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (M.Mu., C.N.); and Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany (C.N.)
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10
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Bogen KT. Biphasic hCAR Inhibition-Activation by Two Aminoazo Liver Carcinogens. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.11131/2018/101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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11
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Li X, Yang X, Xiang E, Luo J, Qiu S, Fang Y, Zhang L, Guo Y, Zheng J, Wang H. Maternal-Fetal Disposition and Metabolism of Retrorsine in Pregnant Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:422-428. [PMID: 29352068 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are extensively synthesized by plants, are commonly present in herbs and foodstuffs, and exhibit hepatotoxicity requiring metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 3A to form the electrophilic metabolites-pyrrolic esters. PAs also cause embryo toxicity, but the metabolic profiles of PAs in fetus and placenta have been far from clear. In this study, we determined the basal metabolic activation of retrorsine (RTS) in rat maternal liver, placenta, and fetal liver in vitro and examined the fetal toxicity and bioactivation of RTS in vivo. Detection of microsomal RTS metabolites in vitro showed that the basal metabolic activity of fetal liver and placenta to RTS was much weaker than that of maternal liver. In addition, a higher rate of pyrrolic ester formation was found in normal male fetal liver compared with that of female pups. In vivo exposure to RTS caused fetal growth retardation, as well as placental and fetal liver injury. Little difference in serum RTS was observed in dams and fetuses, but the content of pyrrole-protein adduction in the fetal liver was much lower than that in maternal liver, which was consistent with basal metabolic activity. Unexpectedly, compared with basal metabolism in fetal liver, exposure to RTS during middle and late pregnancy caused an opposite gender difference in RTS metabolism and CYP3A expression in the fetal liver. For the first time, our study showed that RTS can permeate the placenta barrier and entering fetal circulation, whereas the intrauterine pyrrolic metabolite was generated mainly by fetal liver but not transported from the maternal circulation. Induction of CYP3A by RTS was gender-dependent in the fetal liver, which was probably responsible for RTS-induced fetal hepatic injury, especially for female pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - E Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Jinyuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Shuaikai Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
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12
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Helsley RN, Zhou C. Epigenetic impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis: a pregnane X receptor-centric view. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2017; 3:dvx017. [PMID: 29119010 PMCID: PMC5672952 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the major advances in developing diagnostic techniques and effective treatments, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. While considerable progress has been achieved to identify gene variations and environmental factors that contribute to CVD, much less is known about the role of "gene-environment interactions" in predisposing individuals to CVD. Our chemical environment has significantly changed in the last few decades, and there are more than 100,000 synthetic chemicals in the market. Recent large-scale human population studies have associated exposure to certain chemicals including many endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with increased CVD risk, and animal studies have also confirmed that some EDCs can cause aberrant lipid homeostasis and increase atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of how exposure to those EDCs influences CVD risk remain elusive. Numerous EDCs can activate the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) that functions as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate host xenobiotic metabolism. Recent studies have demonstrated the novel functions of PXR in lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis. In addition to directly regulating transcription, PXR has been implicated in the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. Exposure to many EDCs can also induce epigenetic modifications, but little is known about how the changes relate to the onset or progression of CVD. In this review, we will discuss recent research on PXR and EDCs in the context of CVD and propose that PXR may play a previously unrealized role in EDC-mediated epigenetic modifications that affect lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Helsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Metabolic Disease Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Metabolic Disease Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Kamata R, Nakajima D, Shiraishi F. Agonistic effects of diverse xenobiotics on the constitutive androstane receptor as detected in a recombinant yeast-cell assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 46:335-349. [PMID: 28927721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor and transcription factor regulating proteins involved in xenobiotic metabolism. Agonist activation of the CAR can trigger metabolic activation and toxification as well as detoxification and clearance; accordingly, xenobiotic substances acting as CAR ligands may pose a threat to human and animal health. We used yeast cells transduced with the human CAR and the response pathway to measure the CAR-agonistic activities of 549 synthetic or natural compounds: 216 of the tested compounds exhibited CAR-agonistic effects. Eighty-four percent of CAR-activating compounds were aromatic compounds, and >65% of these active compounds were aromatic hydrocarbons, bisphenols, monoalkyl phenols, phthalates, styrene dimers, diphenyl ethers, organochlorines, and organophosphates. The ten most potent compounds were 4-tert-octylphenol (4tOP; reference substance), 4-nonylphenol, diethylstilbestrol, benzyl n-butyl phthalate, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4,4-trimethylchroman, o,p'-DDT, methoxychlor, di-n-propyl phthalate, hexestrol, and octachlorostyrene. The activities of these nine non-reference compounds exceeded 10% of the 4tOP activity. Analysis of para-monoalkyl phenols suggests that branching of the alkyl group and chlorination at the ortho position raises potency. This study provides critical information for identifying the potential of CAR-mediated toxic hazards and for understanding the relevant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kamata
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23-bancho, Towada-shi, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Fujio Shiraishi
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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14
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Anwer F, Chaurasia S, Khan AA. Hormonally active agents in the environment: a state-of-the-art review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 31:415-433. [PMID: 27487487 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After the Second World War, infatuation with modern products has exponentially widened the spectrum of chemicals used. Some of them are capable of hijacking the endocrine system by blocking or imitating a hormone and are referred to as hormonally active chemicals or endocrine disruptors. These are chemicals that the body was not designed for evolutionarily and they are present in every matrix of the environment. We are living in a chemical world where the exposures are ubiquitous and take place in combinations that can interact with the endocrine system and some other metabolic activities in unexpected ways. The complexity of interaction of these compounds can be understood by the fact that they interfere with gene expression at extremely low levels, consequently harming an individual life form, its offspring or population. As the endocrine system plays a critical role in many biological or physiological functions, by interfering body's endocrine system, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have various adverse effects on human health, starting from birth defects to developmental disorders, deadly deseases like cancer and even immunological disorders. Most of these compounds have not been tested yet for safety and their effects cannot be assessed by the available techniques. The establishment of proper exposure measurement techniques and integrating correlation is yet to be achieved to completely understand the impacts at various levels of the endocrine axis.
