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Schramm WC, Bala N, Arekar T, Malik Z, Chacko KM, Lewis RL, Denslow ND, Scindia Y, Alli AA. Enrichment of Bioactive Lipids in Urinary Extracellular Vesicles and Evidence of Apoptosis in Kidneys of Hypertensive Diabetic Cathepsin B Knockout Mice after Streptozotocin Treatment. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1038. [PMID: 38791000 PMCID: PMC11117475 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CtsB) is a ubiquitously expressed cysteine protease that plays important roles in health and disease. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are released from cells associated with urinary organs. The antibiotic streptozotocin (STZ) is known to induce pancreatic islet beta cell destruction, diabetic nephropathy, and hypertension. We hypothesized that streptozotocin-induced diabetic kidney disease and hypertension result in the release of bioactive lipids from kidney cells that induce oxidative stress and renal cell death. Lipidomics was performed on uEVs isolated from CtsB knockout mice treated with or without STZ, and their kidneys were used to investigate changes in proteins associated with cell death. Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (18:1), lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) (22:6), and lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) (22:5) were among the bioactive lipids enriched in uEVs from CtsB knockout mice treated with STZ compared to untreated CtsB mice (n = 3 uEV preparations per group). Anti-oxidant programming was activated in the kidneys of the CtsB knockout mice treated with STZ, as indicated by increased expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and the cystine/glutamate antiporter SLC7A11 (XCT) (n = 4 mice per group), which was supported by a higher reactivity to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a marker for oxidative stress (n = 3 mice per group). Apoptosis but not ferroptosis was the ongoing form of cell death in these kidneys as cleaved caspase-3 levels were significantly elevated in the STZ-treated CtsB knockout mice (n = 4 mice per group). There were no appreciable differences in the pro-ferroptosis enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) or the inflammatory marker CD93 in the kidneys (n = 3 mice per group), which further supports apoptosis as the prevalent mechanism of pathology. These data suggest that STZ treatment leads to oxidative stress, inducing apoptotic injury in the kidneys during the development of diabetic kidney disease and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney C. Schramm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (W.C.S.); (N.B.); (T.A.); (Z.M.); (K.M.C.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Niharika Bala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (W.C.S.); (N.B.); (T.A.); (Z.M.); (K.M.C.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tanmay Arekar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (W.C.S.); (N.B.); (T.A.); (Z.M.); (K.M.C.); (Y.S.)
| | - Zeeshan Malik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (W.C.S.); (N.B.); (T.A.); (Z.M.); (K.M.C.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kevin M. Chacko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (W.C.S.); (N.B.); (T.A.); (Z.M.); (K.M.C.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Russell L. Lewis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (R.L.L.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (R.L.L.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Yogesh Scindia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (W.C.S.); (N.B.); (T.A.); (Z.M.); (K.M.C.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Abdel A. Alli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (W.C.S.); (N.B.); (T.A.); (Z.M.); (K.M.C.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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2
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Aresta AM, De Vietro N, Zambonin C. Analysis and Characterization of the Extracellular Vesicles Released in Non-Cancer Diseases Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization/Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4490. [PMID: 38674075 PMCID: PMC11050240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells play a crucial role in intercellular communications and interactions. The direct shedding of EVs from the plasma membrane represents a fundamental pathway for the transfer of properties and information between cells. These vesicles are classified based on their origin, biogenesis, size, content, surface markers, and functional features, encompassing a variety of bioactive molecules that reflect the physiological state and cell type of origin. Such molecules include lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Research efforts aimed at comprehending EVs, including the development of strategies for their isolation, purification, and characterization, have led to the discovery of new biomarkers. These biomarkers are proving invaluable for diagnosing diseases, monitoring disease progression, understanding treatment responses, especially in oncology, and addressing metabolic, neurological, infectious disorders, as well as advancing vaccine development. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)/Mass Spectrometry (MS) stands out as a leading tool for the analysis and characterization of EVs and their cargo. This technique offers inherent advantages such as a high throughput, minimal sample consumption, rapid and cost-effective analysis, and user-friendly operation. This review is mainly focused on the primary applications of MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF)/MS in the analysis and characterization of extracellular vesicles associated with non-cancerous diseases and pathogens that infect humans, animals, and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Maria Aresta
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (N.D.V.)
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Santiago VF, Rosa-Fernandes L, Macedo-da-Silva J, Angeli CB, Mule SN, Marinho CRF, Torrecilhas AC, Marie SNK, Palmisano G. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles Using Titanium Dioxide Microspheres. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1443:1-22. [PMID: 38409413 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-50624-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer membrane particles released from several cell types to the extracellular environment. EVs have a crucial role in cell-cell communication, involving different biological processes in health and diseases. Due to the potential of biomarkers for several diseases as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, it is relevant to understand the biology of the EVs and their content. One of the current challenges involving EVs is regarding the purification method, which is a critical step for EV's functional and characterization studies. Ultracentrifugation is the most used method for EV isolation, where the nanoparticles are separated in sequential centrifugation to isolate the EVs based on their size. However, for viscous biofluids such as plasma, there is a co-isolation of the most abundant proteins, which can impair the EV's protein identification due to the low abundance of these proteins and signal suppression by the most abundant plasma proteins. Emerging techniques have gained attention in recent years. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most promising techniques due to its property for selective isolation based on the interaction with phospholipids in the EV membrane. Using a small amount of TiO2 beads and a low volume of plasma, it is possible to isolate EVs with reduced plasma protein co-isolation. This study describes a comprehensive workflow for the isolation and characterization of plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) using mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques. The aim of this chapter is describe the EV isolation using TiO2 beads enrichment and high-throughput mass spectrometry techniques to efficiently identify the protein composition of EVs in a fast and straightforward manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Feijoli Santiago
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janaina Macedo-da-Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia B Angeli
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simon Ngao Mule
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio R F Marinho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas; Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely N K Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM15), Department of Neurology, Fac-uldade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Hernandez BJ, Skiba NP, Plössl K, Strain M, Liu Y, Grigsby D, Kelly U, Cady MA, Manocha V, Maminishkis A, Watkins T, Miller SS, Ashley‐Koch A, Stamer WD, Weber BHF, Bowes Rickman C, Klingeborn M. Polarized Desmosome and Hemidesmosome Shedding via Small Extracellular Vesicles is an Early Indicator of Outer Blood-Retina Barrier Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e116. [PMID: 38108061 PMCID: PMC10720597 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) constitutes the outer blood-retinal barrier, enables photoreceptor function of the eye, and is constantly exposed to oxidative stress. As such, dysfunction of the RPE underlies pathology leading to development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss among the elderly in industrialized nations. A major responsibility of the RPE is to process photoreceptor outer segments, which relies on the proper functioning of its endocytic pathways and endosomal trafficking. Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) from RPE are an essential part of these pathways and may be early indicators of cellular stress. To test the role of small EVs (sEVs) including exosomes, that may underlie the early stages of AMD, we used a polarized primary RPE cell culture model under chronic subtoxic oxidative stress. Unbiased proteomic analyses of highly purified basolateral sEVs from oxidatively stressed RPE cultures revealed changes in proteins involved in epithelial barrier integrity. There were also significant changes in proteins accumulating in the basal-side sub-RPE extracellular matrix during oxidative stress, that could be prevented with an inhibitor of sEV release. Thus, chronic subtoxic oxidative stress in primary RPE cultures induces changes in sEV content, including basal-side specific desmosome and hemidesmosome shedding via sEVs. These findings provide novel biomarkers of early cellular dysfunction and opportunity for therapeutic intervention in age-related retinal diseases (e.g., AMD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J. Hernandez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nikolai P. Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Karolina Plössl
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Madison Strain
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of MedicineDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and AnatomyAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Daniel Grigsby
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Una Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Martha A. Cady
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Vikram Manocha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and DiseaseNational Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - TeddiJo Watkins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Office of Animal Welfare Assurance, Duke Animal Care and Use ProgramDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sheldon S. Miller
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and DiseaseNational Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Allison Ashley‐Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of MedicineDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Bernhard H. F. Weber
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
- Institute of Clinical Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- McLaughlin Research InstituteGreat FallsMontanaUSA
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Alli AA. Extracellular Vesicles: Investigating the Pathophysiology of Diabetes-Associated Hypertension and Diabetic Nephropathy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1138. [PMID: 37627022 PMCID: PMC10452642 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs are released by all cell types and are found in biological fluids including plasma and urine. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a mixed population of EVs that comprise small EVs that are filtered and excreted, EVs secreted by tubular epithelial cells, and EVs released from the bladder, urethra, and prostate. The packaged cargo within uEVs includes bioactive molecules such as metabolites, lipids, proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs. These molecules are involved in intercellular communication, elicit changes in intracellular signaling pathways, and play a role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including diabetes-associated hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. uEVs represent a rich source of biomarkers, prognosis markers, and can be loaded with small-molecule drugs as a vehicle for delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel A. Alli
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; ; Tel.: +1-352-273-7877
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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6
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Hernandez BJ, Skiba NP, Plößl K, Strain M, Grigsby D, Kelly U, Cady MA, Manocha V, Maminishkis A, Watkins T, Miller SS, Ashley-Koch A, Stamer WD, Weber BHF, Rickman CB, Klingeborn M. Polarized Desmosome and Hemidesmosome Shedding via Exosomes is an Early Indicator of Outer Blood-Retina Barrier Dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544677. [PMID: 37398366 PMCID: PMC10312606 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) constitutes the outer blood-retinal barrier, enables photoreceptor function of the eye, and is constantly exposed to oxidative stress. As such, dysfunction of the RPE underlies pathology leading to development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss among the elderly in industrialized nations. A major responsibility of the RPE is to process photoreceptor outer segments, which relies on the proper functioning of its endocytic pathways and endosomal trafficking. Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles from RPE are an essential part of these pathways and may be early indicators of cellular stress. To test the role of exosomes that may underlie the early stages of AMD, we used a polarized primary RPE cell culture model under chronic subtoxic oxidative stress. Unbiased proteomic analyses of highly purified basolateral exosomes from oxidatively stressed RPE cultures revealed changes in proteins involved in epithelial barrier integrity. There were also significant changes in proteins accumulating in the basal-side sub-RPE extracellular matrix during oxidative stress, that could be prevented with an inhibitor of exosome release. Thus, chronic subtoxic oxidative stress in primary RPE cultures induces changes in exosome content, including basal-side specific desmosome and hemidesmosome shedding via exosomes. These findings provide novel biomarkers of early cellular dysfunction and opportunity for therapeutic intervention in age-related retinal diseases, (e.g., AMD) and broadly from blood-CNS barriers in other neurodegenerative diseases.
