1
|
Tang W, Liu X, Liang X, Liu H, Yu K, He P, McAdam S, Zhao H, Ye Q. Hydraulic vulnerability difference between branches and roots increases with environmental aridity. Oecologia 2024:10.1007/s00442-024-05562-7. [PMID: 38772916 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The vulnerability of plant xylem to embolism can be described as the water potential at which xylem conductivity is lost by 50% (P50). According to the traditional hypothesis of hydraulic vulnerability segmentation, the difference in vulnerability to embolism between branches and roots is positive (P50 root-branch > 0). It is not clear whether this occurs broadly across species or how segmentation might vary across aridity gradients. We compiled hydraulic and anatomical datasets from branches and roots across 104 woody species (including new measurements from 10 species) in four biomes to investigate the relationships between P50 root-branch and environmental factors associated with aridity. We found a positive P50 root-branch relationship across species, and evidence that P50 root-branch increases with aridity. Branch xylem hydraulic conductivity transitioned from more efficient (e.g., wider conduit, higher hydraulic conductivity) to safer (e.g., narrower conduit, more negative P50) in response to the increase of aridity, while root xylem hydraulic conductivity remained unchanged across aridity gradients. Our results demonstrate that the hydraulic vulnerability difference between branches and roots is more positive in species from arid regions, largely driven by modifications to branch traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weize Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Tashi Road 519, Dazhou, 635000, China
| | - Xingyun Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Kailiang Yu
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Pengcheng He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Scott McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Han Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kongjarat W, Han L, Aritsara ANA, Zhang SB, Zhao GJ, Zhang YJ, Maenpuen P, Li YM, Zou YK, Li MY, Li XN, Tao LB, Chen YJ. Hydraulic properties and drought response of a tropical bamboo ( Cephalostachyum pergracile). PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:406-415. [PMID: 38798721 PMCID: PMC11119542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Bamboo plants are an essential component of tropical ecosystems, yet their vulnerability to climate extremes, such as drought, is poorly understood due to limited knowledge of their hydraulic properties. Cephalostachyum pergracile, a commonly used tropical bamboo species, exhibited a substantially higher mortality rate than other co-occurring bamboos during a severe drought event in 2019, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the leaf and stem hydraulic traits related to drought responses, including leaf-stem embolism resistance (P50leaf; P50stem) estimated using optical and X-ray microtomography methods, leaf pressure-volume and water-releasing curves. Additionally, we investigated the seasonal water potentials, native embolism level (PLC) and xylem water source using stable isotope. We found that C. pergracile exhibited strong resistance to embolism, showing low P50leaf, P50stem, and turgor loss point, despite its rapid leaf water loss. Interestingly, its leaves displayed greater resistance to embolism than its stem, suggesting a lack of effective hydraulic vulnerability segmentation (HVS) to protect the stem from excessive xylem tension. During the dry season, approximately 49% of the water was absorbed from the upper 20-cm-deep soil layer. Consequently, significant diurnal variation in leaf water potentials and an increase in midday PLC from 5.87 ± 2.33% in the wet season to 12.87 ± 4.09% in the dry season were observed. In summary, this study demonstrated that the rapid leaf water loss, high reliance on surface water, and a lack of effective HVS in C. pergracile accelerated water depletion and increased xylem embolism even in the typical dry season, which may explain its high mortality rate during extreme drought events in 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanwalee Kongjarat
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Amy Ny Aina Aritsara
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- T-STAR Core Team, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Shu-Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- T-STAR Core Team, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Gao-Juan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- T-STAR Core Team, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Phisamai Maenpuen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying-Mei Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Science, Pu’er University, Xueyuan Road, Yunnan 665000, China
| | - Yi-Ke Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming-Yi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Lian-Bin Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- T-STAR Core Team, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haverroth EJ, Rimer IM, Oliveira LA, de Lima LGA, Cesarino I, Martins SCV, McAdam SAM, Cardoso AA. Gradients in embolism resistance within stems driven by secondary growth in herbs. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38644584 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The stems of some herbaceous species can undergo basal secondary growth, leading to a continuum in the degree of woodiness along the stem. Whether the formation of secondary growth in the stem base results in differences in embolism resistance between the base and the upper portions of stems is unknown. We assessed the embolism resistance of leaves and the basal and upper portions of stems simultaneously within the same individuals of two divergent herbaceous species that undergo secondary growth in the mature stem bases. The species were Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Senecio minimus (fireweed). Basal stem in mature plants of both species displayed advanced secondary growth and greater resistance to embolism than the upper stem. This also resulted in significant vulnerability segmentation between the basal stem and the leaves in both species. Greater embolism resistance in the woodier stem base was found alongside decreases in the pith-to-xylem ratio, increases in the proportion of secondary xylem, and increases in lignin content. We show that there can be considerable variation in embolism resistance across the stem in herbs and that this variation is linked to the degree of secondary growth present. A gradient in embolism resistance across the stem in herbaceous plants could be an adaptation to ensure reproduction or basal resprouting during episodes of drought late in the lifecycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Haverroth
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian M Rimer
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Leonardo A Oliveira
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leydson G A de Lima
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, Avenida Professor Lucio Martins Rodrigues, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, Avenida Professor Lucio Martins Rodrigues, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Amanda A Cardoso
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grossman JJ, Coe HB, Fey O, Fraser N, Salaam M, Semper C, Williamson CG. Temperate woody species across the angiosperm phylogeny acquire tolerance to water deficit stress during the growing season. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38511237 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the capacity of temperate trees to acclimate to limited soil water has become essential in the face of increasing drought risk due to climate change. We documented seasonal - or phenological - patterns in acclimation to water deficit stress in stems and leaves of tree species spanning the angiosperm phylogeny. Over 3 yr of field observations carried out in two US arboreta, we measured stem vulnerability to embolism (36 individuals of 7 Species) and turgor loss point (119 individuals of 27 species) over the growing season. We also conducted a growth chamber experiment on 20 individuals of one species to assess the mechanistic relationship between soil water restriction and acclimation. In three-quarters of species measured, plants became less vulnerable to embolism and/or loss of turgor over the growing season. We were able to stimulate this acclimatory effect by withholding water in the growth chamber experiment. Temperate angiosperms are capable of acclimation to soil water deficit stress, showing maximum vulnerability to soil water deficits following budbreak and becoming more resilient to damage over the course of the growing season or in response to simulated drought. The species-specific tempo and extent of this acclimatory potential constitutes preadaptive climate change resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake J Grossman
- Biology Department & Environmental Studies Department, St. Olaf College, 1520 St Olaf Ave, Northfield, MN, 55057, USA
| | - Henry B Coe
- Environmental Permitting and Planning Group, Hazen and Sawyer 498 Seventh Ave #11, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Olivia Fey
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA
| | - Natalie Fraser
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA
| | - Musa Salaam
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins University, 4940 Eastern Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Chelsea Semper
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Ceci G Williamson
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martínez-Vilalta J, García-Valdés R, Jump A, Vilà-Cabrera A, Mencuccini M. Accounting for trait variability and coordination in predictions of drought-induced range shifts in woody plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:23-40. [PMID: 37501525 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits offer a promising avenue to improve predictions of species range shifts under climate change, which will entail warmer and often drier conditions. Although the conceptual foundation linking traits with plant performance and range shifts appears solid, the predictive ability of individual traits remains generally low. In this review, we address this apparent paradox, emphasizing examples of woody plants and traits associated with drought responses at the species' rear edge. Low predictive ability reflects the fact not only that range dynamics tend to be complex and multifactorial, as well as uncertainty in the identification of relevant traits and limited data availability, but also that trait effects are scale- and context-dependent. The latter results from the complex interactions among traits (e.g. compensatory effects) and between them and the environment (e.g. exposure), which ultimately determine persistence and colonization capacity. To confront this complexity, a more balanced coverage of the main functional dimensions involved (stress tolerance, resource use, regeneration and dispersal) is needed, and modelling approaches must be developed that explicitly account for: trait coordination in a hierarchical context; trait variability in space and time and its relationship with exposure; and the effect of biotic interactions in an ecological community context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raúl García-Valdés
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), E25280, Solsona, Spain
- Department of Biology, Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, E28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alistair Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK
| | - Albert Vilà-Cabrera
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, E08010, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Assis Prado CHB, de Brito Melo Trovão DM. The woody crown network model incorporates maximum height. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
7
|
An YD, Roddy AB, Zhang TH, Jiang GF. Hydraulic differences between flowers and leaves are driven primarily by pressure-volume traits and water loss. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1130724. [PMID: 37324689 PMCID: PMC10264769 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1130724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are critical for successful reproduction and have been a major axis of diversification among angiosperms. As the frequency and severity of droughts are increasing globally, maintaining water balance of flowers is crucial for food security and other ecosystem services that rely on flowering. Yet remarkably little is known about the hydraulic strategies of flowers. We characterized hydraulic strategies of leaves and flowers of ten species by combining anatomical observations using light and scanning electron microscopy with measurements of hydraulic physiology (minimum diffusive conductance (g min) and pressure-volume (PV) curves parameters). We predicted that flowers would exhibit higher g min and higher hydraulic capacitance than leaves, which would be associated with differences in intervessel pit traits because of their different hydraulic strategies. We found that, compared to leaves, flowers exhibited: 1) higher g min, which was associated with higher hydraulic capacitance (C T); 2) lower variation in intervessel pit traits and differences in pit membrane area and pit aperture shape; and 3) independent coordination between intervessel pit traits and other anatomical and physiological traits; 4) independent evolution of most traits in flowers and leaves, resulting in 5) large differences in the regions of multivariate trait space occupied by flowers and leaves. Furthermore, across organs intervessel pit trait variation was orthogonal to variation in other anatomical and physiological traits, suggesting that pit traits represent an independent axis of variation that have as yet been unquantified in flowers. These results suggest that flowers, employ a drought-avoidant strategy of maintaining high capacitance that compensates for their higher g min to prevent excessive declines in water potentials. This drought-avoidant strategy may have relaxed selection on intervessel pit traits and allowed them to vary independently from other anatomical and physiological traits. Furthermore, the independent evolution of floral and foliar anatomical and physiological traits highlights their modular development despite being borne from the same apical meristem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dong An