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15
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Wegner S, Browne P, Dix D. Identifying reference chemicals for thyroid bioactivity screening. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:402-413. [PMID: 27589887 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reference chemicals were selected based on thyroid bioactivity in 'Tier 1' screening assays used by the U.S. EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program. Active reference chemicals had significant effects on thyroid-responsive endpoints in the amphibian metamorphosis assay, and the male and female pubertal rat assays. In the absence of thyroid weight or histopathological effects, additional published studies providing mechanistic data on thyroid activity were required for active chemicals. Inactive reference chemicals had no significant effects on thyroid-responsive endpoints in Tier 1 assays, or in amphibian or rodent studies from several online databases. The 34 reference chemicals (29 active and five inactive) will be useful for performance-based validation of alternative, high throughput screening assays for thyroid bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Wegner
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States.
| | - Patience Browne
- Office of Science Coordination and Policy (OSCP), Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - David Dix
- Office of Science Coordination and Policy (OSCP), Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., United States
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16
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Williams MJ, Wiemerslage L, Gohel P, Kheder S, Kothegala LV, Schiöth HB. Dibutyl Phthalate Exposure Disrupts Evolutionarily Conserved Insulin and Glucagon-Like Signaling in Drosophila Males. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2309-21. [PMID: 27100621 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate diesters are commonly used as industrial plasticisers, as well as in cosmetics and skin care products, as a result people are constantly exposed to these xenobiotics. Recent epidemiological studies have found a correlation between circulating phthalate levels and type 2 diabetes, whereas animal studies indicate that phthalates are capable of disrupting endocrine signaling. Nonetheless, how phthalates interfere with metabolic function is still unclear. Here, we show that feeding Drosophila males the xenobiotic dibutyl phthalate (DBP) affects conserved insulin- and glucagon-like signaling. We report that raising flies on food containing DBP leads to starvation resistance, increased lipid storage, hyperglycemia, and hyperphagia. We go on to show that the starvation-resistance phenotype can be rescued by overexpression of the glucagon analogue adipokinetic hormone (Akh). Furthermore, although acute DBP exposure in adult flies is able to affect insulin levels, only chronic feeding influences Akh expression. We establish that raising flies on DBP-containing food or feeding adults DBP food affects the expression of homologous genes involved in xenobiotic and lipid metabolism (AHR [Drosophila ss], NR1I2 [Hr96], ABCB1 [MDR50], ABCC3 [MRP], and CYP3A4 [Cyp9f2]). Finally, we determined that the expression of these genes is also influenced by Akh. Our results provide comprehensive evidence that DBP can disrupt metabolism in Drosophila males, by regulating genes involved in glucose, lipid, and xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Williams
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lyle Wiemerslage
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Priya Gohel
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sania Kheder
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lakshmi V Kothegala
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Erdemli ME, Altinoz E, Aksungur Z, Turkoz Y, Dogan Z, Gozukara Bag H. Biochemical investigation of the toxic effects of acrylamide administration during pregnancy on the liver of mother and fetus and the protective role of vitamin E. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:844-848. [PMID: 27161006 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1188381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the toxic effects occurring in the liver tissues of the pregnant rats and the fetuses, which are administered acrylamide and vitamin E as a protector during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This research was conducted with the permission of Laboratory Animals Ethical Board of Inonu University Faculty of Medicine. Forty rats, of which their pregnancy is validated via vaginal smear, were distributed into five different groups. On the 20th day of pregnancy, pregnant rats and fetuses are decapitated. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and xanthine oxidase (XO) levels were measured in the liver samples taken from mother and fetuses. RESULTS It was detected that acrylamide administered during pregnancy increased MDA, TOS, XO levels statistically significantly and decreased the GSH level (p ≤ 0.05) in the pregnant rat liver tissue when compared to all other groups. In the vitamin E administered group; GSH, TAS levels significantly increased statistically and TOS and XO levels dropped to levels of the control group (p ≤ 0.05), in comparison to all other groups. Among all groups, no biochemical changes were observed in the fetus liver tissue (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The liver of pregnant rats functions as a protective pre-filter by detoxifying acrylamide effectively and the acrylamide that reaches fetus liver is detoxified by the cytochrome P-450 system of the fetus liver. To be able to figure out the biochemical mechanism, more advanced studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Erman Erdemli
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Medical Faculty, Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Eyup Altinoz
- b Department of Medical Biochemistry , Medical Faculty, Karabuk University , Karabuk , Turkey
| | - Zeynep Aksungur
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Medical Faculty, Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Turkoz
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Medical Faculty, Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Zumrut Dogan
- c Department of Anatomy , Medical Faculty, Adıyaman University , Adıyaman , Turkey , and
| | - Harika Gozukara Bag
- d Department of Biostatistics , Medical Faculty, Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
