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Anwar S, Siddique R, Ahmad S, Haider MZ, Ali H, Sami A, Lucas RS, Shafiq M, Nisa BU, Javed B, Akram J, Tabassum J, Javed MA. Genome wide identification and characterization of Bax inhibitor-1 gene family in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under biotic and abiotic stress. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:1032. [PMID: 39497028 PMCID: PMC11536926 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 11/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In plants, the BAX inhibitor-1 (BI-1) gene plays a crucial part in controlling cell death under stress conditions. This mechanism of Programmed Cell Death (PCD) is genetically regulated and is crucial for the elimination of unwanted or damaged cells in a controlled manner, which is essential for normal development and tissue maintenance. A study on cucumber identified and characterized five BI-1 genes: CsBI1, CsBI2, CsBI3, CsBI4, and CsBI5. These genes share conserved domains, indicating common evolutionary history and function. Physicochemical analysis revealed their molecular weights and isoelectric points, while subcellular localization showed their presence in different cellular compartments. The phylogenetic analysis highlighted evolutionary relationships with related crops. Chromosomal distribution and synteny analysis suggested segmental or tandem duplications within the gene family. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed extensive interactions with other cucumber proteins. Cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions provided insights into potential functions and transcriptional regulation. miRNAs showed diverse regulatory mechanisms, including mRNA cleavage and translational inhibition. The CsBI3, CsBI4 and CsBI5 genes exhibit elevated expression levels during cold stress, suggesting their vital involvement in cucumber plant defense mechanisms. The application of chitosan oligosaccharides externally confirms their distinct expression patterns. The qRT-PCR confirms the upregulation of CsBI genes in ToLCNDV-infected plants, indicating their potential to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses. The comprehensive genome-wide exploration provides opportunities for the development of cold-tolerant and virus-resistant cucumber variants by traditional breeding or gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Anwar
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, P.O BOX. 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Siddique
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, P.O BOX. 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Seed Center and Plant Genetic Resources Bank, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, 14712, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zeshan Haider
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haider Ali
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adnan Sami
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rosa Sanchez Lucas
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Bader Un Nisa
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, P.O BOX. 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Javed
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jannat Akram
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, P.O BOX. 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javaria Tabassum
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Arshad Javed
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Kim CY, Song H, Lee YH. Ambivalent response in pathogen defense: A double-edged sword? PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100415. [PMID: 35918895 PMCID: PMC9700132 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess effective immune systems that defend against most microbial attackers. Recent plant immunity research has focused on the classic binary defense model involving the pivotal role of small-molecule hormones in regulating the plant defense signaling network. Although most of our current understanding comes from studies that relied on information derived from a limited number of pathosystems, newer studies concerning the incredibly diverse interactions between plants and microbes are providing additional insights into other novel mechanisms. Here, we review the roles of both classical and more recently identified components of defense signaling pathways and stress hormones in regulating the ambivalence effect during responses to diverse pathogens. Because of their different lifestyles, effective defense against biotrophic pathogens normally leads to increased susceptibility to necrotrophs, and vice versa. Given these opposing forces, the plant potentially faces a trade-off when it mounts resistance to a specific pathogen, a phenomenon referred to here as the ambivalence effect. We also highlight a novel mechanism by which translational control of the proteins involved in the ambivalence effect can be used to engineer durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance, regardless of the lifestyle of the invading pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yeol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Jalili S, Ehsanpour AA, Javadirad SM. The role of melatonin on caspase-3-like activity and expression of the genes involved in programmed cell death (PCD) induced by in vitro salt stress in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:19. [PMID: 35689706 PMCID: PMC9188634 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most cultivated forage plant as a model in legumes. Salinity stress due to Na+ toxicity causes severe, oxidative stress as a main reason for program cell death (PCD) in plants. Melatonin application can increase plant productivity in response to diverse stressors via modulating plant antioxidant mechanisms and PCD inhibition in plants. RESULTS Alfalfa roots were subjected to different concentrations of in vitro salinity supplemented with melatonin (0.1, 10 and 15 µM) for ten days. Application of melatonin under salinity stress reduced ROS, H2O2 and [Formula: see text] content and showed a dramatic impact on TTC reduction and augmented cell viability. Interestingly, melatonin inhibited caspase 3-like protease activity and could decrease DNA fragmentation induced by salinity while increased expression of anti-apoptotic genes BI-1, UCP1-UCP2 involved in PCD pathway. In contrast, in 300 mM salinity, γVPE gene as a proapoptotic of PCD down-regulated significantly. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, present data showed that, melatonin plays a major function in preventing PCD in alfalfa root meristem cells. We attempted to offer a mechanism for the function of melatonin as an anti-apoptotic agent by demonstrating significant actions of melatonin on mitochondria proteins, such as UCPs, in a manner similar to animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Jalili
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Ehsanpour
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Morteza Javadirad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Mapuranga J, Zhang L, Zhang N, Yang W. The haustorium: The root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963705. [PMID: 36105706 PMCID: PMC9465030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are among the dreadful pathogens that continuously threaten the production of economically important crops. The interaction of biotrophic fungal pathogens with their hosts necessitates the development of unique infection mechanisms and involvement of various virulence-associated components. Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi have an exceptional lifestyle that supports nutrient acquisition from cells of a living host and are fully dependent on the host for successful completion of their life cycle. The haustorium, a specialized infection structure, is the key organ for biotrophic fungal pathogens. The haustorium is not only essential in the uptake of nutrients without killing the host, but also in the secretion and delivery of effectors into the host cells to manipulate host immune system and defense responses and reprogram the metabolic flow of the host. Although there is a number of unanswered questions in this area yet, results from various studies indicate that the haustorium is the root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the haustorium, its structure, composition, and functions, which includes the most recent haustorial transcriptome studies.
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Marcianò D, Ricciardi V, Marone Fassolo E, Passera A, Bianco PA, Failla O, Casati P, Maddalena G, De Lorenzis G, Toffolatti SL. RNAi of a Putative Grapevine Susceptibility Gene as a Possible Downy Mildew Control Strategy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:667319. [PMID: 34127927 PMCID: PMC8196239 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.667319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the diseases causing the most severe economic losses to grapevine (Vitis vinifera) production. To date, the application of fungicides is the most efficient method to control the pathogen and the implementation of novel and sustainable disease control methods is a major challenge. RNA interference (RNAi) represents a novel biotechnological tool with a great potential for controlling fungal pathogens. Recently, a candidate susceptibility gene (VviLBDIf7) to downy mildew has been identified in V. vinifera. In this work, the efficacy of RNAi triggered by exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in controlling P. viticola infections has been assessed in a highly susceptible grapevine cultivar (Pinot noir) by knocking down VviLBDIf7 gene. The effects of dsRNA treatment on this target gene were assessed by evaluating gene expression, disease severity, and development of vegetative and reproductive structures of P. viticola in the leaf tissues. Furthermore, the effects of dsRNA treatment on off-target (EF1α, GAPDH, PEPC, and PEPCK) and jasmonic acid metabolism (COI1) genes have been evaluated. Exogenous application of dsRNA led to significant reductions both in VviLBDIf7 gene expression, 5 days after the treatment, and in the disease severity when artificial inoculation was carried out 7 days after dsRNA treatments. The pathogen showed clear alterations to both vegetative (hyphae and haustoria) and reproductive structures (sporangiophores) that resulted in stunted growth and reduced sporulation. Treatment with dsRNA showed signatures of systemic activity and no deleterious off-target effects. These results demonstrated the potential of RNAi for silencing susceptibility factors in grapevine as a sustainable strategy for pathogen control, underlying the possibility to adopt this promising biotechnological tool in disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabriella De Lorenzis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Laura Toffolatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Godlewski M, Kobylińska A. Bax Inhibitor 1 (BI-1) as a conservative regulator of Programmed Cell Death. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a physiological process in which infected or unnecessary cells due to their suicidal death capability can be selectively eliminated. Pro- and antiapoptotic proteins play an important role in the induction or inhibition of this process. Presented article shows property of Bax-1 (BI-1) inhibitor which is one of the conservative protein associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as well as its cytoprotective role in the regulation of cellular processes. It was shown that: 1) BI-1 is a small protein consisting of 237 amino acids (human protein - 36 kDa) and has 6 (in animals) and 7 (in plants) α-helical transmembrane domains, 2) BI-1 is expressed in all organisms and in most tissues, moreover its level depends on the functional condition of cells and it is involved in the development or reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, 3) BI-1 forms a pH-dependent Ca2+ channel enabling release of these ions from the ER, 4) cytoprotective effects of BI-1 requires a whole, unchanged C-terminus, 5) BI-1 can interact directly with numerous other proteins, BI-1 protein affects numerous cellular processes, including: counteracting ER stress, oxidative stress, loss of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis as well as this protein influences on sphingolipid metabolism, autophagy, actin polymerization, lysosomal activity and cell proliferation. Studies of BI-1 functions will allow understanding the mechanisms of anticancer therapy or increases the knowledge of crop tolerance to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Godlewski
- Katedra Ekofizjologii Roślin, Instytut Biologii Eksperymentalnej, Wydział Biologii i Ochrony Środowiska, Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź
| | - Agnieszka Kobylińska
- Katedra Ekofizjologii Roślin, Instytut Biologii Eksperymentalnej, Wydział Biologii i Ochrony Środowiska, Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź
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7
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Zhang C, Wang X, Liu X, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Li W. A Novel ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-Encoded Sec-Dependent Secretory Protein Suppresses Programmed Cell Death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5802. [PMID: 31752214 PMCID: PMC6888338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is one of the causal agents of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), a bacterial disease of citrus trees that greatly reduces fruit yield and quality. CLas strains produce an array of currently uncharacterized Sec-dependent secretory proteins. In this study, the conserved chromosomally encoded protein CLIBASIA_03875 was identified as a novel Sec-dependent secreted protein. We show that CLIBASIA_03875 contains a putative Sec- secretion signal peptide (SP), a 29 amino acid residue located at the N-terminus, with a mature protein (m3875) of 22 amino acids found to localize in multiple subcellular components of the leaf epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana. When overexpressed via a Potato virus X (PVX)-based expression vector in N. benthamiana, m3875 suppressed programmed cell death (PCD) and the H2O2 accumulation triggered by the pro-apoptotic mouse protein BAX and the Phytophthora infestans elicitin INF1. Overexpression also resulted in a phenotype of dwarfing, leaf deformation and mosaics, suggesting that m3875 has roles in plant immune response, growth, and development. Substitution mutagenesis of the charged amino acid (D7, R9, R11, and K22) with alanine within m3875 did not recover the phenotypes for PCD and normal growth. In addition, the transiently overexpressed m3875 regulated the transcriptional levels of N. benthamiana orthologs of CNGCs (cyclic nucleotide-gated channels), BI-1 (Bax-inhibitor 1), and WRKY33 that are involved in plant defense mechanisms. To our knowledge, m3875 is the first PCD suppressor identified from CLas. Studying the function of this protein provides insight as to how CLas attenuates the host immune responses to proliferate and cause Huanglongbing disease in citrus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, China;
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China;
| | - Xuelu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.)
