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Identification and expression analysis of the PtGATL genes under different nitrogen and carbon dioxide treatments in Populus trichocarpa. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:67. [PMID: 35223353 PMCID: PMC8837729 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is one of the most important components of the plant cell wall. Galacturonosyltransferase-like (GATL) is an important enzyme involved in forming pectin in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, 12 PtGATL genes were identified and characterized based on the Populus trichocarpa genome using bioinformatics methods. The results showed that the PtGATLs contained four typical motifs, including DXD, LPPF, GLG, and HXXGXXKPW. According to phylogenetic analysis, PtGATLs were divided into six groups. Chromosome distribution and genome synteny analysis showed that there were 11 segmental-duplicated gene pairs with repeated fragments on chromosomes 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, and 14. Tissue-specific expression profiles indicated that these PtGATLs had different expression patterns. The transcription level of PtGATLs was regulated by different carbon dioxide and nitrogen concentrations. In conclusion, the identification and analysis of PtGATL genes in poplar provide important information on the gene function. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03129-y.
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Poorter H, Knopf O, Wright IJ, Temme AA, Hogewoning SW, Graf A, Cernusak LA, Pons TL. A meta-analysis of responses of C 3 plants to atmospheric CO 2 : dose-response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole-plant level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1560-1596. [PMID: 34657301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generalised dose-response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2 . We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2 ] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose-response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200-1200 µmol mol-1 CO2 , some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2 ], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200-1200 µmol mol-1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2 ] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2 ], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2 ] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose-response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Oliver Knopf
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Andries A Temme
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4879, Australia
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3512 PN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Xu C, Zhang S, Suo J, Chang R, Xu X, Xu Z, Yang C, Qu C, Liu G. Bioinformatics analysis of PAE family in Populus trichocarpa and responsiveness to carbon and nitrogen treatment. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:370. [PMID: 34295610 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant Pectin acetylesterase (PAE) belongs to family CE13 of carbohydrate esterases in the CAZy database. The ability of PAE to regulate the degree of acetylation of pectin, an important polysaccharide in the cell wall, affects the structure of plant cell wall. In this study, ten PtPAE genes were identified and characterized in Populus trichocarpa genome using bioinformatics methods, and the physiochemical properties such as molecular weight, isoelectric points, and hydrophilicity, as well as the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein were predicted. According to phylogenetic analysis, ten PtPAEs can be divided into three evolutionary clades, each of which had similar gene structure and motifs. Tissue-specific expression profiles indicated that the PtPAEs had different expression patterns. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that transcription level of PtPAEs was regulated by different CO2 and nitrogen concentrations. These results provide important information for the study of the phylogenetic relationship and function of PtPAEs in Populus trichocarpa. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02918-1.
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Elferjani R, Benomar L, Momayyezi M, Tognetti R, Niinemets Ü, Soolanayakanahally RY, Théroux-Rancourt G, Tosens T, Ripullone F, Bilodeau-Gauthier S, Lamhamedi MS, Calfapietra C, Lamara M. A meta-analysis of mesophyll conductance to CO2 in relation to major abiotic stresses in poplar species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4384-4400. [PMID: 33739415 PMCID: PMC8163042 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (gm) determines the diffusion of CO2 from the substomatal cavities to the site of carboxylation in the chloroplasts and represents a critical component of the diffusive limitation of photosynthesis. In this study, we evaluated the average effect sizes of different environmental constraints on gm in Populus spp., a forest tree model. We collected raw data of 815 A-Ci response curves from 26 datasets to estimate gm, using a single curve-fitting method to alleviate method-related bias. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the effects of different abiotic stresses on gm. We found a significant increase in gm from the bottom to the top of the canopy that was concomitant with the increase of maximum rate of carboxylation and light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Amax). gm was positively associated with increases in soil moisture and nutrient availability, but was insensitive to increasing soil copper concentration and did not vary with atmospheric CO2 concentration. Our results showed that gm was strongly related to Amax and to a lesser extent to stomatal conductance (gs). Moreover, a negative exponential relationship was obtained between gm and specific leaf area, which may be used to scale-up gm within the canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Elferjani
- Quebec Network for Reforestation and Intensive Silviculture, TELUQ University, Montreal, QC, H2S 3L5, Canada
| | - Lahcen Benomar
- Forest Research Institute, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, J9X 5E4, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Mina Momayyezi
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Università degli Studi del Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Guillaume Théroux-Rancourt
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Mohammed S Lamhamedi
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, 2700 rue Einstein, Québec, QC, G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, Porano (TR) 05010, Italy
| | - Mebarek Lamara
- Forest Research Institute, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, J9X 5E4, Canada
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Lauriks F, Salomón RL, Steppe K. Temporal variability in tree responses to elevated atmospheric CO 2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1292-1310. [PMID: 33368341 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At leaf level, elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2 ) results in stimulation of carbon net assimilation and reduction of stomatal conductance. However, a comprehensive understanding of the impact of eCO2 at larger temporal (seasonal and annual) and spatial (from leaf to whole-tree) scales is still lacking. Here, we review overall trends, magnitude and drivers of dynamic tree responses to eCO2 , including carbon and water relations at the leaf and the whole-tree level. Spring and early season leaf responses are most susceptible to eCO2 and are followed by a down-regulation towards the onset of autumn. At the whole-tree level, CO2 fertilization causes consistent biomass increments in young seedlings only, whereas mature trees show a variable response. Elevated CO2 -induced reductions in leaf stomatal conductance do not systematically translate into limitation of whole-tree transpiration due to the unpredictable response of canopy area. Reduction in the end-of-season carbon sink demand and water-limiting strategies are considered the main drivers of seasonal tree responses to eCO2 . These large temporal and spatial variabilities in tree responses to eCO2 highlight the risk of predicting tree behavior to eCO2 based on single leaf-level point measurements as they only reveal snapshots of the dynamic responses to eCO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Lauriks
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Luis Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Natural Resources and Systems, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Dusenge ME, Madhavji S, Way DA. Contrasting acclimation responses to elevated CO 2 and warming between an evergreen and a deciduous boreal conifer. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3639-3657. [PMID: 32181545 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentrations may warm northern latitudes up to 8°C by the end of the century. Boreal forests play a large role in the global carbon cycle, and the responses of northern trees to climate change will thus impact the trajectory of future CO2 increases. We grew two North American boreal tree species at a range of future climate conditions to assess how growth and carbon fluxes were altered by high CO2 and warming. Black spruce (Picea mariana, an evergreen conifer) and tamarack (Larix laricina, a deciduous conifer) were grown under ambient (407 ppm) or elevated CO2 (750 ppm) and either ambient temperatures, a 4°C warming, or an 8°C warming. In both species, the thermal optimum of net photosynthesis (ToptA ) increased and maximum photosynthetic rates declined in warm-grown seedlings, but the strength of these changes varied between species. Photosynthetic capacity (maximum rates of Rubisco carboxylation, Vcmax , and of electron transport, Jmax ) was reduced in warm-grown seedlings, correlating with reductions in leaf N and chlorophyll concentrations. Warming increased the activation energy for Vcmax and Jmax (EaV and EaJ , respectively) and the thermal optimum for Jmax . In both species, the ToptA was positively correlated with both EaV and EaJ , but negatively correlated with the ratio of Jmax /Vcmax . Respiration acclimated to elevated temperatures, but there were no treatment effects on the Q10 of respiration (the increase in respiration for a 10°C increase in leaf temperature). A warming of 4°C increased biomass in tamarack, while warming reduced biomass in spruce. We show that climate change is likely to negatively affect photosynthesis and growth in black spruce more than in tamarack, and that parameters used to model photosynthesis in dynamic global vegetation models (EaV and EaJ ) show no response to elevated CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirindi E Dusenge