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Adam B. Roddy
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tian-Hao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guo-Feng Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Z, Wang C, Luo D, Hou E, Ibrahim MM. Leaf-branch vulnerability segmentation occurs all year round for three temperate evergreen tree species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107658. [PMID: 37001301 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability segmentation (VS) and Hydraulic segmentation (HS) hypotheses propose higher hydraulic resistance and vulnerability to embolism in leaves than in branches, respectively. The VS and HS are suggested as an acclimation strategy of trees to drought stress, but whether they occur during freezing stress has rarely been explored. We measured the leaf and branch hydraulic traits of three temperate evergreen tree species [Picea koraiensis (Korean spruce), Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine), and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (Mongolian pine)] during four seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn) across the year. We assessed the applicability of VS and HS all year round, particularly in winter. The water potential at which leaf hydraulic conductance lost 50% (P50L), was more negative in winter than in summer, while higher leaf mass per area was obtained in winter. These results suggest that these species invest more carbon into leaf (including hydraulic systems) to acclimate to winter frost drought. Leaf and branch hydraulic conductance (KmL and KmB) were lower, and the percentage loss of branch hydraulic conductance (PLCB) was higher in spring than in autumn. These results were probably because of more freeze-thaw cycles in spring (69 cycles) than in autumn (37 cycles). The water potential at which branch hydraulic conductance lost 50%, P50B, was more negative than P50L across the year. The values of VS (P50L minus P50B) were positive, i.e. leaf was more vulnerable than the branch in all species and across seasons, with higher values occurring in spring or autumn. However, KmL positively correlated with KmB, suggesting hydraulic coordination between leaf and branch, but did not support HS. Our findings indicate that leaf-branch vulnerability segmentation can occur all year round, including freezing stress, to protect branches from hydraulic failure in temperate evergreen conifers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Li
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chuankuan Wang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Enqing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammed Mustapha Ibrahim
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Still CJ, Sibley A, DePinte D, Busby PE, Harrington CA, Schulze M, Shaw DR, Woodruff D, Rupp DE, Daly C, Hammond WM, Page GFM. Causes of widespread foliar damage from the June 2021 Pacific Northwest Heat Dome: more heat than drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:203-209. [PMID: 36611006 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Still
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - A Sibley
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - D DePinte
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, State & Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection, Redmond, OR 97756, USA
| | - P E Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - C A Harrington
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA 98512, USA
| | - M Schulze
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - D R Shaw
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - D Woodruff
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - D E Rupp
- Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - C Daly
- PRISM Climate Group, Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - W M Hammond
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - G F M Page
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley, Western Australia 6983, Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, Western Australia 6913, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santos EA, Haro-Carrión X, Oshun J. Age-specific and species-specific tree response to seasonal drought in tropical dry forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157908. [PMID: 35944638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people depend on ecosystem services provided by Tropical Dry Forests (TDFs), yet their proximity to population centers, seasonally dry climate, and the ease at which they are converted to agriculture has left only 10 % of their original extent globally. As more TDFs become protected, basic information relating TDF age to subsurface water resources will help guide forest recovery. Severe deforestation and recent reforestation around Bahía de Caráquez, Ecuador produced a mosaic of different successional stages ideal for exploring relationships between TDF age, subsurface water availability and species-specific responses to seasonal drought. Over one year, we measured gravimetric water content, predawn and midday leaf water potential, and the stable isotope composition of xylem and source waters in two regenerating and one primary forest. Over the transition from wet to dry season, we discovered a sharper decrease in predawn water potential in younger successional forests than in the primary forest. Growing in degraded subsurface environments under increased competition, successional forest trees accessed deeper sources of moisture from unsaturated weathered bedrock and groundwater through the dry season; however, different species employed distinct water use strategies. Ceiba trichistandra maintained midday water potentials above -1.27 MPa through a drought avoidance strategy dependent on groundwater. Sideroxylon celastrinum tolerated drought by lowering predawn and midday water potential through the early dry season but took up greater proportions of saprolite moisture and groundwater as the dry season progressed. Contrastingly, Handroanthus chrysanthus maintained access to shallow soil and saprolite moisture by dropping midday water potential to -4.30 MPa, reflecting drought tolerance. Our results show that limited subsurface water resources in regenerating TDF's lead to species-specific adaptations reliant on deeper sources of moisture. The recovery of soil and saprolite hydrologic properties following disturbances is likely to exceed 100 years, highlighting the importance of forest conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Santos
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
| | | | - Jasper Oshun
- U.S. Fulbright Scholar and Visiting Professor at the Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lens F, Gleason SM, Bortolami G, Brodersen C, Delzon S, Jansen S. Functional xylem characteristics associated with drought-induced embolism in angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2019-2036. [PMID: 36039697 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic failure resulting from drought-induced embolism in the xylem of plants is a key determinant of reduced productivity and mortality. Methods to assess this vulnerability are difficult to achieve at scale, leading to alternative metrics and correlations with more easily measured traits. These efforts have led to the longstanding and pervasive assumed mechanistic link between vessel diameter and vulnerability in angiosperms. However, there are at least two problems with this assumption that requires critical re-evaluation: (1) our current understanding of drought-induced embolism does not provide a mechanistic explanation why increased vessel width should lead to greater vulnerability, and (2) the most recent advancements in nanoscale embolism processes suggest that vessel diameter is not a direct driver. Here, we review data from physiological and comparative wood anatomy studies, highlighting the potential anatomical and physicochemical drivers of embolism formation and spread. We then put forward key knowledge gaps, emphasising what is known, unknown and speculation. A meaningful evaluation of the diameter-vulnerability link will require a better mechanistic understanding of the biophysical processes at the nanoscale level that determine embolism formation and spread, which will in turn lead to more accurate predictions of how water transport in plants is affected by drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Plant Sciences, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Giovanni Bortolami
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haberstroh S, Werner C, Grün M, Kreuzwieser J, Seifert T, Schindler D, Christen A. Central European 2018 hot drought shifts scots pine forest to its tipping point. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1186-1197. [PMID: 35869655 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of hot drought, i.e. low water availability and simultaneous high air temperature, represents a severe threat to ecosystems. Here, we investigated how the 2018 hot drought in Central Europe caused a tipping point in tree and ecosystem functioning in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in southwest Germany. Measurements of stress indicators, such as needle water potential, carbon assimilation and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, of dominant P. sylvestris trees were deployed to evaluate tree functioning during hot drought. Ecosystem impact and recovery were assessed as ecosystem carbon exchange, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from satellite data and tree mortality data. During summer 2018, needle water potentials of trees dropped to minimum values of -7.5 ± 0.2 MPa, which implied severe hydraulic impairment of P. sylvestris. Likewise, carbon assimilation and VOC emissions strongly declined after mid-July. Decreasing NDVI values from August 2018 onwards were detected, along with severe defoliation in P. sylvestris, impairing ecosystem carbon flux recovery in 2019, shifting the forest into a year-round carbon source. A total of 47% of all monitored trees (n = 368) died by September 2020. NDVI recovered to pre-2018 levels in 2019, likely caused by emerging broadleaved understorey species. The 2018 hot drought had severe negative impacts on P. sylvestris. The co-occurrence of unfavourable site-specific conditions with recurrent severe droughts resulted in accelerated mortality. Thus, the 2018 hot drought pushed the P. sylvestris stand towards its tipping point, with a subsequent vegetation shift to a broadleaf-dominated forest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Haberstroh
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Grün
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Kreuzwieser
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - T Seifert
- Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - D Schindler
- Environmental Meteorology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Christen
- Environmental Meteorology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guan X, Werner J, Cao KF, Pereira L, Kaack L, McAdam SAM, Jansen S. Stem and leaf xylem of angiosperm trees experiences minimal embolism in temperate forests during two consecutive summers with moderate drought. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1208-1223. [PMID: 34990084 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought events may increase the likelihood that the plant water transport system becomes interrupted by embolism. Yet our knowledge about the temporal frequency of xylem embolism in the field is frequently lacking, as it requires detailed, long-term measurements. We measured xylem embolism resistance and midday xylem water potentials during the consecutive summers of 2019 and 2020 to estimate maximum levels of embolism in leaf and stem xylem of ten temperate angiosperm tree species. We also studied vessel and pit membrane characteristics based on light and electron microscopy to corroborate potential differences in embolism resistance between leaves and stems. Apart from A. pseudoplatanus and Q. petraea, eight species experienced minimum xylem water potentials that were close to or below those required to initiate embolism. Water potentials corresponding to ca. 12% loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) could occur in six species, while considerable levels of embolism around 50% PLC were limited to B. pendula and C. avellana. There was a general agreement in embolism resistance between stems and leaves, with leaves being equally or more resistant than stems. Also, xylem embolism resistance was significantly correlated to intervessel pit membrane thickness (TPM ) for stems, but not to vessel diameter and total intervessel pit membrane surface area of a vessel. Our data indicate that low amounts of embolism occur in most species during moderate summer drought, and that considerable levels of embolism are uncommon. Moreover, our experimental and TPM data show that leaf xylem is generally no more vulnerable than stem xylem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Guan