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China;
| | - Yanyan Fan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, China;
| | - Weimin Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.)
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Nagano M, Kakuta C, Fukao Y, Fujiwara M, Uchimiya H, Kawai-Yamada M. Arabidopsis Bax inhibitor-1 interacts with enzymes related to very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:131-143. [PMID: 30604175 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-01081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is a widely conserved cell death regulator that confers resistance to environmental stress in plants. Previous studies suggest that Arabidopsis thaliana BI-1 (AtBI-1) modifies sphingolipids by interacting with cytochrome b5 (AtCb5), an electron-transfer protein. To reveal how AtBI-1 regulates sphingolipid synthesis, we screened yeast sphingolipid-deficient mutants and identified yeast ELO2 and ELO3 as novel enzymes that are essential for AtBI-1 function. ELO2 and ELO3 are condensing enzymes that synthesize very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), major fatty acids in plant sphingolipids. In Arabidopsis, we identified four ELO homologs (AtELO1-AtELO4), localized in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Of those AtELOs, AtELO1 and AtELO2 had a characteristic histidine motif and were bound to AtCb5-B. This result suggests that AtBI-1 interacts with AtELO1 and AtELO2 through AtCb5. AtELO2 and AtCb5-B also interact with KCR1, PAS2, and CER10, which are essential for the synthesis of VLCFAs. Therefore, AtELO2 may participate in VLCFA synthesis with AtCb5 in Arabidopsis. In addition, our co-immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that AtBI-1 forms a complex with AtELO2, KCR1, PAS2, CER10, and AtCb5-D. Furthermore, AtBI-1 contributes to the rapid synthesis of 2-hydroxylated VLCFAs in response to oxidative stress. These results indicate that AtBI-1 regulates VLCFA synthesis by interacting with VLCFA-synthesizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nagano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Chikako Kakuta
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- YANMAR Co., Ltd, Chayamachi 1-32, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8311, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uchimiya
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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Lu PP, Zheng WJ, Wang CT, Shi WY, Fu JD, Chen M, Chen J, Zhou YB, Xi YJ, Xu ZS. Wheat Bax Inhibitor-1 interacts with TaFKBP62 and mediates response to heat stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:259. [PMID: 30367612 PMCID: PMC6204060 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat stress is a severe environmental stress that affects plant growth and reduces yield. Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is a cytoprotective protein that is involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BI-1 mutants atbi1-1 and atbi1-2 are hypersensitive to heat stress, and AtBI-1 overexpression rescues thermotolerance deficiency in atbi1 plants. Nevertheless, the mechanism of BI-1 in plant thermotolerance is still unclear. RESULTS We identified a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) BI-1 gene, TaBI-1.1, which was highly upregulated in an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of heat-treated wheat. The upregulation of TaBI-1.1 under heat stress was further demonstrated by real time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining. Compared with the wild type Col-0, the atbi1-2 mutant is hypersensitive to heat stress, and constitutive expression of TaBI-1.1 in atbi1-2 (35S::TaBI-1.1/ atbi1-2) rescued the deficiency of atbi1-2 under heat stress. Furthermore, we identified TaFKBP62 as a TaBI-1.1-interacting protein that co-localized with TaBI-1.1 on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and enhanced heat stress tolerance. Additionally, HSFA2, HSFB1, ROF1, HSP17.4B, HSP17.6A, HSP17.8, HSP70B, and HSP90.1 expression levels were suppressed in atbi1-2 plants under heat stress. In contrast, 35S::TaBI-1.1/atbi1-2 relieved the inhibitory effect of AtBI-1 loss of function. CONCLUSIONS TaBI-1.1 interacted with TaFKBP62 and co-localized with TaFKBP62 on the ER membrane. Both TaBI-1.1 and AtBI-1 regulated the expression of heat-responsive genes and were conserved in plant thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chang-Tao Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Wen-Yan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Jin-Dong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Ya-Jun Xi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081 China
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10
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Zhang J, Wang F, Zhang C, Zhang J, Chen Y, Liu G, Zhao Y, Hao F, Zhang J. A novel VIGS method by agroinoculation of cotton seeds and application for elucidating functions of GhBI-1 in salt-stress response. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1091-1100. [PMID: 29868984 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A VIGS method by agroinoculation of cotton seeds was developed for gene silencing in young seedlings and roots, and applied in functional analysis of GhBI-1 in response to salt stress. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has been widely used to investigate the functions of genes expressed in mature leaves, but not yet in young seedlings or roots of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Here, we developed a simple and effective VIGS method for silencing genes in young cotton seedlings and roots by soaking naked seeds in Agrobacterium cultures carrying tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-VIGS vectors. When the naked seeds were soaked in Agrobacterium cultures with an OD600 of 1.5 for 90 min, it was optimal for silencing genes effectively in young seedlings as clear photo-bleaching phenotype in the newly emerging leaves of pTRV:GhCLA1 seedlings were observed at 12-14 days post inoculation. Silencing of GhPGF (cotton pigment gland formation) by this method resulted in a 90% decrease in transcript abundances of the gene in roots at the early development stage. We further used the tool to investigate function of GhBI-1 (cotton Bax inhibitor-1) gene in response to salt stress and demonstrated that GhBI-1 might play a protective role under salt stress by suppressing stress-induced cell death in cotton. Our results showed that the newly established VIGS method is a powerful tool for elucidating functions of genes in cotton, especially the genes expressed in young seedlings and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Furong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Chuanyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yanxiu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fushun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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11
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Künstler A, Bacsó R, Albert R, Barna B, Király Z, Hafez YM, Fodor J, Schwarczinger I, Király L. Superoxide (O 2.-) accumulation contributes to symptomless (type I) nonhost resistance of plants to biotrophic pathogens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 128:115-125. [PMID: 29775863 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance is the most common form of disease resistance exhibited by plants against most pathogenic microorganisms. Type I nonhost resistance is symptomless (i.e. no macroscopically visible cell/tissue death), implying an early halt of pathogen growth. The timing/speed of defences is much more rapid during type I nonhost resistance than during type II nonhost and host ("gene-for-gene") resistance associated with a hypersensitive response (localized necrosis, HR). However, the mechanism(s) underlying symptomless (type I) nonhost resistance is not entirely understood. Here we assessed accumulation dynamics of the reactive oxygen species superoxide (O2.-) during interactions of plants with a range of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens resulting in susceptibility, symptomless nonhost resistance or host resistance with HR. Our results show that the timing of macroscopically detectable superoxide accumulation (1-4 days after inoculation, DAI) is always associated with the speed of the defense response (symptomless nonhost resistance vs. host resistance with HR) in inoculated leaves. The relatively early (1 DAI) superoxide accumulation during symptomless nonhost resistance of barley to wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) is localized to mesophyll chloroplasts of inoculated leaves and coupled to enhanced NADPH oxidase (EC 1.6.3.1) activity and transient increases in expression of genes regulating superoxide levels and cell death (superoxide dismutase, HvSOD1 and BAX inhibitor-1, HvBI-1). Importantly, the partial suppression of symptomless nonhost resistance of barley to wheat powdery mildew by heat shock (49 °C, 45 s) and antioxidant (SOD and catalase) treatments points to a functional role of superoxide in symptomless (type I) nonhost resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Künstler
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Renáta Bacsó
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Réka Albert
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Balázs Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Király
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Yaser Mohamed Hafez
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - József Fodor
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Lóránt Király
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary.
