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Hill DJ, Hill TG. Maternal diet during pregnancy and adaptive changes in the maternal and fetal pancreas have implications for future metabolic health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1456629. [PMID: 39377073 PMCID: PMC11456468 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1456629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetal and neonatal development is a critical period for the establishment of the future metabolic health and disease risk of an individual. Both maternal undernutrition and overnutrition can result in abnormal fetal organ development resulting in inappropriate birth size, child and adult obesity, and increased risk of Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Inappropriate adaptive changes to the maternal pancreas, placental function, and the development of the fetal pancreas in response to nutritional stress during pregnancy are major contributors to a risk trajectory in the offspring. This interconnected maternal-placental-fetal metabolic axis is driven by endocrine signals in response to the availability of nutritional metabolites and can result in cellular stress and premature aging in fetal tissues and the inappropriate expression of key genes involved in metabolic control as a result of long-lasting epigenetic changes. Such changes result is insufficient pancreatic beta-cell mass and function, reduced insulin sensitivity in target tissues such as liver and white adipose and altered development of hypothalamic satiety centres and in basal glucocorticoid levels. Whilst interventions in the obese mother such as dieting and increased exercise, or treatment with insulin or metformin in mothers who develop gestational diabetes, can improve metabolic control and reduce the risk of a large-for-gestational age infant, their effectiveness in changing the adverse metabolic trajectory in the child is as yet unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hill
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph’s Health Care, London, ON, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas G. Hill
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Kojima H, Katagi M, Okano J, Nakae Y, Ohashi N, Fujino K, Miyazawa I, Nakagawa T. Complete remission of diabetes with a transient HDAC inhibitor and insulin in streptozotocin mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:637. [PMID: 37311905 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing epidemic worldwide, diabetes is an incurable disease. We have been focusing on why diabetes manifests refractoriness to any therapy. We recently found that abnormal bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), namely, Vcam-1+ST-HSCs, was a key mechanism for diabetic complications. We then hypothesize that those aberrant BMDCs sustainedly impair pancreatic β cells. Here we show that eliminating abnormal BMDCs using bone marrow transplantation results in controlling serum glucose in diabetic mice, in which normoglycemia is sustained even after cessation of insulin therapy. Alternatively, abnormal BMDCs exhibiting epigenetic alterations are treated with an HDAC inhibitor, givinostat, in diabetic mice. As a result, those mice are normoglycemic along with restored insulin secretion even following the cessation of both insulin and givinostat. Diabetic cell fusion between abnormal BMDCs and resident cells is significantly blocked by the combination therapy in the pancreatic islets and thymus while surgical ablation of the thymus completely eliminates therapeutic protection in diabetic mice. In conclusion, diabetes is an epigenetic stem cell disorder with thymic disturbances. The combination may be applied to patients aiming at complete remission from diabetes in clinical medicine.
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Grants
- No. 18390100 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- No. 023590378 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- No. 16K19051 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- No. 16K15756 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- No.1515503ZZE Shiga University of Medical Science (SUMS)
- No. 1515503 W Shiga University of Medical Science (SUMS)
- No. 1515503ZE Shiga University of Medical Science (SUMS)
- No. 1515503ZB Shiga University of Medical Science (SUMS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Kojima
- Department of Biocommunication Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
| | - Miwako Katagi
- Department of Biocommunication Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Junko Okano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakae
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Natsuko Ohashi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazunori Fujino
- Department of Critical and Intensive Care Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Itsuko Miyazawa
- Department of Education Center for Medicine and Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Biocommunication Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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3
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Ji Y, Sun S, Shrestha N, Darragh LB, Shirakawa J, Xing Y, He Y, Carboneau BA, Kim H, An D, Ma M, Oberholzer J, Soleimanpour SA, Gannon M, Liu C, Naji A, Kulkarni RN, Wang Y, Kersten S, Qi L. Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 block the replication of pancreatic β cells in diet-induced obesity. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:677-686. [PMID: 31110312 PMCID: PMC6531334 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of a high-energy Western diet triggers mild adaptive β cell proliferation to compensate for peripheral insulin resistance; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the present study we show that the toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 inhibited the diet-induced replication of β cells in mice and humans. The combined, but not the individual, loss of TLR2 and TLR4 increased the replication of β cells, but not that of α cells, leading to enlarged β cell area and hyperinsulinemia in diet-induced obesity. Loss of TLR2 and TLR4 increased the nuclear abundance of the cell cycle regulators cyclin D2 and Cdk4 in a manner dependent on the signaling mediator Erk. These data reveal a regulatory mechanism controlling the proliferation of β cells in diet-induced obesity and suggest that selective targeting of the TLR2/TLR4 pathways may reverse β cell failure in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Ji
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shengyi Sun
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Neha Shrestha
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laurel B Darragh
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Xing
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yi He
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bethany A Carboneau
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hana Kim
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- XBiotech USA, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Duo An
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Scott A Soleimanpour
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chengyang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sander Kersten
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Nutrition Metabolism and Genomics group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Tarry-Adkins JL, Ozanne SE. Nutrition in early life and age-associated diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 39:96-105. [PMID: 27594376 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of age-associated disease is increasing at a striking rate globally. It is known that a strong association exists between a suboptimal maternal and/or early-life environment and increased propensity of developing age-associated disease, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type-2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. The dissection of underlying molecular mechanisms to explain this phenomenon, which is known as 'developmental programming' is still emerging; however three common mechanisms have emerged in many models of developmental programming. These mechanisms are (a) changes in tissue structure, (b) epigenetic regulation and (c) accelerated cellular ageing. This review will examine the epidemiological evidence and the animal models of suboptimal maternal environments, focusing upon these molecular mechanisms and will discuss the progress being made in the development of safe and effective intervention strategies which ultimately could target those 'programmed' individuals who are known to be at-risk of age-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Tarry-Adkins