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - J Werner
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - K-F Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - L Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - L Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - S A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - S Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aritsara ANA, Wang S, Li BN, Jiang X, Qie YD, Tan FS, Zhang QW, Cao KF. Divergent leaf and fine root "pressure-volume relationships" across habitats with varying water availability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2246-2259. [PMID: 36047846 PMCID: PMC9706427 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine roots and leaves, the direct interfaces of plants with their external environment along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, are at the front line to ensure plant adaptation to their growing habitat. This study aimed to compare the vulnerability to water deficit of fine roots and leaves of woody species from karst and mangrove forests-two water-stressed habitats-against that of timber and ornamental woody species grown in a well-watered common garden. Thus, pressure-volume curves in both organs of 37 species (about 12 species from each habitat) were constructed. Fine roots wilted at a less negative water potential than leaves in 32 species and before branch xylem lost 50% of its hydraulic conductivity in the 17 species with available data on branch xylem embolism resistance. Thus, turgor loss in fine roots can act as a hydraulic fuse mechanism against water stress. Mangroves had higher leaf resistance against wilting and lower leaf-specific area than the karst and common garden plants. Their fine roots had high specific root lengths (SRL) and high capacitance to buffer water stress. Karst species had high leaf bulk modulus, low leaf capacitance, and delayed fine root wilting. This study showed the general contribution of fine roots to the protection of the whole plant against underground water stress. Our findings highlight the importance of water storage in the leaves and fine roots of mangrove species and high tolerance to water deficit in the leaves of mangrove species and the fine roots of some karst species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ny Aina Aritsara
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bei-Ni Li
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Department of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ya-Dong Qie
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Feng-Sen Tan
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Research Institute of Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qi-Wei Zhang
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chin ARO, Guzmán-Delgado P, Sillett SC, Kerhoulas LP, Ambrose AR, McElrone AR, Zwieniecki MA. Tracheid buckling buys time, foliar water uptake pays it back: Coordination of leaf structure and function in tall redwood trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2607-2616. [PMID: 35736139 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tracheid buckling may protect leaves in the dynamic environments of forest canopies, where rapid intensifications of evaporative demand, such as those brought on by changes in light availability, can result in sudden increases in transpiration rate. While treetop leaves function in reliably direct light, leaves below the upper crown must tolerate rapid, thermally driven increases in evaporative demand. Using synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography, we visualized impacts of experimentally induced water stress and subsequent fogging on living cells in redwood leaves, adding ecological and functional context through crown-wide explorations of variation in leaf physiology and microclimate. Under drought, leaf transfusion tracheids buckle, releasing water that supplies sufficient temporal reserves for leaves to reduce stomatal conductance safely while stopping the further rise of tension. Tracheid buckling fraction decreases with height and is closely coordinated with transfusion tissue capacity and stomatal conductance to provide temporal reserves optimized for local variation in microclimate. Foliar water uptake fully restores collapsed and air-filled transfusion tracheids in leaves on excised shoots, suggesting that trees may use aerial water sources for recovery. In the intensely variable deep-crown environment, foliar water uptake can allow for repetitive cycles of tracheid buckling and unbuckling, protecting the tree from damaging levels of hydraulic tension and supporting leaf survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana R O Chin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Paula Guzmán-Delgado
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephen C Sillett
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, USA
| | - Lucy P Kerhoulas
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, USA
| | - Anthony R Ambrose
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Andrew R McElrone
- USDA-ARS & Viticulture and Enology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maciej A Zwieniecki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Levionnois S, Kaack L, Heuret P, Abel N, Ziegler C, Coste S, Stahl C, Jansen S. Pit characters determine drought-induced embolism resistance of leaf xylem across 18 Neotropical tree species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:371-386. [PMID: 35567500 PMCID: PMC9434246 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Embolism spreading in xylem is an important component of plant drought resistance. Since embolism resistance has been shown to be mechanistically linked to pit membrane characters in stem xylem, we speculate that similar mechanisms account for leaf xylem. We conducted transmission electron microscopy to investigate pit membrane characters in leaf xylem across 18 Neotropical tree species. We also conducted gold perfusion and polar lipid detection experiments on three species covering the full range of leaf embolism resistance. We then related these observations to previously published data on embolism resistance of leaf xylem. We also incorporated previously published data on stem embolism resistance and stem xylem pit membranes to investigate the link between vulnerability segmentation (i.e. difference in embolism resistance) and leaf-stem anatomical variation. Maximum pit membrane thickness (Tpm,max) and the pit membrane thickness-to-diameter ratio (Tpm,max/Dpm) were predictive of leaf embolism resistance, especially when vestured pits were taken into account. Variation in Tpm,max/Dpm was the only trait predictive of vulnerability segmentation between leaves and stems. Gold particles of 5- and 10-nm infiltrated pit membranes in three species, while the entry of 50-nm particles was blocked. Moreover, polar lipids were associated with inner conduit walls and pits. Our results suggest that mechanisms related to embolism spreading are determined by Tpm, pore constrictions (i.e. the narrowest bottlenecks along pore pathways), and lipid surfactants, which are largely similar between leaf and stem xylem and between temperate and tropical trees. However, our mechanistic understanding of embolism propagation and the functional relevance of Tpm,max/Dpm remains elusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | | | - Nina Abel
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Camille Ziegler
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou 97310, France
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR SILVA, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou 97310, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou 97310, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Johnson DM, Katul G, Domec J. Catastrophic hydraulic failure and tipping points in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2231-2266. [PMID: 35394656 PMCID: PMC9544843 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water inside plants forms a continuous chain from water in soils to the water evaporating from leaf surfaces. Failures in this chain result in reduced transpiration and photosynthesis and are caused by soil drying and/or cavitation-induced xylem embolism. Xylem embolism and plant hydraulic failure share several analogies to 'catastrophe theory' in dynamical systems. These catastrophes are often represented in the physiological and ecological literature as tipping points when control variables exogenous (e.g., soil water potential) or endogenous (e.g., leaf water potential) to the plant are allowed to vary on time scales much longer than time scales associated with cavitation events. Here, plant hydraulics viewed from the perspective of catastrophes at multiple spatial scales is considered with attention to bubble expansion within a xylem conduit, organ-scale vulnerability to embolism, and whole-plant biomass as a proxy for transpiration and hydraulic function. The hydraulic safety-efficiency tradeoff, hydraulic segmentation and maximum plant transpiration are examined using this framework. Underlying mechanisms for hydraulic failure at fine scales such as pit membranes and cell-wall mechanics, intermediate scales such as xylem network properties and at larger scales such as soil-tree hydraulic pathways are discussed. Understudied areas in plant hydraulics are also flagged where progress is urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Gabriel Katul
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jean‐Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of ForestryBordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR INRAE‐ISPA 1391GradignanFrance
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang (蒋国凤) GF, Li (李溯源) SY, Li (李艺蝉) YC, Roddy AB. Coordination of hydraulic thresholds across roots, stems, and leaves of two co-occurring mangrove species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2159-2174. [PMID: 35640109 PMCID: PMC9342987 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are frequently inundated with saline water and have evolved different anatomical and physiological mechanisms to filter and, in some species, excrete excess salt from the water they take up. Because salts impose osmotic stress, interspecific differences in salt tolerance and salt management strategy may influence physiological responses to drought throughout the entire plant hydraulic pathway, from roots to leaves. Here, we characterized embolism vulnerability simultaneously in leaves, stems, and roots of seedlings of two mangrove species (Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) along with turgor-loss points in roots and leaves and xylem anatomical traits. In both species, the water potentials causing 50% of total embolism were less negative in roots and leaves than they were in stems, but the water potentials causing incipient embolism (5%) were similar in roots, stems, and leaves. Stomatal closure in leaves and turgor loss in both leaves and roots occurred at water potentials only slightly less negative than the water potentials causing 5% of total embolism. Xylem anatomical traits were unrelated to vulnerability to embolism. Vulnerability segmentation may be important in limiting embolism spread into stems from more vulnerable roots and leaves. Interspecific differences in salt tolerance affected hydraulic traits from roots to leaves: the salt-secretor A. marina lost turgor at more negative water potentials and had more embolism-resistant xylem than the salt-excluder B. gymnorrhiza. Characterizing physiological thresholds of roots may help to explain recent mangrove mortality after drought and extended saltwater inundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Yuan Li (李溯源)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yi-Chan Li (李艺蝉)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tsuji C, Dannoura M, Desalme D, Angeli N, Takanashi S, Kominami Y, Epron D. Drought affects the fate of non-structural carbohydrates in hinoki cypress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:784-796. [PMID: 34635913 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tree species that close stomata early in response to drought are likely to suffer from an imbalance between limited carbohydrate supply due to reduced photosynthesis and metabolic demand. Our objective was to clarify the dynamic responses of non-structural carbohydrates to drought in a water-saving species, the hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.). To this end, we pulse-labeled young trees with 13CO2 10 days after the beginning of the drought treatment. Trees were harvested 7 days later, early during drought progression, and 86 days later when they had suffered from a long and severe drought. The labeled carbon (C) was traced in phloem extract, in the organic matter and starch of all the organs, and in the soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) of the most metabolically active organs (foliage, green branches and fine roots). No drought-related changes in labeled C partitioning between belowground and aboveground organs were observed. The C allocation between non-structural carbohydrates was altered early during drought progression: starch concentration was lower by half in the photosynthetic organs, while the concentration of almost all soluble sugars tended to increase. The preferential allocation of labeled C to glucose and fructose reflected an increased demand for soluble sugars for osmotic adjustment. After 3 months of a lethal drought, the concentrations of soluble sugars and starch were admittedly lower in drought-stressed trees than in the controls, but the pool of non-structural carbohydrates was far from completely depleted. However, the allocation to storage had been impaired by drought; photosynthesis and the sugar translocation rate had also been reduced by drought. Failure to maintain cell turgor through osmoregulation and to refill embolized xylem due to the depletion in soluble sugars in the roots could have resulted in tree mortality in hinoki cypress, though the total pool of carbohydrate was not completely depleted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Tsuji