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12
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Park E, Nedo A, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Plant-microbe interactions: organelles and the cytoskeleton in action. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1012-1028. [PMID: 29250789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1012 II. The endomembrane system in plant-microbe interactions 1013 III. The cytoskeleton in plant-microbe interactions 1017 IV. Organelles in plant-microbe interactions 1019 V. Inter-organellar communication in plant-microbe interactions 1022 VI. Conclusions and prospects 1023 Acknowledgements 1024 References 1024 SUMMARY: Plants have evolved a multilayered immune system with well-orchestrated defense strategies against pathogen attack. Multiple immune signaling pathways, coordinated by several subcellular compartments and interactions between these compartments, play important roles in a successful immune response. Pathogens use various strategies to either directly attack the plant's immune system or to indirectly manipulate the physiological status of the plant to inhibit an immune response. Microscopy-based approaches have allowed the direct visualization of membrane trafficking events, cytoskeleton reorganization, subcellular dynamics and inter-organellar communication during the immune response. Here, we discuss the contributions of organelles and the cytoskeleton to the plant's defense response against microbial pathogens, as well as the mechanisms used by pathogens to target these compartments to overcome the plant's defense barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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13
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Lu PP, Yu TF, Zheng WJ, Chen M, Zhou YB, Chen J, Ma YZ, Xi YJ, Xu ZS. The Wheat Bax Inhibitor-1 Protein Interacts with an Aquaporin TaPIP1 and Enhances Disease Resistance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:20. [PMID: 29403525 PMCID: PMC5786567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident cell death suppressor evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. The ability of BI-1 to inhibit the biotic and abiotic stresses have been well-studied in Arabidopsis, while the functions of wheat BI-1 are largely unknown. In this study, the wheat BI-1 gene TaBI-1.1 was isolated by an RNA-seq analysis of Fusarium graminearum (Fg)-treated wheat. TaBI-1.1 expression was induced by a salicylic acid (SA) treatment and down-regulated by an abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Based on β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining, TaBI-1.1 was expressed in mature leaves and roots but not in the hypocotyl or young leaves. Constitutive expression of TaBI-1.1 in Arabidopsis enhanced its resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato (Pst) DC3000 infection and induced SA-related gene expression. Additionally, TaBI-1.1 transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited an alleviation of damage caused by high concentrations of SA and decreased the sensitivity to ABA. Consistent with the phenotype, the RNA-seq analysis of 35S::TaBI-1.1 and Col-0 plants showed that TaBI-1.1 was involved in biotic stresses. These results suggested that TaBI-1.1 positively regulates SA signals and plays important roles in the response to biotic stresses. In addition, TaBI-1.1 interacted with the aquaporin TaPIP1, and both them were localized to ER membrane. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TaPIP1 was up-regulated by SA treatment and TaPIP1 transgenic Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance to Pst DC3000 infection. Thus, the interaction between TaBI-1.1 and TaPIP1 on the ER membrane probably occurs in response to SA signals and defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Lu
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tai-Fei Yu
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Xi
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Zhao-Shi Xu, Ya-Jun Xi,
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhao-Shi Xu, Ya-Jun Xi,
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14
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Scotton DC, Azevedo MDS, Sestari I, Da Silva JS, Souza LA, Peres LEP, Leal GA, Figueira A. Expression of the Theobroma cacao Bax-inhibitor-1 gene in tomato reduces infection by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1101-1112. [PMID: 27454588 PMCID: PMC6638249 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a key role in plant responses to pathogens, determining the success of infection depending on the pathogen lifestyle and on which participant of the interaction triggers cell death. The hemibiotrophic basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches' broom disease of Theobroma cacao L. (cacao), a serious constraint for production in South America and the Caribbean. It has been hypothesized that M. perniciosa pathogenesis involves PCD, initially as a plant defence mechanism, which is diverted by the fungus to induce necrosis during the dikaryotic phase of the mycelia. Here, we evaluated whether the expression of a cacao anti-apoptotic gene would affect the incidence and severity of M. perniciosa infection using the 'Micro-Tom' (MT) tomato as a model. The cacao Bax-inhibitor-1 (TcBI-1) gene, encoding a putative basal attenuator of PCD, was constitutively expressed in MT to evaluate function. Transformants expressing TcBI-1, when treated with tunicamycin, an inducer of endoplasmic reticulum stress, showed a decrease in cell peroxidation. When the same transformants were inoculated with the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Botrytis cinerea, a significant reduction in infection severity was observed, confirming TcBI-1 function. After inoculation with M. perniciosa, TcBI-1 transformant lines showed a significant reduction in disease incidence compared with MT. The overexpression of TcBI-1 appears to affect the ability of germinating spores to penetrate susceptible tissues, restoring part of the non-host resistance in MT against the S-biotype of M. perniciosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Camargo Scotton
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13400‐970Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13418‐900Brazil
| | - Mariana Da Silva Azevedo
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13418‐900Brazil
| | - Ivan Sestari
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13418‐900Brazil
| | - Jamille Santos Da Silva
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13400‐970Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13418‐900Brazil
| | - Lucas Anjos Souza
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13400‐970Brazil
- Present address:
Instituto Federal GoianoCampus Rio Verde, Rio VerdeGO 75901-970Brazil
| | | | - Gildemberg Amorim Leal
- Centro de Estudos Agrários, Universidade Federal de AlagoasBR 104, Km 85 Norte, Rio LargoAL57100‐00Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13400‐970Brazil
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15
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Xu G, Wang S, Han S, Xie K, Wang Y, Li J, Liu Y. Plant Bax Inhibitor-1 interacts with ATG6 to regulate autophagy and programmed cell death. Autophagy 2017; 13:1161-1175. [PMID: 28537463 PMCID: PMC5529081 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1320633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process and is involved in the regulation of programmed cell death during the plant immune response. However, mechanisms regulating autophagy and cell death are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that plant Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1), a highly conserved cell death regulator, interacts with ATG6, a core autophagy-related protein. Silencing of BI-1 reduced the autophagic activity induced by both N gene-mediated resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and methyl viologen (MV), and enhanced N gene-mediated cell death. In contrast, overexpression of plant BI-1 increased autophagic activity and surprisingly caused autophagy-dependent cell death. These results suggest that plant BI-1 has both prosurvival and prodeath effects in different physiological contexts and both depend on autophagic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shanshan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojie Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ke Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,CONTACT Yule Liu School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Doehlemann G, Ökmen B, Zhu W, Sharon A. Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0023-2016. [PMID: 28155813 PMCID: PMC11687436 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0023-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are among the dominant causal agents of plant diseases. To colonize plants and cause disease, pathogenic fungi use diverse strategies. Some fungi kill their hosts and feed on dead material (necrotrophs), while others colonize the living tissue (biotrophs). For successful invasion of plant organs, pathogenic development is tightly regulated and specialized infection structures are formed. To further colonize hosts and establish disease, fungal pathogens deploy a plethora of virulence factors. Depending on the infection strategy, virulence factors perform different functions. While basically all pathogens interfere with primary plant defense, necrotrophs secrete toxins to kill plant tissue. In contrast, biotrophs utilize effector molecules to suppress plant cell death and manipulate plant metabolism in favor of the pathogen. This article provides an overview of plant pathogenic fungal species and the strategies they use to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Botanical Institute and Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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17
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Lee HA, Lee HY, Seo E, Lee J, Kim SB, Oh S, Choi E, Choi E, Lee SE, Choi D. Current Understandings of Plant Nonhost Resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:5-15. [PMID: 27925500 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-16-0213-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance, a resistance of plant species against all nonadapted pathogens, is considered the most durable and efficient immune system of plants but yet remains elusive. The underlying mechanism of nonhost resistance has been investigated at multiple levels of plant defense for several decades. In this review, we have comprehensively surveyed the latest literature on nonhost resistance in terms of preinvasion, metabolic defense, pattern-triggered immunity, effector-triggered immunity, defense signaling, and possible application in crop protection. Overall, we summarize the current understanding of nonhost resistance mechanisms. Pre- and postinvasion is not much deviated from the knowledge on host resistance, except for a few specific cases. Further insights on the roles of the pattern recognition receptor gene family, multiple interactions between effectors from nonadapted pathogen and plant factors, and plant secondary metabolites in host range determination could expand our knowledge on nonhost resistance and provide efficient tools for future crop protection using combinational biotechnology approaches. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ah Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Seo