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Kamata R, Shiraishi F, Kageyama S, Nakajima D. Detection and measurement of the agonistic activities of PCBs and mono-hydroxylated PCBs to the constitutive androstane receptor using a recombinant yeast assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1859-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Effect of prenatal exposure of lindane on alterations in the expression of cerebral cytochrome P450s and neurotransmitter receptors in brain regions. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 77:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chiang TS, Yang KC, Wu YM, Lai HS, Jiang CC, Chiou LL, Lee KL, Huang GT, Lee HS. Higher expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 in human mesenchymal and adipose-derived stem cells than in dermal fibroblasts: With emphasis on the correlation with basal pregnane X receptor expression. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Ibrahim ZS, Ahmed MM, El-Shazly SA, Ishizuka M, Fujita S. Clofibric acid induces hepatic CYP 2B1/2 via constitutive androstane receptor not via peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha in rat. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1550-9. [PMID: 25052003 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.923302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) ligands, fibrates used to control hyperlipidemia. We demonstrated CYP2B induction by clofibric acid (CFA) however, the mechanism was not clear. In this study, HepG2 cells transfected with expression plasmid of mouse constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) or PPARα were treated with CFA, phenobarbital (PB) or TCPOBOP. Luciferase assays showed that CFA increased CYP2B1 transcription to the same level as PB, or TCPOBOP in HepG2 transfected with mouse CAR But failed to induce it in PPARα transfected cells. CYP2B expressions were increased with PB or CFA in Wistar female rats (having normal levels of CAR) but not in Wistar Kyoto female rats (having low levels of CAR). The induction of CYP2B by PB or CFA was comparable to nuclear CAR levels. CAR nuclear translocation was induced by CFA in both rat strains. This indicates that fibrates can activate CAR and that fibrates-insulin sensitization effect may occur through CAR, while hypolipidemic effect may operate through PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zein Shaban Ibrahim
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology , Kafrelsheikh University , Kafrelsheikh , Egypt
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22
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Carbone V, Velkov T. Interaction of Phthalates and Phenoxy Acid Herbicide Environmental Pollutants with Intestinal Intracellular Lipid Binding Proteins. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1240-50. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400170t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Carbone
- Animal Nutrition and Health, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent
Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Tony Velkov
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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An approach for integrating toxicogenomic data in risk assessment: the dibutyl phthalate case study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:324-35. [PMID: 23537663 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An approach for evaluating and integrating genomic data in chemical risk assessment was developed based on the lessons learned from performing a case study for the chemical dibutyl phthalate. A case study prototype approach was first developed in accordance with EPA guidance and recommendations of the scientific community. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was selected for the case study exercise. The scoping phase of the dibutyl phthalate case study was conducted by considering the available DBP genomic data, taken together with the entire data set, for whether they could inform various risk assessment aspects, such as toxicodynamics, toxicokinetics, and dose-response. A description of weighing the available dibutyl phthalate data set for utility in risk assessment provides an example for considering genomic data for future chemical assessments. As a result of conducting the scoping process, two questions--Do the DBP toxicogenomic data inform 1) the mechanisms or modes of action?, and 2) the interspecies differences in toxicodynamics?--were selected to focus the case study exercise. Principles of the general approach include considering the genomics data in conjunction with all other data to determine their ability to inform the various qualitative and/or quantitative aspects of risk assessment, and evaluating the relationship between the available genomic and toxicity outcome data with respect to study comparability and phenotypic anchoring. Based on experience from the DBP case study, recommendations and a general approach for integrating genomic data in chemical assessment were developed to advance the broader effort to utilize 21st century data in risk assessment.
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Key Words
- 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta-5–delta-4 isomerase type II
- ADME
- AGD
- ALDH2
- AR
- BBDR model
- CNPs
- CYP2D6
- Cyp11a1/P450scc
- Cyp17a1
- Cyp2b1
- Cyp3a1
- DBP
- DEG
- DEHP
- D–R
- EDC
- Endocrine disrupting chemical
- GO
- Hsd3b
- IRIS
- Insl3
- Integrated Risk Information System
- MBP
- MOA
- Male development
- NIEHS
- NOAEL
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- PBPK modeling
- Phthalates
- RT-PCR
- Risk assessment
- SD
- STAR
- Scarb1
- Science to Achieve Results
- Sprague–Dawley
- Star
- T
- TD
- TDS
- TGx
- TK
- Testosterone
- Toxicogenomic
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2B1
- UF(H)
- US EPA
- Ugt2b1
- WOE
- absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- aldehyde dehydrogenase-2
- androgen receptor
- anogenital distance
- biologically based dose–response model
- copy number polymorphisms
- cytochrome P450 2D6
- cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily a, polypeptide 1
- cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily a, polypeptide 1
- cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily b, polypeptide 1
- cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily a, polypeptide 1
- di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
- dibutyl phthalate
- differentially-expressed gene
- dose–response
- endocrine disrupting chemical
- gene ontology
- insulin-like 3
- mode of action
- monobutyl phthalate
- no observed adverse effect level
- physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling
- reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- scavenger receptor class B, member 1
- steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
- testicular dysgenesis syndrome
- testosterone
- toxicodynamics
- toxicogenomic
- toxicokinetics
- uncertainty factor for uncertainty in extrapolating animal data to humans (i.e., interspecies uncertainty) (http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/)
- weight-of-evidence
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Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are a multigene family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfonate group from the physiologic sulfate donor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, to a nucleophilic substrate to generate a polar product that is more amenable to elimination from the body. As catalysts of both xenobiotic and endogenous metabolism, the SULTs are major points of contact between the external and physiological environments, and modulation of SULT-catalyzed metabolism can not only affect xenobiotic disposition, but it can also alter endogenous metabolic processes. Therefore, it is not surprising that SULT expression is regulated by numerous members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily that function as sensors of xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules, such as fatty acids, bile acids, and oxysterols. These NRs include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptor, retinoid-related orphan receptors, and estrogen-related receptors. This review summarizes current information about NR regulation of SULT expression. Because species differences in SULT subfamily composition and tissue-, sex-, development-, and inducer-dependent regulation are prominent, these differences will be emphasized throughout the review. In addition, because of the central role of the SULTs in cellular physiology, the effect of NR-mediated SULT regulation on physiological and pathophysiological processes will be discussed. Gaps in current knowledge that require further investigation are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Runge-Morris