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7
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COVID-19 Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Increase the Density of Lipid Rafts in Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021654. [PMID: 36675169 PMCID: PMC9861961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is the causative agent of the COVID-19 disease. COVID-19 viral infection can affect many cell types, including epithelial cells of the lungs and airways. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by virtually all cell types, and their packaged cargo allows for intercellular communication, cell differentiation, and signal transduction. Cargo from virus-infected cells may include virally derived metabolites, miRNAs, nucleic acids, and proteins. We hypothesized that COVID-19 plasma EVs can induce the formation of signaling platforms known as lipid rafts after uptake by normal human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs). Circulating EVs from patients with or without COVID-19 were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, Western blotting using specific antibodies, and transmission electron microscopy. Primary cultures of normal human small airway epithelial cells were challenged with EVs from the two patient groups, and lipid raft formation was measured by fluorescence microscopy and assessed by sucrose density gradient analysis. Collectively, our data suggest that circulating EVs from COVID-19-infected patients can induce the formation of lipid rafts in normal human small airway epithelial cells. These results suggest the need for future studies aimed at investigating whether the increased density of lipid rafts in these cells promotes viral entry and alteration of specific signaling pathways in the recipient cells.
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Zippoli M, Ruocco A, Novelli R, Rocchio F, Miscione MS, Allegretti M, Cesta MC, Amendola PG. The role of extracellular vesicles and interleukin-8 in regulating and mediating neutrophil-dependent cancer drug resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:947183. [PMID: 36591453 PMCID: PMC9800989 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.947183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor drug resistance is a multifactorial and heterogenous condition that poses a serious burden in clinical oncology. Given the increasing incidence of resistant tumors, further understanding of the mechanisms that make tumor cells able to escape anticancer drug effects is pivotal for developing new effective treatments. Neutrophils constitute a considerable proportion of tumor infiltrated immune cells, and studies have linked elevated neutrophil counts with poor prognosis. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) can acquire in fact immunoregulatory capabilities, thus regulating tumor progression and resistance, or response to therapy. In this review, we will describe TANs' actions in the tumor microenvironment, with emphasis on the analysis of the role of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) as crucial modulators and mediators of TANs biology and function in tumors. We will then discuss the main mechanisms through which TANs can induce drug resistance, finally reporting emerging therapeutic approaches that target these mechanisms and can thus be potentially used to reduce or overcome neutrophil-mediated tumor drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Zippoli
- Research and Development (R&D), Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Ruocco
- Research and Development (R&D), Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., Naples, Italy
| | - Rubina Novelli
- Research and Development (R&D), Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rocchio
- Research and Development (R&D), Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Sara Miscione
- Research and Development (R&D), Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., Naples, Italy,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | - Pier Giorgio Amendola
- Research and Development (R&D), Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Pier Giorgio Amendola,
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Lopez JP, Nouri MZ, Ebrahim A, Chacko KM, Schramm WC, Gholam MF, Ozrazgat-Baslanti T, Denslow ND, Alli AA. Lipid Profiles of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Released during the Inactive and Active Phases of Aged Male Mice with Spontaneous Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315397. [PMID: 36499728 PMCID: PMC9739303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension remains a major problem, especially in the elderly, as it increases the risk for cardiovascular, coronary artery, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in the aging process and contribute to pathophysiology. Our goal was to examine differences in lipid profiles of urinary EVs (uEVs) collected during the inactive and active phases of aged mice and investigate whether these EVs regulate the density of lipid rafts in mouse cortical collecting duct (mpkCCD) principal cells. Here, we demonstrate the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) inhibitor benzyl amiloride reduced systolic blood pressure in aged male mice during the inactive and active phases. Lipidomics data demonstrate differential enrichment of lipids between the two groups. For example, there are more phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens, particularly in the form of alkyl phosphatidylethanolamines, that are enriched in active phase uEVs compared to inactive phase uEVs from the same mice. Amiloride-sensitive transepithelial current increased more in mpkCCD cells challenged with uEVs from the active phase group. Moreover, more ENaC alpha protein was distributed to lipid raft fractions of mpkCCD cells challenged with active phase uEVs. Taken together, the identification of bioactive lipids associated with lipid rafts that are enriched in EVs released during the active phase of aged mice may offer clues to help understand lipid raft organization in recipient principal cells after EV uptake and increased renal ENaC activity, leading to a time-of-day dependent regulation of blood pressure in an aging model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pena Lopez
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mohammad-Zaman Nouri
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Areej Ebrahim
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kevin M. Chacko
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Whitney C. Schramm
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mohammed F. Gholam
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tezcan Ozrazgat-Baslanti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Abdel A. Alli
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-352-273-7877
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10
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Crescitelli R, Filges S, Karimi N, Urzì O, Alonso-Agudo T, Ståhlberg A, Lötvall J, Lässer C, Olofsson Bagge R. Extracellular vesicle DNA from human melanoma tissues contains cancer-specific mutations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1028854. [PMID: 36531960 PMCID: PMC9751452 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1028854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies are promising tools for early diagnosis and residual disease monitoring in patients with cancer, and circulating tumor DNA isolated from plasma has been extensively studied as it has been shown to contain tumor-specific mutations. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in tumor tissues carry tumor-derived molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, and thus EVs can potentially represent a source of cancer-specific DNA. Here we identified the presence of tumor-specific DNA mutations in EVs isolated from six human melanoma metastatic tissues and compared the results with tumor tissue DNA and plasma DNA. Tumor tissue EVs were isolated using enzymatic treatment followed by ultracentrifugation and iodixanol density cushion isolation. A panel of 34 melanoma-related genes was investigated using ultra-sensitive sequencing (SiMSen-seq). We detected mutations in six genes in the EVs (BRAF, NRAS, CDKN2A, STK19, PPP6C, and RAC), and at least one mutation was detected in all melanoma EV samples. Interestingly, the mutant allele frequency was higher in DNA isolated from tumor-derived EVs compared to total DNA extracted directly from plasma DNA, supporting the potential role of tumor EVs as future biomarkers in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Crescitelli
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Filges
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nasibeh Karimi
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ornella Urzì
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), University of Palermo, Gothenburg, Italy
| | - Tamara Alonso-Agudo
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger Olofsson Bagge
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Chen X, Li H, Song H, Wang J, Zhang X, Han P, Wang X. Meet changes with constancy: Defence, antagonism, recovery, and immunity roles of extracellular vesicles in confronting SARS-CoV-2. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12288. [PMID: 36450704 PMCID: PMC9712136 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has wrought havoc on the world economy and people's daily lives. The inability to comprehensively control COVID-19 is due to the difficulty of early and timely diagnosis, the lack of effective therapeutic drugs, and the limited effectiveness of vaccines. The body contains billions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which have shown remarkable potential in disease diagnosis, drug development, and vaccine carriers. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that EVs may participate or assist the body in defence, antagonism, recovery and acquired immunity against SARS-CoV-2. On the one hand, intercepting and decrypting the general intelligence carried in circulating EVs from COVID-19 patients will provide an important hint for diagnosis and treatment; on the other hand, engineered EVs modified by gene editing in the laboratory will amplify the effectiveness of inhibiting infection, replication and destruction of ever-mutating SARS-CoV-2, facilitating tissue repair and making a better vaccine. To comprehensively understand the interaction between EVs and SARS-CoV-2, providing new insights to overcome some difficulties in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of COVID-19, we conducted a rounded review in this area. We also explain numerous critical challenges that these tactics face before they enter the clinic, and this work will provide previous 'meet change with constancy' lessons for responding to future similar public health disasters. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a 'meet changes with constancy' strategy to combat SARS-CoV-2 that spans defence, antagonism, recovery, and acquired immunity. Targets for COVID-19 diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of progression may be found by capture of the message decoding in circulating EVs. Engineered and biomimetic EVs can boost effects of the natural EVs, especially anti-SARS-CoV-2, targeted repair of damaged tissue, and improvement of vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Chen
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Huifei Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
| | - Haoyue Song
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
| | - Pengcheng Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- School of MedicineZhongda Hospital, Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of StomatologyTaiyuanChina
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New MaterialsTaiyuanChina
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12
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Yue Q, Al-Khalili O, Moseley A, Yoshigi M, Wynne BM, Ma H, Eaton DC. PIP 2 Interacts Electrostatically with MARCKS-like Protein-1 and ENaC in Renal Epithelial Cells. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121694. [PMID: 36552204 PMCID: PMC9774185 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the interaction of a membrane-associated protein, MARCKS-like Protein-1 (MLP-1), and an ion channel, Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC), with the anionic lipid, phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2). We found that PIP2 strongly activates ENaC in excised, inside-out patches with a half-activating concentration of 21 ± 1.17 µM. We have identified 2 PIP2 binding sites in the N-terminus of ENaC β and γ with a high concentration of basic residues. Normal channel activity requires MLP-1's strongly positively charged effector domain to electrostatically sequester most of the membrane PIP2 and increase the local concentration of PIP2. Our previous data showed that ENaC covalently binds MLP-1 so PIP2 bound to MLP-1 would be near PIP2 binding sites on the cytosolic N terminal regions of ENaC. We have modified the charge structure of the PIP2 -binding domains of MLP-1 and ENaC and showed that the changes affect membrane localization and ENaC activity in a way consistent with electrostatic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yue
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Otor Al-Khalili
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Auriel Moseley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Masaaki Yoshigi
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Brandi Michele Wynne
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Heping Ma
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Douglas C. Eaton
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-727-4533; Fax: +1-404-727-3425
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13
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Urzì O, Olofsson Bagge R, Crescitelli R. The dark side of foetal bovine serum in extracellular vesicle studies. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12271. [PMID: 36214482 PMCID: PMC9549727 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1912] [Revised: 12/12/1912] [Accepted: 12/12/1912] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to be involved in cell-cell communication and to take part in both physiological and pathological processes. Thanks to their exclusive cargo, which includes proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from the originating cells, they are gaining interest as potential biomarkers of disease. In recent years, their appealing features have been fascinating researchers from all over the world, thus increasing the number of in vitro studies focused on EV release, content, and biological activities. Cultured cell lines are the most-used source of EVs; however, the EVs released in cell cultures are influenced by the cell culture conditions, such as the use of foetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS is the most common supplement for cell culture media, but it is also a source of contaminants, such as exogenous bovine EVs, RNA, and protein aggregates, that can contaminate the cell-derived EVs and influence their cargo composition. The presence of FBS contaminants in cell-derived EV samples is a well-known issue that limits the clinical applications of EVs, thus increasing the need for standardization. In this review, we will discuss the pros and cons of using FBS in cell cultures as a source of EVs, as well as the protocols used to remove contaminants from FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Urzì
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of BiomedicineNeurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D)University of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Roger Olofsson Bagge
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of SurgerySahlgrenska University HospitalRegion Västra GötalandGothenburgSweden
| | - Rossella Crescitelli
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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14
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Flomm FJ, Soh TK, Schneider C, Wedemann L, Britt HM, Thalassinos K, Pfitzner S, Reimer R, Grünewald K, Bosse JB. Intermittent bulk release of human cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010575. [PMID: 35925870 PMCID: PMC9352052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can infect a variety of cell types by using virions of varying glycoprotein compositions. It is still unclear how this diversity is generated, but spatio-temporally separated envelopment and egress pathways might play a role. So far, one egress pathway has been described in which HCMV particles are individually enveloped into small vesicles and are subsequently exocytosed continuously. However, some studies have also found enveloped virus particles inside multivesicular structures but could not link them to productive egress or degradation pathways. We used a novel 3D-CLEM workflow allowing us to investigate these structures in HCMV morphogenesis and egress at high spatio-temporal resolution. We found that multiple envelopment events occurred at individual vesicles leading to multiviral bodies (MViBs), which subsequently traversed the cytoplasm to release virions as intermittent bulk pulses at the plasma membrane to form extracellular virus accumulations (EVAs). Our data support the existence of a novel bona fide HCMV egress pathway, which opens the gate to evaluate divergent egress pathways in generating virion diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Flomm
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timothy K. Soh
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Linda Wedemann
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah M. Britt
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kay Grünewald
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
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15
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MALDI-TOF/MS Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Released by Cancer Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The direct shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the plasma membrane is a recognized fundamental method for the intercellular transfer of properties in both physiological and pathological conditions. EVs are classified according to origin, biogenesis, size, content, surface markers, and/or functional properties, and contain various bioactive molecules depending on the physiological state and the type of the cells of origin including lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. The presence of tumor-derived EVs in body fluids such as blood, ascites, urine, and saliva, together with the important role played in the tumor microenvironment where they intervene at different levels from oncogenesis to metastasis, make EVs a priority target for cancer studies. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can play a leading role in the analysis and characterization of EVs and their load due to its intrinsic advantages such as high throughput, low sample consumption, speed, the cost-effectiveness of the analysis, and the ease of use. This work reviews the main MALDI-TOF applications for the analysis and characterization of extracellular vesicles in the tumor field.