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyun Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Saet-Byul Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Oh
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - So Eui Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
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18
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Ubaidillah M, Safitri FA, Jo JH, Lee SK, Hussain A, Mun BG, Chung IK, Yun BW, Kim KM. Roles of plant hormones and anti-apoptosis genes during drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). 3 Biotech 2016; 6:247. [PMID: 28330319 PMCID: PMC5114211 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified the rice (Oryza sativa) senescence-associated gene OsSAP which encodes a highly conserved protein involved in anti-apoptotic activity. This novel Bax suppressor-related gene regulates tolerance to multiple stresses in yeast. Here, we show the effects of drought stress on leaf and root tissues of plants over-expressing OsSAP in relation to the levels of phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and zeatin. Results showed that rice plants over-expressing SAP were tolerant to drought stress compared to wild type and the plants over-expressing AtBI-1, which is a homolog of the human Bax inhibitor-1 in Arabidopsis. ABA and JA levels in OsSAP and AtBI-1 transgenic plants consistently increased up to at least 3 days after drought treatment, whereas lower GA3 levels were recorded during early drought period. Comparison between control and transgenic plants overexpressing anti-apoptosis genes OsSAP and AtBI-1 resulted in different patterns of hormone levels, indicating that these genes are involved in the plant responses to drought stress and present an opportunity for further study on drought stress tolerance in rice and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ubaidillah
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Fika Ayu Safitri
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeon Jo
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Adil Hussain
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Il Kyung Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk, 38430, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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19
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Mukhtar M, McCormack M, Argueso C, Pajerowska-Mukhtar K. Pathogen Tactics to Manipulate Plant Cell Death. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R608-R619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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20
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Le Fevre R, O'Boyle B, Moscou MJ, Schornack S. Colonization of Barley by the Broad-Host Hemibiotrophic Pathogen Phytophthora palmivora Uncovers a Leaf Development-Dependent Involvement of Mlo. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:385-95. [PMID: 26927001 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-15-0276-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of barley Mlo demonstrated that filamentous pathogens rely on plant genes to achieve entry and lifecycle completion in barley leaves. While having a dramatic effect on foliar pathogens, it is unclear whether overlapping or distinct mechanisms affect filamentous pathogen infection of roots. To remove the bias connected with using different pathogens to understand colonization mechanisms in different tissues, we have utilized the aggressive hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. P. palmivora colonizes root as well as leaf tissues of barley (Hordeum vulgare). The infection is characterized by a transient biotrophy phase with formation of haustoria. Barley accessions varied in degree of susceptibility, with some accessions fully resistant to leaf infection. Notably, there was no overall correlation between degree of susceptibility in roots compared with leaves, suggesting that variation in different genes influences host susceptibility above and below ground. In addition, a developmental gradient influenced infection, with more extensive colonization observed in mature leaf sectors. The mlo5 mutation attenuates P. palmivora infection but only in young leaf tissues. The barley-P. palmivora interaction represents a simple system to identify and compare genetic components governing quantitative colonization in diverse barley tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Le Fevre
- 1 Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; and
| | - Bridget O'Boyle
- 1 Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; and
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21
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Torres MF, Ghaffari N, Buiate EAS, Moore N, Schwartz S, Johnson CD, Vaillancourt LJ. A Colletotrichum graminicola mutant deficient in the establishment of biotrophy reveals early transcriptional events in the maize anthracnose disease interaction. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:202. [PMID: 26956617 PMCID: PMC4782317 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colletotrichum graminicola is a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen that causes maize anthracnose disease. It progresses through three recognizable phases of pathogenic development in planta: melanized appressoria on the host surface prior to penetration; biotrophy, characterized by intracellular colonization of living host cells; and necrotrophy, characterized by host cell death and symptom development. A "Mixed Effects" Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was developed and applied to an existing Illumina transcriptome dataset, substantially increasing the statistical power of the analysis of C. graminicola gene expression during infection and colonization. Additionally, the in planta transcriptome of the wild-type was compared with that of a mutant strain impaired in the establishment of biotrophy, allowing detailed dissection of events occurring specifically during penetration, and during early versus late biotrophy. RESULTS More than 2000 fungal genes were differentially transcribed during appressorial maturation, penetration, and colonization. Secreted proteins, secondary metabolism genes, and membrane receptors were over-represented among the differentially expressed genes, suggesting that the fungus engages in an intimate and dynamic conversation with the host, beginning prior to penetration. This communication process probably involves reception of plant signals triggering subsequent developmental progress in the fungus, as well as production of signals that induce responses in the host. Later phases of biotrophy were more similar to necrotrophy, with increased production of secreted proteases, inducers of plant cell death, hydrolases, and membrane bound transporters for the uptake and egress of potential toxins, signals, and nutrients. CONCLUSIONS This approach revealed, in unprecedented detail, fungal genes specifically expressed during critical phases of host penetration and biotrophic establishment. Many encoded secreted proteins, secondary metabolism enzymes, and receptors that may play roles in host-pathogen communication necessary to promote susceptibility, and thus may provide targets for chemical or biological controls to manage this important disease. The differentially expressed genes could be used as 'landmarks' to more accurately identify developmental progress in compatible versus incompatible interactions involving genetic variants of both host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Torres
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
- Present Address: Functional Genomics Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Noushin Ghaffari
- AgriLife Genomics and Bioinformatics, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
| | - Ester A S Buiate
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
- Present Address: Monsanto Company Brazil, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Neil Moore
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Davis Marksbury Building, 328 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40506-0633, USA.
| | - Scott Schwartz
- AgriLife Genomics and Bioinformatics, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
- Present Address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Charles D Johnson
- AgriLife Genomics and Bioinformatics, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
- Present Address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Quaglino F, Kube M, Jawhari M, Abou-Jawdah Y, Siewert C, Choueiri E, Sobh H, Casati P, Tedeschi R, Lova MM, Alma A, Bianco PA. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium' associated with almond witches'-broom disease: from draft genome to genetic diversity among strain populations. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:148. [PMID: 26223451 PMCID: PMC4518686 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almond witches'-broom (AlmWB), a devastating disease of almond, peach and nectarine in Lebanon, is associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium'. In the present study, we generated a draft genome sequence of 'Ca. P. phoenicium' strain SA213, representative of phytoplasma strain populations from different host plants, and determined the genetic diversity among phytoplasma strain populations by phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA, groEL, tufB and inmp gene sequences. RESULTS Sequence-based typing and phylogenetic analysis of the gene inmp, coding an integral membrane protein, distinguished AlmWB-associated phytoplasma strains originating from diverse host plants, whereas their 16S rRNA, tufB and groEL genes shared 100 % sequence identity. Moreover, dN/dS analysis indicated positive selection acting on inmp gene. Additionally, the analysis of 'Ca. P. phoenicium' draft genome revealed the presence of integral membrane proteins and effector-like proteins and potential candidates for interaction with hosts. One of the integral membrane proteins was predicted as BI-1, an inhibitor of apoptosis-promoting Bax factor. Bioinformatics analyses revealed the presence of putative BI-1 in draft and complete genomes of other 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species. CONCLUSION The genetic diversity within 'Ca. P. phoenicium' strain populations in Lebanon suggested that AlmWB disease could be associated with phytoplasma strains derived from the adaptation of an original strain to diverse hosts. Moreover, the identification of a putative inhibitor of apoptosis-promoting Bax factor (BI-1) in 'Ca. P. phoenicium' draft genome and within genomes of other 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species suggested its potential role as a phytoplasma fitness-increasing factor by modification of the host-defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Michael Kube
- Division Phytomedicine, Thaer-Institute, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maan Jawhari
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Yusuf Abou-Jawdah
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Christin Siewert
- Division Phytomedicine, Thaer-Institute, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elia Choueiri
- Department of Plant Protection, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Tal Amara, Lebanon.