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
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5
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Podell BK, Ackart DF, Richardson MA, DiLisio JE, Pulford B, Basaraba RJ. A model of type 2 diabetes in the guinea pig using sequential diet-induced glucose intolerance and streptozotocin treatment. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:151-162. [PMID: 28093504 PMCID: PMC5312002 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among noncommunicable diseases, and additional animal models that more closely replicate the pathogenesis of human type 2 diabetes are needed. The goal of this study was to develop a model of type 2 diabetes in guinea pigs, in which diet-induced glucose intolerance precedes β-cell cytotoxicity, two processes that are crucial to the development of human type 2 diabetes. Guinea pigs developed impaired glucose tolerance after 8 weeks of feeding on a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, as determined by oral glucose challenge. Diet-induced glucose intolerance was accompanied by β-cell hyperplasia, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia with hepatocellular steatosis. Streptozotocin (STZ) treatment alone was ineffective at inducing diabetic hyperglycemia in guinea pigs, which failed to develop sustained glucose intolerance or fasting hyperglycemia and returned to euglycemia within 21 days after treatment. However, when high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet-fed guinea pigs were treated with STZ, glucose intolerance and fasting hyperglycemia persisted beyond 21 days post-STZ treatment. Guinea pigs with diet-induced glucose intolerance subsequently treated with STZ demonstrated an insulin-secretory capacity consistent with insulin-independent diabetes. This insulin-independent state was confirmed by response to oral antihyperglycemic drugs, metformin and glipizide, which resolved glucose intolerance and extended survival compared with guinea pigs with uncontrolled diabetes. In this study, we have developed a model of sequential glucose intolerance and β-cell loss, through high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet and extensive optimization of STZ treatment in the guinea pig, which closely resembles human type 2 diabetes. This model will prove useful in the study of insulin-independent diabetes pathogenesis with or without comorbidities, where the guinea pig serves as a relevant model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K Podell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - David F Ackart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael A Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - James E DiLisio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Bruce Pulford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Randall J Basaraba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Evaluation of a Standardized Extract from Morus alba against α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect and Postprandial Antihyperglycemic in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:8983232. [PMID: 27974904 PMCID: PMC5128732 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8983232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of a standardized extract of the leaves of Morus alba (SEMA), the present study was designed to investigate the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect and acute single oral toxicity as well as evaluate blood glucose reduction in animals and in patients with impaired glucose tolerance in a randomized double-blind clinical trial. SEMA was found to inhibit α-glucosidase at a fourfold higher level than the positive control (acarbose), in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, blood glucose concentration was suppressed by SEMA in vivo. Clinical signs and weight changes were observed when conducting an evaluation of the acute toxicity of SEMA through a single-time administration, with clinical observation conducted more than once each day. After administration of the SEMA, observation was for 14 days; all of the animals did not die and did not show any abnormal symptoms. In addition, the inhibitory effects of rice coated with SEMA were evaluated in a group of impaired glucose tolerance patients on postprandial glucose and a group of normal persons, and results showed that SEMA had a clear inhibitory effect on postprandial hyperglycemia in both groups. Overall, SEMA showed excellent potential in the present study as a material for improving postprandial hyperglycemia.
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7
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Rocha F, Dias J, Geurden I, Dinis MT, Panserat S, Engrola S. Dietary glucose stimulus at larval stage modifies the carbohydrate metabolic pathway in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles: An in vivo approach using (14)C-starch. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 201:189-199. [PMID: 27475301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept of nutritional programming was investigated in order to enhance the use of dietary carbohydrates in gilthead seabream juveniles. We assessed the long-term effects of high-glucose stimuli, exerted at the larval stage, on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and metabolic utilization and gene expression of seabream juveniles, challenged with a high-carbohydrate intake. During early development, a group of larvae (control, CTRL) were kept under a rich-protein-lipid feeding regime whereas another group (GLU) was subjected to high-glucose stimuli, delivered intermittently over time. At juvenile stage, triplicate groups (IBW: 2.5g) from each fish nutritional background were fed a high-protein (59.4%) low-carbohydrate (2.0%) diet before being subjected to a low-protein (43.0%) high-carbohydrate (33.0%) dietary challenge for 36-days. Fish from both treatments increased by 8-fold their initial body weight, but neither growth rate, feed intake, feed and protein efficiency, nutrient retention (except lipids) nor whole-body composition were affected (P˃0.05) by fish early nutritional history. Nutrient digestibility was also similar among both groups. The metabolic fate of (14)C-starch and (14)C-amino acids tracers was estimated; GLU juveniles showed higher absorption of starch-derived glucose in the gut, suggesting an enhanced digestion of carbohydrates, while amino acid use was not affected. Moreover, glucose was less used for de novo synthesis of hepatic proteins and muscle glycogen from GLU fish (P<0.05). Our metabolic data suggests that the early glucose stimuli may alter carbohydrate utilization in seabream juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rocha
- CCMAR- Center of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Jorge Dias
- SPAROS Lda, Area Empresarial de Marim, Lote C. 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Inge Geurden
- INRA, UR1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Maria Teresa Dinis
- CCMAR- Center of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Stephane Panserat
- INRA, UR1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sofia Engrola