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16
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Reinicke M, Shamkeeva S, Hell M, Isermann B, Ceglarek U, Heinemann ML. Targeted Lipidomics for Characterization of PUFAs and Eicosanoids in Extracellular Vesicles. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071319. [PMID: 35405932 PMCID: PMC9000901 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are increasingly recognized as bioactive mediators of extracellular vesicle (EV) functions. However, while EV proteins and nucleic acids are well described, EV lipids are insufficiently understood due to lack of adequate quantitative methods. We adapted an established targeted and quantitative mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method originally developed for analysis of 94 eicosanoids and seven polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in human plasma. Additionally, the influence of freeze–thaw (FT) cycles, injection volume, and extraction solvent were investigated. The modified protocol was applied to lipidomic analysis of differently polarized macrophage-derived EVs. We successfully quantified three PUFAs and eight eicosanoids within EVs. Lipid extraction showed reproducible PUFA and eicosanoid patterns. We found a particularly high impact of FT cycles on EV lipid profiles, with significant reductions of up to 70%. Thus, repeated FT will markedly influence analytical results and may alter EV functions, emphasizing the importance of a standardized sample pretreatment protocol for the analysis of bioactive lipids in EVs. EV lipid profiles differed largely depending on the polarization of the originating macrophages. Particularly, we observed major changes in the arachidonic acid pathway. We emphasize the importance of a standardized sample pretreatment protocol for the analysis of bioactive lipids in EVs.
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17
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van der Koog L, Gandek TB, Nagelkerke A. Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Comparison of Composition, Pharmacokinetics, and Functionalization. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100639. [PMID: 34165909 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, lipid-based nanoparticle drug delivery systems (DDS) have caught the attention of researchers worldwide, encouraging the field to rapidly develop improved ways for effective drug delivery. One of the most prominent examples is liposomes, which are spherical shaped artificial vesicles composed of lipid bilayers and able to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. At the same time, biological nanoparticles naturally secreted by cells, called extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as promising more complex biocompatible DDS. In this review paper, the differences and similarities in the composition of both vesicles are evaluated, and critical mediators that affect their pharmacokinetics are elucidate. Different strategies that have been assessed to tweak the pharmacokinetics of both liposomes and EVs are explored, detailing the effects on circulation time, targeting capacity, and cytoplasmic delivery of therapeutic cargo. Finally, whether a hybrid system, consisting of a combination of only the critical constituents of both vesicles, could offer the best of both worlds is discussed. Through these topics, novel leads for further research are provided and, more importantly, gain insight in what the liposome field and the EV field can learn from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke van der Koog
- Molecular Pharmacology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen P.O. Box 196, XB10 Groningen 9700 AD The Netherlands
| | - Timea B. Gandek
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen P.O. Box 196, XB20 Groningen 9700 AD The Netherlands
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen P.O. Box 196, XB20 Groningen 9700 AD The Netherlands
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18
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Aparicio-Trejo OE, Aranda-Rivera AK, Osorio-Alonso H, Martínez-Klimova E, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Tapia E. Extracellular Vesicles in Redox Signaling and Metabolic Regulation in Chronic Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020356. [PMID: 35204238 PMCID: PMC8868440 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a world health problem increasing dramatically. The onset of CKD is driven by several mechanisms; among them, metabolic reprogramming and changes in redox signaling play critical roles in the advancement of inflammation and the subsequent fibrosis, common pathologies observed in all forms of CKD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane packages strongly associated with cell-cell communication since they transfer several biomolecules that serve as mediators in redox signaling and metabolic reprogramming in the recipient cells. Recent studies suggest that EVs, especially exosomes, the smallest subtype of EVs, play a fundamental role in spreading renal injury in CKD. Therefore, this review summarizes the current information about EVs and their cargos’ participation in metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial impairment in CKD and their role in redox signaling changes. Finally, we analyze the effects of these EV-induced changes in the amplification of inflammatory and fibrotic processes in the progression of CKD. Furthermore, the data suggest that the identification of the signaling pathways involved in the release of EVs and their cargo under pathological renal conditions can allow the identification of new possible targets of injury spread, with the goal of preventing CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Horacio Osorio-Alonso
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Elena Martínez-Klimova
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Laura Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Edilia Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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19
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Yang T, Wang J, Zhao J, Liu Y. Current and prospective applications of exosomal microRNAs in pulmonary fibrosis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:37. [PMID: 35088880 PMCID: PMC8815412 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic, progressive, irreversible and life‑threatening lung disease. However, the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of this condition remain unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are structures derived from the plasma membrane, with a diameter ranging from 30 nm to 5 µm, that play an important role in cell‑to‑cell communications in lung disease, particularly between epithelial cells and the pulmonary microenvironment. In particular, exosomes are a type of EV that can deliver cargo molecules, including endogenous proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, such as microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs). These cargo molecules are encapsulated in lipid bilayers through target cell internalization, receptor‑ligand interactions or lipid membrane fusion. miRNAs are single‑stranded RNA molecules that regulate cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis by degrading target mRNAs or inhibiting translation to modulate gene expression. The aim of the present review was to discuss the current knowledge available on exosome biogenesis, composition and isolation methods. The role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PF was also reviewed. In addition, emerging diagnostic and therapeutic properties of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs in PF were described, in order to highlight the potential applications of exosomal miRNAs in PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
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20
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Kumar V, Kiran S, Kumar S, Singh UP. Extracellular vesicles in obesity and its associated inflammation. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 41:30-44. [PMID: 34423733 PMCID: PMC8770589 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1964497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade, chronic inflammation, which promotes insulin resistance and diabetes. Obesity can lead to the development and progression of many autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid autoimmunity, and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). These diseases result from an alteration of self-tolerance by promoting pro-inflammatory immune response by lowering numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs), increasing Th1 and Th17 immune responses, and inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, understanding the immunological changes that lead to this low-grade inflammatory milieu becomes crucial for the development of therapies that suppress the risk of autoimmune diseases and other immunological conditions. Cells generate extracellular vesicles (EVs) to eliminate cellular waste as well as communicating the adjacent and distant cells through exchanging the components (genetic material [DNA or RNA], lipids, and proteins) between them. Immune cells and adipocytes from individuals with obesity and a high basal metabolic index (BMI) produce also release exosomes (EXOs) and microvesicles (MVs), which are collectively called EVs. These EVs play a crucial role in the development of autoimmune diseases. The current review discusses the immunological dysregulation that leads to inflammation, inflammatory diseases associated with obesity, and the role played by EXOs and MVs in the induction and progression of this devastating conditi8on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee, 38103 USA
| | - Sonia Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee, 38103 USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee, 38103 USA
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee, 38103 USA,Correspondence: Udai P Singh, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 881 Madison Avenue, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, 38163 USA,
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21
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Therapeutic Potential of Annexin A1 Modulation in Kidney and Cardiovascular Disorders. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123420. [PMID: 34943928 PMCID: PMC8700139 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal and cardiovascular disorders are very prevalent and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Among diverse pathogenic mechanisms, the dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses plays an essential role in such disorders. Consequently, the discovery of Annexin A1, as a glucocorticoid-inducible anti-inflammatory protein, has fueled investigation of its role in renal and cardiovascular pathologies. Indeed, with respect to the kidney, its role has been examined in diverse renal pathologies, including acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, immune-mediated nephropathy, drug-induced kidney injury, kidney stone formation, and renal cancer. Regarding the cardiovascular system, major areas of investigation include the role of Annexin A1 in vascular abnormalities, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Thus, this review briefly describes major structural and functional features of Annexin A1 followed by a review of its role in pathologies of the kidney and the cardiovascular system, as well as the therapeutic potential of its modulation for such disorders.
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22
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Yang J, Zou X, Jose PA, Zeng C. Extracellular vesicles: Potential impact on cardiovascular diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2021; 105:49-100. [PMID: 34809830 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received considerable attention in biological and clinical research due to their ability to mediate cell-to-cell communication. Based on their size and secretory origin, EVs are categorized as exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Increasing number of studies highlight the contribution of EVs in the regulation of a wide range of normal cellular physiological processes, including waste scavenging, cellular stress reduction, intercellular communication, immune regulation, and cellular homeostasis modulation. Altered circulating EV level, expression pattern, or content in plasma of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in diverse cardiovascular pathologies. Due to their inherent characteristics and physiological functions, EVs, in turn, have become potential candidates as therapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss the evolving understanding of the role of EVs in CVD, summarize the current knowledge of EV-mediated regulatory mechanisms, and highlight potential strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of CVD. We also attempt to look into the future that may advance our understanding of the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of CVD and provide novel insights into the field of translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Xue Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Institute of Cardiology and Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Institute of Cardiology and Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Heart Center of Fujian Province, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China.