| | - Hana Sobh
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Paola Casati
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Rosemarie Tedeschi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | | | - Alberto Alma
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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23
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Çakır B, Tumer NE. Arabidopsis Bax Inhibitor-1 inhibits cell death induced by pokeweed antiviral protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:43-56. [PMID: 28357275 PMCID: PMC5354556 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.02.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an active form of programmed cell death (PCD) that plays critical roles in the development, differentiation and resistance to pathogens in multicellular organisms. Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are able to induce apoptotic cell death in mammalian cells. In this study, using yeast as a model system, we showed that yeast cells expressing pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a single-chain ribosome-inactivating protein, exhibit apoptotic-like features, such as nuclear fragmentation and ROS production. We studied the interaction between PAP and AtBI-1 (Arabidopsis thaliana Bax Inhibitor-1), a plant anti-apoptotic protein, which inhibits Bax induced cell death. Cells expressing PAP and AtBI-1 were able to survive on galactose media compared to PAP alone, indicating a reduction in the cytotoxicity of PAP in yeast. However, PAP was able to depurinate the ribosomes and to inhibit total translation in the presence of AtBI-1. A C-terminally deleted AtBI-1 was able to reduce the cytotoxicity of PAP. Since anti-apoptotic proteins form heterodimers to inhibit the biological activity of their partners, we used a co-immunoprecipitation assay to examine the binding of AtBI-1 to PAP. Both full length and C-terminal deleted AtBI-1 were capable of binding to PAP. These findings indicate that PAP induces cell death in yeast and AtBI-1 inhibits cell death induced by PAP without affecting ribosome depurination and translation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Çakır
- Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment and the Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA. ; Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nilgun E Tumer
- Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment and the Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
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Nagano M, Ishikawa T, Ogawa Y, Iwabuchi M, Nakasone A, Shimamoto K, Uchimiya H, Kawai-Yamada M. Arabidopsis Bax inhibitor-1 promotes sphingolipid synthesis during cold stress by interacting with ceramide-modifying enzymes. PLANTA 2014; 240:77-89. [PMID: 24687220 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is a widely conserved cell death suppressor localized in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Our previous results revealed that Arabidopsis BI-1 (AtBI-1) interacts with not only Arabidopsis cytochrome b 5 (Cb5), an electron transfer protein, but also a Cb5-like domain (Cb5LD)-containing protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae fatty acid 2-hydroxylase 1, which 2-hydroxylates sphingolipid fatty acids. We have now found that AtBI-1 binds Arabidopsis sphingolipid Δ8 long-chain base (LCB) desaturases AtSLD1 and AtSLD2, which are Cb5LD-containing proteins. The expression of both AtBI-1 and AtSLD1 was increased by cold exposure. However, different phenotypes were observed in response to cold treatment between an atbi-1 mutant and a sld1sld2 double mutant. To elucidate the reasons behind the difference, we analyzed sphingolipids and found that unsaturated LCBs in atbi-1 were not altered compared to wild type, whereas almost all LCBs in sld1sld2 were saturated, suggesting that AtBI-1 may not be necessary for the desaturation of LCBs. On the other hand, the sphingolipid content in wild type increased in response to low temperature, whereas total sphingolipid levels in atbi-1 were unaltered. In addition, the ceramide-modifying enzymes AtFAH1, sphingolipid base hydroxylase 2 (AtSBH2), acyl lipid desaturase 2 (AtADS2) and AtSLD1 were highly expressed under cold stress, and all are likely to be related to AtBI-1 function. These findings suggest that AtBI-1 contributes to synthesis of sphingolipids during cold stress by interacting with AtSLD1, AtFAH1, AtSBH2 and AtADS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nagano
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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25
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Hof A, Zechmann B, Schwammbach D, Hückelhoven R, Doehlemann G. Alternative cell death mechanisms determine epidermal resistance in incompatible barley-Ustilago interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:403-414. [PMID: 24329174 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-13-0317-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a key feature of epidermal plant immunity, which is particularly effective against biotrophic microbes that depend on living host tissue. The covered smut fungus Ustilago hordei establishes a compatible biotrophic interaction with its host plant barley. The maize smut U. maydis triggers a nonhost response in barley, which results in epidermal cell death. Similarly, Ustilago mutants being deleted for pep1, a gene encoding a secreted effector, are blocked upon host penetration. We studied the epidermal responses of barley to incompatible Ustilago strains. Molecular and cellular analyses were used to test the impact of Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1), a suppressor of programmed cell death, on the barley nonhost resistance to U. maydis as well as Ustilago Δpep1 mutants. Overexpression of BI-1 resulted in partial break of barley nonhost resistance to U. maydis. By contrast, the epidermal cell death response triggered by pep1 deletion mutants was not impaired by BI-1. Hypersensitive-response-like cell death caused by U. maydis wild-type infection showed features of necrotic cell death, while Δpep1 mutant-induced host responses involved hallmarks of autophagy. Therefore, we propose that the mechanisms of epidermal cell death in response to different types of incompatible pathogens depend on spatial and temporal appearance of cell-death-triggering stimuli.
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26
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Troch V, Audenaert K, Wyand RA, Haesaert G, Höfte M, Brown JKM. Formae speciales of cereal powdery mildew: close or distant relatives? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:304-314. [PMID: 24286122 PMCID: PMC6638862 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is an important disease of cereals, affecting both grain yield and end-use quality. The causal agent of powdery mildew on cereals, Blumeria graminis, has been classified into eight formae speciales (ff.spp.), infecting crops and wild grasses. Advances in research on host specificity and resistance, and on pathogen phylogeny and origins, have brought aspects of the subspecific classification system of B. graminis into ff.spp. into question, because it is based on adaptation to certain hosts rather than strict host specialization. Cereals therefore cannot be considered as typical non-hosts to non-adapted ff.spp. We introduce the term 'non-adapted resistance' of cereals to inappropriate ff.spp. of B. graminis, which involves both pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). There is no clear distinction between the mechanisms of resistance to adapted and non-adapted ff.spp. Molecular evolutionary data suggest that the taxonomic grouping of B. graminis into different ff.spp. is not consistent with the phylogeny of the fungus. Imprecise estimates of mutation rates and the lack of genetic variation in introduced populations may explain the uncertainty with regard to divergence times, in the Miocene or Holocene epochs, of ff.spp. of B. graminis which infect cereal crop species. We propose that most evidence favours divergence in the Holocene, during the course of early agriculture. We also propose that the forma specialis concept should be retained for B. graminis pathogenic on cultivated cereals to include clades of the fungus which are strongly specialized to these hosts, i.e. ff.spp. hordei, secalis and tritici, as well as avenae from cultivated A. sativa, and that the forma specialis concept should no longer be applied to B. graminis from most wild grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Troch
- Associated Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, University College Ghent (Ghent University Association), Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Abstract
To confer resistance against pathogens and pests in plants, typically dominant resistance genes are deployed. However, because resistance is based on recognition of a single pathogen-derived molecular pattern, these narrow-spectrum genes are usually readily overcome. Disease arises from a compatible interaction between plant and pathogen. Hence, altering a plant gene that critically facilitates compatibility could provide a more broad-spectrum and durable type of resistance. Here, such susceptibility (S) genes are reviewed with a focus on the mechanisms underlying loss of compatibility. We distinguish three groups of S genes acting during different stages of infection: early pathogen establishment, modulation of host defenses, and pathogen sustenance. The many examples reviewed here show that S genes have the potential to be used in resistance breeding. However, because S genes have a function other than being a compatibility factor for the pathogen, the side effects caused by their mutation demands a one-by-one assessment of their usefulness for application.