- CCMAR- Center of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Lin CL, Williams L, Seki Y, Kaur H, Hartil K, Fiallo A, Glenn AS, Katz EB, Charron MJ, Vuguin PM. Effects of genetics and in utero diet on murine pancreatic development. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:217-27. [PMID: 24895417 PMCID: PMC4287255 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine (IU) malnutrition could alter pancreatic development. In this study, we describe the effects of high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy on fetal growth and pancreatic morphology in an 'at risk' animal model of metabolic disease, the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) heterozygous mouse (G4+/-). WT female mice mated with G4+/- males were fed HFD or control diet (CD) for 2 weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy. At embryonic day 18.5, fetuses were killed and pancreata isolated for analysis of morphology and expression of genes involved in insulin (INS) cell development, proliferation, apoptosis, glucose transport and function. Compared with WT CD, WT HFD fetal pancreata had a 2.4-fold increase in the number of glucagon (GLU) cells (P=0.023). HFD also increased GLU cell size by 18% in WT pancreata compared with WT CD. Compared with WT CD, G4+/- CD had an increased number of INS cells and decreased INS and GLU cell size. Compared with G4+/- CD, G4+/- HFD fetuses had increased pancreatic gene expression of Igf2, a mitogen and inhibitor of apoptosis. The expression of genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis, glucose transport, and INS secretion was not altered in WT HFD compared with G4+/- HFD pancreata. In contrast to WT HFD pancreata, HFD exposure did not alter pancreatic islet morphology in fetuses with GLUT4 haploinsufficiency; this may be mediated in part by increased Igf2 expression. Thus, interactions between IU diet and fetal genetics may play a critical role in the developmental origins of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lei Lin
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Lyda Williams
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Yoshinori Seki
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USADepartments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USADepartments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Kirsten Hartil
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Ariana Fiallo
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - A Scott Glenn
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Ellen B Katz
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Maureen J Charron
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USADepartments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USADepartments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Patricia M Vuguin
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USADepartments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
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9
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Goosse K, Bouckenooghe T, Sisino G, Aurientis S, Remacle C, Reusens B. Increased susceptibility to streptozotocin and impeded regeneration capacity of beta-cells in adult offspring of malnourished rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:99-109. [PMID: 23701924 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies related poor maternal nutrition and subsequent growth retardation in the progeny to the development of diabetes later in life. Low-protein diet during gestation altered the beta-cell development of the rat progeny by decreasing beta-cell proliferation and increasing their sensitivity to nitric oxide and cytokines in the foetus. This disturbed maternal environment had long-lasting consequences because the higher beta-cell vulnerability was maintained at adulthood. AIM The aim of this study was to determine whether early malnutrition influences the vulnerability and the regeneration capacity of beta-cells after streptozotocin (STZ) damage at adulthood. METHODS Gestating rats were fed either a control or a low-protein diet until weaning. Adult female offspring received injections of Freund's adjuvant weekly for 5 weeks followed 24 h later by STZ. Half of the cohort was killed at d34, whereas the other half was maintained until d48 to analyse the regeneration capacity of the beta-cells. RESULTS Although control and low-protein rats had equivalent pancreatic insulin content and beta-cell volume density at d34, hyperglycaemia appeared earlier and was more dramatic in low-protein rats than in control rats. STZ treatment increased beta-cell proliferation similarly in both groups. At d48, apoptotic rate was higher in the low-protein group. Regeneration appeared in control, but not in the low-protein rats, where beta-cell aggregates/surface area and Reg1-positive area were decreased compared to control. CONCLUSION Maternal malnutrition programmes a more vulnerable endocrine pancreas in the progeny which is unable to regenerate after injury, therefore predisposing it to develop glucose intolerance and diabetes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Goosse
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - T. Bouckenooghe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
- EA 4489 “Environnement périnatal et croissance”; Faculté de Médecine; H Warembourg; Lille France
| | - G. Sisino
- EA 4489 “Environnement périnatal et croissance”; Faculté de Médecine; H Warembourg; Lille France
| | - S. Aurientis
- EA 4489 “Environnement périnatal et croissance”; Faculté de Médecine; H Warembourg; Lille France
| | - C. Remacle
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - B. Reusens
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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10
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Tarry-Adkins JL, Ozanne SE. Mechanisms of early life programming: current knowledge and future directions. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1765S-1771S. [PMID: 21543536 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been >20 y since epidemiologic studies showed a relation between patterns of early growth and subsequent risk of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and the metabolic syndrome. Studies of identical twins, individuals who were in utero during periods of famine, and animal models have provided strong evidence that the early environment, including early nutrition, plays an important role in mediating these relations. The concept of early life programming is therefore widely accepted. However, the mechanisms by which a phenomenon that occurs in early life can have long-term effects on the function of a cell and therefore on the metabolism of an organism many years later are only starting to emerge. These mechanisms include 1) permanent structural changes in an organ resulting from suboptimal concentrations of an important factor during a critical period of development, eg, the permanent reduction in β cell mass in the endocrine pancreas; 2) persistent alterations in epigenetic modifications (eg, DNA methylation and histone modifications) that lead to changes in gene expression (eg, several transcription factors are susceptible to programmed changes in gene expression through such mechanisms); and 3) permanent effects on the regulation of cellular aging (eg, increases in oxidative stress that lead to macromolecular damage, including that to DNA and specifically to telomeres, can contribute to such effects). Further understanding of such processes will enable the development of preventive and intervention strategies to combat the burden of common diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Tarry-Adkins
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
A growing number of studies focusing on the developmental origin of health and disease hypothesis have identified links among early nutrition, epigenetic processes and diseases also in later life. Different epigenetic mechanisms are elicited by dietary factors in early critical developmental ages that are able to affect the susceptibility to several diseases in adulthood. The studies here reviewed suggest that maternal and neonatal diet may have long-lasting effects in the development of non-communicable chronic adulthood diseases, in particular the components of the so-called metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and CVD. Both maternal under- and over-nutrition may regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Early postnatal nutrition may also represent a vital determinant of adult health by making an impact on the development and function of gut microbiota. An inadequate gut microbiota composition and function in early life seems to account for the deviant programming of later immunity and overall health status. In this regard probiotics, which have the potential to restore the intestinal microbiota balance, may be effective in preventing the development of chronic immune-mediated diseases. More recently, the epigenetic mechanisms elicited by probiotics through the production of SCFA are hypothesised to be the key to understand how they mediate their numerous health-promoting effects from the gut to the peripheral tissues.