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23
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Chang W, Xiao D, Fang X, Wang J. Phospholipids in small extracellular vesicles: emerging regulators of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Cytotherapy 2021; 24:93-100. [PMID: 34742629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are generated by almost all cell types. They have a bilayer membrane structure that is similar to cell membranes. Thus, the phospholipids contained in sEVs are the main components of cell membranes and function as structural support elements. However, as in-depth research on sEV membrane components is conducted, some phospholipids have been found to participate in cellular biological processes and function as targets for cell-cell communication. Currently, sEVs are being developed as part of drug delivery systems and diagnostic factors for various diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. An understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of sEV phospholipids in cellular processes is essential for their future medical application. In this review, the authors discuss phospholipid components in sEVs of different origins and summarize the roles of phospholipids in sEV biogenesis. The authors further collect the current knowledge on the functional roles of sEV phospholipids in cell-cell communication and bioactivities as signals regulating neurodegenerative diseases and cancer and the possibility of using sEV phospholipids as biomarkers or in drug delivery systems for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Knowledge of sEV phospholipids is important to help us identify directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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24
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A Comprehensive Insight into the Role of Exosomes in Viral Infection: Dual Faces Bearing Different Functions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091405. [PMID: 34575480 PMCID: PMC8466084 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) subtype, exosome is an extracellular nano-vesicle that sheds from cells’ surface and originates as intraluminal vesicles during endocytosis. Firstly, it was thought to be a way for the cell to get rid of unwanted materials as it loaded selectively with a variety of cellular molecules, including RNAs, proteins, and lipids. However, it has been found to play a crucial role in several biological processes such as immune modulation, cellular communication, and their role as vehicles to transport biologically active molecules. The latest discoveries have revealed that many viruses export their viral elements within cellular factors using exosomes. Hijacking the exosomal pathway by viruses influences downstream processes such as viral propagation and cellular immunity and modulates the cellular microenvironment. In this manuscript, we reviewed exosomes biogenesis and their role in the immune response to viral infection. In addition, we provided a summary of how some pathogenic viruses hijacked this normal physiological process. Viral components are harbored in exosomes and the role of these exosomes in viral infection is discussed. Understanding the nature of exosomes and their role in viral infections is fundamental for future development for them to be used as a vaccine or as a non-classical therapeutic strategy to control several viral infections.
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25
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Nouri MZ, Yu L, Liu L, Chacko KM, Denslow ND, LaDisa JF, Alli AA. Increased endothelial sodium channel activity by extracellular vesicles in human aortic endothelial cells: Putative role of MLP1 and bioactive lipids. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C535-C548. [PMID: 34288724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00092.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain biological molecules and are secreted by cells into the extracellular milieu. The endothelial sodium channel (EnNaC) plays an important role in modulating endothelial cell stiffness. We hypothesized EVs secreted from human aortic endothelial cells (hAoEC) positively regulate EnNaC in an autocrine dependent manner. A comprehensive lipidomic analysis using targeted mass spectrometry was performed on multiple preparations of EVs isolated from the conditioned media of hAoEC or complete growth media of these cells. Cultured hAoEC challenged with EVs isolated from the conditioned media of these cells resulted in an increase in EnNaC activity when compared to the same concentration of media derived EVs or vehicle alone. EVs isolated from the conditioned media of hAoEC but not human fibroblast cells were enriched in MARCKS Like Protein 1 (MLP1). The pharmacological inhibition of the negative regulator of MLP1, protein kinase C, in cultured hAoEC resulted in an increase in EV size and release compared to vehicle or pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase D. The MLP1 enriched EVs increased the density of actin filaments in cultured hAoEC compared to EVs isolated from human fibroblast cells lacking MLP1. We quantified 141 lipids from glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids in conditioned media EVs that represented twice the number found in control media EVs. The concentrations of sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were higher in conditioned media EVs. These results provide the first evidence for EnNaC regulation in hAoEC by EVs and provide insight into a possible mechanism involving MLP1, unsaturated lipids, and bioactive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Zaman Nouri
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lauren Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kevin M Chacko
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John F LaDisa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Abdel A Alli
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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26
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Barros Lamus ER, Carotti V, de Vries CRS, Witsel F, Arntz OJ, van de Loo FAJ, Carvajal CA, Bindels RJM, Hoenderop JGJ, Rigalli JP. Extracellular vesicles regulate purinergic signaling and epithelial sodium channel expression in renal collecting duct cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21506. [PMID: 33811695 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002559r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling regulates several renal physiological and pathophysiological processes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released by most cell types, which, in non-renal tissues, modulate purinergic signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EVs from renal proximal tubule (HK2) and collecting duct cells (HCD) on intra- and intersegment modulation of extracellular ATP levels, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the impact on the expression of the alpha subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (αENaC). HK2 cells were exposed to HK2 EVs, while HCD cells were exposed to HK2 and HCD EVs. Extracellular ATP levels and αENaC expression were measured by chemiluminescence and qRT-PCR, respectively. ATPases in EV populations were identified by mass spectrometry. The effect of aldosterone was assessed using EVs from aldosterone-treated cells and urinary EVs (uEVs) from primary aldosteronism (PA) patients. HK2 EVs downregulated ectonucleoside-triphosphate-diphosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1) expression, increased extracellular ATP and downregulated αENaC expression in HCD cells. ENTPD1 downregulation could be attributed to increased miR-205-3p and miR-505 levels. Conversely, HCD EVs decreased extracellular ATP levels and upregulated αENaC expression in HCD cells, probably due to enrichment of 14-3-3 isoforms with ATPase activity. Pretreatment of donor cells with aldosterone or exposure to uEVs from PA patients enhanced the effects on extracellular ATP and αENaC expression. We demonstrated inter- and intrasegment modulation of renal purinergic signaling by EVs. Our findings postulate EVs as carriers of information along the renal tubules, whereby processes affecting EV release and/or cargo may impact on purinergically regulated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Barros Lamus
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Carotti
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine R S de Vries
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Witsel
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Onno J Arntz
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cristian A Carvajal
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Juan P Rigalli
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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27
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Non-coding RNAs and lipids mediate the function of extracellular vesicles in cancer cross-talk. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 74:121-133. [PMID: 34033894 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been expanded, especially in the field of cancer. The cargoes in EVs, especially those in small EVs such as exosomes include microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNA, proteins, and lipids, are assumed to work cooperatively in the tumor microenvironment. In 2007, it was reported that miRNAs were abundant among the non-coding RNAs present in exosomes. Since then, many studies have investigated the functions of miRNAs and have tried to apply these molecules to aid in the diagnosis of cancer. Accordingly, many reviews of non-coding RNAs in EVs have been published for miRNAs. This review focuses on relatively new cargoes, covering long noncoding (lnc) RNAs, circular RNAs, and repeat RNAs, among non-coding RNAs. These RNAs, regardless of EV or cell type, have newly emerged due to the innovation of sequencing technology. The poor conservation, low quantity, and technical difficulty in detecting these RNA types have made it difficult to elucidate their functions and expression patterns. We herein summarize a limited number of studies. Although lipids are major components of EVs, current research on EVs focuses on miRNA and protein biology, while the roles of lipids in exosomes have not drawn attention. However, several recent studies revealed that phospholipids, which are components of the EV membrane, play important roles in the intercommunication between cells and in the generation of lipid mediators. Here, we review the reported roles of these molecules, and describe their potential in cancer biology.
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28
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Ito M, Kudo K, Higuchi H, Otsuka H, Tanaka M, Fukunishi N, Araki T, Takamatsu M, Ino Y, Kimura Y, Kotani A. Proteomic and phospholipidomic characterization of extracellular vesicles inducing tumor microenvironment in Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21505. [PMID: 33723887 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002730r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes malignant carcinomas including B cell lymphomas accompanied by the systemic inflammation. Previously, we observed that phosphatidylserine (PS)-exposing subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from an EBV strain Akata-transformed lymphoma (Akata EVs) convert surrounding phagocytes into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) via induction of inflammatory response, which is in part mediated by EBV-derived micro RNAs. However, it is still unclear about EV-carried other potential inflammatory factors associated with TAM formation in EBV lymphomas. To this end, we sought to explore proteomic and phospholipidomic profiles of PS-exposing EVs derived from EBV-transformed lymphomas. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that several immunomodulatory proteins including integrin αLβ2 and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) were highly expressed in PS-exposing Akata EVs compared with another EBV strain B95-8-transformed lymphoma-derived counterparts which significantly lack TAM-inducing ability. Pharmacological inhibition of either integrin αLβ2 or FGF2 hampered cytokine induction in monocytic cultured cells elicited by PS-exposing Akata EVs, suggesting the involvement of these proteins in EV-mediated TAM induction in EBV lymphomas. In addition, phospholipids containing precursors of immunomodulatory lipid mediators were also enriched in PS-exposing Akata EVs compared with B95-8 counterparts. Phospholipidomic analysis of fractionated Akata EVs by density gradient centrifugation further demonstrated that PS-exposing Akata EVs might be identical to certain Akata EVs in low density fractions containing exosomes. Therefore, we concluded that a variety of immunomodulatory cargo molecules in a certain EV subtype are presumably conducive to the development of EBV lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ito
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kai Kudo
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Innovative Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Higuchi
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Hiroko Otsuka
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tanaka
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Nahoko Fukunishi
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Takuma Araki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masako Takamatsu
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Innovative Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yoko Ino
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ai Kotani
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Innovative Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Liu D, Liu F, Li Z, Pan S, Xie J, Zhao Z, Liu Z, Zhang J, Liu Z. HNRNPA1-mediated exosomal sorting of miR-483-5p out of renal tubular epithelial cells promotes the progression of diabetic nephropathy-induced renal interstitial fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:255. [PMID: 33692334 PMCID: PMC7946926 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and renal interstitial fibrosis plays a key role in DN progression. Here, we aimed to probe into the role and potential mechanism of miR-483-5p in DN-induced renal interstitial fibrosis. In this study, we corroborated that miR-483-5p expression was lessened in type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice kidney tissues and high glucose (HG)-stimulated tubular epithelial cells (TECs), and raised in the exosomes derived from renal tissues in type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. miR-483-5p restrained the expressions of fibrosis-related genes in vitro and renal interstitial fibrosis in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-483-5p bound both TIMP2 and MAPK1, and TIMP2 and MAPK1 were bound up with the regulation of miR-483-5p on renal TECs under HG conditions. Importantly, HNRNPA1-mediated exosomal sorting transported cellular miR-483-5p out of TECs into the urine. Our results expounded that HNRNPA1-mediated exosomal sorting transported cellular miR-483-5p out of TECs into the urine, thus lessening the restraint of cellular miR-483-5p on MAPK1 and TIMP2 mRNAs, and ultimately boosting extracellular matrix deposition and the progression of DN-induced renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongWei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - FengXun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - ZhengYong Li
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - ShaoKang Pan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - JunWei Xie
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - ZiHao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - ZhenJie Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - JiaHui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - ZhangSuo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