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28
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Torres MF, Cuadros DF, Vaillancourt LJ. Evidence for a diffusible factor that induces susceptibility in the Colletotrichum-maize disease interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:80-93. [PMID: 24003973 PMCID: PMC6638722 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum graminicola, the causal agent of maize anthracnose, is a hemibiotrophic fungus that initially infects living host cells via primary hyphae surrounded by a membrane. A nonpathogenic mutant disrupted in a gene encoding a component of the signal peptidase complex, and believed to be deficient in protein processing and secretion, regained pathogenicity when it was inoculated onto maize leaf sheaths close to the wild-type fungus. Evidence is presented suggesting that the wild-type produces a diffusible factor(s) that induces the localized susceptibility of host cells at the borders of expanding colonies, causing them to become receptive to biotrophic invasion. The induced susceptibility effect is limited to a distance of approximately eight cells from the edge of the wild-type colony, is dosage dependent and is specific to C. graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Torres
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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29
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Ubaidillah M, Kim KA, Kim YH, Lee IJ, Yun BW, Kim DH, Loake GJ, Kim KM. Identification of a drought-induced rice gene, OsSAP, that suppresses Bax-induced cell death in yeast. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6113-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Weis C, Hückelhoven R, Eichmann R. LIFEGUARD proteins support plant colonization by biotrophic powdery mildew fungi. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3855-67. [PMID: 23888068 PMCID: PMC3745739 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes manipulate eukaryotic cells during invasion and target plant proteins to achieve host susceptibility. BAX INHIBITOR-1 (BI-1) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident cell death suppressor in plants and animals and is required for full susceptibility of barley to the barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. LIFEGUARD (LFG) proteins resemble BI-1 proteins in terms of predicted membrane topology and cell-death-inhibiting function in metazoans, but display clear sequence-specific distinctions. This work shows that barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes harbour five LFG genes, HvLFGa-HvLFGe and AtLFG1-AtLFG5, whose functions are largely uncharacterized. As observed for HvBI-1, single-cell overexpression of HvLFGa supports penetration success of B. graminis f.sp. hordei into barley epidermal cells, while transient-induced gene silencing restricts it. In penetrated barley epidermal cells, a green fluorescent protein-tagged HvLFGa protein accumulates at the site of fungal entry, around fungal haustoria and in endosomal or vacuolar membranes. The data further suggest a role of LFG proteins in plant-powdery mildew interactions in both monocot and dicot plants, because stable overexpression or knockdown of AtLFG1 or AtLFG2 also support or delay development of the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum on the respective Arabidopsis mutants. Together, this work has identified new modulators of plant-powdery mildew interactions, and the data further support functional similarities between BI-1 and LFG proteins beyond cell death regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruth Eichmann
- * Present address: School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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32
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Du ZQ, Lan JF, Weng YD, Zhao XF, Wang JX. BAX inhibitor-1 silencing suppresses white spot syndrome virus replication in red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:46-53. [PMID: 23583724 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BAX inhibitor-1 (BI-1) was originally described as an anti-apoptotic protein in both animal and plant cells. BI-1 overexpression suppresses ER stress-induced apoptosis in animal cells. Inhibition of BI-1 activity could induce the cell death in mammals and plants. However, the function of BI-1 in crustacean immunity was unclear. In this paper, the full-length cDNA of a BI-1 protein in red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (PcBI-1) was cloned and its expression profiles in normal and infected crayfish were analyzed. The results showed that PcBI-1 was expressed in hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gills, stomach, and intestines of the crayfish and was upregulated after challenged with Vibrio anguillarum and with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). To determine the function of PcBI-1 in the innate immunity of the crayfish, the RNA interference against PcBI-1 was performed and the results indicated the hemocyte programmed cell death rate was increased significantly and WSSV replication was declined after PcBI-1 knocked down. Altogether, PcBI-1 plays an anti-apoptotic role, wherein high PcBI-1 expression suppresses programmed cell death, which is beneficial for WSSW replication in crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Du
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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33
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Dickman MB, Fluhr R. Centrality of host cell death in plant-microbe interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:543-70. [PMID: 23915134 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for proper growth, development, and cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotes. The regulation of PCD is of central importance in plant-microbe interactions; notably, PCD and features associated with PCD are observed in many host resistance responses. Conversely, pathogen induction of inappropriate cell death in the host results in a susceptible phenotype and disease. Thus, the party in control of PCD has a distinct advantage in these battles. PCD processes appear to be of ancient origin, as indicated by the fact that many features of cell death strategy are conserved between animals and plants; however, some of the details of death execution differ. Mammalian core PCD genes, such as caspases, are not present in plant genomes. Similarly, pro- and antiapoptotic mammalian regulatory elements are absent in plants, but, remarkably, when expressed in plants, successfully impact plant PCD. Thus, subtle structural similarities independent of sequence homology appear to sustain operational equivalence. The vacuole is emerging as a key organelle in the modulation of plant PCD. Under different signals for cell death, the vacuole either fuses with the plasmalemma membrane or disintegrates. Moreover, the vacuole appears to play a key role in autophagy; evidence suggests a prosurvival function for autophagy, but other studies propose a prodeath phenotype. Here, we describe and discuss what we know and what we do not know about various PCD pathways and how the host integrates signals to activate salicylic acid and reactive oxygen pathways that orchestrate cell death. We suggest that it is not cell death as such but rather the processes leading to cell death that contribute to the outcome of a given plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Cell Death and Differentiation, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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34
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Hadwiger LA, Polashock J. Fungal mitochondrial DNases: effectors with the potential to activate plant defenses in nonhost resistance. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:81-90. [PMID: 23228145 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-12-0085-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports on the model nonhost resistance interaction between Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli and pea endocarp tissue have described the disease resistance-signaling role of a fungal DNase1-like protein. The response resulted in no further growth beyond spore germination. This F. solani f. sp. phaseoli DNase gene, constructed with a pathogenesis-related (PR) gene promoter, when transferred to tobacco, generated resistance against Pseudomonas syringe pv. tabaci. The current analytical/theoretical article proposes similar roles for the additional nuclear and mitochondrial nucleases, the coding regions for which are identified in newly available fungal genome sequences. The amino acid sequence homologies within functional domains are conserved within a wide array of fungi. The potato pathogen Verticillium dahliae nuclease was divergent from that of the saprophyte, yeast; however, the purified DNase from yeast also elicited nonhost defense responses in pea, including pisatin accumulation, PR gene induction, and resistance against a true pea pathogen. The yeast mitochondrial DNase gene (open reading frame) predictably codes for a signal peptide providing the mechanism for secretion. Mitochondrial DNase genes appear to provide an unlimited source of components for developing transgenic resistance in all transformable plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Hadwiger
- Department of Plant Pathology, 100 Dairy Road, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430, USA.
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35
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Barna B, Fodor J, Harrach BD, Pogány M, Király Z. The Janus face of reactive oxygen species in resistance and susceptibility of plants to necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 59:37-43. [PMID: 22321616 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens can be divided into biotrophs and necrotrophs according to their different life styles; biotrophs prefer living, while necrotrophs prefer dead cells for nutritional purposes. Therefore tissue necrosis caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during pathogen infection increases host susceptibility to necrotrophic, but resistance to biotrophic pathogen. Consequently, elevation of antioxidant capacity of plants enhances their tolerance to development of necroses caused by necrotrophic pathogens. Plant hormones can strongly influence induction of ROS and antioxidants, thereby influencing susceptibility or resistance of plants to pathogens. Pathogen-induced ROS themselves are considered as signaling molecules. Generally, salicylic acid (SA) signaling induces defense against biotrophic pathogens, whereas jasmonic acid (JA) against necrotrophic pathogens. Furthermore pathogens can modify plant's defense signaling network for their own benefit by changing phytohormone homeostasis. On the other hand, ROS are harmful also to the pathogens, consequently they try to defend themselves by elevating antioxidant activity and secreting ROS scavengers in the infected tissue. The Janus face nature of ROS and plant cell death on biotrophic and on necrotrophic pathogens is also supported by the experiments with BAX inhibitor-1 and the mlo mutation of Mlo gene in barley. It was found that ROS and elevated plant antioxidant activity play an important role in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), as well as in mycorrhiza induced abiotic and biotic stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 102, 1525 Budapest, Hungary.
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Shlezinger N, Goldfinger N, Sharon A. Apoptotic-like programed cell death in fungi: the benefits in filamentous species. Front Oncol 2012; 2:97. [PMID: 22891165 PMCID: PMC3412994 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted in the early 1990s showed for the first time that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo cell death with hallmarks of animal apoptosis. These findings came as a surprise, since suicide machinery was unexpected in unicellular organisms. Today, apoptosis in yeast is well-documented. Apoptotic death of yeast cells has been described under various conditions and S. cerevisiae homologs of human apoptotic genes have been identified and characterized. These studies also revealed fundamental differences between yeast and animal apoptosis; in S. cerevisiae apoptosis is mainly associated with aging and stress adaptation, unlike animal apoptosis, which is essential for proper development. Further, many apoptosis regulatory genes are either missing, or highly divergent in S. cerevisiae. Therefore, in this review we will use the term apoptosis-like programed cell death (PCD) instead of apoptosis. Despite these significant differences, S. cerevisiae has been instrumental in promoting the study of heterologous apoptotic proteins, particularly from human. Work in fungi other than S. cerevisiae revealed differences in the manifestation of PCD in single cell (yeasts) and multicellular (filamentous) species. Such differences may reflect the higher complexity level of filamentous species, and hence the involvement of PCD in a wider range of processes and life styles. It is also expected that differences might be found in the apoptosis apparatus of yeast and filamentous species. In this review we focus on aspects of PCD that are unique or can be better studied in filamentous species. We will highlight the similarities and differences of the PCD machinery between yeast and filamentous species and show the value of using S. cerevisiae along with filamentous species to study apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Shlezinger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Goldfinger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv, Israel
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Wang X, Tang C, Huang X, Li F, Chen X, Zhang G, Sun Y, Han D, Kang Z. Wheat BAX inhibitor-1 contributes to wheat resistance to Puccinia striiformis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4571-84. [PMID: 22696283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BAX inihibitor-1 (BI-1) is proposed to be a cell death suppressor conserved in both animals and plants. The ability of BI-1 genes to inhibit programmed cell death (PCD) has been well studied in animals, but the physiological importance of BI-1 in plant-microbe interactions remains unclear. This study characterized BI-1 from wheat infected by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). The deduced TaBI-1 protein contained a Bax inhibitor domain and seven transmembrane regions conserved among members of the BI-1 family. Transcription of TaBI-1 was detected in all wheat tissues tested (culms, roots, leaves, anthers, and spikelets). Furthermore, TaBI-1 exhibited positive transcriptional responses to Pst infection and abiotic stresses. Overexpression of TaBI-1 in tobacco blocked Bax-induced cell death. Silencing TaBI-1 in plants of a resistant wheat genotype converted a resistant reaction to a relatively susceptible reaction when inoculated with an avirulent pathotype of the pathogen, and increased the area per infection site, but the percentage of necrotic cells did not change significantly, indicating that TaBI-1, a negative cell death regulator, contributes to wheat resistance to stripe rust. These results provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of wheat resistance to stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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Lord CEN, Gunawardena AHLAN. Programmed cell death in C. elegans, mammals and plants. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:603-13. [PMID: 22512890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is the regulated removal of cells within an organism and plays a fundamental role in growth and development in nearly all eukaryotes. In animals, the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has aided in elucidating many of the pathways involved in the cell death process. Various analogous PCD processes can also be found within mammalian PCD systems, including vertebrate limb development. Plants and animals also appear to share hallmarks of PCD, both on the cellular and molecular level. Cellular events visualized during plant PCD resemble those seen in animals including: nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, cytoplasmic condensation, and plasma membrane shrinkage. Recently the molecular mechanisms involved in plant PCD have begun to be elucidated. Although few regulatory proteins have been identified as conserved across all eukaryotes, molecular features such as the participation of caspase-like proteases, Bcl-2-like family members and mitochondrial proteins appear to be conserved between plant and animal systems. Transgenic expression of mammalian and C. elegans pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in plants has been observed to dramatically influence the regulatory pathways of plant PCD. Although these genes often show little to no sequence similarity they can frequently act as functional substitutes for one another, thus suggesting that action may be more important than sequence resemblance. Here we present a summary of these findings, focusing on the similarities, between mammals, C. elegans, and plants. An emphasis will be placed on the mitochondria and its role in the cell death pathway within each organism. Through the comparison of these systems on both a cellular and molecular level we can begin to better understand PCD in plant systems, and perhaps shed light on the pathways, which are controlling the process. This manuscript adds to the field of PCD in plant systems by profiling apoptotic factors, to scale on a protein level, and also by filling in gaps detailing plant apoptotic factors not yet amalgamated within the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E N Lord
- Dalhousie University, Department of Biology, 1355 Oxford Street Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2 Canada.