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12
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Ogawa T, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Sawa C, Saito T, Murayama A, Kuwagata M, Kageyama H, Yagi M, Satoh K, Shioda S. Seeking gene candidates responsible for developmental origins of health and disease. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2011; 51:110-25. [PMID: 21848995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2011.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human epidemiological evidence has led scientists to theorize that undernutrition during gestation is an important early origin of adult diseases. Animal models have successfully demonstrated that maternal diet could contribute to some adult diseases. Undernutrition is perceived harmful in pregnant women, whereas calorie restriction is a strategy proven to extend healthy and maximum lifespan in adult. This diagrammatically opposite effect of nutritional condition might provide us with hints to search for genes underlying health conditions. Here, we have initiated a study examining the effect of undernutrition on maternal and fetal livers, utilizing high-throughput DNA microarray analysis for screening genome-wide changes in their transcriptomes. Briefly, pregnant mice were exposed to food deprivation (FD) on gestation day (GD) 17, and cesarean section was performed on GD18. Control mice were supplied with chow ad libitum until sacrifice. Total RNA extracted from mother and fetal livers for each control and treatment (FD) was analyzed with an Agilent mouse whole genome DNA chip. A total of 3058 and 3126 up- (>1.5-fold) and down- (<0.75-fold) regulated genes, and 1475 and 1225 up- (>1.5-fold) and down- (<0.75-fold) regulated genes showed differential expression at the mRNA level, in the maternal and fetal livers, respectively. Interestingly, 103 genes up-regulated in the mother were down-regulated in the fetus, whereas 108 down-regulated maternal genes were up-regulated in the fetus; these 211 genes are potential candidates related to longevity or health. The role of some of these genes, in context of the proposed mechanisms for developmental origins of health and disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Ogawa
- Anti-aging Medicine Funded Research Laboratories, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Hill DJ. Nutritional programming of pancreatic β-cell plasticity. World J Diabetes 2011; 2:119-26. [PMID: 21954415 PMCID: PMC3180528 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i8.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional insufficiency during pregnancy has been shown to alter the metabolism of the offspring and can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. The phenotype in the offspring involves changes to the morphology and functional capacity of the endocrine pancreas, and in the supporting islet microvasculature. Pancreatic β-cells possess a plastic potential and can partially recover from catastrophic loss. This is partly due to the existence of progenitors within the islets and the ability to generate new islets by neogenesis from the pancreatic ducts. This regenerative capacity is induced by bone marrow-derived stem cells, including endothelial cell progenitors and is associated with increased angiogenesis within the islets. Nutritional insults in early life, such as feeding a low protein diet to the mother, impair the regenerative capacity of the β-cells. The mechanisms underlying this include a reduced ability of β-cells to differentiate from the progenitor population, changes in the inductive signals from the microvasculature and an altered presence of endothelial progenitors. Statin treatment within animal models was associated with angiogenesis in the islet microvasculature, improved vascular function and an increase in β-cell mass. This demonstrates that reversal of the impaired β-cell phenotype observed following nutritional insult in early life is potentially possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hill
- David J Hill, Department of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
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14
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Alteration of the cardiac sympathetic innervation is modulated by duration of diabetes in female rats. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2011:835932. [PMID: 21792353 PMCID: PMC3142701 DOI: 10.1155/2011/835932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the sympathetic innervation of the female diabetic heart, resting heart rate and sympathetic tone were assessed in vivo, and effect of tyramine on spontaneous beating rate, norepinephrine atrial concentrations, uptake, and release were determined in vitro in streptozotocin- (STZ-) treated rats and respective controls aged 3 months to 2 years. Resting bradycardia, decreased sympathetic tone, deceleration of spontaneous beating rate, and slightly declining carrier-mediated, but preserved exocytotic norepinephrine release from the atria were found in younger diabetic rats while the reactivity of the right atria to tyramine was not affected with age and disease duration. Diabetic two-year-old animals displayed symptoms of partial spontaneous recovery including normoglycemia, increased plasma insulin concentrations, fully recovered sympathetic tone, but putative change, in releasable norepinephrine tissue stores. Our data suggested that female diabetic heart exposed to long-lasting diabetic conditions seems to be more resistant to alteration in sympathetic innervation than the male one.
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15
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16
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Heinis M, Simon M, Duvillié B. New insights into endocrine pancreatic development: the role of environmental factors. Horm Res Paediatr 2010; 74:77-82. [PMID: 20551619 PMCID: PMC3202916 DOI: 10.1159/000314894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas is a mixed gland that contains endocrine and exocrine components. Within the pancreatic islets, beta cells produce insulin and control the glycemia. Their deficiency leads to diabetes and several potential complications. In the last decade, numerous studies have focused on pancreas development. The objective was to characterize the cellular and molecular factors that control the differentiation of endocrine and exocrine cell types. Investigation of the role of transcription factors by using genetic approaches led to the discovery of key molecules that are expressed both in rodents and humans. Some of them are ubiquitous, and some others are specifically involved in endocrine or exocrine specification. In addition to these intrinsic factors, recent studies have focused on the role of environmental factors. In the present review, we describe the roles of nutrients and oxygen in the embryonic pancreas. Interestingly, these extrinsic parameters can interfere with beta-cell differentiation and function. Altogether, these data should help to generate beta cells in vitro and define strategies for a cell-based therapy of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Heinis
- INSERM U845, Research Center Growth and Signalling, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - M.T. Simon
- INSERM U845, Research Center Growth and Signalling, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - B. Duvillié
- *Dr. Bertrand Duvillié, U845 INSERM, Faculty Necker, 156, rue de Vaugirard, FR–75015 Paris (France), Tel. +33 1 40 61 55 71, Fax +33 1 43 06 04 43, E-Mail
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17
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Cox AR, Gottheil SK, Arany EJ, Hill DJ. The effects of low protein during gestation on mouse pancreatic development and beta cell regeneration. Pediatr Res 2010; 68:16-22. [PMID: 20386490 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181e17c90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Beta cells are partially replaced in neonatal rodents after deletion with streptozotocin (STZ). Exposure of pregnant rats to a low protein (LP) diet impairs endocrine pancreas development in the offspring, leading to glucose intolerance in adulthood. Our objective was to determine whether protein restriction has a similar effect on the offspring in mice, and if this alters the capacity for beta cell regeneration after STZ. Pregnant Balb/c mice were fed a control (C) (20% protein) or an isocaloric LP (8% protein) diet during gestation. Pups were given 35 mg/kg STZ (or vehicle) from d 1 to 5 for each dietary treatment. Histologic analysis showed that C-fed offspring had largely replaced beta cell mass (BCM) after STZ by d 30, but this was not sustained over time. Female LP-fed offspring showed an initial increase in BCM by d 14 but developed glucose intolerance by d 130. In contrast, male LP offspring showed no changes in BCM or glucose tolerance. However, LP exposure limited the capacity for recovery of BCM in both genders after STZ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Cox
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada.