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30
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Wang X, Wilkinson R, Kildey K, Ungerer JPJ, Hill MM, Shah AK, Mohamed A, Dutt M, Molendijk J, Healy H, Kassianos AJ. Molecular and functional profiling of apical versus basolateral small extracellular vesicles derived from primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells under inflammatory conditions. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12064. [PMID: 33643548 PMCID: PMC7886702 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) are central players in inflammatory kidney diseases. However, the complex signalling mechanism/s via which polarized PTEC mediate disease progression are poorly understood. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV), including exosomes, are recognized as fundamental components of cellular communication and signalling courtesy of their molecular cargo (lipids, microRNA, proteins). In this study, we examined the molecular content and function of sEV secreted from the apical versus basolateral surfaces of polarized human primary PTEC under inflammatory diseased conditions. PTEC were cultured under normal and inflammatory conditions on Transwell inserts to enable separate collection and isolation of apical/basolateral sEV. Significantly increased numbers of apical and basolateral sEV were secreted under inflammatory conditions compared with equivalent normal conditions. Multi‐omics analysis revealed distinct molecular profiles (lipids, microRNA, proteins) between inflammatory and normal conditions for both apical and basolateral sEV. Biological pathway analyses of significantly differentially expressed molecules associated apical inflammatory sEV with processes of cell survival and immunological disease, while basolateral inflammatory sEV were linked to pathways of immune cell trafficking and cell‐to‐cell signalling. In line with this mechanistic concept, functional assays demonstrated significantly increased production of chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, interleukin‐8) and immuno‐regulatory cytokine interleukin‐10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells activated with basolateral sEV derived from inflammatory PTEC. We propose that the distinct molecular composition of sEV released from the apical versus basolateral membranes of human inflammatory PTEC may reflect specialized functional roles, with basolateral‐derived sEV pivotal in modulating tubulointerstitial inflammatory responses observed in many immune‐mediated kidney diseases. These findings provide a rationale to further evaluate these sEV‐mediated inflammatory pathways as targets for biomarker and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangju Wang
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology Pathology Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Kidney Health Service Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Ray Wilkinson
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology Pathology Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Kidney Health Service Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Katrina Kildey
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology Pathology Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Kidney Health Service Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Jacobus P J Ungerer
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology Pathology Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Alok K Shah
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Mriga Dutt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Jeffrey Molendijk
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Helen Healy
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology Pathology Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Kidney Health Service Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Andrew J Kassianos
- Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology Pathology Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Kidney Health Service Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia.,Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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31
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Nederveen JP, Warnier G, Di Carlo A, Nilsson MI, Tarnopolsky MA. Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Insights From Exercise Science. Front Physiol 2021; 11:604274. [PMID: 33597890 PMCID: PMC7882633 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.604274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of exercise on health and longevity are well-established, and evidence suggests that these effects are partially driven by a spectrum of bioactive molecules released into circulation during exercise (e.g., exercise factors or 'exerkines'). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes or exosome-like vesicles (ELVs), were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines. These EVs have therefore been proposed to act as cargo carriers or 'mediators' of intercellular communication. Given these findings, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the role of EVs in the multi-systemic, adaptive response to exercise. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the effects of exercise on MVs and ELVs, examine their role in the exercise response and long-term adaptations, and highlight the main methodological hurdles related to blood collection, purification, and characterization of ELVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Warnier
- Institut of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alessia Di Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mats I Nilsson
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
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32
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Xu HK, Chen LJ, Zhou SN, Li YF, Xiang C. Multifunctional role of microRNAs in mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in treatment of diseases. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1276-1294. [PMID: 33312398 PMCID: PMC7705472 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i11.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells can be replaced by exosomes for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, injury repair, degenerative diseases, and tumors. Exosomes are small vesicles rich in a variety of nucleic acids [including messenger RNA, Long non-coding RNA, microRNA (miRNA), and circular RNA], proteins, and lipids. Exosomes can be secreted by most cells in the human body and are known to play a key role in the communication of information and material transport between cells. Like exosomes, miRNAs were neglected before their role in various activities of organisms was discovered. Several studies have confirmed that miRNAs play a vital role within exosomes. This review focuses on the specific role of miRNAs in MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) and the methods commonly used by researchers to study miRNAs in exosomes. Taken together, miRNAs from MSC-exosomes display immense potential and practical value, both in basic medicine and future clinical applications, in treating several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Kang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Si-Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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33
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Ren Z, Qi Y, Sun S, Tao Y, Shi R. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Hope for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1467-1478. [PMID: 33045910 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating medical condition with profound social and economic impacts. Although research is ongoing, current treatment options are limited and do little to restore functionality. However, recent studies suggest that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) may hold the key to exciting new treatment options for SCI patients. MSCs are self-renewing multipotent stem cells with multi-directional differentiation and can secrete a large number of exosomes (vesicles secreted into the extracellular environment through endocytosis, called MSC-exosomes). These MSC-exosomes play a critical role in repairing SCI through promoting angiogenesis and axonal growth, regulating inflammation and the immune response, inhibiting apoptosis, and maintaining the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Furthermore, they can be utilized to transport genetic material or drugs to target cells, and their relatively small size makes them able to permeate the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we summarize recent advances in MSC-exosome themed SCI treatments and cell-free therapies to better understand this newly emerging methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Yao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Kim H, Kim M, Myoung K, Kim W, Ko J, Kim KP, Cho EG. Comparative Lipidomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Lactobacillus plantarum APsulloc 331261 Living in Green Tea Leaves Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8076. [PMID: 33138039 PMCID: PMC7663264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum is a popular probiotic species due to its safe and beneficial effects on humans; therefore, novel L. plantarum strains have been isolated and identified from various dietary products. Given that bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been considered as efficient carriers of bioactive materials and shown to evoke cellular responses effectively, L. plantarum-derived EVs are expected to efficiently elicit health benefits. Herein, we identified L. plantarum APsulloc 331261 living in green tea leaves and isolated EVs from the culture medium. We performed quantitative lipidomic analysis of L. plantarum APsulloc 331261 derived EVs (LEVs) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In comparison to L. plantarum APsulloc 331261, in LEVs, 67 of 320 identified lipid species were significantly increased and 19 species were decreased. In particular, lysophosphatidylserine(18:4) and phosphatidylcholine(32:2) were critically increased, showing over 21-fold enrichment in LEVs. In addition, there was a notable difference between LEVs and the parent cells in the composition of phospholipids. Our results suggest that the lipidomic profile of bacteria-derived EVs is different from that of the parent cells in phospholipid content and composition. Given that lipids are important components of EVs, quantitative and comparative analyses of EV lipids may improve our understanding of vesicle biogenesis and lipid-mediated intercellular communication within or between living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoseon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Kilsun Myoung
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Wanil Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
- Division of Cosmetic Science & Technology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Ko
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.K.); (M.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
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Wang X, Weidling I, Koppel S, Menta B, Perez Ortiz J, Kalani A, Wilkins HM, Swerdlow RH. Detection of mitochondria-pertinent components in exosomes. Mitochondrion 2020; 55:100-110. [PMID: 32980480 PMCID: PMC7669644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We screened cell line and plasma-derived exosomes for molecules that localize to mitochondria or that reflect mitochondrial integrity. SH-SY5Y cell-derived exosomes contained humanin, citrate synthase, and fibroblast growth factor 21 protein, and plasma-derived exosomes contained humanin, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1, and transcription factor A protein. Nuclear mitochondrial (NUMT) DNA complicated analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which otherwise suggested exosomes contain at most very low amounts of extended mtDNA sequences but likely contain degraded pieces of mtDNA. Cell and plasma-derived exosomes contained several mtDNA-derived mRNA sequences, including those for ND2, CO2, and humanin. These results can guide exosome-focused, mitochondria-pertinent biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ian Weidling
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Scott Koppel
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Blaise Menta
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Judit Perez Ortiz
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anuradha Kalani
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Cheng L, Zhang K, Qing Y, Li D, Cui M, Jin P, Xu T. Proteomic and lipidomic analysis of exosomes derived from ovarian cancer cells and ovarian surface epithelial cells. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:9. [PMID: 31969186 PMCID: PMC6977352 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-0609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The limitation of current biomarker of early stage ovarian cancer and the anatomical location of ovarian (depths of the pelvic) make ovarian cancer difficult to be detected in early stage. Growing evidence shows exosomes as key information transmitters, it carried molecules, such as miRNAs, proteins, lipids, double-stranded DNA have been reported as promising biomarkers in many diseases. However, little is known about the protein and lipid composition of ovarian cancer. METHODS Here, we report proteomic and lipidomic analysis of exosomes derived from ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3) and ovarian surface epithelial cells (HOSEPiC). RESULTS A total of 1433 proteins and 1227 lipid species were identified from two cell line derived exosomes. Several lipid species and proteins significantly differ in SKOV-3 derived exosomes compared to those from HOSEPiC. For example, we noted that ChE and ZyE species were in general more abundant in exosomes from SKOV-3 than from HOSEPiC; Collagen type V alpha 2 chain (COL5A2) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were significantly higher in SKOV-3 derived exosomes than HOSEpic (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our research indicates the promising role of exosomal proteins and lipids in the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Yunan Qing
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Dong Li
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Manhua Cui
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tianmin Xu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China.
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Griffiths D, Carnell-Morris P, Wright M. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis for Multiparameter Characterization and Counting of Nanoparticle Suspensions. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2118:289-303. [PMID: 32152988 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0319-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) provides direct and real time visualization, sizing and counting of particulate materials between 10 nm and 1 μm in liquid suspension. The technique works on a particle by particle basis, relating the degree of movement under Brownian motion to the sphere equivalent hydrodynamic diameter particle size, allowing for high-resolution particle size distributions to be obtained within minutes. NTA has been used in studying protein complexes and protein aggregates, protein nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, viruses, cellular vesicles and exosomes to name just a few. Here we describe application of NTA to the analysis of model nanospheres of ~100 nm in liquid suspension, the size being representative of the middle of the NTA working range. The technique described can be adapted for use with nearly all particulate materials with sizes between approximately 10 nm and 1 μm, with appropriate adjustments to instrument settings.