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Uma B, Rani TS, Podile AR. Warriors at the gate that never sleep: non-host resistance in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:2141-52. [PMID: 22001579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The native resistance of most plant species against a wide variety of pathogens is known as non-host resistance (NHR), which confers durable protection to plant species. Only a few pathogens or parasites can successfully cause diseases. NHR is polygenic and appears to be linked with basal plant resistance, a form of elicited protection. Sensing of pathogens by plants is brought about through the recognition of invariant pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that trigger downstream defense signaling pathways. Race-specific resistance, (R)-gene mediated resistance, has been extensively studied and reviewed, while our knowledge of NHR has advanced only recently due to the improved access to excellent model systems. The continuum of the cell wall (CW) and the CW-plasma membrane (PM)-cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in perceiving external cues and activating defense signaling cascades during NHR. Based on the type of hypersensitive reaction (HR) triggered, NHR was classified into two types, namely type-I and type-II. Genetic analysis of Arabidopsis mutants has revealed important roles for a number of specific molecules in NHR, including the role of SNARE-complex mediated exocytosis, lipid rafts and vesicle trafficking. As might be expected, R-gene mediated resistance is found to overlap with NHR, but the extent to which the genes/pathways are common between these two forms of disease resistance is unknown. The present review focuses on the various components involved in the known mechanisms of NHR in plants with special reference to the role of CW-PM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battepati Uma
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Kim WY, Lee SY, Jung YJ, Chae HB, Nawkar GM, Shin MR, Kim SY, Park JH, Kang CH, Chi YH, Ahn IP, Yun DJ, Lee KO, Kim YM, Kim MG, Lee SY. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-like protein lacks a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain and attenuates cell death in plant and animal systems. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42670-42678. [PMID: 21926169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Arabidopsis thaliana inhibitor of apoptosis was identified by sequence homology to other known inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. Arabidopsis IAP-like protein (AtILP) contained a C-terminal RING finger domain but lacked a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain, which is essential for anti-apoptotic activity in other IAP family members. The expression of AtILP in HeLa cells conferred resistance against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/ActD-induced apoptosis through the inactivation of caspase activity. In contrast to the C-terminal RING domain of AtILP, which did not inhibit the activity of caspase-3, the N-terminal region, despite displaying no homology to known BIR domains, potently inhibited the activity of caspase-3 in vitro and blocked TNF-α/ActD-induced apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic activity of the AtILP N-terminal domain observed in plants was reproduced in an animal system. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing AtILP exhibited anti-apoptotic activity when challenged with the fungal toxin fumonisin B1, an agent that induces apoptosis-like cell death in plants. In AtIPL transgenic plants, suppression of cell death was accompanied by inhibition of caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. Overexpression of AtILP also attenuated effector protein-induced cell death and increased the growth of an avirulent bacterial pathogen. The current results demonstrated the existence of a novel plant IAP-like protein that prevents caspase activation in Arabidopsis and showed that a plant anti-apoptosis gene functions similarly in plant and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woe Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Sun Yong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Young Jun Jung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Ganesh M Nawkar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Mi Rim Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Yong Hun Chi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Il Pyung Ahn
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-856, Korea
| | - Dae Jin Yun
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-856, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Korea.
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea.
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van der Linde K, Kastner C, Kumlehn J, Kahmann R, Doehlemann G. Systemic virus-induced gene silencing allows functional characterization of maize genes during biotrophic interaction with Ustilago maydis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:471-83. [PMID: 21039559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Infection of maize (Zea mays) plants with the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis leads to the formation of large tumors on the stem, leaves and inflorescences. In this biotrophic interaction, plant defense responses are actively suppressed by the pathogen, and previous transcriptome analyses of infected maize plants showed massive and stage-specific changes in host gene expression during disease progression. To identify maize genes that are functionally involved in the interaction with U. maydis, we adapted a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system based on the brome mosaic virus (BMV) for maize. Conditions were established that allowed successful U. maydis infection of BMV-preinfected maize plants. This set-up enabled quantification of VIGS and its impact on U. maydis infection using a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)-based readout. In proof-of-principle experiments, an U. maydis-induced terpene synthase was shown to negatively regulate disease development while a protein involved in cell death inhibition was required for full virulence of U. maydis. The results suggest that this system is a versatile tool for the rapid identification of maize genes that determine compatibility with U. maydis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina van der Linde
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl von Frisch Str., D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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Basnayake BMVS, Li D, Zhang H, Li G, Virk N, Song F. Arabidopsis DAL1 and DAL2, two RING finger proteins homologous to Drosophila DIAP1, are involved in regulation of programmed cell death. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:37-48. [PMID: 20972793 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a precise, genetically controlled cellular process with important roles in plant growth, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. However, the genetic mechanisms that control PCD in plants are unclear. Two Arabidopsis genes, DAL1 and DAL2 (for Drosophila DIAP1 like 1 and 2), encoding RING finger proteins with homology to DIAP1 were identified, and a series of experiments were performed to elucidate their roles in the regulation of PCD and disease resistance. Expression of DAL1 and DAL2 genes was induced in Arabidopsis plants after inoculation with virulent and avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syrinage pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 or after infiltration with fumonisin B1 (FB1). Plants with mutations in the DAL1 and DAL2 genes displayed more severe disease after inoculation with an avirulent strain of Pst DC3000, but they showed similar disease severity as the wild-type plant after inoculation with a virulent strain of Pst DC3000. Significant accumulations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased cell death were observed in the dal1 and dal2 mutant plants after inoculation with the avirulent strain of Pst DC3000. The dal mutant plants underwent extensive PCD upon infiltration of FB1 and displayed higher levels of ROS accumulation, callose deposition, and autofluorescence than the wild-type plants. Our data suggest that DAL1 and DAL2 may act as negative regulators of PCD in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Vindhya S Basnayake
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Huajiachi Campus, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Eichmann R, Bischof M, Weis C, Shaw J, Lacomme C, Schweizer P, Duchkov D, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Hückelhoven R. BAX INHIBITOR-1 is required for full susceptibility of barley to powdery mildew. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1217-27. [PMID: 20687811 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-9-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BAX INHIBITOR-1 (BI-1) is one of the few proteins known to have cross-kingdom conserved functions in negative control of programmed cell death. Additionally, barley BI-1 (HvBI-1) suppresses defense responses and basal resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei and enhances resistance to cell death-provoking fungi when overexpressed in barley. Downregulation of HvBI-1 by transient-induced gene silencing or virus-induced gene silencing limited susceptibility to B. graminis f. sp. hordei, suggesting that HvBI-1 is a susceptibility factor toward powdery mildew. Transient silencing of BI-1 did not limit supersusceptibility induced by overexpression of MLO. Transgenic barley plants harboring an HvBI-1 RNA interference (RNAi) construct displayed lower levels of HvBI-1 transcripts and were less susceptible to powdery mildew than wild-type plants. At the cellular level, HvBI-1 RNAi plants had enhanced resistance to penetration by B. graminis f. sp. hordei. These data support a function of BI-1 in modulating cell-wall-associated defense and in establishing full compatibility of B. graminis f. sp. hordei with barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Eichmann