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18
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Fernández-Millán E, Gangnerau MN, De Miguel-Santos L, Calderari S, Serradas P, Escrivá F, Portha B, Alvarez C. Undernutrition of the GK rat during gestation improves pancreatic IGF-2 and beta-cell mass in the fetuses. Growth Factors 2009; 27:409-18. [PMID: 19919529 DOI: 10.3109/08977190903199074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a type 2 diabetes model with a defective beta-cell mass detectable in late fetal development. Diminished IGF-2 production seems to be involved in this effect. Herein, we analyzed the effect of maternal food-restriction on the beta-cell mass of GK fetuses and the involvement of the IGF system, highly responsive to nutritional status in this process. To this end, in undernourished GK fetuses (U-GK), we measured serum GH/IGF levels, beta-cell mass, replication and differentiation, and IGF-1/-2 protein content in liver and pancreas tissue. Pregnant GK females were food restricted (65% restriction) during the last week of gestation. Our results show that maternal malnutrition ameliorates beta-cell mass in U-GK fetuses and a specific pancreatic IGF-2 increase may be instrumental in this effect. Further studies are needed to determine whether maternal undernutrition is sufficient to delay or decrease the risk of the GK rat for developing diabetes.
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19
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Waisundara VY, Hsu A, Tan BKH, Huang D. Baicalin improves antioxidant status of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4096-4102. [PMID: 19364111 DOI: 10.1021/jf8028539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of baicalin, as well as its effects in combination with the antidiabetic drug metformin. Three groups of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were given the following treatments for 30 days: (1) 500 mg/kg metformin; (2) 120 mg/kg baicalin; (3) 500 mg/kg metformin + 120 mg/kg baicalin. In addition, vehicle-treated diabetic and nondiabetic controls were used in the experiment. The rats treated with baicalin and metformin + baicalin had significantly elevated (p < 0.05) hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase compared with the vehicle- and metformin-treated groups. Plasma and hepatic lipid peroxide concentrations of the baicalin- and baicalin + metformin-treated groups were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). In addition, baicalin significantly reduced plasma and hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol levels. The study thus showed that baicalin mitigated oxidative stress as well as enhanced the antidiabetic effect of metformin by improving the antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viduranga Y Waisundara
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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20
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Gittes GK. Developmental biology of the pancreas: a comprehensive review. Dev Biol 2008; 326:4-35. [PMID: 19013144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic development represents a fascinating process in which two morphologically distinct tissue types must derive from one simple epithelium. These two tissue types, exocrine (including acinar cells, centro-acinar cells, and ducts) and endocrine cells serve disparate functions, and have entirely different morphology. In addition, the endocrine tissue must become disconnected from the epithelial lining during its development. The pancreatic development field has exploded in recent years, and numerous published reviews have dealt specifically with only recent findings, or specifically with certain aspects of pancreatic development. Here I wish to present a more comprehensive review of all aspects of pancreatic development, though still there is not a room for discussion of stem cell differentiation to pancreas, nor for discussion of post-natal regeneration phenomena, two important fields closely related to pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Gittes
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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21
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Waisundara VY, Hsu A, Huang D, Tan BKH. Scutellaria baicalensis enhances the anti-diabetic activity of metformin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2008; 36:517-40. [PMID: 18543386 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x08005953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the root cause of diabetic macro- and microvascular complications. Biochemical and epidemiological studies indicate that current treatments for diabetes do not reduce risks of developing complications, suggesting their inability to alleviate the levels of oxidative stress. This study in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was carried out to investigate the effect of combining the antidiabetic drug, metformin, with an ethanolic extract of Scutellaria baicalensis, a plant whose root is known for its radical scavenging activity. Three groups of STZ-induced diabetic rats were given the following treatments for 30 days: (1) metformin 500 mg/kg, (2) S. baicalensis 400 mg/kg, (3) metformin 500 mg/kg + S. baicalensis extract 400 mg/kg. In addition, vehicle-treated diabetic and nondiabetic controls were used in the experiment. The rats treated with S. baicalensis and metformin + S. baicalensis had elevated hepatic activities of the antioxidant enzymes--superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) compared to the vehicle- and metformin-treated diabetic groups (p < 0.05). Plasma and hepatic lipid peroxide concentrations in the herb-treated and herb + metformin-treated groups were also significantly reduced (p < 0.05). In addition, the combined treatment caused significant elevations of plasma and pancreatic insulin levels and reductions of plasma and hepatic triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol levels. The study thus showed that S. baicalensis enhanced the antidiabetic effect of metformin in STZ-induced diabetic rats by improving the antioxidant status. It also increased pancreatic insulin content as well as improved the lipid profile in these rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viduranga Y Waisundara
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore
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22