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38
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Skotland T, Sagini K, Sandvig K, Llorente A. An emerging focus on lipids in extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:308-321. [PMID: 32151658 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles contain a lipid bilayer membrane that protects the encapsulated material, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites, from the extracellular environment. These vesicles are released from cells via different mechanisms. During recent years extracellular vesicles have been studied as possible biomarkers for different diseases, as biological nanoparticles for drug delivery, and in basic studies as a tool to understand the structure of biological membranes and the mechanisms involved in vesicular trafficking. Lipids are essential molecular components of extracellular vesicles, but at the moment our knowledge about the lipid composition and the function of lipids in these vesicles is limited. However, the interest of the research community in these molecules is increasing as their role in extracellular vesicles is starting to be acknowledged. In this review, we will present the status of the field and describe what is needed to bring it forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
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Watt MJ, Miotto PM, De Nardo W, Montgomery MK. The Liver as an Endocrine Organ-Linking NAFLD and Insulin Resistance. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1367-1393. [PMID: 31098621 DOI: 10.1210/er.2019-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a dynamic organ that plays critical roles in many physiological processes, including the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Through the use of advanced mass spectrometry "omics" approaches and detailed experimentation in cells, mice, and humans, we now understand that the liver secretes a wide array of proteins, metabolites, and noncoding RNAs (miRNAs) and that many of these secreted factors exert powerful effects on metabolic processes both in the liver and in peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize the rapidly evolving field of "hepatokine" biology with a particular focus on delineating previously unappreciated communication between the liver and other tissues in the body. We describe the NAFLD-induced changes in secretion of liver proteins, lipids, other metabolites, and miRNAs, and how these molecules alter metabolism in liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas to induce insulin resistance. We also synthesize the limited information that indicates that extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, may be an important mechanism for intertissue communication in normal physiology and in promoting metabolic dysregulation in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paula M Miotto
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William De Nardo
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Glover SC, Nouri MZ, Tuna KM, Mendoza Alvarez LB, Ryan LK, Shirley JF, Tang Y, Denslow ND, Alli AA. Lipidomic analysis of urinary exosomes from hereditary α-tryptasemia patients and healthy volunteers. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:624-638. [PMID: 31803861 PMCID: PMC6892164 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano‐sized vesicles that are involved in various biological processes including cell differentiation, proliferation, signaling, and intercellular communication. Urinary exosomes were isolated from a cohort of hereditary α‐tryptasemia (HαT) patients and from healthy volunteers. There was a greater number of exosomes isolated from the urine in the HαT group compared to the control volunteers. Here, we investigated the differences in both lipid classes and lipid species within urinary exosomes of the two groups. Lipids were extracted from urinary exosomes and subjected to liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using a targeted approach. Various molecular species of glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and sterols were significantly reduced in HαT patients. Out of a possible 1127 lipids, 521 lipid species were detected, and relative quantities were calculated. Sixty‐four lipids were significantly reduced in urinary exosomes of HαT patients compared to controls. All significantly reduced sphingolipids and most of the phospholipids were saturated or mono‐unsaturated lipids. These results suggest exosome secretion is augmented in HαT patients and the lipids within these exosomes may be involved in various biological processes. The unique lipid composition of urinary exosomes from HαT patients will contribute to our understanding of the biochemistry of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Glover
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Mohammad-Zaman Nouri
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Kubra M Tuna
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics and Department of Medicine Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lybil B Mendoza Alvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lisa K Ryan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - James F Shirley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Ying Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Abdel A Alli
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics and Department of Medicine Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
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Doyle LM, Wang MZ. Overview of Extracellular Vesicles, Their Origin, Composition, Purpose, and Methods for Exosome Isolation and Analysis. Cells 2019; 8:E727. [PMID: 31311206 PMCID: PMC6678302 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1551] [Impact Index Per Article: 310.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes, as carriers of biomarkers in extracellular spaces has been well demonstrated. Despite their promising potential, the use of exosomes in the clinical setting is restricted due to the lack of standardization in exosome isolation and analysis methods. The purpose of this review is to not only introduce the different types of extracellular vesicles but also to summarize their differences and similarities, and discuss different methods of exosome isolation and analysis currently used. A thorough understanding of the isolation and analysis methods currently being used could lead to some standardization in the field of exosomal research, allowing the use of exosomes in the clinical setting to become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Doyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Michael Zhuo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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Lin M, Zhou C, He S, Yu H, Guo T, Ye J, Feng X, Bian X. The research advances of exosomes in esophageal cancer. Biomark Med 2019; 13:685-695. [PMID: 31161775 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is one of the most common human digestive tract tumors, with high morbidity and mortality. It is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of cancer progression and seek early EC diagnostic markers for prompt detection and intervention. Exosomes are membrane nanovesicles secreted from many nucleated cells, 30-100 nm in diameter, containing various proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. They exist in peripheral blood, urine, ascites and other body fluids, widely engaged with intercellular material exchange and signal communication. Exosomes secreted from EC cells or tissues conduct important functions in tumor growth and progression. The detection and analysis of tumor-derived or tumor-associated exosomes has potential for EC early diagnosis and prognosis assessment. In the present paper, the exosomes' biological behaviors, isolation, detection and functions in EC progression - using as potential biomarkers for EC diagnosis or prognosis - are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lin
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Siyu He
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hong Yu
- Pathology Department, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ting Guo
- Clinical Medical Institute, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jun Ye
- Clinical Medical Institute, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Feng
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Bian
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Yang D, Liu D, Deng H, Zhang J, Qin M, Yuan L, Zou X, Shao B, Li H, Dai W, Zhang H, Wang X, He B, Tang X, Zhang Q. Transferrin Functionization Elevates Transcytosis of Nanogranules across Epithelium by Triggering Polarity-Associated Transport Flow and Positive Cellular Feedback Loop. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5058-5076. [PMID: 31034211 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming the epithelial barriers to enhance drug transport is a focused topic for gastrointestinal, intratracheal, intranasal, vaginal, and intrauterine delivery. Nanomedicines with targeting functionization promote such a process owing to specific ligand-receptor interaction. However, compared to the cell uptake of targeting nanotherapies, currently few studies concentrate on their transcytosis including endocytosis for "in" and exocytosis for "out". In fact, the cellular regulatory mechanism for these pathways as well as the principle of ligand's effect on the transcytosis are almost ignored. Here, we fabricated transferrin (Tf) functionalized nanogranules (Tf-NG) as the nanomedicine model and confirmed the difference in polar distributions of Tf receptors (TfRs) between two epithelium models (bipolarity for Caco-2 and unipolarity for MDCK cells). Compared to the nonspecific reference, Tf-conjugation boosted the endocytosis by different pathways in two cell models and transformed the intracellular route of Tf-NG in both cells differently, affecting exocytosis, recycling, and degradation but not the secretion pathway. Only bipolar cells could establish a complete transport flow from "in" to "out", leading to the enhanced transcytosis of Tf-NG. Importantly, epithelia could make responses to Tf-NG transcytosis. Based on the quantitative proteomics, the intracellular trafficking of Tf-NG altered the protein expression profiles, in which the endocytosis- and transcytosis-related proteins were specifically upregulated. Particularly, only bipolar cells could positively feed back to such trafficking via accelerating the subsequent Tf-NG transcytosis. Here, all the cell transport of Tf-NG was polarity associated. In summary, Tf modification elevated the transcytosis of Tf-NG across the epithelium by triggering the polarity-associated transport flow and positive cell feedback loop. These findings provided an insight into the targeting nanodelivery for efficient transport through epithelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Dechun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Hailiang Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Mengmeng Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Lan Yuan
- Centre of Medical and Health Analysis , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Xiajuan Zou
- Centre of Medical and Health Analysis , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Bin Shao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) , Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute , Beijing 100142 , China
| | - Huiping Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) , Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute , Beijing 100142 , China
| | - Wenbing Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Bing He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Xing Tang
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
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Sønder SL, Boye TL, Tölle R, Dengjel J, Maeda K, Jäättelä M, Simonsen AC, Jaiswal JK, Nylandsted J. Annexin A7 is required for ESCRT III-mediated plasma membrane repair. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6726. [PMID: 31040365 PMCID: PMC6491720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells forms the essential barrier to the extracellular environment, and thus plasma membrane disruptions pose a fatal threat to cells. Here, using invasive breast cancer cells we show that the Ca2+ - and phospholipid-binding protein annexin A7 is part of the plasma membrane repair response by enabling assembly of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) III. Following injury to the plasma membrane and Ca2+ flux into the cytoplasm, annexin A7 forms a complex with apoptosis linked gene-2 (ALG-2) to facilitate proper recruitment and binding of ALG-2 and ALG-2-interacting protein X (ALIX) to the damaged membrane. ALG-2 and ALIX assemble the ESCRT III complex, which helps excise and shed the damaged portion of the plasma membrane during wound healing. Our results reveal a novel function of annexin A7 – enabling plasma membrane repair by regulating ESCRT III-mediated shedding of injured plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Lauritzen Sønder
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Theresa Louise Boye
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regine Tölle
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Adam Cohen Simonsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA.,Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA
| | - Jesper Nylandsted
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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45
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Palviainen M, Saari H, Kärkkäinen O, Pekkinen J, Auriola S, Yliperttula M, Puhka M, Hanhineva K, Siljander PRM. Metabolic signature of extracellular vesicles depends on the cell culture conditions. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1596669. [PMID: 31007875 PMCID: PMC6461113 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1596669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest bottlenecks in extracellular vesicle (EV) research is the production of sufficient material in a consistent and effective way using in vitro cell models. Although the production of EVs in bioreactors maximizes EV yield in comparison to conventional cell cultures, the impact of their cell growth conditions on EVs has not yet been established. In this study, we grew two prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 and VCaP, in conventional cell culture dishes and in two-chamber bioreactors to elucidate how the growth environment affects the EV characteristics. Specifically, we wanted to investigate the growth condition-dependent differences by non-targeted metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. EVs were also characterized by their morphology, size distribution, and EV protein marker expression, and the EV yields were quantified by NTA. The use of bioreactor increased the EV yield >100 times compared to the conventional cell culture system. Regarding morphology, size distribution and surface markers, only minor differences were observed between the bioreactor-derived EVs (BR-EVs) and the EVs obtained from cells grown in conventional cell cultures (C-EVs). In contrast, metabolomic analysis revealed statistically significant differences in both polar and non-polar metabolites when the BR-EVs were compared to the C-EVs. The results show that the growth conditions markedly affected the EV metabolite profiles and that metabolomics was a sensitive tool to study molecular differences of EVs. We conclude that the cell culture conditions of EV production should be standardized and carefully detailed in publications and care should be taken when EVs from different production platforms are compared with each other for systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Palviainen
- EV-group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- EV-core, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Saari
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- LC-MS Metabolomics Center, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenna Pekkinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- LC-MS Metabolomics Center, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- LC-MS Metabolomics Center, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Puhka
- EV-core, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- LC-MS Metabolomics Center, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pia R.-M. Siljander
- EV-group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- EV-core, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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46
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Gézsi A, Kovács Á, Visnovitz T, Buzás EI. Systems biology approaches to investigating the roles of extracellular vesicles in human diseases. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-11. [PMID: 30872567 PMCID: PMC6418293 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed structures secreted by cells. In the past decade, EVs have attracted substantial attention as carriers of complex intercellular information. They have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes in health and disease. They are also considered to hold promise for future diagnostics and therapy. EVs are characterized by a previously underappreciated heterogeneity. The heterogeneity and molecular complexity of EVs necessitates high-throughput analytical platforms for detailed analysis. Recently, mass spectrometry, next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics tools have enabled detailed proteomic, transcriptomic, glycomic, lipidomic, metabolomic, and genomic analyses of EVs. Here, we provide an overview of systems biology experiments performed in the field of EVs. Furthermore, we provide examples of how in silico systems biology approaches can be used to identify correlations between genes involved in EV biogenesis and human diseases. Using a knowledge fusion system, we investigated whether certain groups of proteins implicated in the biogenesis/release of EVs were associated with diseases and phenotypes. Furthermore, we investigated whether these proteins were enriched in publicly available transcriptomic datasets using gene set enrichment analysis methods. We found associations between key EV biogenesis proteins and numerous diseases, which further emphasizes the key role of EVs in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Gézsi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Kovács
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Visnovitz
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
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47
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Khodayari N, Oshins R, Alli AA, Tuna KM, Holliday LS, Krotova K, Brantly M. Modulation of calreticulin expression reveals a novel exosome-mediated mechanism of Z variant α 1-antitrypsin disposal. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6240-6252. [PMID: 30833329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
α1-Antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an inherited disease characterized by emphysema and liver disease. AATD is most often caused by a single amino acid substitution at position 342 in the mature protein, resulting in the Z mutation of the AAT gene (ZAAT). This substitution is associated with misfolding and accumulation of ZAAT in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes, causing a toxic gain of function. ERdj3 is an ER luminal DnaJ homologue, which, along with calreticulin, directly interacts with misfolded ZAAT. We hypothesize that depletion of each of these chaperones will change the fate of ZAAT polymers. Our study demonstrates that calreticulin modulation reveals a novel ZAAT degradation mechanism mediated by exosomes. Using human PiZZ hepatocytes and K42, a mouse calreticulin-deficient fibroblast cell line, our results show ERdj3 and calreticulin directly interact with ZAAT in PiZZ hepatocytes. Silencing calreticulin induces calcium independent ZAAT-ERdj3 secretion through the exosome pathway. This co-secretion decreases ZAAT aggregates within the ER of hepatocytes. We demonstrate that calreticulin has an inhibitory effect on exosome-mediated ZAAT-ERdj3 secretion. This is a novel ZAAT degradation process that involves a DnaJ homologue chaperone bound to ZAAT. In this context, calreticulin modulation may eliminate the toxic gain of function associated with aggregation of ZAAT in lung and liver, thus providing a potential new therapeutic approach to the treatment of AATD-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Khodayari
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Regina Oshins
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Abdel A Alli
- the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, and
| | - Kubra M Tuna
- the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, and
| | - L Shannon Holliday
- the Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 and
| | - Karina Krotova
- the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912
| | - Mark Brantly
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine,
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48
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), and exosomes in particular, were initially considered as "garbage bags" for secretion of undesired cellular components. This view has changed considerably over the last two decades, and exosomes have now emerged as important organelles controlling cell-to-cell signaling. They are present in biological fluids and have important roles in the communication between cells in physiological and pathological processes. They are envisioned for clinical use as carriers of biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and vehicles for drug delivery. Important efforts are being made to characterize the contents of these vesicles and to understand the mechanisms that govern their biogenesis and modes of action. This chapter aims to recapitulate the place given to lipids in our understanding of exosome biology. Besides their structural role and their function as carriers, certain lipids and lipid-modifying enzymes seem to exert privileged functions in this mode of cellular communication. By extension, the use of selective "lipid inhibitors" might turn out to be interesting modulators of exosomal-based cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Luis Egea-Jimenez
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2018, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Department of Human Genetics, K. U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pascale Zimmermann
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2018, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France. .,Department of Human Genetics, K. U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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49
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Rodrigues TA, Tuna KM, Alli AA, Tribulo P, Hansen PJ, Koh J, Paula-Lopes FF. Follicular fluid exosomes act on the bovine oocyte to improve oocyte competence to support development and survival to heat shock. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:888-897. [DOI: 10.1071/rd18450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of follicular fluid to oocyte maturation medium can affect cumulus cell function, increase competence of the oocytes to be fertilised and develop to the blastocyst stage and protect the oocyte from heat shock. Here, it was tested whether exosomes in follicular fluid are responsible for the effects of follicular fluid on the function of the cumulus–oocyte complex (COC). This was accomplished by culturing COCs during oocyte maturation at 38.5°C (body temperature of the cow) or 41°C (heat shock) with follicular fluid or exosomes derived from follicular fluid and evaluating various aspects of function of the oocyte and the embryo derived from it. Negative effects of heat shock on cleavage and blastocyst development, but not cumulus expansion, were reduced by follicular fluid and exosomes. The results support the idea that exosomes in follicular fluid play important roles during oocyte maturation to enhance oocyte function and protect it from stress.