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Dorine Desalme
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 34 cours Léopold, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Nicolas Angeli
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 34 cours Léopold, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kansai Research Centre, 68 Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yuji Kominami
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Daniel Epron
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 34 cours Léopold, Nancy F-54000, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li X, Xi B, Wu X, Choat B, Feng J, Jiang M, Tissue D. Unlocking Drought-Induced Tree Mortality: Physiological Mechanisms to Modeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:835921. [PMID: 35444681 PMCID: PMC9015645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.835921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought-related tree mortality has become a major concern worldwide due to its pronounced negative impacts on the functioning and sustainability of forest ecosystems. However, our ability to identify the species that are most vulnerable to drought, and to pinpoint the spatial and temporal patterns of mortality events, is still limited. Model is useful tools to capture the dynamics of vegetation at spatiotemporal scales, yet contemporary land surface models (LSMs) are often incapable of predicting the response of vegetation to environmental perturbations with sufficient accuracy, especially under stressful conditions such as drought. Significant progress has been made regarding the physiological mechanisms underpinning plant drought response in the past decade, and plant hydraulic dysfunction has emerged as a key determinant for tree death due to water shortage. The identification of pivotal physiological events and relevant plant traits may facilitate forecasting tree mortality through a mechanistic approach, with improved precision. In this review, we (1) summarize current understanding of physiological mechanisms leading to tree death, (2) describe the functionality of key hydraulic traits that are involved in the process of hydraulic dysfunction, and (3) outline their roles in improving the representation of hydraulic function in LSMs. We urge potential future research on detailed hydraulic processes under drought, pinpointing corresponding functional traits, as well as understanding traits variation across and within species, for a better representation of drought-induced tree mortality in models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Benye Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Jinchao Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Mingkai Jiang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- Global Centre for Land-based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Britton TG, Brodribb TJ, Richards SA, Ridley C, Hovenden MJ. Canopy damage during a natural drought depends on species identity, physiology and stand composition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2058-2070. [PMID: 34850394 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability to xylem cavitation is a strong predictor of drought-induced damage in forest communities. However, biotic features of the community itself can influence water availability at the individual tree-level, thereby modifying patterns of drought damage. Using an experimental forest in Tasmania, Australia, we determined the vulnerability to cavitation (leaf P50 ) of four tree species and assessed the drought-induced canopy damage of 2944 6-yr-old trees after an extreme natural drought episode. We examined how individual damage was related to their size and the density and species identity of neighbouring trees. The two co-occurring dominant tree species, Eucalyptus delegatensis and Eucalyptus regnans, were the most vulnerable to drought-induced xylem cavitation and both species suffered significantly greater damage than neighbouring, subdominant species Pomaderris apetala and Acacia dealbata. While the two eucalypts had similar leaf P50 values, E. delegatensis suffered significantly greater damage, which was strongly related to the density of neighbouring P. apetala. Damage in E. regnans was less impacted by neighbouring plants and smaller trees of both eucalypts sustained significantly more damage than larger trees. Our findings demonstrate that natural drought damage is influenced by individual plant physiology as well as the composition, physiology and density of the surrounding stand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis G Britton
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Shane A Richards
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Chantelle Ridley
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Mark J Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Novick KA, Ficklin DL, Baldocchi D, Davis KJ, Ghezzehei TA, Konings AG, MacBean N, Raoult N, Scott RL, Shi Y, Sulman BN, Wood JD. Confronting the water potential information gap. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2022; 15:158-164. [PMID: 35300262 PMCID: PMC8923290 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-00909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water potential directly controls the function of leaves, roots, and microbes, and gradients in water potential drive water flows throughout the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Notwithstanding its clear relevance for many ecosystem processes, soil water potential is rarely measured in-situ, and plant water potential observations are generally discrete, sparse, and not yet aggregated into accessible databases. These gaps limit our conceptual understanding of biophysical responses to moisture stress and inject large uncertainty into hydrologic and land surface models. Here, we outline the conceptual and predictive gains that could be made with more continuous and discoverable observations of water potential in soils and plants. We discuss improvements to sensor technologies that facilitate in situ characterization of water potential, as well as strategies for building new networks that aggregate water potential data across sites. We end by highlighting novel opportunities for linking more representative site-level observations of water potential to remotely-sensed proxies. Together, these considerations offer a roadmap for clearer links between ecohydrological processes and the water potential gradients that have the 'potential' to substantially reduce conceptual and modeling uncertainties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Novick
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University – Bloomington. Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Darren L. Ficklin
- Department of Geography, Indiana University – Bloomington. Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management. University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Davis
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
- Life and Environmental Sciences Department, University of California – Merced. Merced, CA, USA
| | | | - Natasha MacBean
- Department of Geography, Indiana University – Bloomington. Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Nina Raoult
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement. Paris, France
| | - Russell L. Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA – Agricultural Research Service. Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yuning Shi
- Department of Plant Science. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Sulman
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Wood
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Benson MC, Miniat CF, Oishi AC, Denham SO, Domec JC, Johnson DM, Missik JE, Phillips RP, Wood JD, Novick KA. The xylem of anisohydric Quercus alba L. is more vulnerable to embolism than isohydric codominants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:329-346. [PMID: 34902165 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of plant leaf water potential (ΨL ) regulation and xylem vulnerability to embolism is fundamental for understanding the tradeoffs between carbon uptake and risk of hydraulic damage. There is a general consensus that trees with vulnerable xylem more conservatively regulate ΨL than plants with resistant xylem. We evaluated if this paradigm applied to three important eastern US temperate tree species, Quercus alba L., Acer saccharum Marsh. and Liriodendron tulipifera L., by synthesizing 1600 ΨL observations, 122 xylem embolism curves and xylem anatomical measurements across 10 forests spanning pronounced hydroclimatological gradients and ages. We found that, unexpectedly, the species with the most vulnerable xylem (Q. alba) regulated ΨL less strictly than the other species. This relationship was found across all sites, such that coordination among traits was largely unaffected by climate and stand age. Quercus species are perceived to be among the most drought tolerant temperate US forest species; however, our results suggest their relatively loose ΨL regulation in response to hydrologic stress occurs with a substantial hydraulic cost that may expose them to novel risks in a more drought-prone future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Benson
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Chelcy F Miniat
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew C Oishi
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sander O Denham
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR 1391 ISPA, Gradignan, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Justine E Missik
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Wood
- University of Missouri, School of Natural Resources, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Harrison Day BL, Carins-Murphy MR, Brodribb TJ. Reproductive water supply is prioritized during drought in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:69-79. [PMID: 34705293 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive success largely defines the fitness of plant species. Understanding how heat and drought affect plant reproduction is thus key to predicting future plant fitness under rising global temperatures. Recent work suggests reproductive tissues are highly vulnerable to water stress in perennial plants where reproductive sacrifice could preserve plant survival. However, most crop species are annuals where such a strategy would theoretically reduce fitness. We examined the reproductive strategy of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. Rheinlands Ruhm) to determine whether water supply to fruits is prioritized above vegetative tissues during drought. Using optical methods, we mapped xylem cavitation and tissue shrinkage in vegetative and reproductive organs during dehydration to determine the priority of water flow under acute water stress. Stems and peduncles of tomato showed significantly greater xylem cavitation resistance than leaves. This maintenance of intact water supply enabled tomato fruit to continue to expand during acute water stress, utilizing xylem water made available by tissue collapse and early cavitation of leaves. Here, tomato plants prioritize water supply to reproductive tissues, maintaining fruit development under drought conditions. These results emphasize the critical role of water transport in shaping life history and suggest a broad relevance of hydraulic prioritization in plant ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Estimating Productivity, Detecting Biotic Disturbances, and Assessing the Health State of Traditional Olive Groves, Using Nondestructive Phenotypic Techniques. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conservation of traditional olive groves through effective monitoring of their health state is crucial both at a tree and at a population level. In this study, we introduce a comprehensive methodological framework for estimating the traditional olive grove health state, by considering the fundamental phenotypic, spectral, and thermal traits of the olive trees. We obtained phenotypic information from olive trees on the Greek island of Lesvos by combining this with in situ measurement of spectral reflectance and thermal indices to investigate the effect of the olive tree traits on productivity, the presence of the olive leaf spot disease (OLS), and olive tree classification based on their health state. In this context, we identified a suite of important features, derived from linear and logistic regression models, which can explain productivity and accurately evaluate infected and noninfected trees. The results indicated that either specific traits or combinations of them are statistically significant predictors of productivity, while the occurrence of OLS symptoms can be identified by both the olives’ vitality traits and by the thermal variables. Finally, the classification of olive trees into different health states possibly offers significant information to explain traditional olive grove dynamics for their sustainable management.