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sasha Madhavji
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Veach AM, Morris R, Yip DZ, Yang ZK, Engle NL, Cregger MA, Tschaplinski TJ, Schadt CW. Rhizosphere microbiomes diverge among Populus trichocarpa plant-host genotypes and chemotypes, but it depends on soil origin. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:76. [PMID: 31103040 PMCID: PMC6525979 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have developed defense strategies for phytopathogen and herbivore protection via coordinated metabolic mechanisms. Low-molecular weight metabolites produced within plant tissues, such as salicylic acid, represent one such mechanism which likely mediates plant - microbe interactions above and below ground. Salicylic acid is a ubiquitous phytohormone at low levels in most plants, yet are concentrated defense compounds in Populus, likely acting as a selective filter for rhizosphere microbiomes. We propagated twelve Populus trichocarpa genotypes which varied an order of magnitude in salicylic acid (SA)-related secondary metabolites, in contrasting soils from two different origins. After four months of growth, plant properties (leaf growth, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate) and plant root metabolomics specifically targeting SA metabolites were measured via GC-MS. In addition, rhizosphere microbiome composition was measured via Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S and ITS2 rRNA-genes. RESULTS Soil origin was the primary filter causing divergence in bacterial/archaeal and fungal communities with plant genotype secondarily influential. Both bacterial/archaeal and fungal evenness varied between soil origins and bacterial/archaeal diversity and evenness correlated with at least one SA metabolite (diversity: populin; evenness: total phenolics). The production of individual salicylic acid derivatives that varied by host genotype resulted in compositional differences for bacteria /archaea (tremuloidin) and fungi (salicylic acid) within one soil origin (Clatskanie) whereas soils from Corvallis did not illicit microbial compositional changes due to salicylic acid derivatives. Several dominant bacterial (e.g., Betaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadete, Firmicutes) and one fungal phyla (Mortierellomycota) also correlated with specific SA secondary metabolites; bacterial phyla exhibited more negative interactions (declining abundance with increasing metabolite concentration) than positive interactions. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate microbial communities diverge most among soil origin. However, within a soil origin, bacterial/archaeal communities are responsive to plant SA production within greenhouse-based rhizosphere microbiomes. Fungal microbiomes are impacted by root SA-metabolites, but overall to a lesser degree within this experimental context. These results suggest plant defense strategies, such as SA and its secondary metabolites, may partially drive patterns of both bacterial/archaeal and fungal taxa-specific colonization and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Veach
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Reese Morris
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Daniel Z. Yip
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Zamin K. Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Nancy L. Engle
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Melissa A. Cregger
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
| | - Christopher W. Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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Baig S, Medlyn BE, Mercado LM, Zaehle S. Does the growth response of woody plants to elevated CO2 increase with temperature? A model-oriented meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:4303-19. [PMID: 25940760 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the reaction kinetics of the Rubisco enzyme implies that, at the level of a chloroplast, the response of photosynthesis to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca ) will increase with increasing air temperature. Vegetation models incorporating this interaction predict that the response of net primary productivity (NPP) to elevated CO2 (eCa ) will increase with rising temperature and will be substantially larger in warm tropical forests than in cold boreal forests. We tested these model predictions against evidence from eCa experiments by carrying out two meta-analyses. Firstly, we tested for an interaction effect on growth responses in factorial eCa × temperature experiments. This analysis showed a positive, but nonsignificant interaction effect (95% CI for above-ground biomass response = -0.8, 18.0%) between eCa and temperature. Secondly, we tested field-based eCa experiments on woody plants across the globe for a relationship between the eCa effect on plant biomass and mean annual temperature (MAT). This second analysis showed a positive but nonsignificant correlation between the eCa response and MAT. The magnitude of the interactions between CO2 and temperature found in both meta-analyses were consistent with model predictions, even though both analyses gave nonsignificant results. Thus, we conclude that it is not possible to distinguish between the competing hypotheses of no interaction vs. an interaction based on Rubisco kinetics from the available experimental database. Experiments in a wider range of temperature zones are required. Until such experimental data are available, model predictions should aim to incorporate uncertainty about this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Baig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Lina M Mercado
- Geography Department, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Biogeochemical Integration Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Poorter H, Ryser P. The limits to leaf and root plasticity: what is so special about specific root length? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1188-90. [PMID: 25952536 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- IBG-2 Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Peter Ryser
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
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Hachiya T, Sugiura D, Kojima M, Sato S, Yanagisawa S, Sakakibara H, Terashima I, Noguchi K. High CO2 triggers preferential root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana via two distinct systems under low pH and low N stresses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:269-80. [PMID: 24401956 PMCID: PMC3913443 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomass allocation between shoots and roots is an important strategy used by plants to optimize growth in various environments. Root to shoot mass ratios typically increase in response to high CO2, a trend particularly evident under abiotic stress. We investigated this preferential root growth (PRG) in Arabidopsis thaliana plants cultivated under low pH/high CO2 or low nitrogen (N)/high CO2 conditions. Previous studies have suggested that changes in plant hormone, carbon (C) and N status may be related to PRG. We therefore examined the mechanisms underlying PRG by genetically modifying cytokinin (CK) levels, C and N status, and sugar signaling, performing sugar application experiments and determining primary metabolites, plant hormones and expression of related genes. Both low pH/high CO2 and low N/high CO2 stresses induced increases in lateral root (LR) number and led to high C/N ratios; however, under low pH/high CO2 conditions, large quantities of C were accumulated, whereas under low N/high CO2 conditions, N was severely depleted. Analyses of a CK-deficient mutant and a starchless mutant, in conjunction with sugar application experiments, revealed that these stresses induce PRG via different mechanisms. Metabolite and hormone profile analysis indicated that under low pH/high CO2 conditions, excess C accumulation may enhance LR number through the dual actions of increased auxin and decreased CKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Hachiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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Sigurdsson BD, Medhurst JL, Wallin G, Eggertsson O, Linder S. Growth of mature boreal Norway spruce was not affected by elevated [CO(2)] and/or air temperature unless nutrient availability was improved. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1192-1205. [PMID: 23878169 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The growth responses of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees exposed to elevated [CO(2)] (CE; 670-700 ppm) and long-term optimized nutrient availability or elevated air temperature (TE; ±3.9 °C) were studied in situ in northern Sweden in two 3 year field experiments using 12 whole-tree chambers in ca. 40-year-old forest. The first experiment (Exp. I) studied the interactions between CE and nutrient availability and the second (Exp. II) between CE and TE. It should be noted that only air temperature was elevated in Exp. II, while soil temperature was maintained close to ambient. In Exp. I, CE significantly increased the mean annual height increment, stem volume and biomass increment during the treatment period (25, 28, and 22%, respectively) when nutrients were supplied. There was, however, no significant positive CE effect found at the low natural nutrient availability. In Exp. II, which was conducted at the natural site fertility, neither CE nor TE significantly affected height or stem increment. It is concluded that the low nutrient availability (mainly nitrogen) in the boreal forests is likely to restrict their response to the continuous rise in [CO(2)] and/or TE.