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Arantes VC, Reis MAB, Latorraca MQ, Ferreira F, Stoppiglia LF, Carneiro EM, Boschero AC. Palmitic acid increase levels of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 and p38/stress-activated protein kinase in islets from rats maintained on a low protein diet. Br J Nutr 2007; 96:1006-12. [PMID: 17181874 DOI: 10.1017/bjn20061950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A severe reduction in insulin release in response to glucose is consistently noticed in protein-deprived rats and is attributed partly to the chronic exposure to elevated levels of NEFA. Since the pancreatic and duodenal transcription factor homeobox 1 (PDX-1) is important for the maintenance of beta-cell physiology, and since PDX-1 expression is altered in the islets of rats fed a low protein (LP) diet and that rats show high NEFA levels, we assessed PDX-1 and insulin mRNA expression, as well as PDX-1 and p38/stress activated protein kinase 2 (SAPK2) protein expression, in islets from young rats fed low (6%) or normal (17%; control) protein diets and maintained for 48 h in culture medium containing 5.6 mmol/l glucose, with or without 0.6 mmol/l palmitic acid. We also measured glucose-induced insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. Insulin secretion by isolated islets in response to 16.7 mmol/l glucose was reduced in LP compared with control rats. In the presence of NEFA, there was an increase in insulin secretion in both groups. At 2.8 mmol/l glucose, the metabolism of this sugar was reduced in LP islets, regardless of the presence of this fatty acid. However, when challenged with 16.7 mmol/l glucose, LP and control islets showed a severe reduction in glucose oxidation in the presence of NEFA. The PDX-1 and insulin mRNA were significantly higher when NEFA was added to the culture medium in both groups of islets. The effect of palmitic acid on PDX-1 and p38/SAPK2 protein levels was similar in LP and control islets, but the increase was much more evident in LP islets. These results demonstrate the complex interrelationship between nutrients in the control of insulin release and support the view that fatty acids play an important role in glucose homeostasis by affecting molecular mechanisms and stimulus/secretion coupling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Arantes
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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23
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Inchovska M, Ogneva V, Martinova Y. Role of FGF1, FGF2 and FGF7 in the development of the pancreas from control and streptozotocin-treated hamsters. Cell Prolif 2006; 39:537-50. [PMID: 17109637 PMCID: PMC6496859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although progress has been made with respect to the growth and transcription factors implicated in pancreatic development, many questions remain unsolved. It has been established that during embryonic life, both endocrine and acinar cells are derived from pancreatic epithelial precursor cells. Growth factors control the proliferation of precursor cells and their ability to differentiate into mature cells, both in pre-natal and in early post-natal life. Pancreatic development during the early post-natal period is an area of great interest for many scientists. In this study we have examined the structure characteristics, functional and proliferative activity of control and diabetic hamster pancreatic ductal, exocrine and beta cells, following treatment with FGFs 1, 2 and 7 in vitro. Light and electron microscopic studies indicated active synthetic processes in these cells under the influence of the investigated FGFs. In our experimental model of diabetes, the labelling index of the cells was significantly higher than in corresponding control groups of hamsters. We established that FGF2 at a concentration of 10 ng/l was responsible for the most prominent effect on ductal cells and beta cells in the diabetic groups. FGF1 at a concentration of 10 ng/l displayed the highest stimulatory effect on exocrine cells in the diabetic groups at post-natal day 10. Taken together these data strongly suggest that FGF1 and FGF2 induce proliferation of pancreatic epithelial cells during the early post-natal period whereas FGF7 is not strictly specific for pancreatic cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Inchovska
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences IEMA, G. Bonchev str. Bl. 25, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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24
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Fernández E, Martín MA, Fajardo S, Bailbé D, Gangnerau MN, Portha B, Escrivá F, Serradas P, Alvarez C. Undernutrition does not alter the activation of beta-cell neogenesis and replication in adult rats after partial pancreatectomy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:E913-21. [PMID: 16757552 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00638.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In previous work, we demonstrated that a 65% protein calorie food restriction started during the third trimester of gestation in rats caused a reduced beta-cell mass at 4 days of life that persisted until adult age. In this study with adult undernourished (U) rats, we investigated 1) whether undernutrition affects the beta-cell growth potential and both beta-cell proliferation and differentiation and 2) the implication of the IGFs, highly responsive to nutritional status, in these processes. To this end, we used the 90% pancreatectomy (Px) procedure in U and control (C) adult rats. The results show that, on day 2 after Px, beta-cell replication was significantly higher in C rats, whereas the beta-cell neogenesis was markedly increased in U/Px rats. Both the serum levels of IGF-I and the liver IGF-I mRNA expression were reduced in adult U rats before and after Px compared with C rats. Pancreatic IGF-I mRNA expression was reduced in U animals on day 0. However, on day 2 after Px, the increase of pancreatic IGF-I mRNA expression was significantly higher in U rats than in C rats. These data suggest that beta-cells still have the capacity to regenerate in the adult U rats, with a higher efficiency than C rats on day 2, and that both beta-cell neogenesis and beta-cell replication are stimulated. The increased pancreatic IGF-I mRNA may be instrumental in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Souza F, Simpson N, Raffo A, Saxena C, Maffei A, Hardy M, Kilbourn M, Goland R, Leibel R, Mann JJ, Van Heertum R, Harris PE. Longitudinal noninvasive PET-based beta cell mass estimates in a spontaneous diabetes rat model. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1506-13. [PMID: 16710474 PMCID: PMC1462946 DOI: 10.1172/jci27645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes results from an absolute or relative reduction in pancreatic beta cell mass (BCM) leading to insufficient insulin secretion and hyperglycemia. Measurement of insulin secretory capacity is currently used as a surrogate measure of BCM. However, serum insulin concentrations provide an imprecise index of BCM, and no reliable noninvasive measure of BCM is currently available. Type 2 vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT2) are expressed in human islet beta cells, as well as in tissues of the CNS. [11C]Dihydrotetrabenazine ([11C]DTBZ) binds specifically to VMAT2 and is a radioligand currently used in clinical imaging of the brain. Here we report the use of [11C]DTBZ to estimate BCM in a rodent model of spontaneous type 1 diabetes (the BB-DP rat). In longitudinal PET studies of the BB-DP rat, we found a significant decline in pancreatic uptake of [11C]DTBZ that anticipated the loss of glycemic control. Based on comparison of standardized uptake values (SUVs) of [11C]DTBZ and blood glucose concentrations, loss of more than 65% of the original SUV correlated significantly with the development of persistent hyperglycemia. These studies suggest that PET-based quantitation of VMAT2 receptors provides a noninvasive measurement of BCM that could be used to study the pathogenesis of diabetes and to monitor therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Souza