Collapse
|
26
|
Debouza NE, Babu Thruppoyil S, Gopi K, Zain S, Ksiksi T. Plant and seed germination responses to global change, with a focus on CO2: A review. ONE ECOSYSTEM 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.6.e74260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Earth atmospheric CO2 concentration has risen by over 35% since 1750 and is presently increasing by about 2 parts per million (ppm) every year. Due to contributions from human activity, CO2 is projected to keep rising in the predictable future and to double sometime during this century if fossil fuels burning remains. As a result, air temperature is projected to rise from 2 to 5 °C by 2100. Following this rise in CO2, some ecosystems will face challenges in the next few decades as plants will live in warmer temperatures, higher evaporating demand and widespread changes in drought lengths and severity. To yield healthy crops and forests in changing climate surroundings, it is vital to define whether elevated CO2 disturbs seed germination and plant formation, but even more, the physiological traits conferring drought tolerance. Here, we review the current understanding on the role that CO2 plays on plant growth and seed germination, as well as its impact during the exposure of abiotic stresses like drought and salinity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Baer AB, Fickle JC, Medina J, Robles C, Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL. Xylem biomechanics, water storage, and density within roots and shoots of an angiosperm tree species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7984-7997. [PMID: 34410349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylem is a complex tissue that forms the bulk of tree bodies and has several functions, including to conduct water, store water and nutrients, and biomechanically support the plant body. We examined how xylem functional traits varied at different positions within 9-year-old Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa. Whole trees were excavated, and xylem samples were collected at 1-m increments along the main root-to-shoot axis of six trees, from root tip to shoot tip. We examined biomechanical and water-storage traits of the xylem, including using a non-invasive imaging technique to examine water content within long, intact branches (high-resolution computed tomography; microCT). Xylem density, strength, and stiffness were greater in shoots than roots. Along the main root-to-shoot axis, xylem strength and stiffness were greatest at shoot tips, and the tissue became linearly weaker and less stiff down the plant and through the root. Roots had greater water storage with lower biomechanical support, and shoots had biomechanically stronger and stiffer xylem with lower water storage. These findings support trade-offs among xylem functions between roots and shoots. Understanding how xylem functions differ throughout tree bodies is important in understanding whole-tree functioning and how terrestrial plants endure numerous environmental challenges over decades of growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Baer
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Jaycie C Fickle
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Jackeline Medina
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Catherine Robles
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Osone Y, Hashimoto S, Kenzo T. Verification of our empirical understanding of the physiology and ecology of two contrasting plantation species using a trait database. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254599. [PMID: 34843472 PMCID: PMC8629320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of climate change on forest ecosystems take on increasing importance more than ever. Information on plant traits is a powerful predictor of ecosystem dynamics and functioning. We reviewed the major ecological traits, such as foliar gas exchange and nutrients, xylem morphology and drought tolerance, of Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa, which are major timber species in East Asia, especially in Japan, by using a recently developed functional trait database for both species (SugiHinokiDB). Empirically, C. obtusa has been planted under drier conditions, whereas C. japonica, which grows faster but thought to be less drought tolerant, has been planted under wetter conditions. Our analysis generally support the empirical knowledge: The maximum photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, foliar nutrient content and soil-to-foliage hydraulic conductance were higher in C. japonica than in C. obtusa. In contrast, the foliar turgor loss point and xylem pressure corresponding to 50% conductivity, which indicate drought tolerance, were lower in C. obtusa and are consistent with the drier habitat of C. obtusa. Ontogenetic shifts were also observed; as the age and height of the trees increased, foliar nutrient concentrations, foliar minimum midday water potential and specific leaf area decreased in C. japonica, suggesting that nutrient and water limitation occurs with the growth. In C. obtusa, the ontogenetic shits of these foliar traits were less pronounced. Among the Cupressaceae worldwide, the drought tolerance of C. obtusa, as well as C. japonica, was not as high. This may be related to the fact that the Japanese archipelago has historically not been subjected to strong dryness. The maximum photosynthetic rate showed intermediate values within the family, indicating that C. japonica and C. obtusa exhibit relatively high growth rates in the Cupressaceae family, and this is thought to be the reason why they have been selected as economically suitable timber species in Japanese forestry. This study clearly demonstrated that the plant trait database provides us a promising opportunity to verify out empirical knowledge of plantation management and helps us to understand effect of climate change on plantation forests by using trait-based modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Osone
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shoji Hashimoto
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tanaka Kenzo
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mayr S. Relevance of time and spatial scales in plant hydraulics. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1781-1784. [PMID: 34296269 PMCID: PMC8498925 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
|
30
|
Yao GQ, Nie ZF, Zeng YY, Waseem M, Hasan MM, Tian XQ, Liao ZQ, Siddique KHM, Fang XW. A clear trade-off between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety in an aridland shrub during regrowth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3347-3357. [PMID: 34327717 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety is related to drought adaptation across species. However, whether leaf hydraulic efficiency is sacrificed for safety during woody resprout regrowth after crown removal is not well understood. We measured leaf water potential (ψleaf ) at predawn (ψpd ) and midday (ψmid ), leaf maximum hydraulic conductance (Kleaf-max ), ψleaf at induction 50% loss of Kleaf-max (Kleaf P50 ), leaf area-specific whole-plant hydraulic conductance (LSC), leaf vein structure and turgor loss point (πtlp ) in 1- to 13-year-old resprouts of the aridland shrub (Caragana korshinskii). ψpd was similar, ψmid and Kleaf P50 became more negative, and Kleaf-max decreased in resprouts with the increasing age; thus, leaf hydraulic efficiency clearly traded off against safety. The difference between ψmid and Kleaf P50 , leaf hydraulic safety margin, increased gradually with increasing resprout age. More negative ψmid and Kleaf P50 were closely related to decreasing LSC and more negative πtlp , respectively, and the decreasing Kleaf-max arose from the lower minor vein density and the narrower midrib xylem vessels. Our results showed that a clear trade-off between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety helps C. korshinskii resprouts adapt to increasing water stress as they approach final size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zheng-Fei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Md Mahadi Hasan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xue-Qian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhong-Qiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xiang-Wen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Qin DW, Chen WJ, Zhong LX, Qin WM, Cao KF. Gas exchange and hydraulic function in seedlings of three basal angiosperm tree-species during water-withholding and re-watering. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
32
|
Avila RT, Cardoso AA, Batz TA, Kane CN, DaMatta FM, McAdam SAM. Limited plasticity in embolism resistance in response to light in leaves and stems in species with considerable vulnerability segmentation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:2142-2152. [PMID: 33942915 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xylem resistance to embolism is a key metric determining plant survival during drought. Yet, we have a limited understanding of the degree of plasticity in vulnerability to embolism. Here, we tested whether light availability influences embolism resistance in leaves and stems. The optical vulnerability method was used to assess stem and leaf resistance to embolism in Phellodendron amurense and Ilex verticillata acclimated to sun and shade microenvironments within the same canopy. In both species, we found considerable segmentation in xylem resistance to embolism between leaves and stems, but only minor acclimation in response to light availability. With the addition of a third species, Betula pubescens, which shows no vulnerability segmentation, we sought to investigate xylem anatomical traits that might correlate with strong vulnerability segmentation. We found a correlation between the area fraction of vessels in the xylem and embolism resistance across species and tissue types. Our results suggest that minimal acclimation of embolism resistance occurs in response to light environment in the same individual and that the degree of vulnerability segmentation between leaves and stems might be determined by the vessel lumen fraction of the xylem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo T Avila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Amanda A Cardoso
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Timothy A Batz
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Cade N Kane