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Ryan MG. Three decades of research at Flakaliden advancing whole-tree physiology, forest ecosystem and global change research. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1123-1131. [PMID: 24300337 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient supply often limits growth in forest ecosystems and may limit the response of growth to an increase in other resources, or to more favorable environmental factors such as temperature and soil water. To explore the consequences and mechanisms of optimum nutrient supply for forest growth, the Flakaliden research site was established in 1986 on a young Norway spruce site with nutrient-poor soil. This special section on research at Flakaliden presents five papers that explore different facets of nutrition, atmospheric CO2 concentration, [CO2], and increased temperature treatments, using the original experiment as a base. Research at Flakaliden shows the dominant role of nutrition in controlling the response of growth to the increased photosynthesis promoted by elevated [CO2] and temperature. Experiments with whole-tree chambers showed that all treatments (air temperature warming, elevated [CO2] and optimum nutrition) increased shoot photosynthesis by 30-50%, but growth only increased with [CO2] when combined with the optimum nutrition treatment. Elevated [CO2] and temperature increased shoot photosynthesis by increasing the slope between light-saturated photosynthesis and foliar nitrogen by 122%, the initial slope of the light response curve by 52% and apparent quantum yield by 10%. Optimum nutrition also decreased photosynthetic capacity by 17%, but increased it by 62% in elevated [CO2], as estimated from wood δ(13)C. Elevated air temperature advanced spring recovery of photosynthesis by 37%, but spring frost events remained the controlling factor for photosynthetic recovery, and elevated [CO2] did not affect this. Increased nutrient availability increased wood growth primarily through a 50% increase in tracheid formation, mostly during the peak growth season. Other notable contributions of research at Flakaliden include exploring the role of optimal nutrition in large-scale field trials with foliar analysis, using an ecosystem approach for multifactor experiments, development of whole-tree chambers allowing inexpensive environmental manipulations, long-term deployment of shoot chambers for continuous measurements of gas exchange and exploring the ecosystem response to soil and aboveground tree warming. The enduring legacy of Flakaliden will be the rich data set of long-term, multifactor experiments that has been and will continue to be used in many modeling and cross-site comparison studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 89523, USA
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Lewis JD, Ward JK, Tissue DT. Phosphorus supply drives nonlinear responses of cottonwood (Populus deltoides) to increases in CO2 concentration from glacial to future concentrations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 187:438-448. [PMID: 20524990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
*Despite the importance of nutrient availability in determining plant responses to climate change, few studies have addressed the interactive effects of phosphorus (P) supply and rising atmospheric CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) from glacial to modern and future concentrations on tree seedling growth. *The objective of our study was to examine interactive effects across a range of P supply (six concentrations from 0.004 to 0.5 mM) and [CO(2)] (200 (glacial), 350 (modern) and 700 (future) ppm) on growth, dry mass allocation, and light-saturated photosynthesis (A(sat)) in Populus deltoides (cottonwood) seedlings grown in well-watered conditions. *Increasing [CO(2)] from glacial to modern concentrations increased growth by 25% across P treatments, reflecting reduced [CO(2)] limitations to photosynthesis and increased A(sat). Conversely, the growth response to future [CO(2)] was very sensitive to P supply. Future [CO(2)] increased growth by 80% in the highest P supply but only by 7% in the lowest P supply, reflecting P limitations to A(sat), leaf area and leaf area ratio (LAR), compared with modern [CO(2)]. *Our results suggest that future [CO(2)] will minimally increase cottonwood growth in low-P soils, but in high-P soils may stimulate production to a greater extent than predicted based on responses to past increases in [CO(2)]. Our results indicate that the capacity for [CO(2)] stimulation of cottonwood growth does not decline as [CO(2)] rises from glacial to future concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Lewis
- Centre for Plants and the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
- Louis Calder Center, Biological Field Station, and Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, P.O. Box 887, Armonk, NY 10504, USA
| | - Joy K Ward
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA
| | - David T Tissue
- Centre for Plants and the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Calfapietra C, Gielen B, Karnosky D, Ceulemans R, Scarascia Mugnozza G. Response and potential of agroforestry crops under global change. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1095-1104. [PMID: 19815319 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of agroforestry crops is a promising tool for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration through fossil fuel substitution. In particular, plantations characterised by high yields such as short rotation forestry (SRF) are becoming popular worldwide for biomass production and their role acknowledged in the Kyoto Protocol. While their contribution to climate change mitigation is being investigated, the impact of climate change itself on growth and productivity of these plantations needs particular attention, since their management might need to be modified accordingly. Besides the benefits deriving from the establishment of millions of hectares of these plantations, there is a risk of increased release into the atmosphere of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted in large amounts by most of the species commonly used. These hydrocarbons are known to play a crucial role in tropospheric ozone formation. This might represent a negative feedback, especially in regions already characterized by elevated ozone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, Roma, Italy.