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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25
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Caserta D, Ciardo F, Bordi G, Guerranti C, Fanello E, Perra G, Borghini F, La Rocca C, Tait S, Bergamasco B, Stecca L, Marci R, Lo Monte G, Soave I, Focardi S, Mantovani A, Moscarini M. Correlation of endocrine disrupting chemicals serum levels and white blood cells gene expression of nuclear receptors in a population of infertile women. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:510703. [PMID: 23710174 PMCID: PMC3654366 DOI: 10.1155/2013/510703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant evidence supports that many endocrine disrupting chemicals could affect female reproductive health. Aim of this study was to compare the internal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in serum samples of 111 infertile women and 44 fertile women. Levels of gene expression of nuclear receptors (ER α , ER β , AR, AhR, PXR, and PPAR γ ) were also analyzed as biomarkers of effective dose. The percentage of women with BPA concentrations above the limit of detection was significantly higher in infertile women than in controls. No statistically significant difference was found with regard to PFOS, PFOA, MEHP and DEHP. Infertile patients showed gene expression levels of ER α , ER β , AR, and PXR significantly higher than controls. In infertile women, a positive association was found between BPA and MEHP levels and ER α , ER β , AR, AhR, and PXR expression. PFOS concentration positively correlated with AR and PXR expression. PFOA levels negatively correlated with AhR expression. No correlation was found between DEHP levels and all evaluated nuclear receptors. This study underlines the need to provide special attention to substances that are still widely present in the environment and to integrate exposure measurements with relevant indicators of biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Caserta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Rome “Sapienza”, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman Health and Territory's Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
- *Donatella Caserta:
| | - Francesca Ciardo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Rome “Sapienza”, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Bordi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Rome “Sapienza”, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Guerranti
- Department of Environmental Sciences “G. Sarfatti”, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emiliano Fanello
- Department of Environmental Sciences “G. Sarfatti”, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Perra
- Department of Environmental Sciences “G. Sarfatti”, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Borghini
- Department of Environmental Sciences “G. Sarfatti”, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cinzia La Rocca
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Tait
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Bergamasco
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Stecca
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Marci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ferrara, Corso Giovecca 203, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lo Monte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ferrara, Corso Giovecca 203, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Soave
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ferrara, Corso Giovecca 203, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvano Focardi
- Department of Environmental Sciences “G. Sarfatti”, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Moscarini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Rome “Sapienza”, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
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26
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Xiao D, Shi D, Yang D, Barthel B, Koch TH, Yan B. Carboxylesterase-2 is a highly sensitive target of the antiobesity agent orlistat with profound implications in the activation of anticancer prodrugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:439-47. [PMID: 23228697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Orlistat has been the most used anti-obesity drug and the mechanism of its action is to reduce lipid absorption by inhibiting gastrointestinal lipases. These enzymes, like carboxylesterases (CESs), structurally belong to the α/β hydrolase fold superfamily. Lipases and CESs are functionally related as well. Some CESs (e.g., human CES1) have been shown to hydrolyze lipids. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that orlistat inhibits CESs with higher potency toward CES1 than CES2, a carboxylesterase with little lipase activity. Liver microsomes and recombinant CESs were tested for the inhibition of the hydrolysis of standard substrates and the anticancer prodrugs pentyl carbamate of p-aminobenzyl carbamate of doxazolidine (PPD) and irinotecan. Contrary to the hypothesis, orlistat at 1 nM inhibited CES2 activity by 75% but no inhibition on CES1, placing CES2 one of the most sensitive targets of orlistat. The inhibition varied among some CES2 polymorphic variants. Pretreatment with orlistat reduced the cell killing activity of PPD. Certain mouse but not rat CESs were also highly sensitive. CES2 is responsible for the hydrolysis of many common drugs and abundantly expressed in the gastrointestinal track and liver. Inhibition of this carboxylesterase probably presents a major source for altered therapeutic activity of these medicines if co-administered with orlistat. In addition, orlistat has been linked to various types of organ toxicities, and this study provides an alternative target potentially involved in these toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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27
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Pregnane xenobiotic receptor in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic response. Cancer Lett 2012; 328:1-9. [PMID: 22939994 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) is an orphan nuclear receptor that regulates the metabolism of endobiotics and xenobiotics. PXR is promiscuous and unique in that it is activated by a diverse group of xenochemicals, including therapeutic anticancer drugs and naturally-occurring endocrine disruptors. PXR has been predominantly studied to understand its regulatory role in xenobiotic clearance in liver and intestine via induction of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. PXR, however, is widely expressed and has functional implications in other normal and malignant tissues, including breast, prostate, ovary, endometrium and bone. The differential expression of PXR and its target genes in cancer tissues has been suggested to determine the prognosis of chemotherapeutic outcome. In addition, the emerging evidence points to the implications of PXR in regulating apoptotic and antiapoptotic as well as growth factor signaling that promote tumor proliferation and metastasis. In this review, we highlight the recent progress made in understanding the role of PXR in cancer, discuss the future directions to further understand the mechanistic role of PXR in cancer, and conclude with the need to identify novel selective PXR modulators.