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Fábio M DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang YQ, Ni MY, Zeng WH, Huang DL, Xiang W, He PC, Ye Q, Cao KF, Zhu SD. Co-ordination between leaf biomechanical resistance and hydraulic safety across 30 sub-tropical woody species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:183-191. [PMID: 33930116 PMCID: PMC8324032 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leaf biomechanical resistance protects leaves from biotic and abiotic damage. Previous studies have revealed that enhancing leaf biomechanical resistance is costly for plant species and leads to an increase in leaf drought tolerance. We thus predicted that there is a functional correlation between leaf hydraulic safety and biomechanical characteristics. METHODS We measured leaf morphological and anatomical traits, pressure-volume parameters, maximum leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf-max), leaf water potential at 50 % loss of hydraulic conductance (P50leaf), leaf hydraulic safety margin (SMleaf), and leaf force to tear (Ft) and punch (Fp) of 30 co-occurring woody species in a sub-tropical evergreen broadleaved forest. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine the relationships between biomechanical resistance and other leaf hydraulic traits. KEY RESULTS We found that higher Ft and Fp values were significantly associated with a lower (more negative) P50leaf and a larger SMleaf, thereby confirming the correlation between leaf biomechanical resistance and hydraulic safety. However, leaf biomechanical resistance showed no correlation with Kleaf-max, although it was significantly and negatively correlated with leaf outside-xylem hydraulic conductance. In addition, we also found that there was a significant correlation between biomechanical resistance and the modulus of elasticity by excluding an outlier. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study reveal leaf biomechanical-hydraulic safety correlation in sub-tropical woody species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dong-Liu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng-Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shi-Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Domec JC, King JS, Carmichael MJ, Overby AT, Wortemann R, Smith WK, Miao G, Noormets A, Johnson DM. Aquaporins, and not changes in root structure, provide new insights into physiological responses to drought, flooding, and salinity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4489-4501. [PMID: 33677600 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of aquaporin (AQP) activity on plant water movement remains unclear, especially in plants subject to unfavorable conditions. We applied a multitiered approach at a range of plant scales to (i) characterize the resistances controlling water transport under drought, flooding, and flooding plus salinity conditions; (ii) quantify the respective effects of AQP activity and xylem structure on root (Kroot), stem (Kstem), and leaf (Kleaf) conductances; and (iii) evaluate the impact of AQP-regulated transport capacity on gas exchange. We found that drought, flooding, and flooding plus salinity reduced Kroot and root AQP activity in Pinus taeda, whereas Kroot of the flood-tolerant Taxodium distichum did not decline under flooding. The extent of the AQP control of transport efficiency varied among organs and species, ranging from 35-55% in Kroot to 10-30% in Kstem and Kleaf. In response to treatments, AQP-mediated inhibition of Kroot rather than changes in xylem acclimation controlled the fluctuations in Kroot. The reduction in stomatal conductance and its sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit were direct responses to decreased whole-plant conductance triggered by lower Kroot and larger resistance belowground. Our results provide new mechanistic and functional insights on plant hydraulics that are essential to quantifying the influences of future stress on ecosystem function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, UMR1391 ISPA INRA, 1 Cours du général de Gaulle, 33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - John S King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Mary J Carmichael
- Departments of Biology and Environmental Studies, Hollins University, Roanoke, VA 24020, USA
| | - Anna Treado Overby
- Planning, Design and the Built Environment, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Remi Wortemann
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1434 Silva, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - William K Smith
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Guofang Miao
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, FJ-350007, PR China
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jacobsen AL. Diversity in conduit and pit structure among extant gymnosperm taxa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:559-570. [PMID: 33861866 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gymnosperm taxa are incredibly diverse in many traits, including taxa with evergreen or deciduous leaves; broad, compound, needle-like or scale-like leaves; trees, shrubs, and lianas; and taxa with seed cones that range from fleshy to woody. Although less appreciated, xylem conduits are also diverse in structure among extant gymnosperm taxa. Within the xylem of gymnosperms, axial transport occurs predominantly via tracheids, although 10-40% of gymnosperm taxa, particularly within the Gnetophyta and Cycadophyta, also contain vessels. Gymnosperm taxa vary greatly in their inter-conduit pit structure, with different types of pit membranes and pitting arrangements. While some taxa display torus-margo bordered pits (60%), many others do not contain tori (40%), and at least some taxa without tori occur within each of the four extant phyla (Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta). Pit membrane types vary within families but appear relatively conserved within genera. Woody species with torus-bearing pit membranes occur in colder environments (lower mean annual temperature) compared to those without tori; but occurrence does not differ with mean annual precipitation. Detailed descriptions of pit membrane types are lacking for many species and genera, indicating a need for increased anatomical study. Increased knowledge of these traits could provide a unique experimental context in which to study the evolution of conduit networks, the hydraulic implications of conduit and pit structure, and the diverse structural and functional strategies utilized by gymnosperms. There are myriad potential study questions and research opportunities within this unique and diverse group of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rodríguez-Gamir J, Xue J, Meason DF, Clearwater M, Clinton PW, Domec JC. Interclonal variation, coordination, and trade-offs between hydraulic conductance and gas exchange in Pinus radiata: consequences on plant growth and wood density. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2419-2433. [PMID: 33337485 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stem growth reflects genetic and phenotypic differences within a tree species. The plant hydraulic system regulates the carbon economy, and therefore variations in growth and wood density. A whole-organism perspective, by partitioning the hydraulic system, is crucial for understanding the physical and physiological processes that coordinately mediate plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine whether the relationships and trade-offs between (i) hydraulic traits and their relative contribution to the whole-plant hydraulic system, (ii) plant water transport, (iii) CO2 assimilation, (iv) plant growth, and (v) wood density are revealed at the interclonal level within a variable population of 10 Pinus radiata (D. Don) clones for these characters. We demonstrated a strong coordination between several plant organs regarding their hydraulic efficiency. Hydraulic efficiency, gas exchange, and plant growth were intimately linked. Small reductions in stem wood density were related to a large increase in sapwood hydraulic efficiency, and thus to plant growth. However, stem growth rate was negatively related to wood density. We discuss insights explaining the relationships and trade-offs of the plant traits examined in this study. These insights provide a better understanding of the existing coordination, likely to be dependent on genetics, between the biophysical structure of wood, plant growth, hydraulic partitioning, and physiological plant functions in P. radiata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodríguez-Gamir
- Producción Vegetal en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Ctra de El boquerón s/n, 38270 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Forest Systems, Scion, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jianming Xue
- Forest Systems, Scion, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dean F Meason
- Forest Systems, Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Michael Clearwater
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR INRA ISPA 1391, Gradignan, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Partelli-Feltrin R, Smith AMS, Adams HD, Kolden CA, Johnson DM. Short- and long-term effects of fire on stem hydraulics in Pinus ponderosa saplings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:696-705. [PMID: 32890427 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding tree physiological responses to fire is needed to accurately model post-fire carbon processes and inform management decisions. Given trees can die immediately or at extended time periods after fire, we combined two experiments to assess the short- (one-day) and long-term (21-months) fire effects on Pinus ponderosa sapling water transport. Native percentage loss of conductivity (nPLC), vulnerability to cavitation and xylem anatomy were assessed in unburned and burned saplings at lethal and non-lethal fire intensities. Fire did not cause any impact on nPLC and xylem cell wall structure in either experiment. However, surviving saplings evaluated 21-months post-fire were more vulnerable to cavitation. Our anatomical analysis in the long-term experiment showed that new xylem growth adjacent to fire scars had irregular-shaped tracheids and many parenchyma cells. Given conduit cell wall deformation was not observed in the long-term experiment, we suggest that the irregularity of newly grown xylem cells nearby fire wounds may be responsible for decreasing resistance to embolism in burned plants. Our findings suggest that hydraulic failure is not the main short-term physiological driver of mortality for Pinus ponderosa saplings. However, the decrease in embolism resistance in fire-wounded saplings could contribute to sapling mortality in the years following fire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alistair M S Smith
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Crystal A Kolden