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50
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Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, Antoniou A, Arab T, Archer F, Atkin-Smith GK, Ayre DC, Bach JM, Bachurski D, Baharvand H, Balaj L, Baldacchino S, Bauer NN, Baxter AA, Bebawy M, Beckham C, Bedina Zavec A, Benmoussa A, Berardi AC, Bergese P, Bielska E, Blenkiron C, Bobis-Wozowicz S, Boilard E, Boireau W, Bongiovanni A, Borràs FE, Bosch S, Boulanger CM, Breakefield X, Breglio AM, Brennan MÁ, Brigstock DR, Brisson A, Broekman MLD, Bromberg JF, Bryl-Górecka P, Buch S, Buck AH, Burger D, Busatto S, Buschmann D, Bussolati B, Buzás EI, Byrd JB, Camussi G, Carter DRF, Caruso S, Chamley LW, Chang YT, Chen C, Chen S, Cheng L, Chin AR, Clayton A, Clerici SP, Cocks A, Cocucci E, Coffey RJ, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Couch Y, Coumans FAW, Coyle B, Crescitelli R, Criado MF, D’Souza-Schorey C, Das S, Datta Chaudhuri A, de Candia P, De Santana EF, De Wever O, del Portillo HA, Demaret T, Deville S, Devitt A, Dhondt B, Di Vizio D, Dieterich LC, Dolo V, Dominguez Rubio AP, Dominici M, Dourado MR, Driedonks TAP, Duarte FV, Duncan HM, Eichenberger RM, Ekström K, EL Andaloussi S, Elie-Caille C, Erdbrügger U, Falcón-Pérez JM, Fatima F, Fish JE, Flores-Bellver M, Försönits A, Frelet-Barrand A, Fricke F, Fuhrmann G, Gabrielsson S, Gámez-Valero A, Gardiner C, Gärtner K, Gaudin R, Gho YS, Giebel B, Gilbert C, Gimona M, Giusti I, Goberdhan DCI, Görgens A, Gorski SM, Greening DW, Gross JC, Gualerzi A, Gupta GN, Gustafson D, Handberg A, Haraszti RA, Harrison P, Hegyesi H, Hendrix A, Hill AF, Hochberg FH, Hoffmann KF, Holder B, Holthofer H, Hosseinkhani B, Hu G, Huang Y, Huber V, Hunt S, Ibrahim AGE, Ikezu T, Inal JM, Isin M, Ivanova A, Jackson HK, Jacobsen S, Jay SM, Jayachandran M, Jenster G, Jiang L, Johnson SM, Jones JC, Jong A, Jovanovic-Talisman T, Jung S, Kalluri R, Kano SI, Kaur S, Kawamura Y, Keller ET, Khamari D, Khomyakova E, Khvorova A, Kierulf P, Kim KP, Kislinger T, Klingeborn M, Klinke DJ, Kornek M, Kosanović MM, Kovács ÁF, Krämer-Albers EM, Krasemann S, Krause M, Kurochkin IV, Kusuma GD, Kuypers S, Laitinen S, Langevin SM, Languino LR, Lannigan J, Lässer C, Laurent LC, Lavieu G, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Le Lay S, Lee MS, Lee YXF, Lemos DS, Lenassi M, Leszczynska A, Li ITS, Liao K, Libregts SF, Ligeti E, Lim R, Lim SK, Linē A, Linnemannstöns K, Llorente A, Lombard CA, Lorenowicz MJ, Lörincz ÁM, Lötvall J, Lovett J, Lowry MC, Loyer X, Lu Q, Lukomska B, Lunavat TR, Maas SLN, Malhi H, Marcilla A, Mariani J, Mariscal J, Martens-Uzunova ES, Martin-Jaular L, Martinez MC, Martins VR, Mathieu M, Mathivanan S, Maugeri M, McGinnis LK, McVey MJ, Meckes DG, Meehan KL, Mertens I, Minciacchi VR, Möller A, Møller Jørgensen M, Morales-Kastresana A, Morhayim J, Mullier F, Muraca M, Musante L, Mussack V, Muth DC, Myburgh KH, Najrana T, Nawaz M, Nazarenko I, Nejsum P, Neri C, Neri T, Nieuwland R, Nimrichter L, Nolan JP, Nolte-’t Hoen ENM, Noren Hooten N, O’Driscoll L, O’Grady T, O’Loghlen A, Ochiya T, Olivier M, Ortiz A, Ortiz LA, Osteikoetxea X, Østergaard O, Ostrowski M, Park J, Pegtel DM, Peinado H, Perut F, Pfaffl MW, Phinney DG, Pieters BCH, Pink RC, Pisetsky DS, Pogge von Strandmann E, Polakovicova I, Poon IKH, Powell BH, Prada I, Pulliam L, Quesenberry P, Radeghieri A, Raffai RL, Raimondo S, Rak J, Ramirez MI, Raposo G, Rayyan MS, Regev-Rudzki N, Ricklefs FL, Robbins PD, Roberts DD, Rodrigues SC, Rohde E, Rome S, Rouschop KMA, Rughetti A, Russell AE, Saá P, Sahoo S, Salas-Huenuleo E, Sánchez C, Saugstad JA, Saul MJ, Schiffelers RM, Schneider R, Schøyen TH, Scott A, Shahaj E, Sharma S, Shatnyeva O, Shekari F, Shelke GV, Shetty AK, Shiba K, Siljander PRM, Silva AM, Skowronek A, Snyder OL, Soares RP, Sódar BW, Soekmadji C, Sotillo J, Stahl PD, Stoorvogel W, Stott SL, Strasser EF, Swift S, Tahara H, Tewari M, Timms K, Tiwari S, Tixeira R, Tkach M, Toh WS, Tomasini R, Torrecilhas AC, Tosar JP, Toxavidis V, Urbanelli L, Vader P, van Balkom BWM, van der Grein SG, Van Deun J, van Herwijnen MJC, Van Keuren-Jensen K, van Niel G, van Royen ME, van Wijnen AJ, Vasconcelos MH, Vechetti IJ, Veit TD, Vella LJ, Velot É, Verweij FJ, Vestad B, Viñas JL, Visnovitz T, Vukman KV, Wahlgren J, Watson DC, Wauben MHM, Weaver A, Webber JP, Weber V, Wehman AM, Weiss DJ, Welsh JA, Wendt S, Wheelock AM, Wiener Z, Witte L, Wolfram J, Xagorari A, Xander P, Xu J, Yan X, Yáñez-Mó M, Yin H, Yuana Y, Zappulli V, Zarubova J, Žėkas V, Zhang JY, Zhao Z, Zheng L, Zheutlin AR, Zickler AM, Zimmermann P, Zivkovic AM, Zocco D, Zuba-Surma EK. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1535750. [PMID: 30637094 PMCID: PMC6322352 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6299] [Impact Index Per Article: 1049.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Jose Alcaraz
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Anna Antoniou
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanina Arab
- Université de Lille, INSERM, U-1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, France
| | - Fabienne Archer
- University of Lyon, INRA, EPHE, UMR754 Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology, Lyon, France
| | - Georgia K Atkin-Smith
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - D Craig Ayre
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, Canada
- Mount Allison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sackville, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- Université Bretagne Loire, Oniris, INRA, IECM, Nantes, France
| | - Daniel Bachurski
- University of Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine I, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Cell Science Research Center, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran
- University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Department of Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Natalie N Bauer
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung Biology, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Amy A Baxter
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- University of Technology Sydney, Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Apolonija Bedina Zavec
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Abderrahim Benmoussa
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Paolo Bergese
- CSGI - Research Center for Colloids and Nanoscience, Florence, Italy
- INSTM - National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Florence, Italy
- University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ewa Bielska
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Eric Boilard
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Wilfrid Boireau
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UBFC, CNRS, ENSMM, UTBM, Besançon, France
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesc E Borràs
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, REMAR-IVECAT Group, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Nephrology Service, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steffi Bosch
- Université Bretagne Loire, Oniris, INRA, IECM, Nantes, France
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Xandra Breakefield
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology and Radiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew M Breglio
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meadhbh Á Brennan
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
- Université de Nantes, INSERM UMR 1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissues, PhyOS, Nantes, France
| | - David R Brigstock
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alain Brisson
- UMR-CBMN, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marike LD Broekman
- Haaglanden Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline F Bromberg
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Shilpa Buch
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amy H Buck
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sara Busatto
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Transplantation, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dominik Buschmann
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Freising, Germany
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Torino, Italy
| | - Edit I Buzás
- MTA-SE Immuno-Proteogenomics Research Groups, Budapest, Hungary
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - James Bryan Byrd
- University of Michigan, Department of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino, Italy
| | - David RF Carter
- Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Caruso
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- University of Auckland, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yu-Ting Chang
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chihchen Chen
- National Tsing Hua University, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shuai Chen
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Reproductive Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Lesley Cheng
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | - Aled Clayton
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Alex Cocks
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Yvonne Couch
- University of Oxford, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Acute Stroke Programme - Investigative Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank AW Coumans
- Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beth Coyle
- The University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rossella Crescitelli
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Krefting Research Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Saumya Das
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amrita Datta Chaudhuri
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Eliezer F De Santana
- The Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hernando A del Portillo
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), PVREX group, Badalona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, PVREX Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanguy Demaret
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Deville
- Universiteit Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Andrew Devitt
- Aston University, School of Life & Health Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bert Dhondt
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Urology, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Vincenza Dolo
- University of L’Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Ana Paula Dominguez Rubio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Massimo Dominici
- TPM of Mirandola, Mirandola, Italy
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Division of Oncology, Modena, Italy
| | - Mauricio R Dourado
- University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, Brazil
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tom AP Driedonks
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Heather M Duncan
- McGill University, Division of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Canada
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Child Health and Human Development Program, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ramon M Eichenberger
- James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Cairns, Australia
| | - Karin Ekström
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Biomaterials, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samir EL Andaloussi
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Uta Erdbrügger
- University of Virginia Health System, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Juan M Falcón-Pérez
- CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Exosomes Laboratory & Metabolomics Platform, Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE Research Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Farah Fatima
- University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jason E Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Miguel Flores-Bellver
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Sight-Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - András Försönits
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Fabia Fricke
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Institute of Pathology, Applied Tumor Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine Solna, Division for Immunology and Allergy, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Gámez-Valero
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, REMAR-IVECAT Group, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Department of Pathology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kathrin Gärtner
- Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Munich, Germany
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- INSERM U1110, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yong Song Gho
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Department of Life Sciences, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Bernd Giebel
- University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Essen, Germany
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mario Gimona
- Paracelsus Medical University, GMP Unit, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ilaria Giusti
- University of L’Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Deborah CI Goberdhan
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - André Görgens
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
- Karolinska Institute, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Essen, Germany
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- BC Cancer, Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, Canada
| | - David W Greening
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Julia Christina Gross
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Developmental Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Hematology and Oncology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alice Gualerzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Milan, Italy
| | - Gopal N Gupta
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Urology, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Dakota Gustafson
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aase Handberg
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg, Denmark
- Aalborg University, Clinical Institute, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Reka A Haraszti
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, RNA Therapeutics Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Hargita Hegyesi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - An Hendrix
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew F Hill
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Fred H Hochberg
- Scintillon Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Neurosurgery, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Holder
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Baharak Hosseinkhani
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Guoku Hu
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yiyao Huang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Huber
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jameel M Inal
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Biosciences Research Group, Hatfield, UK
| | - Mustafa Isin
- Istanbul University Oncology Institute, Basic Oncology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alena Ivanova
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah K Jackson
- The University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Soren Jacobsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Section 4242 - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven M Jay
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Muthuvel Jayachandran
- Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Lanzhou Jiang
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Johnson
- University of Manchester, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ambrose Jong
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Jung
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Virology, Munich, Germany
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shin-ichi Kano
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yumi Kawamura
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Evan T Keller
- University of Michigan, Biointerfaces Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Department of Urology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Delaram Khamari
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elena Khomyakova
- École normale supérieure, Paris, France