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28
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Saghir SA, Khan SA, McCoy AT. Ontogeny of mammalian metabolizing enzymes in humans and animals used in toxicological studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:323-57. [PMID: 22512665 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.674100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that expression of enzymes varies during development and growth. However, an in-depth review of this acquired knowledge is needed to translate the understanding of enzyme expression and activity into the prediction of change in effects (e.g. kinetics and toxicity) of xenobiotics with age. Age-related changes in metabolic capacity are critical for understanding and predicting the potential differences resulting from exposure. Such information may be especially useful in the evaluation of the risk of exposure to very low (µg/kg/day or ng/kg/day) levels of environmental chemicals. This review is to better understand the ontogeny of metabolizing enzymes in converting chemicals to either less-toxic metabolite(s) or more toxic products (e.g. reactive intermediate[s]) during stages before birth and during early development (neonate/infant/child). In this review, we evaluated the ontogeny of major "phase I" and "phase II" metabolizing enzymes in humans and commonly used experimental animals (e.g. mouse, rat, and others) in order to fill the information gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmed Saghir
- Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA.
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29
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Plasticizers May Activate Human Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Less Than That of a Mouse but May Activate Constitutive Androstane Receptor in Liver. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:201284. [PMID: 22792086 PMCID: PMC3388330 DOI: 10.1155/2012/201284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dibutylphthalate (DBP), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) are used as plasticizers. Their metabolites activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, which may be related to their toxicities. However, species differences in the receptor functions between rodents and human make it difficult to precisely extrapolate their toxicity from animal studies to human. In this paper, we compared the species differences in the activation of mouse and human hepatic PPARα by these plasticizers using wild-type (mPPARα) and humanized PPARα (hPPARα) mice. At 12 weeks old, each genotyped male mouse was classified into three groups, and fed daily for 2 weeks per os with corn oil (vehicle control), 2.5 or 5.0 mmol/kg DBP (696, 1392 mg/kg), DEHP (977, 1953 mg/kg), and DEHA (926, 1853 mg/kg), respectively. Generally, hepatic PPARα of mPPARα mice was more strongly activated than that of hPPARα mice when several target genes involving β-oxidation of fatty acids were evaluated. Interestingly, all plasticizers also activated hepatic constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) more in hPPARα mice than in mPPARα mice. Taken together, these plasticizers activated mouse and human hepatic PPARα as well as CAR. The activation of PPARα was stronger in mPPARα mice than in hPPARα mice, while the opposite was true of CAR.
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30
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Saurabh K, Parmar D. Evidence for cytochrome P450 2B1/2B2 isoenzymes in freshly prepared peripheral blood lymphocytes. Biomarkers 2011; 16:649-56. [PMID: 21988088 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.622412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2B1 and 2B2, the major hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes belonging to CYP2 family and associated constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) were found to be expressed in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from rats. As observed in liver, pretreatment of phenobarbital (PB) or phenytoin were found to increase the expression of CYP2B1, CYP2B2 and associated enzyme activity in PBL. Like in liver, blood lymphocyte CYP2B1/2B2 catalyzed the activity of 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD). The present data, demonstrating similarities in the regulation of blood lymphocyte CYP2B-isoenzymes with the liver enzymes, suggests that blood lymphocyte CYP2B-isoenzymes could be used as a biomarker to monitor tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Saurabh
- Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, UP, India
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31
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Mendiola J, Jørgensen N, Andersson AM, Calafat AM, Silva MJ, Redmon JB, Sparks A, Drobnis EZ, Wang C, Liu F, Swan SH. Associations between urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and reproductive hormones in fertile men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2011; 34:369-78. [PMID: 20633195 PMCID: PMC3529299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Widely used man-made chemicals, including phthalates, can induce hormonal alterations through a variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms. A number of rodent and observational studies have consistently demonstrated the anti-androgenic effect of several phthalates. However, there are only limited data on the relationship between exposure to these chemicals and reproductive hormone levels in men. All men (n=425) were partners of pregnant women who participated in the Study for Future Families in five US cities and provided urine and serum samples on the same day. Eleven phthalate metabolites were measured in urine and serum samples were analysed for reproductive hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, inhibin B and oestradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Pearson correlations and parametric tests were used for unadjusted analyses, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed controlling for appropriate covariates. We observed weak or no associations with urinary phthalates other than di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). All measures of testosterone [total, calculated free testosterone and the free androgen index (FAI)] were inversely correlated with the urinary concentrations of four DEHP metabolites. After adjustment by appropriate covariates, there was no longer an association between urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations and total testosterone levels; however, FAI was significantly associated with the urinary concentrations of several DEHP metabolites. SHBG was positively related to the urinary concentrations of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, but not with other DEHP metabolites, an association that was attenuated after adjustment. Our results suggest that DEHP exposure of fertile men is associated with minor alterations of markers of free testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mendiola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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32
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Nuclear receptor PXR, transcriptional circuits and metabolic relevance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:956-63. [PMID: 21295138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a ligand activated transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor (NR) superfamily. PXR is highly expressed in the liver and intestine, but low levels of expression have also been found in many other tissues. PXR plays an integral role in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism by regulating the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, as well as genes implicated in the metabolism of endobiotics. PXR exerts its transcriptional regulation by binding to its DNA response elements as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and recruitment of a host of coactivators. The biological and physiological implications of PXR activation are broad, ranging from drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions to the homeostasis of numerous endobiotics, such as glucose, lipids, steroids, bile acids, bilirubin, retinoic acid, and bone minerals. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview on the transcriptional circuits and metabolic relevance controlled by PXR. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translating Nuclear Receptors from Health to Disease.