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 2, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Cacas JL. Devil inside: does plant programmed cell death involve the endomembrane system? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:1453-1473. [PMID: 20082668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have to constantly cope with environmental cues and integrate developmental signals. Cell survival or death is the only possible outcome. In the field of animal biology, tremendous efforts have been put into the understanding of mechanisms underlying cell fate decision. Distinct organelles have been proven to sense a broad range of stimuli and, if necessary, engage cell death signalling pathway(s). Over the years, forward and reverse genetic screens have uncovered numerous regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. However, to date, molecular networks are far from being deciphered and, apart from the autophagic compartment, no organelles have been assigned a clear role in the regulation of cellular suicide. The endomembrane system (ES) seems, nevertheless, to harbour a significant number of cell death mediators. In this review, the involvement of this system in the control of plant PCD is discussed in-depth, as well as compared and contrasted with what is known in animal and yeast systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Cacas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Equipe 2, Mécanismes des Résistances, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Aghnoum R, Niks RE. Specificity and levels of nonhost resistance to nonadapted Blumeria graminis forms in barley. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 185:275-84. [PMID: 19814777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of nonhost resistance of barley to nonadapted formae speciales of Blumeria graminis is not known, as there is no barley line that is susceptible to these nonadapted formae speciales, such as the wheat powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (Bgt). Barley accessions with rudimentary susceptibility to an isolate of the nonadapted Bgt were identified. Those accessions were intercrossed in two cycles and two lines, called SusBgt(SC) and SusBgt(DC), with substantial susceptibility to Bgt at the seedling stage were selected. The quantitative variation among barley accessions and in the progenies after convergent crossing suggests a polygenic basis for this nonhost resistance. Both lines allowed an unusually high level of haustorium formation and colony development by Bgt. The SusBgt lines and their ancestor lines also allowed haustorium formation and conidiation by four out of seven isolates of other nonadapted B. graminis forms. Analysis of the infection process suggested that nonhost resistance factors are specific to the form and developmental stage of B. graminis. Resistances to establishment (first haustorium), colonization (subsequent haustoria) and conidiation are not associated. The lines developed will be of use in elucidating the genetic basis of nonhost resistance to Bgt in barley, and in gene expression and complementation studies on nonhost resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aghnoum
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Graduate School for Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Isbat M, Zeba N, Kim SR, Hong CB. A BAX inhibitor-1 gene in Capsicum annuum is induced under various abiotic stresses and endows multi-tolerance in transgenic tobacco. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:1685-93. [PMID: 19524322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a highly conserved cellular suicide process important in developmental processes and elimination of damaged cells upon environmental stresses. Among the important regulators of PCD, much interest has been centered on BCL2-associated x protein (BAX) as the pro-PCD factor. On the other hand, BAX inhibitor-1 (BI-1) has been implicated as an anti-PCD factor that balances out the activity of BAX in the developmental processes and responses to environment. A cDNA clone coding a BI-1 gene was isolated from a cDNA library of heat-stressed hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) and named as CaBI-1. This gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 248 amino acids encoding a BI-1 protein. Genomic DNA-blot analysis for CaBI-1 suggested one or two loci in the C. annuum genome. Transcription of CaBI-1 was induced in response to high or low temperatures, drought, high salinity, flooding and heavy metal stresses, and ABA. We introduced the ORF of CaBI-1 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter (P(35S)) into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38) genome by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The P(35S):CaBI-1 transgenic plants displayed markedly improved tolerance to high temperature, water deficit, and high salinity in comparison to the control plants. The results indicate that CaBI-1 is a BI-1 gene of which expression induced under various abiotic stresses and endows tolerance to several types of environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Isbat
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
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Bax Inhibitor-1, a conserved cell death suppressor, is a key molecular switch downstream from a variety of biotic and abiotic stress signals in plants. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3149-3167. [PMID: 19742129 PMCID: PMC2738916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10073149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In Nature plants are constantly challenged by a variety of environmental stresses that could lead to disruptions in cellular homeostasis. Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental cellular process that is often associated with defense responses to pathogens, during development and in response to abiotic stresses in fungi, animals and plants. Although there are many characteristics shared between different types of PCD events, it remains unknown whether a common mechanism drives various types of PCD in eukaryotes. One candidate regulator for such a mechanism is Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1), an evolutionary conserved, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein that represents an ancient cell death regulator that potentially regulates PCD in all eukaryotes. Recent findings strongly suggested that BI-1 plays an important role in the conserved ER stress response pathway to modulate cell death induction in response to multiple types of cell death signals. As ER stress signaling pathways has been suggested to play important roles not only in the control of ER homeostasis but also in other biological processes such as the response to pathogens and abiotic stress in plants, BI-1 might function to control the convergence point that modulates the level of the “pro-survival and pro-death” signals under multiple stress conditions.
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Swarbrick PJ, Scholes JD, Press MC, Slate J. A major QTL for resistance of rice to the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica is not dependent on genetic background. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:528-32. [PMID: 19222023 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of Striga-resistant germplasm is likely to be a cost-effective control strategy for preventing loss of yield owing to Striga. Previously, the authors identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance in rice to Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. in backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from a cross between two cultivars Nipponbare and Kasalath. It is essential to validate QTL in different environments and/or genetic backgrounds to develop molecular markers linked to resistance QTL for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS) programmes. This study aimed to establish whether a large-effect Kasalath-derived resistance QTL allele on chromosome 4 of rice also conferred resistance in a different mapping population derived from a cross between Koshihikari and Kasalath, and to identify any further Striga resistance QTL. RESULTS Three Striga resistance QTL were detected in Koshihikari-Kasalath BILs, two of which were derived from the Kasalath allele and one from the Koshihkari allele. The largest QTL (Kasalath allele) explained 16% of the variation in the mapping population and was located on chromosome 4. Comparison between these data and those of the authors' previous analysis revealed that the confidence intervals of the chromosome-4 QTL in the Nipponbare-Kasalath cross and the Kasalath-Koshihikari cross overlapped between 6.5 Mbp and 8 Mbp on the physical rice genome assembly. CONCLUSION This study has both verified and narrowed down the position of a Striga resistance QTL of major effect, and demonstrated that it may be a tractable target for MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Swarbrick
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
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Hoefle C, Loehrer M, Schaffrath U, Frank M, Schultheiss H, Hückelhoven R. Transgenic suppression of cell death limits penetration success of the soybean rust fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi into epidermal cells of barley. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2009; 99:220-6. [PMID: 19203273 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-3-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The basidiomycete Phakopsora pachyrhizi (P. pachyrhizi) causes Asian soybean rust, one of the most devastating plant diseases on soybean. When inoculated on the nonhost barley P. pachyrhizi caused only very small necrotic spots, typical for an incompatible interaction, which involves a hypersensitive cell death reaction. A microscopic inspection of the interaction of barley with P. pachyrhizi revealed that the fungus germinated on barley and formed functional appressoria on epidermal cells. The fungus attempted to directly penetrate through periclinal cell walls but often failed, arrested in plant cell wall appositions that stained positively for callose. Penetration resistance depends on intact ROR1(REQUIRED FOR mlo-SPECIFIED RESISTANCE 1) and ROR2 genes of barley. If the fungus succeeded in penetration, epidermal cell death took place. Dead epidermal cells did not generally restrict fungal development but allowed for mesophyll invasion, which was followed by mesophyll cell death and fungal arrest. Transient or stable over expression of the barley cell death suppressor BAX inhibitor-1 reduced both epidermal cell death and fungal penetration success. Data suggest that P. pachyrhizi provokes a programmed cell death facilitating fungal entry into epidermal cells of barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hoefle
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Babaeizad V, Imani J, Kogel KH, Eichmann R, Hückelhoven R. Over-expression of the cell death regulator BAX inhibitor-1 in barley confers reduced or enhanced susceptibility to distinct fungal pathogens. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 118:455-63. [PMID: 18956174 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BAX inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is a conserved cell death regulator protein that inhibits mammalian BAX-induced cell death in yeast, animals and plants. Additionally, HvBI-1 suppresses defense responses and resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh) when over-expressed in single epidermal cells of barley. To test the potential of ectopic expression of BI-1 to influence fungal interactions with crop plants, we produced stable transgenic barley plants expressing a green fluorescing protein (GFP) fusion of HvBI-1 under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. GFP-HvBI-1 plants were fertile and did not display obvious developmental alterations when compared to wild type parents. GFP-HvBI-1 plants were more resistant to single cell death induced by ballistic delivery of a mammalian proapototic BAX expression construct and more susceptible to biotrophic Bgh. Microscopic observation of the interaction phenotype revealed that enhanced susceptibility, i.e. a higher degree of successful establishment of haustoria in epidermal cells, was associated with a reduced frequency of hypersensitive cell death reactions. In contrast, young seedlings of GFP-HvBI-1 barley were more resistant to Fusarium graminearum than wild type or azygous controls. Hence the effect of GFP-HvBI-1 on the outcome of a particular plant-fungus interaction appeared dependent on the lifestyle of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valiollah Babaeizad
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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