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, RNA Therapeutics Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Peter Kierulf
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Blood Cell Research Group, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Kyung Hee University, Department of Applied Chemistry, Yongin, Korea
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - David J Klinke
- West Virginia University, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and WVU Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia University, Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cell Biology, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- German Armed Forces Central Hospital, Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Koblenz, Germany
- Saarland University Medical Center, Department of Medicine II, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maja M Kosanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Árpád Ferenc Kovács
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Susanne Krasemann
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Neuropathology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirja Krause
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Gina D Kusuma
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sören Kuypers
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Saara Laitinen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Research and Development, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Scott M Langevin
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Department of Cancer Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- University of Virginia, Flow Cytometry Core, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Krefting Research Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise C Laurent
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Lavieu
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Soazig Le Lay
- INSERM U1063, Université d’Angers, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Eulji University, School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Debora S Lemos
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Genetics, Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Metka Lenassi
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Isaac TS Li
- University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Ke Liao
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sten F Libregts
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Cambridge NIHR BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erzsebet Ligeti
- Semmelweis University, Department of Physiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rebecca Lim
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karen Linnemannstöns
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Developmental Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Hematology and Oncology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine A Lombard
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magdalena J Lorenowicz
- Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine & Regenerative Medicine Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ákos M Lörincz
- Semmelweis University, Department of Physiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jan Lötvall
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Krefting Research Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jason Lovett
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Michelle C Lowry
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xavier Loyer
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Quan Lu
- Harvard University, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, NeuroRepair Department, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Taral R Lunavat
- K.G. Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sybren LN Maas
- Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Pathology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antonio Marcilla
- Universitat de València, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Àrea de Parasitologia, Valencia, Spain
- Universitat de València, Health Research Institute La Fe, Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jacopo Mariani
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, EPIGET LAB, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathilde Mathieu
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Marco Maugeri
- University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Mark J McVey
- SickKids Hospital, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Anesthesia, Toronto, Canada
| | - David G Meckes
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Katie L Meehan
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Inge Mertens
- University of Antwerp, Centre for Proteomics, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Valentina R Minciacchi
- Georg-Speyer-Haus Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Möller
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Malene Møller Jørgensen
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg, Denmark
- EVSEARCH.DK, Denmark
| | - Aizea Morales-Kastresana
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - François Mullier
- Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), NARILIS, Namur, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Hematology-Hemostasis Laboratory, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- University of Padova, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Musante
- University of Virginia Health System, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Veronika Mussack
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Freising, Germany
| | - Dillon C Muth
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn H Myburgh
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tanbir Najrana
- Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Neri
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit Biology of Adaptation and Aging (B2A), Team Compensation in Neurodegenerative and Aging (Brain-C), Paris, France
| | - Tommaso Neri
- University of Pisa, Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardio-Respiratoria, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Esther NM Nolte-’t Hoen
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Noren Hooten
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorraine O’Driscoll
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tina O’Grady
- University of Liège, GIGA-R(MBD), PSI Laboratory, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ana O’Loghlen
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, London, UK
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Olivier
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Kidney Research Network, REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Ortiz
- Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Ole Østergaard
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matias Ostrowski
- University of Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jaesung Park
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Department of Life Sciences, Pohang, South Korea
| | - D. Michiel Pegtel
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hector Peinado
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Molecular Oncology Programme, Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Perut
- IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Freising, Germany
| | - Donald G Phinney
- The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Bartijn CH Pieters
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Pink
- Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Duke University Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham VAMC, Medical Research Service, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Iva Polakovicova
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivan KH Poon
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Bonita H Powell
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lynn Pulliam
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- CSGI - Research Center for Colloids and Nanoscience, Florence, Italy
- University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert L Raffai
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- University of Palermo, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Palermo, Italy
| | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marcel I Ramirez
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Morsi S Rayyan
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Franz L Ricklefs
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurosurgery, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul D Robbins
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David D Roberts
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Eva Rohde
- Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Salzburg, Austria
- Paracelsus Medical University, GMP Unit, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sophie Rome
- University of Lyon, Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060-INRA 1397), Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Kasper MA Rouschop
- Maastricht University, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aurelia Rughetti
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paula Saá
- American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Cardiology, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Edison Salas-Huenuleo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile
- University of Chile, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catherine Sánchez
- Clínica las Condes, Extracellular Vesicles in Personalized Medicine Group, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julie A Saugstad
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Meike J Saul
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry & Hematology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raphael Schneider
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tine Hiorth Schøyen
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Eriomina Shahaj
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Milan, Italy
| | - Shivani Sharma
- University of California, Los Angeles, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olga Shatnyeva
- AstraZeneca, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Cell Science Research Center, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ganesh Vilas Shelke
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Gothenburg, Sweden
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Krefting Research Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans’ Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA
- Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Pia R-M Siljander
- University of Helsinki, EV Core Facility, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, EV group, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreia M Silva
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agata Skowronek
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Orman L Snyder
- Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Barbara W Sódar
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Cairns, Australia
| | | | - Willem Stoorvogel
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shannon L Stott
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erwin F Strasser
- FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, Transfusion and Haemostaseology Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Swift
- University of Auckland, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- University of Michigan, Biointerfaces Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology/Oncology Division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kate Timms
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Georgetown University, Department of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Lucknow, India
| | - Rochelle Tixeira
- La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- National University of Singapore, Faculty of Dentistry, Singapore
| | - Richard Tomasini
- INSERM U1068, Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | | | - Juan Pablo Tosar
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Functional Genomics Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Universidad de la República, Faculty of Science, Nuclear Research Center, Analytical Biochemistry Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Lorena Urbanelli
- University of Perugia, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pieter Vader
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry & Hematology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas WM van Balkom
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne G van der Grein
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Van Deun
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn JC van Herwijnen
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Helena Vasconcelos
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
- University of Porto, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivan J Vechetti
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tiago D Veit
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura J Vella
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, The Department of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Émilie Velot
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Beate Vestad
- Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Regional Research Network on Extracellular Vesicles, RRNEV, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose L Viñas
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tamás Visnovitz
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina V Vukman
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jessica Wahlgren
- University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dionysios C Watson
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marca HM Wauben
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alissa Weaver
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Viktoria Weber
- Danube University Krems, Department for Biomedical Research and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Ann M Wehman
- University of Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- The University of Vermont Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Joshua A Welsh
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sebastian Wendt
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Aachen, Germany
| | - Asa M Wheelock
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zoltán Wiener
- Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Leonie Witte
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Developmental Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Hematology and Oncology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou, China
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Transplantation Medicine/Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Angeliki Xagorari
- George Papanicolaou Hospital, Public Cord Blood Bank, Department of Haematology - BMT Unit, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Patricia Xander
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo Campus Diadema, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jing Xu
- BC Cancer, Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Xiamen University, Department of Chemical Biology, Xiamen, China
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hang Yin
- Tsinghua University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuana Yuana
- Technical University Eindhoven, Faculty Biomedical Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- University of Padova, Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova, Italy
| | - Jana Zarubova
- Institute of Physiology CAS, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology CAS, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vytautas Žėkas
- Vilnius University, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jian-ye Zhang
- Guangzhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zezhou Zhao
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Antje M Zickler
- Karolinska Institute, Clinical Research Center, Unit for Molecular Cell and Gene Therapy Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascale Zimmermann
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
- KU Leuven (Leuven University), Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- University of California, Davis, Department of Nutrition, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Ewa K Zuba-Surma
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Kraków, Poland
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