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33
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Ren H, Aleksunes LM, Wood C, Vallanat B, George MH, Klaassen CD, Corton JC. Characterization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha--independent effects of PPARalpha activators in the rodent liver: di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate also activates the constitutive-activated receptor. Toxicol Sci 2009; 113:45-59. [PMID: 19850644 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator chemicals (PPC) are thought to mediate their effects in rodents on hepatocyte growth and liver cancer through the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha. Recent studies indicate that the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) increased the incidence of liver tumors in PPARalpha-null mice. We hypothesized that some PPC, including DEHP, induce transcriptional changes independent of PPARalpha but dependent on other nuclear receptors, including the constitutive-activated receptor (CAR) that mediates phenobarbital (PB) effects on hepatocyte growth and liver tumor induction. To determine the potential role of CAR in mediating effects of PPC, a meta-analysis was performed on transcript profiles from published studies in which rats and mice were exposed to PPC and compared the profiles to those produced by exposure to PB. Valproic acid, clofibrate, and DEHP in rat liver and DEHP in mouse liver induced genes, including Cyp2b family members that are known to be regulated by CAR. Examination of transcript changes by Affymetrix ST 1.0 arrays and reverse transcription-PCR in the livers of DEHP-treated wild-type, PPARalpha-null, and CAR-null mice demonstrated that (1) most (approximately 94%) of the transcriptional changes induced by DEHP were PPARalpha-dependent, (2) many PPARalpha-independent genes overlapped with those regulated by PB, (3) induction of genes Cyp2b10, Cyp3a11, and metallothionine-1 by DEHP was CAR dependent but PPARalpha-independent, and (4) induction of a number of genes (Cyp8b1, Gstm4, and Gstm7) was independent of both CAR and PPARalpha. Our results indicate that exposure to PPARalpha activators including DEHP leads to activation of multiple nuclear receptors in the rodent liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzu Ren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab Toxicogenomics Core, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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34
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Xiao-feng Z, Nai-qiang Q, Jing Z, Zi L, Yang Z. Di (n-butyl) Phthalate Inhibits Testosterone Synthesis Through a Glucocorticoid-Mediated Pathway in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2009; 28:448-56. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809342596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused on investigating whether the inhibitory effect of di (n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) on testosterone (T) biosynthesis was mediated by the glucocorticoid (GC) pathway in prepubertal male rats and T production after the exposure to DBP ceased. Prepubertal male rats were administered DBP in corn oil orally at 0, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg daily for 30 days. Serum T and GC were measured by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The responses, including glucocorticoid receptor (GR), type I 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1), and steroidogenesis acute regulatory protein (StAR) in the testes tissues, were determined by Western blotting and reverse transcriptase PCR. DBP exposure resulted in testicular toxicity, such as seminiferous tubule degeneration and a decrease in the number of spermatogenic cells. T was decreased and GC was increased in a DBP concentration-dependent manner in the exposure group. The expression of GR and 11β-HSD1 was significantly increased, with an associated decrease in expression of StAR. Neither the expression of the GR nor 11β-HSD1 and StAR were statistically significantly different in the postexposure group compared with the control. However, the weight and morphology of the testes did not recover in the postexposure group. These data suggest that DBP inhibits testosterone production through a GC-mediated pathway in prepubertal male rats, and after exposure to DBP ceases, testosterone biosynthesis returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Xiao-feng
- From the Division of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (ZX-f, QN-q, LZ, ZY); and Division of Occupational Health, Institute of Public Health Monitor, Heilongjiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (ZJ)
| | - Qu Nai-qiang
- From the Division of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (ZX-f, QN-q, LZ, ZY); and Division of Occupational Health, Institute of Public Health Monitor, Heilongjiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (ZJ)
| | - Zheng Jing
- From the Division of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (ZX-f, QN-q, LZ, ZY); and Division of Occupational Health, Institute of Public Health Monitor, Heilongjiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (ZJ)
| | - Li Zi
- From the Division of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (ZX-f, QN-q, LZ, ZY); and Division of Occupational Health, Institute of Public Health Monitor, Heilongjiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (ZJ)
| | - Zhang Yang
- From the Division of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (ZX-f, QN-q, LZ, ZY); and Division of Occupational Health, Institute of Public Health Monitor, Heilongjiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (ZJ)
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Hernandez J, Mota L, Baldwin W. Activation of CAR and PXR by Dietary, Environmental and Occupational Chemicals Alters Drug Metabolism, Intermediary Metabolism, and Cell Proliferation. CURRENT PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2009; 7:81-105. [PMID: 20871735 PMCID: PMC2944248 DOI: 10.2174/187569209788654005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane × receptor (PXR) are activated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands, such as steroid hormones, bile acids, pharmaceuticals, and environmental, dietary, and occupational chemicals. In turn, they induce phase I-III detoxification enzymes and transporters that help eliminate these chemicals. Because many of the chemicals that activate CAR and PXR are environmentally-relevant (dietary and anthropogenic), studies need to address whether these chemicals or mixtures of these chemicals may increase the susceptibility to adverse drug interactions. In addition, CAR and PXR are involved in hepatic proliferation, intermediary metabolism, and protection from cholestasis. Therefore, activation of CAR and PXR may have a wide variety of implications for personalized medicine through physiological effects on metabolism and cell proliferation; some beneficial and others adverse. Identifying the chemicals that activate these promiscuous nuclear receptors and understanding how these chemicals may act in concert will help us predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs), predict cholestasis and steatosis, and regulate intermediary metabolism. This review summarizes the available data on CAR and PXR, including the environmental chemicals that activate these receptors, the genes they control, and the physiological processes that are perturbed or depend on CAR and PXR action. This knowledge contributes to a foundation that will be necessary to discern interindividual differences in the downstream biological pathways regulated by these key nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.P. Hernandez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L.C. Mota