- Gallo School of Management, University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Burnette TE, Eckhart VM. Evolutionary divergence of potential drought adaptations between two subspecies of an annual plant: Are trait combinations facilitated, independent, or constrained? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:309-319. [PMID: 33524185 PMCID: PMC7986167 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Whether drought-adaptation mechanisms tend to evolve together, evolve independently, or evolve constrained by genetic architecture is incompletely resolved, particularly for water-relations traits besides gas exchange. We addressed this issue in two subspecies of Clarkia xantiana (Onagraceae), California winter annuals that separated approximately 65,000 years ago and are adapted, partly by differences in flowering time, to native ranges differing in precipitation. METHODS In these subspecies and in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross between them, we scored traits related to drought adaptation (timing of seed germination and of flowering, succulence, pressure-volume curve variables) in common environments. RESULTS The subspecies native to more arid environments (parviflora) exhibited slower seed germination in saturated conditions, earlier flowering, and greater succulence, likely indicating superior drought avoidance, drought escape, and dehydration resistance via water storage. The other subspecies (xantiana) had lower osmotic potential at full turgor and lower water potential at turgor loss, implying superior dehydration tolerance. Genetic correlations among RILs suggest facilitated evolution of some trait combinations and independence of others. Where genetic correlations exist, subspecies differences fell along them, with the exception of differences in succulence and turgor loss point. In that case, subspecies difference overcame genetic correlations, possibly reflecting strong selection and/or antagonistic genetic correlations with other traits. CONCLUSIONS Clarkia xantiana subspecies' differ in multiple mechanisms of drought adaptation. Genetic architecture generally does not seem to have constrained the evolution of these mechanisms, and it may have facilitated the evolution of some of trait combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Burnette
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMT59802USA
- Department of BiologyGrinnell CollegeGrinnellIA50112USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang Q, Zhu S, Jansen S, Cao K. Topography strongly affects drought stress and xylem embolism resistance in woody plants from a karst forest in Southwest China. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation College of Forestry Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Shi‐Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation College of Forestry Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | - Kun‐Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation College of Forestry Guangxi University Nanning China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yan CL, Ni MY, Cao KF, Zhu SD. Leaf hydraulic safety margin and safety-efficiency trade-off across angiosperm woody species. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200456. [PMID: 33202185 PMCID: PMC7728672 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance and the vulnerability to water deficits have profound effects on plant distribution and mortality. In this study, we compiled a leaf hydraulic trait dataset with 311 species-at-site combinations from biomes worldwide. These traits included maximum leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), water potential at 50% loss of Kleaf (P50leaf), and minimum leaf water potential (Ψmin). Leaf hydraulic safety margin (HSMleaf) was calculated as the difference between Ψmin and P50leaf. Our results indicated that 70% of the studied species had a narrow HSMleaf (less than 1 MPa), which was consistent with the global pattern of stem hydraulic safety margin. There was a positive relationship between HSMleaf and aridity index (the ratio of mean annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration), as species from humid sites tended to have larger HSMleaf. We found a significant relationship between Kleaf and P50leaf across global angiosperm woody species and within each of the different plant groups. This global analysis of leaf hydraulic traits improves our understanding of plant hydraulic response to environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Long Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Daxuedong Road 10 0, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Resource Recycling, Wuzhou University, Fuminsan Road 82, Wuzhou, Guangxi 543000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yuan Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Daxuedong Road 10 0, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Daxuedong Road 10 0, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Daxuedong Road 10 0, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang C, Wang M, Chen J, Gao X, Shao C, Lv Z, Jiao H, Xu H, Shen C. Survival strategies based on the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation hypothesis, for the tea plant [Camellia sinensis(L.) O. Kuntze] in long-term drought stress condition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:484-493. [PMID: 33038691 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea plants are important economic perennial crops that can be negatively impacted by drought stress (DS). However, their survival strategies in long-term DS conditions and the accumulation and influence of metabolites and mineral elements (MEs) in their organs, when facing hydraulic vulnerability segmentation, require further investigation. The MEs and metabolites in the leaf, stem, and root after long-term DS (20 d) were examined here, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The accumulation patterns of 116 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and nine MEs were considerably affected in all organs. The concentration of all MEs varied significantly in at least one organ, while the K and Ca levels were markedly altered in all three. Most DAM levels increased in the stem but decreased in the root and leaf, implying that vulnerability segmentation may occur with long-term DS. The typical nitrogen- and carbon-compound levels similarly increased in the stem and decreased in the leaf and root, as the plant might respond to long-term DS by stabilizing respiration, promoting nitrogen recycling, and free radical scavenging. Correlation analysis showed several possible DAM-ME interactions and an association between Mn and flavonoids. Thus, survival strategies under long-term DS included sacrificing distal/vulnerable organs and accumulating function-specialized metabolites and MEs to mitigate drought-induced oxidative damage. This is the first study that reports substance fluctuations after long-term DS in different organs of plants, and highlights the need to use whole plants to fully comprehend stress response strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Minhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Jianjiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Xizhi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Chenyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zhidong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Haizhen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Huaqin Xu
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Chengwen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Peters JMR, Gauthey A, Lopez R, Carins-Murphy MR, Brodribb TJ, Choat B. Non-invasive imaging reveals convergence in root and stem vulnerability to cavitation across five tree species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6623-6637. [PMID: 32822502 PMCID: PMC7586747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root vulnerability to cavitation is challenging to measure and under-represented in current datasets. This gap limits the precision of models used to predict plant responses to drought because roots comprise the critical interface between plant and soil. In this study, we measured vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in woody roots and stems of five tree species (Acacia aneura, Cedrus deodara, Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalytus saligna, and Quercus palustris) with a wide range of xylem anatomies. X-ray microtomography was used to visualize the accumulation of xylem embolism in stems and roots of intact plants that were naturally dehydrated to varying levels of water stress. Vulnerability to cavitation, defined as the water potential causing a 50% loss of hydraulic function (P50), varied broadly among the species (-4.51 MPa to -11.93 MPa in stems and -3.13 MPa to -9.64 MPa in roots). The P50 of roots and stems was significantly related across species, with species that had more vulnerable stems also having more vulnerable roots. While there was strong convergence in root and stem vulnerability to cavitation, the P50 of roots was significantly higher than the P50 of stems in three species. However, the difference in root and stem vulnerability for these species was small; between 1% and 31% of stem P50. Thus, while some differences existed between organs, roots were not dramatically more vulnerable to embolism than stems, and the differences observed were less than those reported in previous studies. Further study is required to evaluate the vulnerability across root orders and to extend these conclusions to a greater number of species and xylem functional types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M R Peters
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Alice Gauthey
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosana Lopez
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hydraulic traits of co-existing conifers do not correlate with local hydroclimate condition: a case study in the northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Oecologia 2020; 197:1049-1062. [PMID: 33025266 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the inter- and intra-specific variation of hydraulic traits of three conifers of the Northern Rockies: Pinus ponderosa, Picea engelmannii, and Pseudotsuga menziesii to understand the mechanisms that allow different plant species to co-exist across a watershed. We quantified differences in plant xylem water potential (ψx), xylem tissue vulnerability to cavitation (P50, or ψ causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity), and safety margins for co-occurring trees from low and high elevations. We then investigated xylem vulnerability to cavitation with rooting depth. We found that xylem vulnerability to cavitation did not correspond to where tree species were found in the landscape. For example, P. ponderosa grew in more xeric locations, while P. engelmannii were largely confined to more mesic locations, yet P. engelmannii had more negative P50 values. P. menziesii had the lowest P50 value, but displayed little variation in vulnerability to cavitation across the hydroclimatic gradient. These patterns were also reflected in the safety margins; P. menziesii had the widest safety margin, P. engelmannii was intermediate, and P. ponderosa displayed the narrowest safety margin. All three species were also using water sources deeper than 30 cm in depth, allowing them to persist throughout the mid-summer drought. Overall, species-specific hydraulic traits did not necessarily follow a predictable response to the environment; instead, a combination of physiological and morphological traits likely allow trees to persist across a broader hydroclimatic gradient than would be otherwise expected from hydraulic trait measurements alone.