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Norman Simpson
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Raffo
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chitra Saxena
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Antonella Maffei
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Hardy
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Kilbourn
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robin Goland
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rudolph Leibel
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald Van Heertum
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul E. Harris
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Irako T, Akamizu T, Hosoda H, Iwakura H, Ariyasu H, Tojo K, Tajima N, Kangawa K. Ghrelin prevents development of diabetes at adult age in streptozotocin-treated newborn rats. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1264-73. [PMID: 16570155 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Ghrelin, a stomach-derived hormone, functions in multiple biological processes, including glucose metabolism and cellular differentiation and proliferation. In this study, we examined whether early treatment with ghrelin can regenerate beta cells of the pancreas in an animal model of diabetes mellitus, the n0-STZ model, in which neonatal rats are injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at birth. METHODS Following administration of ghrelin to n0-STZ rats from postnatal days 2 to 8, we examined beta cell mass, mRNA expression levels of insulin and of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) gene, and pancreatic morphology on days 21 and 70. In addition, we investigated the effects of ghrelin on beta cell replication. RESULTS By day 21, ghrelin treatment increased pancreatic expression of insulin and Pdx1 mRNA in n0-STZ rats. The number of replicating cells was also significantly increased in the ghrelin-treated n0-STZ model. At day 70, n0-STZ rats exhibited hyperglycaemia, despite slight increases in plasma insulin levels. Ghrelin treatment resulted in the improvement of plasma glucose levels, which were associated with normal plasma insulin levels. Pancreatic insulin mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in ghrelin-treated n0-STZ model animals. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that ghrelin promotes regeneration of beta cells in STZ-treated newborn rats. Thus, early administration of ghrelin may help prevent the development of diabetes in disease-prone subjects after beta cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Irako
- Ghrelin Research Project, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Kuncová J, Svíglerová J, Tonar Z, Slavíková J. Heterogenous changes in neuropeptide Y, norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations in the hearts of diabetic rats. Auton Neurosci 2005; 121:7-15. [PMID: 15955747 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 04/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The changes in concentrations of neuropeptide Y (NPY), norepinephrine and epinephrine were investigated in the rat hearts 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months after administration of streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg i.v.). About 30% of diabetic animals displayed symptoms of partial spontaneous recovery, i.e. decreasing blood glucose levels and increasing insulin concentrations in the plasma and pancreas. NPY concentrations in the atria of diabetic rats did not differ from those in age-matched control rats 1, 2, 4, 6 months in the right atria and even 9 months after STZ in the left atria. However, uncompensated diabetes led to a significant decrease in NPY levels 9 and 12 months after STZ administration in the right and left atria, respectively. In the ventricles, NPY concentrations were significantly decreased 6 months after the onset of diabetes. Interestingly, partial spontaneous recovery of diabetes was associated with increased NPY levels in the atria. Myocardial norepinephrine concentrations increased 1 month after STZ and then declined reaching approximately 60% of the respective control values 12 months after the onset of the disease. Partial spontaneous recovery of diabetes had no effect on norepinephrine concentrations. Myocardial epinephrine concentrations did not differ from those found in controls till month 9 of the disease and they became significantly lower at month 12. Partial recovery of diabetes resulted in epinephrine concentrations not differing from the control values at month 12 of diabetes. Regarding to preferential localization of norepinephrine in the sympathetic postganglionic fibers and that of NPY also in intrinsic ganglion neurons, intrinsic neuronal circuits seem to be less susceptible to STZ-induced damage than extrinsic nerves and they might be able to recover after amelioration of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Kuncová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Lidická 1, 301 66 Plzen, Czech Republic.
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28
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Xu HQ, Hao HP. Effects of iridoid total glycoside from Cornus officinalis on prevention of glomerular overexpression of transforming growth factor beta 1 and matrixes in an experimental diabetes model. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 27:1014-8. [PMID: 15256732 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine whether iridoid total glycoside from Cornus officinalis was effective in regulating expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) and preventing overdeposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in a diabetes state. An experimental rat model of diabetic nephropathy (DN) was successfully induced by one intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 60 mg x kg(-1) and maintained for 12 weeks. All rats had free access to standard chow and water. Four groups: normal control, diabetic control, diabetic rats with aminoguanidine treatment and diabetic rats with iridoid total glycoside treatment were used in this experiment. All treatments were administered by intragastric gavage (ig). At the end of the experiment, serum was collected for ELISA determination of TGF-beta1 protein level; renal cortex was dissected for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of its mRNA expression; and immunohistochemistry was introduced to observe ECM deposition. A significantly higher level of protein and mRNA expression of TGF-beta1, and also overdeposition of fibronectin and laminin was found in diabetic rats. Both iridoid total glycoside and aminoguanidine were effective in decreasing serum protein level and glomerular mRNA expression of TGF-beta1, and in preventing renal overdeposition of fibronectin and laminin. This study suggests that iridoid total glycoside is a beneficial agent for prevention and therapy of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing.