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC, USA
| | - W.S. Baldwin
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC, USA
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Eveillard A, Mselli-Lakhal L, Mogha A, Lasserre F, Polizzi A, Pascussi JM, Guillou H, Martin PGP, Pineau T. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) activates the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR): a novel signalling pathway sensitive to phthalates. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1735-46. [PMID: 19428328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticizer, is detected in consumer's body fluids. Contamination occurs through environmental and food chain sources. In mouse liver, DEHP activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and regulates the expression of its target genes. Several in vitro investigations support the simultaneous recruitment of additional nuclear receptor pathways. We investigated, in vivo, the hepatic impact of low doses of DEHP on PPARalpha activation, and the putative activation of additional signalling pathways. Wild-type and PPARalpha-deficient mice were exposed to different doses of DEHP. Gene expression profiling delineated the role of PPARalpha and revealed a PPARalpha-independent regulation of several prototypic constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) target genes. Thus, we developed an original hepatic cell line expressing CAR to investigate its activation by DEHP. By means of a pharmacological inhibitor or CAR-targeting shRNAs, we established that CAR is required for the effect of DEHP on Cyp2b10, a recognized CAR target gene. Moreover, DEHP dose-dependently induced CYP2B6 in human primary hepatocyte cultures. This finding demonstrates that CAR also represents a transcriptional regulator sensitive to phthalates. CAR-mediated effects of DEHP provide a new rationale for most endpoints of phthalates toxicity described previously, including endocrine disruption, hepatocarcinogenesis and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Eveillard
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA UR66, Toulouse, France
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Clewell RA, Kremer JJ, Williams CC, Campbell JL, Sochaski MA, Andersen ME, Borghoff SJ. Kinetics of selected di-n-butyl phthalate metabolites and fetal testosterone following repeated and single administration in pregnant rats. Toxicology 2009; 255:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kuhl AJ, Ross SM, Gaido KW. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta, but not steroidogenic factor-1, modulates the phthalate-induced dysregulation of rat fetal testicular steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 2007; 148:5851-64. [PMID: 17884934 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged in utero exposure of fetal male rats to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) can result in a feminized phenotype characterized by malformed epididymides, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and retained thoracic nipples, among others. These symptoms likely result, in part, from decreased expression of steroidogenic enzymes and, therefore, reduced testosterone biosynthesis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in these changes in gene expression profiles are unknown. To understand these mechanisms in rats, in vivo DNase footprinting was adapted to provide a semiquantitative map of changes in DNA-protein interactions in the promoter region of steroidogenic genes, including steroidogenic acute regulatory, scavenger receptor B-1, cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage, and cytochrome P450 17A1, that are down-regulated after an in utero DBP exposure. Regions with altered DNase protection were coordinated with a specific DNA binding protein event by EMSA, and binding activity confirmed with chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results demonstrated altered DNase protection at regions mapping to CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (c/ebp beta) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed declines in DNA-protein interactions of c/ebp beta in DBP treated animals, whereas SF-1 was reduced in both diethyl phthalate (nontoxic) and DBP (toxic) treatments. These results suggest that inhibition of c/ebp beta, and not SF-1, is critical in DBP induced inhibition of steroidogenic genes. In addition, these observations suggest a pathway redundancy in the regulation of steroidogenesis in fetal testis. In conclusion, this study presents a snapshot of changes in the structure of transcriptional machinery and proposes a mechanism of action resulting from DBP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kuhl
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2137, USA.
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Akingbemi BT, Braden TD, Kemppainen BW, Hancock KD, Sherrill JD, Cook SJ, He X, Supko JG. Exposure to phytoestrogens in the perinatal period affects androgen secretion by testicular Leydig cells in the adult rat. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4475-88. [PMID: 17569756 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of soy-based products in the diet of infants has raised concerns regarding the reproductive toxicity of genistein and daidzein, the predominant isoflavones in soybeans with estrogenic activity. Time-bred Long-Evans dams were fed diets containing 0, 5, 50, 500, or 1000 ppm of soy isoflavones from gestational d 12 until weaning at d 21 postpartum. Male rats in all groups were fed soy-free diets from postnatal d 21 until 90 d of age. The mean +/- SD concentration of unconjugated (i.e. biologically active) genistein and daidzein in serum from the group of dams maintained on the diet containing the highest amount of isoflavones (1000 ppm) were 17 +/- 27 and 56 +/- 30 nM, respectively, at d 21 postpartum. The concentrations were considerably greater in male offspring (genistein: 73 +/- 46 nM; daidzein: 106 +/- 53 nM). Although steroidogenesis was decreased in individual Leydig cells, male rats from the highest exposure group (1000 ppm diet) exhibited elevated serum levels of the sex steroid hormones androsterone at 21 d (control: 15 +/- 1.5 vs.28 +/- 3.5 ng/ml; P < 0.05) and testosterone at 90 d of age (control: 7.5 +/- 1 vs.17 +/- 2 ng/ml; P < 0.05). Testosterone secretion by immature Leydig cells, isolated from 35-d-old male rats, decreased on exposure to 0.1 nm genistein in vitro (control: 175 +/- 5 vs. 117 +/- 3 ng/10(6) cells per 24 h; P < 0.05), indicative of direct phytoestrogen action. Thus, phytoestrogens have the ability to regulate Leydig cells, and additional studies to assess potential adverse effects of dietary soy-based products on reproductive tract development in neonates are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson T Akingbemi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
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40