Collapse
|
44
|
Levionnois S, Ziegler C, Jansen S, Calvet E, Coste S, Stahl C, Salmon C, Delzon S, Guichard C, Heuret P. Vulnerability and hydraulic segmentations at the stem-leaf transition: coordination across Neotropical trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:512-524. [PMID: 32496575 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic segmentation at the stem-leaf transition predicts higher hydraulic resistance in leaves than in stems. Vulnerability segmentation, however, predicts lower embolism resistance in leaves. Both mechanisms should theoretically favour runaway embolism in leaves to preserve expensive organs such as stems, and should be tested for any potential coordination. We investigated the theoretical leaf-specific conductivity based on an anatomical approach to quantify the degree of hydraulic segmentation across 21 tropical rainforest tree species. Xylem resistance to embolism in stems (flow-centrifugation technique) and leaves (optical visualization method) was quantified to assess vulnerability segmentation. We found a pervasive hydraulic segmentation across species, but with a strong variability in the degree of segmentation. Despite a clear continuum in the degree of vulnerability segmentation, eight species showed a positive vulnerability segmentation (leaves less resistant to embolism than stems), whereas the remaining species studied exhibited a negative or no vulnerability segmentation. The degree of vulnerability segmentation was positively related to the degree of hydraulic segmentation, such that segmented species promote both mechanisms to hydraulically decouple leaf xylem from stem xylem. To what extent hydraulic and vulnerability segmentation determine drought resistance requires further integration of the leaf-stem transition at the whole-plant level, including both xylem and outer xylem tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Levionnois
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
- AMAP , Univ Montpellier , CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Camille Ziegler
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
- UMR SILVA, INRAE , Université de Lorraine, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Emma Calvet
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Camille Salmon
- AMAP , Univ Montpellier , CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Univ. Bordeaux , INRAE, BIOGECO, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Charlotte Guichard
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
- AMAP , Univ Montpellier , CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gambetta GA, Herrera JC, Dayer S, Feng Q, Hochberg U, Castellarin SD. The physiology of drought stress in grapevine: towards an integrative definition of drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4658-4676. [PMID: 32433735 PMCID: PMC7410189 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Water availability is arguably the most important environmental factor limiting crop growth and productivity. Erratic precipitation patterns and increased temperatures resulting from climate change will likely make drought events more frequent in many regions, increasing the demand on freshwater resources and creating major challenges for agriculture. Addressing these challenges through increased irrigation is not always a sustainable solution so there is a growing need to identify and/or breed drought-tolerant crop varieties in order to maintain sustainability in the context of climate change. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera), a major fruit crop of economic importance, has emerged as a model perennial fruit crop for the study of drought tolerance. This review synthesizes the most recent results on grapevine drought responses, the impact of water deficit on fruit yield and composition, and the identification of drought-tolerant varieties. Given the existing gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying grapevine drought responses, we aim to answer the following question: how can we move towards a more integrative definition of grapevine drought tolerance?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jose Carlos Herrera
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Silvina Dayer
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Quishuo Feng
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Uri Hochberg
- ARO Volcani Center, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Britto de Assis Prado CH, de Brito Melo Trovão DM, Souza JP. A network model for determining decomposition, topology, and properties of the woody crown. J Theor Biol 2020; 499:110318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
47
|
Resco de Dios V, Arteaga C, Peguero-Pina JJ, Sancho-Knapik D, Qin H, Zveushe OK, Sun W, Williams DG, Boer MM, Voltas J, Moreno JM, Tissue DT, Gil-Pelegrín E. Hydraulic and photosynthetic limitations prevail over root non-structural carbohydrate reserves as drivers of resprouting in two Mediterranean oaks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1944-1957. [PMID: 32394490 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Resprouting is an ancestral trait in angiosperms that confers resilience after perturbations. As climate change increases stress, resprouting vigor is declining in many forest regions, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Resprouting in woody plants is thought to be primarily limited by the availability of non-structural carbohydrate reserves (NSC), but hydraulic limitations could also be important. We conducted a multifactorial experiment with two levels of light (ambient, 2-3% of ambient) and three levels of water stress (0, 50 and 80 percent losses of hydraulic conductivity, PLC) on two Mediterranean oaks (Quercus ilex and Q. faginea) under a rain-out shelter (n = 360). The proportion of resprouting individuals after canopy clipping declined markedly as PLC increased for both species. NSC concentrations affected the response of Q. ilex, the species with higher leaf construction costs, and its effect depended on the PLC. The growth of resprouting individuals was largely dependent on photosynthetic rates for both species, while stored NSC availability and hydraulic limitations played minor and non-significant roles, respectively. Contrary to conventional wisdom, our results indicate that resprouting in oaks may be primarily driven by complex interactions between hydraulics and carbon sources, whereas stored NSC play a significant but secondary role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Carles Arteaga
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Haiyan Qin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Obey K Zveushe
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - David G Williams
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Matthias M Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - José M Moreno
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
di Francescantonio D, Villagra M, Goldstein G, Campanello PI. Drought and frost resistance vary between evergreen and deciduous Atlantic Forest canopy trees. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:779-791. [PMID: 32513382 DOI: 10.1071/fp19282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Frost and drought are key stress factors limiting the growth and distribution of tree species. Resistance to stress involves energy costs that may result in trade-offs between different functional traits. Structures or mechanisms that can help to withstand stress imply differences in the carbon economy of the species. Although adaptive responses to frost and drought resistance are usually of a similar nature, they are rarely assessed simultaneously. We investigated these resistance mechanisms in 10 canopy tree species coexisting in the semi-deciduous subtropical forests of northern Argentina. We measured leaf lifespan, anatomical, photosynthetic and water relations traits and performed a thermal analysis in leaves to determined ice nucleation and tissue damage temperatures. Our results showed that evergreen and deciduous species have different adaptive responses to cope with freezing temperatures and water deficits. Evergreen species exhibited cold tolerance, while deciduous species were more resistant to hydraulic dysfunction and showed greater water transport efficiency. Further research is needed to elucidate resistance strategies to stress factors at the whole tree- and stand level, and possible links with hydraulic safety and efficiency among different phenological groups. This will allow us to predict the responses of subtropical forest species to changes in environmental conditions under climate change scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora di Francescantonio
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (N3370BFA), Misiones, Argentina; and Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico (CeIBA). Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (N3370BFA), Misiones, Argentina; and Corresponding author.
| | - Mariana Villagra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (N3370BFA), Misiones, Argentina; and Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico (CeIBA). Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (N3370BFA), Misiones, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Paula I Campanello
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (N3370BFA), Misiones, Argentina; and Centro de Estudios Ambientales Integrados, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, CONICET, RN Nº 259 - Km 16.4, Esquel (9200), Chubut, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Li Q, Zhao M, Wang N, Liu S, Wang J, Zhang W, Yang N, Fan P, Wang R, Wang H, Du N. Water use strategies and drought intensity define the relative contributions of hydraulic failure and carbohydrate depletion during seedling mortality. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 153:106-118. [PMID: 32485615 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
COMBINING HYDRAULIC: and carbon-related measurements can help elucidate drought-induced plant mortality. To study drought mortality mechanisms, seedlings of two woody species, including the anisohydric Robinia pseudoacacia and isohydric Quercus acutissima, were cultivated in a greenhouse and subjected to intense drought by withholding water and mild drought by adding half of the amount of daily water lost. Patterns of leaf and root gas exchange, leaf surface areas, growth, leaf and stem hydraulics, and carbohydrate dynamics were determined in drought-stressed and control seedlings. We detected a complete loss of hydraulic conductivity and partial depletion of total nonstructural carbohydrates contents (TNC) in the dead seedlings. We also found that intense drought triggered a more rapid decrease in plant water potential and a faster drop in net photosynthesis below zero, and a greater TNC loss in dead seedlings than mild drought. Additionally, anisohydric R. pseudoacacia suffered a rapider death than the isohydric Q. acutissima. Based on these findings, we propose that hydraulic conductivity loss and carbon limitation jointly contributed to drought-induced death, while the relative contributions could be altered by drought intensity. We thus believe that it is important to illustrate the mechanistic relationships between stress intensity and carbon-hydraulics coupling in the context of isohydric vs. anisohydric hydraulic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuna Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Forestry, 42 Wenhuadong Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Qingdao Forestry Station, 106 Yan'an'yi Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peixian Fan
- Qingdao Forestry Station, 106 Yan'an'yi Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bourbia I, Carins-Murphy MR, Gracie A, Brodribb TJ. Xylem cavitation isolates leaky flowers during water stress in pyrethrum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:146-155. [PMID: 32130731 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flowers underpin plant evolution, genetic legacy and global food supply. They are exposed to similar evaporative conditions as leaves, yet floral physiology is a product of different selective forces. We used Tanacetum cinerariifolium, a perennial daisy, to examine the response of flowers to whole-plant water stress, determining if flowers constitute a liability during drought, and how this species has adapted to minimize risk associated with reproduction. We determined the relative transpiration cost of flowers and leaves and confirmed that flowers in this species are xylem-hydrated. The relative water stress tolerance of leaves and flowers then was compared using xylem vulnerability measurements linked with observed tissue damage during an acute drought treatment. Flowers were a major source of water loss during drought but the xylem supplying them was much more vulnerable to cavitation than leaves. This xylem vulnerability segmentation was confirmed by observations that most flowers died whereas leaves were minimally affected during drought. Early cavitation and hydraulic isolation of flowers during drought benefits the plant by slowing the dehydration of perennial vegetative organs and delaying systemic xylem damage. Our results highlight the need to understand flower xylem vulnerability as a means of predicting plant reproductive failure under future drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Bourbia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Madeline R Carins-Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Alistair Gracie
- Tasmania Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|