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Marinari S, Calfapietra C, De Angelis P, Mugnozza GS, Grego S. Impact of elevated CO(2) and nitrogen fertilization on foliar elemental composition in a short rotation poplar plantation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 147:507-15. [PMID: 17084005 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was carried out on a short rotation coppice culture of poplars (POP-EUROFACE, Central Italy), growing in a free air carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere (FACE). The specific objective of this work was to study whether elevated CO(2) and fertilization (two CO(2) treatments, elevated CO(2) and control, two N fertilization treatments, fertilized and unfertilized), as well as the interaction between treatments caused an unbalanced nutritional status of leaves in three poplar species (P. x euramericana, P. nigra and P. alba). Finally, we discuss the ecological implications of a possible change in foliar nutrients concentration. CO(2) enrichment reduced foliar nitrogen and increased the concentration of magnesium; whereas nitrogen fertilization had opposite effects on leaf nitrogen and magnesium concentrations. Moreover, the interaction between elevated CO(2) and N fertilization amplified some element unbalances such as the K/N-ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marinari
- Department of Agrochemistry and Agrobiology, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy.
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Liberloo M, Tulva I, Raïm O, Kull O, Ceulemans R. Photosynthetic stimulation under long-term CO2 enrichment and fertilization is sustained across a closed Populus canopy profile (EUROFACE). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:537-549. [PMID: 17244048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The long-term response of leaf photosynthesis to rising CO2 concentrations [CO2] depends on biochemical and morphological feedbacks. Additionally, responses to elevated [CO2] might depend on the nutrient availability and the light environment, affecting the net carbon uptake of a forest stand. After 6 yr of exposure to free-air CO2 enrichment (EUROFACE) during two rotation cycles (with fertilization during the second cycle), profiles of light, leaf characteristics and photosynthetic parameters were measured in the closed canopy of a poplar (Populus) short-rotation coppice. Net photosynthetic rate (A(growth)) was 49% higher in poplars grown in elevated [CO2], independently of the canopy position. Jmax significantly increased (15%), whereas leaf carboxylation capacity (Vcmax), leaf nitrogen (N(a)) and chlorophyll (Chl(a)) were unaffected in elevated [CO2]. Leaf mass per unit area (LMA) increased in the upper canopy. Fertilization created more leaves in the top of the crown. These results suggest that the photosynthetic stimulation by elevated [CO2] in a closed-canopy poplar coppice might be sustained in the long term. The absence of any down-regulation, given a sufficient sink capacity and nutrient availability, provides more carbon for growth and storage in this bioenergy plantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Liberloo
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ingmar Tulva
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olaf Raïm
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olevi Kull
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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17
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Hyvönen R, Ågren GI, Linder S, Persson T, Cotrufo MF, Ekblad A, Freeman M, Grelle A, Janssens IA, Jarvis PG, Kellomäki S, Lindroth A, Loustau D, Lundmark T, Norby RJ, Oren R, Pilegaard K, Ryan MG, Sigurdsson BD, Strömgren M, van Oijen M, Wallin G. The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:463-480. [PMID: 17244042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Temperate and boreal forest ecosystems contain a large part of the carbon stored on land, in the form of both biomass and soil organic matter. Increasing atmospheric [CO2], increasing temperature, elevated nitrogen deposition and intensified management will change this C store. Well documented single-factor responses of net primary production are: higher photosynthetic rate (the main [CO2] response); increasing length of growing season (the main temperature response); and higher leaf-area index (the main N deposition and partly [CO2] response). Soil organic matter will increase with increasing litter input, although priming may decrease the soil C stock initially, but litter quality effects should be minimal (response to [CO2], N deposition, and temperature); will decrease because of increasing temperature; and will increase because of retardation of decomposition with N deposition, although the rate of decomposition of high-quality litter can be increased and that of low-quality litter decreased. Single-factor responses can be misleading because of interactions between factors, in particular those between N and other factors, and indirect effects such as increased N availability from temperature-induced decomposition. In the long term the strength of feedbacks, for example the increasing demand for N from increased growth, will dominate over short-term responses to single factors. However, management has considerable potential for controlling the C store.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Hyvönen
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran I Ågren
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sune Linder