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Hernandez JP, Huang W, Chapman LM, Chua S, Moore DD, Baldwin WS. The environmental estrogen, nonylphenol, activates the constitutive androstane receptor. Toxicol Sci 2007; 98:416-26. [PMID: 17483497 PMCID: PMC1995745 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) and its parent compounds, the nonylphenol ethoxylates are some of the most prevalent chemicals found in U.S. waterways. NP is also resistant to biodegradation and is a known environmental estrogen, which makes NP a chemical of concern. Our data show that NP also activates the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), an orphan nuclear receptor important in the induction of detoxification enzymes, including the P450s. Transactivation assays demonstrate that NP increases murine CAR (mCAR) transcriptional activity, and NP treatment can overcome the inhibitory effects of the inverse agonist, androstanol, on mCAR activation. Treatment of wild-type (CAR +/+) mice with NP at 50 or 75 mg/kg/day increases Cyp2b protein expression in a dose-dependent manner as demonstrated by Western blotting, and was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR of Cyp2b10 transcript levels. CAR-null (CAR -/-) mice show no increased expression of Cyp2b following NP treatment, indicating that CAR is required for NP-mediated Cyp2b induction. In addition, NP increases the translocation of CAR into the nucleus, which is the key step in the commencement of CAR's transcriptional activity. NP also induced CYP2B6 in primary human hepatocytes, and increased Cyp2b10 messenger RNA and protein expression in humanized CAR mice, indicating that NP is an activator of human CAR as well. In conclusion, NP is a CAR activator, and this was demonstrated in vitro with transactivation assays and in vivo with transgenic CAR mouse models.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Constitutive Androstane Receptor
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6
- Cytochrome P450 Family 2
- Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity
- Estrogens/toxicity
- Female
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/enzymology
- Humans
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/enzymology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Relaxants, Central/pharmacology
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/biosynthesis
- Phenols/toxicity
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Rats
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Steroid Hydroxylases/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/agonists
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Zoxazolamine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Hernandez
- Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
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Stanley LA, Horsburgh BC, Ross J, Scheer N, Wolf CR. PXR and CAR: nuclear receptors which play a pivotal role in drug disposition and chemical toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2006; 38:515-97. [PMID: 16877263 DOI: 10.1080/03602530600786232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification is regulated by receptors (e.g., PXR, CAR) whose characterization has contributed significantly to our understanding of drug responses in humans. Technologies facilitating the screening of compounds for receptor interactions provide valuable tools applicable in drug development. Most use in vitro systems or mice humanized for receptors in vivo. In vitro assays are limited by the reporter systems and cell lines chosen and are uninformative about effects in vivo. Humanized mouse models provide novel, exciting ways of understanding the functions of these genes. This article evaluates these technologies and current knowledge on PXR/CAR-mediated regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Stanley
- Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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Henley DV, Korach KS. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals use distinct mechanisms of action to modulate endocrine system function. Endocrinology 2006; 147:S25-32. [PMID: 16690802 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The term endocrine-disrupting chemicals is used to define a structurally diverse class of synthetic and natural compounds that possess the ability to alter various components of the endocrine system and potentially induce adverse health effects in exposed individuals and populations. Research on these compounds has revealed that they use a variety of both nuclear receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated mechanisms to modulate different components of the endocrine system. This review will describe in vitro and in vivo studies that highlight the spectrum of unique mechanisms of action and biological effects of four endocrine-disrupting chemicals--diethylstilbestrol, genistein, di(n-butyl)phthalate, and methoxyacetic acid--to illustrate the diverse and complex nature of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek V Henley
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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43
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Kretschmer XC, Baldwin WS. CAR and PXR: xenosensors of endocrine disrupters? Chem Biol Interact 2005; 155:111-28. [PMID: 16054614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X-receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are orphan nuclear receptors activated by a variety of ligands. Currently it remains uncertain whether these receptors have a high-affinity ligand or instead function as more generalized steroid/xenobiotic sensors. Both receptors are important regulators of several steroid and xenobiotic detoxification enzymes and transporters (phases I-III) in the liver and intestine and thus are important regulators of adaptation to chemical stress. The detoxification proteins induced are responsible for the metabolism, deactivation and transport of bile acids, thyroid and steroid hormones, numerous environmental chemicals, and several drugs. PXR and CAR received their names because of steroid ligands that activate and inhibit their transcriptional activity, respectively. Interestingly, some steroids and steroid mimics activate one or both receptors, including several endocrine disrupting chemicals. Environmental estrogens, such as the pesticides methoxychlor, endosulfan, dieldrin, DDT, and the plasticizer nonylphenol activate either PXR or both PXR and CAR. Because PXR and CAR are activated by numerous steroids and endocrine disrupters, it appears that these receptors protect the integrity of the endocrine system. They recognize an increase in steroid-like chemicals and, in turn, induce detoxification. Furthermore, PXR and CAR induce enzymes, such as the CYP2B and CYP3A family members, responsible for the metabolism of steroid and thyroid hormones and this may alter their normal physiological function. This review summarizes the available data on the activity of endocrine disrupters and endocrine active chemicals on PXR and CAR, examines the role of PXR and CAR in protection from these chemicals, and evaluates potential adverse physiological consequences of PXR and CAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiomara C Kretschmer
- University of Texas at El Paso, Biological Sciences, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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