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29
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Li L, Yi Z, Seno M, Kojima I. Activin A and betacellulin: effect on regeneration of pancreatic beta-cells in neonatal streptozotocin-treated rats. Diabetes 2004; 53:608-15. [PMID: 14988244 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Activin A and betacellulin (BTC) are thought to regulate differentiation of pancreatic beta-cells during development and regeneration of beta-cells in adults. In the present study, we used neonatal rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to investigate the effects of activin A and BTC on regeneration of pancreatic beta-cells. One-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with STZ (85 micro g/g) and then administered for 7 days with activin A and/or BTC. Treatment with activin A and BTC significantly reduced the plasma glucose concentration and the plasma glucose response to intraperitoneal glucose loading. The pancreatic insulin content and beta-cell mass in rats treated with activin A and BTC were significantly increased compared with the control group on day 8 and at 2 months. Treatment with activin A and BTC significantly increased the DNA synthesis in preexisting beta-cells, ductal cells, and delta-cells. The number of islet cell-like clusters (ICCs) and islets was significantly increased by treatment with activin A and BTC. In addition, the number of insulin/somatostatin-positive cells and pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1/somatostatin-positive cells was significantly increased. These results indicate that, in neonatal STZ-treated rats, a combination of activin A and BTC promoted regeneration of pancreatic beta-cells and improved glucose metabolism in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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30
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Garofalo RS, Orena SJ, Rafidi K, Torchia AJ, Stock JL, Hildebrandt AL, Coskran T, Black SC, Brees DJ, Wicks JR, McNeish JD, Coleman KG. Severe diabetes, age-dependent loss of adipose tissue, and mild growth deficiency in mice lacking Akt2/PKB beta. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:197-208. [PMID: 12843127 PMCID: PMC164287 DOI: 10.1172/jci16885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2002] [Accepted: 05/06/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB plays key roles in the regulation of cell growth, survival, and metabolism. It remains unclear, however, whether the functions of individual Akt/PKB isoforms are distinct. To investigate the function of Akt2/PKBbeta, mice lacking this isoform were generated. Both male and female Akt2/PKBbeta-null mice exhibit mild growth deficiency and an age-dependent loss of adipose tissue or lipoatrophy, with all observed adipose depots dramatically reduced by 22 weeks of age. Akt2/PKBbeta-deficient mice are insulin resistant with elevated plasma triglycerides. In addition, Akt2/PKBbeta-deficient mice exhibit fed and fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and impaired muscle glucose uptake. In males, insulin resistance progresses to a severe form of diabetes accompanied by pancreatic beta cell failure. In contrast, female Akt2/PKBbeta-deficient mice remain mildly hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic until at least one year of age. Thus, Akt2/PKBbeta-deficient mice exhibit growth deficiency similar to that reported previously for mice lacking Akt1/PKBalpha, indicating that both Akt2/PKBbeta and Akt1/PKBalpha participate in the regulation of growth. The marked hyperglycemia and loss of pancreatic beta cells and adipose tissue in Akt2/PKBbeta-deficient mice suggest that Akt2/PKBbeta plays critical roles in glucose metabolism and the development or maintenance of proper adipose tissue and islet mass for which other Akt/PKB isoforms are unable to fully compensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Garofalo
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06357, USA.
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31
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Thamotharan M, McKnight RA, Thamotharan S, Kao DJ, Devaskar SU. Aberrant insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation predicts glucose intolerance in the offspring of a diabetic mother. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284:E901-14. [PMID: 12540375 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00516.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the long-term effect of in utero exposure to streptozotocin-induced maternal diabetes on the progeny that postnatally received either ad libitum access to milk by being fed by control mothers (CM/DP) or were subjected to relative nutrient restriction by being fed by diabetic mothers (DM/DP) compared with the control progeny fed by control mothers (CM/CP). There was increased food intake, glucose intolerance, and obesity in the CM/DP group and diminished food intake, glucose tolerance, and postnatal growth restriction in the DM/DP group, persisting in the adult. These changes were associated with aberrations in hormonal and metabolic profiles and alterations in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y concentrations. By use of subfractionation and Western blot analysis techniques, the CM/DP group demonstrated a higher skeletal muscle sarcolemma-associated (days 1 and 60) and white adipose tissue plasma membrane-associated (day 60) GLUT4 in the basal state with a lack of insulin-induced translocation. The DM/DP group demonstrated a partial amelioration of this change observed in the CM/DP group. We conclude that the offspring of a diabetic mother with ad libitum postnatal nutrition demonstrates increased food intake and resistance to insulin-induced translocation of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue. This in turn leads to glucose intolerance and obesity at a later stage (day 180). Postnatal nutrient restriction results in reversal of this adult phenotype, thereby explaining the phenotypic heterogeneity that exists in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thamotharan
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA
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32
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Wang S, Cawthorne MA, Clapham JC. Enhanced diabetogenic effect of streptozotocin in mice overexpressing UCP-3 in skeletal muscle. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 967:112-9. [PMID: 12079841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients exhibit varying degrees of increased muscle UCP-3 expression in skeletal muscle and, in rodents, the pancreatoxin streptozotocin (STZ) upregulates UCP-3 mRNA in skeletal and cardiac muscles. We have investigated the development of STZ-induced diabetes in transgenic mice overexpressing UCP-3 in skeletal muscle in order to provide further insight on the functional role of muscle UCP-3. UCP-3 transgenic mice treated with STZ (UCP3-STZ) showed a significant increase in blood glucose concentration 3 days after the last dose of STZ with a progressive induction of diabetes, attaining blood glucose concentrations of 24.7 +/- 1.5 mmol/L on day 17. Wild-type mice treated with STZ (WT-STZ) only started to show an increase in blood glucose concentration 6 days after the last dose of STZ and peaked on day 17 at a lower concentration than in the UCP-STZ mice. The pancreatic insulin content of UCP-3 control mice (UCP3-CON) was decreased relative to wild-type control mice (WT-CON), and STZ reduced the total pancreatic insulin content by 72% in WT-STZ mice and by 88% in UCP3-STZ mice. In an insulin tolerance test, blood glucose concentrations declined more in the UCP-3 transgenic mice than in the wild-type mice. Mice overexpressing UCP-3 in skeletal muscle have a lower pancreatic insulin content, but tend to be more insulin-sensitive. These twin actions result in an increased susceptibility to STZ-induced diabetes in UCP-3 transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Wang
- Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, United Kingdom.
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