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, SLU, PO Box 49, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Tryggve Persson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Francesca Cotrufo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, IT-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Alf Ekblad
- Department of Natural Sciences, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michael Freeman
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Achim Grelle
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Seppo Kellomäki
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anders Lindroth
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Denis Loustau
- INRA, Research Unit EPHYSE, BP81, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex FR-33883, France
| | - Tomas Lundmark
- Unit for Field-based Forest Research, SLU, SE-922 91 Vindeln, Sweden
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422, USA
| | - Ram Oren
- Division of Environmental Science and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry Department, Risö National Laboratory, PO Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael G Ryan
- USDA Forest Service RMRS, 240 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA
| | | | - Monika Strömgren
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Forest Soils, SLU, PO Box 7001, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Göran Wallin
- Department. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Göteborg, PO Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Reich PB, Hungate BA, Luo Y. Carbon-Nitrogen Interactions in Terrestrial Ecosystems in Response to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2006. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108;
| | - Bruce A. Hungate
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011;
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019;
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Poorter H, Navas ML. Plant growth and competition at elevated CO 2 : on winners, losers and functional groups. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 157:175-198. [PMID: 33873640 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations on vegetative growth and competitive performance were evaluated, using five meta-analyses. Paying special attention to functional groups, we analysed responses at three integration levels: carbon economy parameters, vegetative biomass of isolated plants, and growth in competition. CO2 effects on seed biomass and plant-to-plant variability were also studied. Underlying the growth stimulation is an increased unit leaf rate (ULR), especially for herbaceous dicots. This is mainly caused by an increase in the whole-plant rate of photosynthesis. The increased ULR is accompanied by a decrease in specific leaf area. The net result of these and other changes is that relative growth rate is only marginally stimulated. The biomass enhancement ratio (BER) of individually grown plants varies substantially across experiments/species, and size variability in the experimental populations is a vital factor in this. Fast-growing herbaceous C3 species respond more strongly than slow-growing C3 herbs or C4 plants. CAM species and woody plants show intermediate responses. When grown in competition, C4 species show lowest responses to elevated CO2 at high nutrient conditions, whereas at low nutrient levels N2 -fixing dicots respond relatively strongly. No systematic differences were found between slow- and fast-growing species. BER values obtained for isolated plants cannot be used to estimate BER of the same species grown in interspecific competition - the CO2 response of monocultures may be a better predictor. Contents Summary 175 I. Introduction 176 II. Materials and Methods 177 III. Factors underlying the growth response 178 IV. Variation in biomass enhancement ratio 181 V. Functional groups of species 184 VI. The response in a more natural environment 188 VII. An outlook 192 VIII. Conclusions 193 Acknowledgements 193 References 193 Appendices 196.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Laure Navas
- Department 'Science for the Protection of Plants and Ecology', Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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20
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Gielen B, Ceulemans R. The likely impact of rising atmospheric CO2 on natural and managed Populus: a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2001; 115:335-358. [PMID: 11789917 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Because of their prominent role in global biomass productivity, as well as their complex structure and function, forests and tree species deserve particular attention in studies on the likely impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on terrestrial vegetation. Poplar (Populus) has proven to be an interesting study object due to its fast response to a changing environment, and the growing importance of managed forests in the carbon balance. Results of both chamber and field experiments with different poplar species and hybrids are reviewed in this contribution. Despite the variability between experiments and species, and the remaining uncertainty over the long term, poplar is likely to profit from a rising atmospheric CO2 concentration with a mean biomass stimulation of 33%. Environmental conditions and pollutants (e.g. O3) may counteract this stimulation but with managed plantations, environmental constraints might not occur. The predicted responses of poplar to rising atmospheric CO2 have implications for future forest management and the expected forest carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gielen
- University of Antwerp, UIA, Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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